1
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Hara T, Amagai R, Sakakibara R, Okado-Matsumoto A. Supercomplex formation of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in leukocytes from patients with neurodegenerative diseases. J Biochem 2024; 175:289-298. [PMID: 38016934 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
With population aging, cognitive impairments and movement disorders due to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), are increasingly considered as key social issues. Clinically, it has remained challenging to diagnose them before the onset of symptoms because of difficulty to observe the progressive loss of neurons in the brain. Therefore, with exploratory research into biomarkers, a number of candidates have previously been proposed, such as activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in blood in AD and PD. In this study, we focused on the formation of mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplexes (SCs) because the formation of SC itself modulates the activity of each complex. Here we investigated the SC formation in leukocytes from patients with AD, PD and DLB. Our results showed that SCs were well formed in AD and PD compared with controls, while poorly formed in DLB. We highlighted that the disruption of the SC formation correlated with the progression of PD and DLB. Taking our findings together, we propose that pronounced SC formation would already have occurred before the onset of AD, PD and DLB and, with the progression of neurodegeneration, the SC formation would gradually be disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Hara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Amagai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Ryuji Sakakibara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sakura Medical Center, Toho University, Shimoshizu 564-1, Sakura, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
| | - Ayako Okado-Matsumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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2
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Gualerzi A, Picciolini S, Bedoni M, Guerini FR, Clerici M, Agliardi C. Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers for Parkinson's Disease: How Far from Clinical Translation? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1136. [PMID: 38256215 PMCID: PMC10816807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting about 10 million people worldwide with a prevalence of about 2% in the over-80 population. The disease brings in also a huge annual economic burden, recently estimated by the Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research to be USD 52 billion in the United States alone. Currently, no effective cure exists, but available PD medical treatments are based on symptomatic prescriptions that include drugs, surgical approaches and rehabilitation treatment. Due to the complex biology of a PD brain, the design of clinical trials and the personalization of treatment strategies require the identification of accessible and measurable biomarkers to monitor the events induced by treatment and disease progression and to predict patients' responsiveness. In the present review, we strive to briefly summarize current knowledge about PD biomarkers, focusing on the role of extracellular vesicles as active or involuntary carriers of disease-associated proteins, with particular attention to those research works that envision possible clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gualerzi
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi Onlus, 20148 Milan, Italy; (A.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (C.A.)
| | - Silvia Picciolini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi Onlus, 20148 Milan, Italy; (A.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (C.A.)
| | - Marzia Bedoni
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi Onlus, 20148 Milan, Italy; (A.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (C.A.)
| | - Franca Rosa Guerini
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi Onlus, 20148 Milan, Italy; (A.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (C.A.)
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi Onlus, 20148 Milan, Italy; (A.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (C.A.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Agliardi
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi Onlus, 20148 Milan, Italy; (A.G.); (S.P.); (M.C.); (C.A.)
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3
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Venkatesan D, Iyer M, Narayanasamy A, Gopalakrishnan AV, Vellingiri B. Plausible Role of Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number in Neurodegeneration-a Need for Therapeutic Approach in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6992-7008. [PMID: 37523043 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an advancing age-associated progressive brain disorder which has various diverse factors, among them mitochondrial dysfunction involves in dopaminergic (DA) degeneration. Aging causes a rise in mitochondrial abnormalities which leads to structural and functional modifications in neuronal activity and cell death in PD. This ends in deterioration of mitochondrial function, mitochondrial alterations, mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA CN) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity. mtDNA levels or mtDNA CN in PD have reported that mtDNA depletion would be a predisposing factor in PD pathogenesis. To maintain the mtDNA levels, therapeutic approaches have been focused on mitochondrial biogenesis in PD. The depletion of mtDNA levels in PD can be influenced by autophagic dysregulation, apoptosis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, sirtuins, and calcium homeostasis. The current review describes the regulation of mtDNA levels and discusses the plausible molecular pathways in mtDNA CN depletion in PD pathogenesis. We conclude by suggesting further research on mtDNA depletion which might show a promising effect in predicting and diagnosing PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Venkatesan
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to Be University), Coimbatore, 641021, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to Be University), Coimbatore, 641021, India
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India.
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4
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Meshkini F, Moradi A, Hosseinkhani S. Upregulation of RIPK1 implicates in HEK 293T cell death upon transient transfection of A53T-α-synuclein. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123216. [PMID: 36634793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-synuclein (α-SN) is the central protein in synucleinopathies including Parkinson's disease. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms through which α-SN leads to neuronal death remain unclear. METHODS To elucidate the relationship between α-SN and apoptosis, some indicators of the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic cell death were assessed in normal and a stable HEK293T cell line expressing firefly luciferase after transfection with the wild-type (WT) and A53T mutant α-SN. RESULTS Opposite to WT-α-SN, overexpression of A53T-α-SN resulted in enhanced expression of almost two fold for RIPK1 (93.0 %), FADD (45 %), Caspase-8, and Casp-9 activity (52.0 %) in measured time. Transfection of both WT-α-SN and A53T-α-SN showed an increase in the Casp-3/Procasp-3 ratio (WT: 60.5 %; A53T: 41.0 %), Casp-3 activity (WT: 65.0 %; A53T: 20.5 %), and a decrease in luciferase activity (WT: 50 %; A53T: 34.8 %). Overexpression of A53T-α-SN brought about with more cell death percentage compared to WT-α-SN within 36 h. No significant alteration in cytochrome c and reactive oxygen species release into cytosol were observed for both WT-α-SN and A53T-α-SN. CONCLUSION Altogether, these findings highlight the link between disease related mutants of α-SN (like A53T-α-SN) in triggering of RIPK1-dependent extrinsic apoptotic pathway in cell death during neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Meshkini
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Moradi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Saman Hosseinkhani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Sepúlveda D, Cisternas-Olmedo M, Arcos J, Nassif M, Vidal RL. Contribution of Autophagy-Lysosomal Pathway in the Exosomal Secretion of Alpha-Synuclein and Its Impact in the Progression of Parkinson’s Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:805087. [PMID: 35250476 PMCID: PMC8891570 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.805087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons due to an accumulation of intraneuronal abnormal alpha-synuclein (α-syn) protein aggregates. It has been reported that the levels of exosomal α-syn of neuronal origin in plasma correlate significantly with motor dysfunction, highlighting the exosomes containing α-syn as a potential biomarker of PD. In addition, it has been found that the selective autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) contributes to the secretion of misfolded proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we describe the evidence that supports the relationship between the ALP and α-syn exosomal secretion on the PD progression and its implications in the diagnosis and progression of this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisse Sepúlveda
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marisol Cisternas-Olmedo
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Arcos
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Melissa Nassif
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - René L. Vidal
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: René L. Vidal,
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6
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Insulin-like growth factor 2 and autophagy gene expression alteration arise as potential biomarkers in Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2038. [PMID: 35132125 PMCID: PMC8821705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05941-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and autophagy-related genes have been proposed as biomolecules of interest related to idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD). The objective of this study was to determine the IGF2 and IGF1 levels in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with moderately advanced PD and explore the potential correlation with autophagy-related genes in the same blood samples. IGF1 and IGF2 levels in patients' plasma were measured by ELISA, and the IGF2 expression levels were determined by real-time PCR and Western blot in PBMCs. The expression of autophagy-related genes was evaluated by real-time PCR. The results show a significant decrease in IGF2 plasma levels in PD patients compared with a healthy control group. We also report a dramatic decrease in IGF2 mRNA and protein levels in PBMCs from PD patients. In addition, we observed a downregulation of key components of the initial stages of the autophagy process. Although IGF2 levels were not directly correlated with disease severity, we found a correlation between its levels and autophagy gene profile expression in a sex-dependent pattern from the same samples. To further explore this correlation, we treated mice macrophages cell culture with α-synuclein and IGF2. While α-synuclein treatment decreased levels Atg5, IGF2 treatment reverted these effects, increasing Atg5 and Beclin1 levels. Our results suggest a relationship between IGF2 levels and the autophagy process in PD and their potential application as multi-biomarkers to determine PD patients' stages of the disease.
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7
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Hatton SL, Pandey MK. Fat and Protein Combat Triggers Immunological Weapons of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems to Launch Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1089. [PMID: 35163013 PMCID: PMC8835271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease in the world, affecting up to 10 million people. This disease mainly happens due to the loss of dopaminergic neurons accountable for memory and motor function. Partial glucocerebrosidase enzyme deficiency and the resultant excess accumulation of glycosphingolipids and alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation have been linked to predominant risk factors that lead to neurodegeneration and memory and motor defects in PD, with known and unknown causes. An increasing body of evidence uncovers the role of several other lipids and their association with α-syn aggregation, which activates the innate and adaptive immune system and sparks brain inflammation in PD. Here, we review the emerging role of a number of lipids, i.e., triglyceride (TG), diglycerides (DG), glycerophosphoethanolamines (GPE), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), sphingolipids, gangliosides, glycerophospholipids (GPL), and cholesterols, and their connection with α-syn aggregation as well as the induction of innate and adaptive immune reactions that trigger neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Loraine Hatton
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Human Genetics, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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8
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Salas-Leal AC, Salas-Pacheco SM, Gavilán-Ceniceros JAP, Castellanos-Juárez FX, Méndez-Hernández EM, La Llave-León O, Camacho-Luis A, Quiñones-Canales G, Romero-Gutiérrez E, Arias-Carrión O, Salas-Pacheco JM, Sandoval-Carrillo AA. α-syn and SNP rs356219 as a potential biomarker in blood for Parkinson's disease in Mexican Mestizos. Neurosci Lett 2021; 754:135901. [PMID: 33865938 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Clinical criteria diagnose Parkinson's disease (PD), therefore, it is crucial to find biological elements that could support diagnosis or even act as prognostic tools of PD. The SNCA gene codifies a protein called α - synuclein; several studies associate genetic and biochemical factors of SNCA with PD, including transcript and plasmatic protein levels, however, contradictory evidence indicates inconclusive results. We aim to compare SNCA mRNA expression, plasmatic α-syn protein and rs356219 SNP between PD cases and a control group, and to identify a potential biomarker in Mexican mestizos', focusing on these three components determined in blood. We included 88 PD patients and 88 age-matched controls. We observed higher α-syn protein and decreased SNCA mRNA levels in PD subjects, compared to control group (p = 0.044 and p < 0.001, respectively). A statistically significant difference was found in allelic and genotypic frequencies of SNP rs356219 between PD patients and normal subjects (p = 0.006 and p = 0.023, respectively). Logistic regression analysis determined as optimal predictors of PD the GG genotype of SNP rs356219 (OR 2.49; p = 0.006) in a recessive model and α-syn protein (OR 1.057; p = 0.033). Furthermore, the G allele of SNP rs356219 was associated with higher plasmatic α-syn and mRNA levels in PD subjects. The receiver operating curves (ROC) distinguished PD from healthy controls with good sensitivity and specificity considering the plasmatic α-syn protein (AUC = 0.693, Sensitivity = 66.7 %, Specificity = 63.9 %) or a predictive probability of plasmatic α-syn protein and SNP rs356219 in a single model (AUC = 0.692, Sensitivity = 62.3 %, Specificity = 62.5 %). The performance of this classifier model in PD at early stage (n = 31) increase the discriminant power in both, plasmatic α-syn protein (AUC = 0.779, Sensitivity = 72.7 %, Specificity = 73.9 %) and predictive probability (AUC = 0.707, Sensitivity = 63.6 %, Specificity = 62.5 %). We propose that α-syn protein and SNP rs356219 together may work as a good signature of PD, and they can be suggested as a non-invasive biomarker of PD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Cristina Salas-Leal
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, 34000, Mexico
| | - Sergio M Salas-Pacheco
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, 34000, Mexico
| | | | | | - Edna M Méndez-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, 34000, Mexico
| | - Osmel La Llave-León
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, 34000, Mexico
| | - Abelardo Camacho-Luis
- Facultad de Medicina y Nutrición, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, 34000, Mexico
| | | | - Elizabeth Romero-Gutiérrez
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento y Sueño, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Ciudad de México, 14080, Mexico
| | - Oscar Arias-Carrión
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento y Sueño, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Ciudad de México, 14080, Mexico
| | - José M Salas-Pacheco
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, 34000, Mexico.
| | - Ada A Sandoval-Carrillo
- Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, 34000, Mexico.
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9
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Grozdanov V, Danzer KM. Intracellular Alpha-Synuclein and Immune Cell Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:562692. [PMID: 33178682 PMCID: PMC7594520 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.562692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular alpha-synuclein has numerous effects on different functions of the cell. Although it is expressed in a wide spectrum of cell types from different lineages, most of our knowledge about it was generated by studying neuronal or glial cells. However, the role of immune cells in Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies has recently emerged. Altered immune cell phenotypes and functions have been reported not only in animal models, but also in human disease. While the response of immune cells to extracellular alpha-synuclein has been thoroughly studied, insights into the effects of endogenously expressed or taken-up alpha-synuclein on the function of immune cells remain scarce. Such insights may prove to be important for understanding the complex cellular and molecular events resulting in neurodegeneration and aid the development of novel therapies. We review the current state of knowledge about how alpha-synuclein and its pathologic manifestations affect the phenotype and function of peripheral and central nervous system (CNS) immune cells, and discuss the potential of this topic for advancing our understanding of synucleinopathies.
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10
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Runtsch MC, Ferrara G, Angiari S. Metabolic determinants of leukocyte pathogenicity in neurological diseases. J Neurochem 2020; 158:36-58. [PMID: 32880969 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the recruitment of circulating blood-borne innate and adaptive immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS). These leukocytes sustain the detrimental response in the CNS by releasing pro-inflammatory mediators that induce activation of local glial cells, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and neural cell death. However, infiltrating peripheral immune cells could also dampen CNS inflammation and support tissue repair. Recent advances in the field of immunometabolism demonstrate the importance of metabolic reprogramming for the activation and functionality of such innate and adaptive immune cell populations. In particular, an increasing body of evidence suggests that the activity of metabolites and metabolic enzymes could influence the pathogenic potential of immune cells during neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of intracellular metabolic cues in regulating leukocyte-mediated CNS damage in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke, highlighting the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting metabolic pathways for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marah C Runtsch
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Stefano Angiari
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Zhao A, Li Y, Niu M, Li G, Luo N, Zhou L, Kang W, Liu J. SNCA Hypomethylation in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Is a Potential Biomarker for Parkinson’s Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 10:1023-1031. [PMID: 32444558 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-201912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aonan Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyue Niu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanglu Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningdi Luo
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liche Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyan Kang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital North affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated with the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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12
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Iakovenko EV, Abramycheva NY, Fedotova EY, Illarioshkin SN. The SNCA-Rep1 Polymorphic Locus: Association with the Risk of Parkinson's Disease and SNCA Gene Methylation. Acta Naturae 2020; 12:105-110. [PMID: 32742734 PMCID: PMC7385090 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.10956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease is characterized by the
accumulation of alpha-synuclein, a protein encoded by the SNCA
gene, in neurons. In addition to mutations, many polymorphisms have
been identified in this gene, and one of these is a dinucleotide
microsatellite: SNCA-Rep1. The mechanisms by
which specific configurations of SNCA-Rep1 may contribute to
the development of this disease have yet to be clarified. In our study, a
relationship between long SNCA-Rep1 alleles and
Parkinson’s was confirmed in the Russian population. Long allelic
variants of SNCA-Rep1 were shown to be associated with the
hypomethylation of the CpG-sites in intron 1 of the SNCA gene.
Long variants of SNCA-Rep1 are supposed to exert their effect
through the hypomethylation of a transcriptionally significant region of this
gene. Hypomethylation is usually associated with increased expression, which,
in turn, contributes to alpha-synuclein accumulation in neuronal cytoplasm,
with the latter being the main molecular marker of Parkinson’s disease.
Further studies are needed to establish a relationship between our finding and
SNCA gene expression.
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13
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Peripheral alpha-synuclein levels in patients with genetic and non-genetic forms of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 73:35-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Lassot I, Mora S, Lesage S, Zieba BA, Coque E, Condroyer C, Bossowski JP, Mojsa B, Marelli C, Soulet C, Tesson C, Carballo-Carbajal I, Laguna A, Mangone G, Vila M, Brice A, Desagher S. The E3 Ubiquitin Ligases TRIM17 and TRIM41 Modulate α-Synuclein Expression by Regulating ZSCAN21. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2484-2496.e9. [PMID: 30485814 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although accumulating data indicate that increased α-synuclein expression is crucial for Parkinson disease (PD), mechanisms regulating the transcription of its gene, SNCA, are largely unknown. Here, we describe a pathway regulating α-synuclein expression. Our data show that ZSCAN21 stimulates SNCA transcription in neuronal cells and that TRIM41 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for ZSCAN21. In contrast, TRIM17 decreases the TRIM41-mediated degradation of ZSCAN21. Silencing of ZSCAN21 and TRIM17 consistently reduces SNCA expression, whereas TRIM41 knockdown increases it. The mRNA levels of TRIM17, ZSCAN21, and SNCA are simultaneously increased in the midbrains of mice following MPTP treatment. In addition, rare genetic variants in ZSCAN21, TRIM17, and TRIM41 genes occur in patients with familial forms of PD. Expression of variants in ZSCAN21 and TRIM41 genes results in the stabilization of the ZSCAN21 protein. Our data thus suggest that deregulation of the TRIM17/TRIM41/ZSCAN21 pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iréna Lassot
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
| | - Stéphan Mora
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France; INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Barbara A Zieba
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuelle Coque
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Christel Condroyer
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France; INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jozef Piotr Bossowski
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Barbara Mojsa
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Cecilia Marelli
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Soulet
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Tesson
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France; INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Iria Carballo-Carbajal
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Laguna
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Graziella Mangone
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France; INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Miquel Vila
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université de Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France; INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Solange Desagher
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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15
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Sun C, Zhao Z, Yu W, Mo M, Song C, Si Y, Liu Y. Abnormal subpopulations of peripheral blood lymphocytes are involved in Parkinson's disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:637. [PMID: 31930038 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Abnormal immune responses are involved in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD), and also affect peripheral blood lymphocytes. The profile of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood and whether it is relevant to the clinical features of PD patients remains controversial. Methods To explore the role of peripheral blood lymphocytes (NK cells, B cells, CD3+ T cells, CD3+CD4+ T cells and CD3+CD8+ T cells) in the development of PD, a case-control study including 127 patients and 148 healthy controls was conducted, and peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations of participants were analysed by a FACSCalibur flow cytometer. Results PD patients had a significantly higher percentage of NK cells and a lower percentage of CD3+ T cells and CD3+CD4+ T cells than controls [16.4% (12.3%) vs. 12.6% (6.2%), 63.7% (14.2%) vs. 69.0% (6.6%), 33.1% (13.1%) vs. 38.9% (7.6%), P<0.05, respectively]. Through a binary logistic regression model adjusted for gender and age, we found that those who were outside of the reference range of peripheral blood lymphocytes (NK cell, B cell, CD3+ T cell and CD3+CD4+ T cell) had an increased risk of PD [odds ratio (OR): 2.3, 5.1, 3.1 and 4.1, P<0.05, respectively]. Through a multivariable linear regression model adjusted for gender, age and levodopa equivalent daily dose, we found that deviation from the reference range of CD3+CD8+ T cells (regression coefficient =3.474, P=0.015), course of disease (regression coefficient =0.411, P=0.004) and the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS) scores (regression coefficient =0.553, P=5.92E-11) had a positive association with the Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS)-III score (adjusted R2=0.364, F=13.004). Conclusions Abnormal peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations have clinical relevance for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Sun
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Zhenxiang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Wenfei Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Mingshu Mo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Chengyuan Song
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Youfeng Si
- Department of Neurology, Feicheng Mining Central Hospital, Feicheng 271600, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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16
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Pei Y, Maitta RW. Alpha synuclein in hematopoiesis and immunity. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02590. [PMID: 31692680 PMCID: PMC6806402 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative condition and intracellular deposition of Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra (SN), which can cause dopaminergic neuronal death, is the hallmark of this syndrome. α-synuclein (syn) is a small protein expressed mainly in neurons but can also be found in a number of tissues. It can be present as a soluble monomer under normal physiological conditions, but can be toxic in its oligomeric or fibrillary forms. Most of the available literature has focused on the effects of α-syn pathology in the mechanisms leading to PD. However, the normal functions of α-syn still remain to be fully elucidated. Notably, α-syn in the hematopoietic system seems to mediate important functions as indicated by anemia and incomplete cell maturation when this protein is absent. This review will summarize basic genetic and structural findings, and critical information that suggests an essential role of α-syn in the development and activation of the hematopoietic system and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pei
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Robert W. Maitta
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
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17
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Sadlon A, Takousis P, Alexopoulos P, Evangelou E, Prokopenko I, Perneczky R. miRNAs Identify Shared Pathways in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:662-672. [PMID: 31221572 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the identification of several dozens of common genetic variants associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), most of the genetic risk remains uncharacterised. Therefore, it is important to understand the role of regulatory elements, such as miRNAs. Dysregulated miRNAs are implicated in AD and PD, with potential value in dissecting the shared pathophysiology between the two disorders. miRNAs relevant to both neurodegenerative diseases are related to axonal guidance, apoptosis, and inflammation, therefore, AD and PD likely arise from similar underlying biological pathway defects. Furthermore, pathways regulated by APP, L1CAM, and genes of the caspase family may represent promising therapeutic miRNA targets in AD and PD since they are targeted by dysregulated miRNAs in both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Sadlon
- Ageing Epidemiology (AGE) Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Petros Takousis
- Ageing Epidemiology (AGE) Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Panagiotis Alexopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; Section of Statistical Multi-Omics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Ageing Epidemiology (AGE) Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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18
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Tamtaji OR, Behnam M, Pourattar MA, Jafarpour H, Asemi Z. Aquaporin 4: A key player in Parkinson's disease. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21471-21478. [PMID: 31127615 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases which occur in aged people worldwide. Given that a sequence of cellular and molecular mechanisms, including oxidative stresses, apoptosis, inflammatory pathways, microglia, astrocyte activation, and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) are associated with initiation and the progression of PD. AQP4 may affect various pathways (i.e., α-synuclein, inflammatory pathways, and microglia and astrocyte activation). Few reports have evaluated the relationship between AQP4 and PD-related cellular and molecular pathways. Here, for the first time, we highlighted the relationship between AQP4 and molecular mechanisms involved in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | | | - Hamed Jafarpour
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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19
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SNCA variants and alpha-synuclein level in CD45+ blood cells in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci 2018; 395:135-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Lesteberg KE, Beckham JD. Immunology of West Nile Virus Infection and the Role of Alpha-Synuclein as a Viral Restriction Factor. Viral Immunol 2018; 32:38-47. [PMID: 30222521 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded RNA flavivirus and is a major cause of viral encephalitis worldwide. Experimental models of WNV infection in mice are commonly used to define acute neuroinflammatory responses in the brain. Alpha-synuclein (Asyn) is a protein of primarily neuronal origin and is a major cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), a disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons. Both WNV and PD pathologies are largely mediated by inflammation of the central nervous system (neuroinflammation) and have overlapping inflammatory pathways. In this review, we highlight the roles of the immune system in both diseases while comparing and contrasting both protective and pathogenic roles of immune cells and their effector proteins. Additionally, we review the current literature showing that Asyn is an important mediator of the immune response with diverging roles in PD (pathogenic) and WNV disease (neuroprotective).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Lesteberg
- 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - John David Beckham
- 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado.,2 Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado.,3 Veterans Administration, Eastern Colorado Health System , Denver, Colorado
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21
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Fecchio C, Palazzi L, de Laureto PP. α-Synuclein and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Molecular Basis of the Interaction and Implication in Neurodegeneration. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071531. [PMID: 29941855 PMCID: PMC6099649 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a 140-amino acid protein, the physiological function of which has yet to be clarified. It is involved in several neurodegenerative disorders, and the interaction of the protein with brain lipids plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are highly abundant in the brain where they play critical roles in neuronal membrane fluidity and permeability, serve as energy reserves and function as second messengers in cell signaling. PUFA concentration and composition in the brain are altered with age when also an increase of lipid peroxidation is observed. Considering that PD is clearly correlated with oxidative stress, PUFA abundance and composition became of great interest in neurodegeneration studies because of PUFA’s high propensity to oxidize. The high levels of the PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in brain areas containing α-syn inclusions in patients with PD further support the hypothesis of possible interactions between α-syn and DHA. Additionally, a possible functional role of α-syn in sequestering the early peroxidation products of fatty acids was recently proposed. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the molecular interactions between α-syn and fatty acids and the effect exerted by the protein on their oxidative state. We highlight recent findings supporting a neuroprotective role of the protein, linking α-syn, altered lipid composition in neurodegenerative disorders and PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fecchio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova; Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Luana Palazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, CRIBI, University of Padova; Padova 35131, Italy.
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22
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Cerri S, Ghezzi C, Sampieri M, Siani F, Avenali M, Dornini G, Zangaglia R, Minafra B, Blandini F. The Exosomal/Total α-Synuclein Ratio in Plasma Is Associated With Glucocerebrosidase Activity and Correlates With Measures of Disease Severity in PD Patients. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:125. [PMID: 29867358 PMCID: PMC5968118 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive research efforts in the field of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are focusing on identifying reliable biomarkers which possibly help physicians in predicting disease onset, diagnosis, and progression as well as evaluating the response to disease-modifying treatments. Given that abnormal alpha-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation is a primary component of PD pathology, this protein has attracted considerable interest as a potential biomarker for PD. Alpha-synuclein can be detected in several body fluids, including plasma, where it can be found as free form or in association with exosomes, small membranous vesicles secreted by virtually all cell types. Together with α-syn accumulation, lysosomal dysfunctions seem to play a central role in the pathogenesis of PD, given the crucial role of lysosomes in the α-syn degradation. In particular, heterozygous mutations in the GBA1 gene encoding lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase) are currently considered as the most important risk factor for PD. Different studies have found that GCase deficiency leads to accumulation of α-syn; whereas at the same time, increased α-syn may inhibit GCase function, thus inducing a bidirectional pathogenic loop. In this study, we investigated whether changes in plasma total and exosome-associated α-syn could correlate with disease status and clinical parameters in PD and their relationship with GCase activity. We studied 39 PD patients (mean age: 65.2 ± 8.9; men: 25), without GBA1 mutations, and 33 age-matched controls (mean age: 61.9 ± 6.2; men: 15). Our results showed that exosomes from PD patients contain a greater amount of α-syn compared to healthy subjects (25.2 vs. 12.3 pg/mL, p < 0.001) whereas no differences were found in plasma total α-syn levels (15.7 vs. 14.8 ng/mL, p = 0.53). Moreover, we highlighted a significant increase of plasma exosomal α-syn/total α-syn ratio in PD patients (1.69 vs. 0.89, p < 0.001), which negatively correlates with disease severity (p = 0.014). Intriguingly, a significant inverse correlation between GCase activity and this ratio in PD subjects was found (p = 0.006). Additional and large-scale studies comparing GCase activity and pathological protein levels will be clearly needed to corroborate these data and determine whether the association between key players in the lysosomal system and α-syn can be used as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cerri
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Ghezzi
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Sampieri
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Siani
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia, Italy
| | - Micol Avenali
- Neurological Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Dornini
- Immunohemeatology and Transfusion Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberta Zangaglia
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia, Italy
| | - Brigida Minafra
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia, Italy
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23
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Abstract
α-Synuclein is an abundant neuronal protein that is highly enriched in presynaptic nerve terminals. Genetics and neuropathology studies link α-synuclein to Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Accumulation of misfolded oligomers and larger aggregates of α-synuclein defines multiple neurodegenerative diseases called synucleinopathies, but the mechanisms by which α-synuclein acts in neurodegeneration are unknown. Moreover, the normal cellular function of α-synuclein remains debated. In this perspective, we review the structural characteristics of α-synuclein, its developmental expression pattern, its cellular and subcellular localization, and its function in neurons. We also discuss recent progress on secretion of α-synuclein, which may contribute to its interneuronal spread in a prion-like fashion, and describe the neurotoxic effects of α-synuclein that are thought to be responsible for its role in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Burré
- Appel Institute for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021
| | - Manu Sharma
- Appel Institute for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California 94305
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California 94305
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24
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Olesen MN, Christiansen JR, Petersen SV, Jensen PH, Paslawski W, Romero-Ramos M, Sanchez-Guajardo V. CD4 T cells react to local increase of α-synuclein in a pathology-associated variant-dependent manner and modify brain microglia in absence of brain pathology. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00513. [PMID: 29560431 PMCID: PMC5857520 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that immunological processes in the brain during α-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration vary depending on the presence or absence of cell death. This suggests that the immune system is able to react differently to the different stages of α-synuclein pathology. However, it was unclear whether these immune changes were governed by brain processes or by a direct immune response to α-synuclein modifications. We have herein locally increased the peripheral concentration of α-synuclein or its pathology-associated variants, nitrated or fibrillar, to characterize the modulation of the CD4 T cell pool by α-synuclein and brain microglia in the absence of any α-synuclein brain pathology. We observed that α-synuclein changed the CD4:CD8 ratio by contracting the CD3+CD4+ T cell pool and reducing the pool of memory Regulatory T cells (Treg). Nitrated α-synuclein induced the expansion of both the CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD4- T cells, while fibrils increased the percentage of Foxp3+ Treg cells and induced anti-α-synuclein antibodies. Furthermore, the activation pattern of CD3+CD4+ T cells was modulated in a variant-dependent manner; while nitrated and fibrillar α-synuclein expanded the fraction of activated Treg, all three α-synuclein variants reduced the expression levels of STAT3, CD25 and CD127 on CD3+CD4+ T cells. Additionally, while monomeric α-synuclein increased CD103 expression, the fibrils decreased it, and CCR6 expression was decreased by nitrated and fibrillar α-synuclein, indicating that α-synuclein variants affect the homing and tolerance capacities of CD3+CD4+ T cells. Indeed, this correlated with changes in brain microglia phenotype, as determined by FACS analysis, in an α-synuclein variant-specific manner and coincided in time with CD4+ T cell infiltration into brain parenchyma. We have shown that the peripheral immune system is able to sense and react specifically to changes in the local concentration and structure of α-synuclein, which results in variant-specific T cell migration into the brain. This may have a specific repercussion for brain microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads N Olesen
- Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases Group, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,AUideas Pilot Center NEURODIN, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Josefine R Christiansen
- Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases Group, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,AUideas Pilot Center NEURODIN, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,CNS Disease Modeling Group, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steen Vang Petersen
- Laboratory for Redox Regulation, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Wojciech Paslawski
- iNANO, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- AUideas Pilot Center NEURODIN, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,CNS Disease Modeling Group, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vanesa Sanchez-Guajardo
- Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases Group, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,AUideas Pilot Center NEURODIN, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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25
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Mitochondrial Respiration in Intact Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Sirtuin 3 Activity in Patients with Movement Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9703574. [PMID: 29081897 PMCID: PMC5610844 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9703574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered a unifying pathophysiological explanation for movement disorders. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) exhibits deacetylase activity and antioxidant properties. The aim of the study was to analyze the mitochondrial respiration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the SIRT3 activity in patients with movement disorders. METHODS Mitochondrial respiration was analyzed in intact PBMCs using the ROUTINE, LEAK, electron transfer system (ETS), and residual oxygen consumption (ROX) protocol by means of high-resolution respirometry. The SIRT3 expression and PBMC activity were measured using fluorometry. Ultrasound measurements of the echogenicity of the substantia nigra and the diameter of the 3rd ventricle were also performed. RESULTS Patients with movement disorders exhibited a lower ROUTINE respiration than controls (P = 0.0237). Reduced oxygen fluxes in the LEAK (P = 0.033) and ROX (P = 0.0486) states were observed in patients with movement disorders compared with controls. Decreased ROUTINE respiration (P = 0.007) and oxygen flux in the LEAK state (P = 0.0203) were observed in patients with PD with substantia nigra hyperechogenicity compared with controls. Decreased SIRT 3 deacetylase activity was found in patients with movement disorders. CONCLUSION Impaired mitochondrial respiration in intact PBMCs was associated with inhibited SIRT3 activity and neurodegeneration measures evaluated using ultrasound in patients with PD.
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Lahut S, Gispert S, Ömür Ö, Depboylu C, Seidel K, Domínguez-Bautista JA, Brehm N, Tireli H, Hackmann K, Pirkevi C, Leube B, Ries V, Reim K, Brose N, den Dunnen WF, Johnson M, Wolf Z, Schindewolf M, Schrempf W, Reetz K, Young P, Vadasz D, Frangakis AS, Schröck E, Steinmetz H, Jendrach M, Rüb U, Başak AN, Oertel W, Auburger G. Blood RNA biomarkers in prodromal PARK4 and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder show role of complexin 1 loss for risk of Parkinson's disease. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:619-631. [PMID: 28108469 PMCID: PMC5451169 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.028035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a frequent neurodegenerative process in old age. Accumulation and aggregation of the lipid-binding SNARE complex component α-synuclein (SNCA) underlies this vulnerability and defines stages of disease progression. Determinants of SNCA levels and mechanisms of SNCA neurotoxicity have been intensely investigated. In view of the physiological roles of SNCA in blood to modulate vesicle release, we studied blood samples from a new large pedigree with SNCA gene duplication (PARK4 mutation) to identify effects of SNCA gain of function as potential disease biomarkers. Downregulation of complexin 1 (CPLX1) mRNA was correlated with genotype, but the expression of other Parkinson's disease genes was not. In global RNA-seq profiling of blood from presymptomatic PARK4 indviduals, bioinformatics detected significant upregulations for platelet activation, hemostasis, lipoproteins, endocytosis, lysosome, cytokine, Toll-like receptor signaling and extracellular pathways. In PARK4 platelets, stimulus-triggered degranulation was impaired. Strong SPP1, GZMH and PLTP mRNA upregulations were validated in PARK4. When analysing individuals with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, the most specific known prodromal stage of general PD, only blood CPLX1 levels were altered. Validation experiments confirmed an inverse mutual regulation of SNCA and CPLX1 mRNA levels. In the 3'-UTR of the CPLX1 gene we identified a single nucleotide polymorphism that is significantly associated with PD risk. In summary, our data define CPLX1 as a PD risk factor and provide functional insights into the role and regulation of blood SNCA levels. The new blood biomarkers of PARK4 in this Turkish family might become useful for PD prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Lahut
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
- NDAL, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Suzana Gispert
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | - Özgür Ömür
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
- NDAL, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Candan Depboylu
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Kay Seidel
- Dr Senckenberg Chronomedical Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | | | - Nadine Brehm
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | - Hülya Tireli
- Department of Neurology, Haydarpaşa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34668, Turkey
| | - Karl Hackmann
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Leube
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Vincent Ries
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Kerstin Reim
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Center for the Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Nils Brose
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Center for the Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Wilfred F den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Center, University, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Madrid Johnson
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60438, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Wolf
- Haemophilia Centre, Medical Clinic III, Institute of Immunohaematology and Transfusion Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | - Marc Schindewolf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Hemostaseology, Goethe University, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Wiebke Schrempf
- Division of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Kathrin Reetz
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Peter Young
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, University Hospital Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - David Vadasz
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Achilleas S Frangakis
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Biophysics, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60438, Germany
| | - Evelin Schröck
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Helmuth Steinmetz
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | - Marina Jendrach
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | - Udo Rüb
- Dr Senckenberg Chronomedical Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Oertel
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Georg Auburger
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main 60590, Germany
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The Contribution of α-Synuclein Spreading to Parkinson's Disease Synaptopathy. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:5012129. [PMID: 28133550 PMCID: PMC5241463 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5012129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptopathies are diseases with synapse defects as shared pathogenic features, encompassing neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). In sporadic PD, the most common age-related neurodegenerative movement disorder, nigrostriatal dopaminergic deficits are responsible for the onset of motor symptoms that have been related to α-synuclein deposition at synaptic sites. Indeed, α-synuclein accumulation can impair synaptic dopamine release and induces the death of nigrostriatal neurons. While in physiological conditions the protein can interact with and modulate synaptic vesicle proteins and membranes, numerous experimental evidences have confirmed that its pathological aggregation can compromise correct neuronal functioning. In addition, recent findings indicate that α-synuclein pathology spreads into the brain and can affect the peripheral autonomic and somatic nervous system. Indeed, monomeric, oligomeric, and fibrillary α-synuclein can move from cell to cell and can trigger the aggregation of the endogenous protein in recipient neurons. This novel “prion-like” behavior could further contribute to synaptic failure in PD and other synucleinopathies. This review describes the major findings supporting the occurrence of α-synuclein pathology propagation in PD and discusses how this phenomenon could induce or contribute to synaptic injury and degeneration.
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Wei Y, Yang N, Xu Q, Sun Q, Guo J, Li K, Liu Z, Yan X, Zhu X, Tang B. The rs3756063 polymorphism is associated with SNCA methylation in the Chinese Han population. J Neurol Sci 2016; 367:11-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Christiansen JR, Olesen MN, Otzen DE, Romero-Ramos M, Sanchez-Guajardo V. α-Synuclein vaccination modulates regulatory T cell activation and microglia in the absence of brain pathology. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:74. [PMID: 27055651 PMCID: PMC4825077 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0532-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Passive and active immunization with α-synuclein has been shown to be neuroprotective in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. We have previously shown that vaccination with α-synuclein, long before α-synuclein-induced brain pathology, prevents striatal degeneration by inducing regulatory T cell infiltration in parenchyma and antibody deposition on α-synuclein overexpressing neurons. However, the effect of peripheral α-synuclein on the immune system is unknown, as are the mechanistic changes induced in the CD4 T cell population during successful neuroprotective animal studies. We have studied the changes induced by vaccination with α-synuclein in the CD4 T cell pool and its impact on brain microglia to understand the immune mechanisms behind successful vaccination strategies in Parkinson’s disease animal models. Methods Mice were immunized with WT or nitrated α-synuclein at a dose equivalent to the one used in our previous successful vaccination strategy and at a higher dose to determine potential dose-dependent effects. Animals were re-vaccinated 4 weeks after and sacrificed 5 days later. These studies were conducted in naive animals in the absence of human α-synuclein expression. Results The CD4 T cell response was modulated by α-synuclein in a dose-dependent manner, in particular the regulatory T cell population. Low-dose α-synuclein induced expansion of naive (Foxp3 + CCR6-CD127lo/neg) and dopamine receptor type D3+ regulatory T cells, as well as an increase in Stat5 protein levels. On the other hand, high dose promoted activation of regulatory T cells (Foxp3CCR6 + CD127lo/neg), which were dopamine receptor D2+D3-, and induced up-regulation of Stat5 and production of anti-α-synuclein antibodies. These effects were specific to the variant of α-synuclein used as the pathology-associated nitrated form induced distinct effects at both doses. The changes observed in the periphery after vaccination with low-dose α-synuclein correlated with an increase in CD154+, CD103+, and CD54+ microglia and the reduction of CD200R+ microglia. This resulted in the induction of a polarized tolerogenic microglia population that was CD200R-CD54CD103CD172a+ (82 % of total microglia). Conclusions We have shown for the first time the mechanisms behind α-synuclein vaccination and, importantly, how we can modulate microglia’s phenotype by regulating the CD4 T cell pool, thus shedding invaluable light on the design of neuroimmunoregulatory therapies for Parkinson’s disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0532-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine R Christiansen
- Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases group, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,CNS Disease Modeling group, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH , Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,AU Ideas Pilot Center NEURODIN, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mads N Olesen
- Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases group, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,AU Ideas Pilot Center NEURODIN, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center - iNANO, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- CNS Disease Modeling group, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH , Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,AU Ideas Pilot Center NEURODIN, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vanesa Sanchez-Guajardo
- Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases group, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,AU Ideas Pilot Center NEURODIN, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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A comparative study of the amount of α-synuclein in ischemic stroke and Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 2016; 37:749-54. [PMID: 26829934 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-016-2485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we detected the level of oligomeric form of α-synuclein in the red blood cells of ischemic stroke, Parkinson's disease, and normal people and compared the differences to assess the diagnosis potential of α-synuclein in ischemic stroke patients. 86 ischemic stroke, 100 PD, and 102 healthy cases were enrolled in the present study. Total protein amount in the red blood cells were quantified by BCA assay using spectrophotometer. Levels of oligomeric form of α-synuclein were characterized by a sandwich ELISA. Analysis of correlation analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve were conducted. Significant differences were detected in the levels of oligomeric forms of α-synuclein in different samples' blood cells (P < 0.05); the levels of total protein in (188.1 ± 33.9 mmol/L) healthy people were significantly higher than that of PD (147.7 ± 45.0 mmol/L) and ischemic stroke groups (142.9 ± 43.0 mmol/L) (P < 0.05). There was no correlation between the age of patients and level of α-synuclein (R (2) = 0.216 in ischemic stroke group and -0.104 in PD group) and the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed a high sensitivity of α-synuclein in discriminating ischemic stroke (sensitivity was 63.7 % and specificity was 9.6 %) and PD (sensitivity was 44.1 % and specificity was 12.5 %) patients from the controls. The levels of oligomeric form of α-synuclein of red blood cells in ischemic stroke and Parkinson's disease patients were both significant higher than normal people. And the level of oligomeric form α-synuclein showed a potential for diagnosis of ischemic stroke in clinic.
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Yalçınkaya N, Haytural H, Bilgiç B, Özdemir Ö, Hanağası H, Küçükali Cİ, Özbek Z, Akcan U, İdrisoğlu HA, Gürvit H, Tüzün E. Expression changes of genes associated with apoptosis and survival processes in Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett 2016; 615:72-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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32
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Leukocyte glucocerebrosidase and β-hexosaminidase activity in sporadic and genetic Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 23:99-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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A critical role for alpha-synuclein in development and function of T lymphocytes. Immunobiology 2015; 221:333-40. [PMID: 26517968 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein is highly expressed in the central nervous system and plays an important role in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia. Previous studies have demonstrated the expression of α-synuclein in hematopoietic elements and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, although its roles in hematopoiesis and adaptive immunity are not studied. Using an α-synuclein knock out (KO) mouse model, we have recently shown that α-synuclein deficiency is associated with a mild defect in late stages of hematopoiesis. More importantly, we demonstrated a marked defect in B lymphocyte development and IgG, but not IgM production in these mice. Here we show a marked defect in development of T lymphocytes in α-synuclein KO mice demonstrated by a significant increase in the number of CD4 and CD8 double negative thymocytes and significant decreases in the number of CD4 single positive and CD8 single positive T cells. This resulted in markedly reduced peripheral T lymphocytes. Interestingly, splenic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that developed in α-synuclein KO mice had a hyperactivated state with higher expression of early activation markers and increased IL-2 production. Moreover, splenic CD4(+) T cells from α-synuclein KO mice produced lower levels of IL-4 upon antigenic stimulation suggesting a defective Th2 differentiation. Our data demonstrate an important role for α-synuclein in development of T lymphocytes and regulation of their phenotype and function.
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Ahn TB, Jeon BS. The role of quercetin on the survival of neuron-like PC12 cells and the expression of α-synuclein. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1113-9. [PMID: 26330835 PMCID: PMC4541243 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.160106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Both genetic and environmental factors are important in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. As α-synuclein is a major constituent of Lewy bodies, a pathologic hallmark of Parkinson's disease, genetic aspects of α-synuclein is widely studied. However, the influence of dietary factors such as quercetin on α-synuclein was rarely studied. Herein we aimed to study the neuroprotective role of quercetin against various toxins affecting apoptosis, autophagy and aggresome, and the role of quercetin on α-synuclein expression. PC12 cells were pre-treated with quercetin (100, 500, 1,000 μM) and then together with various drugs such as 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+; a free radical generator), 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; a free radical generator), ammonium chloride (an autophagy inhibitor), and nocodazole (an aggresome inhibitor). Cell viability was determined using a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltertazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Apoptosis was detected by annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide through the use of fluorescence activated cell sorter. α-Synuclein expression was detected by western blot assay and immunohistochemistry. The role of α-synuclein was further studied by knocking out α-synuclein using RNA interference. Cell viability increased at lower concentrations (100 and 500 μM) of quercetin but decreased at higher concentration (1,000 μM). Quercetin exerted neuroprotective effect against MPP+, ammonium chloride and nocodazole at 100 μM. MPP+ induced apoptosis was decreased by 100 μM quercetin. Quercetin treatment increased α-synuclein expression. However, knocking out α-synuclein exerted no significant effect on cell survival. In conclusion, quercetin is neuroprotective against toxic agents via affecting various mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagy and aggresome. Because α-synuclein expression is increased by quercetin, the role of quercetin as an environmental factor in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Beom Ahn
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom S Jeon
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea ; Department of Neurology, Movement Disorder Center, Parkinson Study Group, and Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wang X, Yu S, Li F, Feng T. Detection of α-synuclein oligomers in red blood cells as a potential biomarker of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2015; 599:115-9. [PMID: 25998655 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by intracellular α-synuclein (α-syn) deposition. Alterations in α-syn levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of PD patients have been thought to be potential PD biomarkers; however, contamination arising from hemolysis often influences the accuracy of detecting α-syn levels in the CSF and plasma. In this study, α-syn oligomer levels in red blood cells (RBCs) obtained from 100 PD patients, 22 MSA patients, and 102 control subjects were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We showed that the ratio of α-syn oligomer/total RBC protein was higher in PD patients than in controls (29.0±19.8 ng/mg vs. 15.4±7.4 ng/mg, P<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) indicated a sensitivity of 79.0%, specificity of 64.7% and a positive predictive value of 68.7%, with an AUC of 0.76 for increased α-syn oligomer/total RBC protein ratio. However, there was no correlation between RBC α-syn oligomer levels and age at onset, disease duration, age, UPDRS motor scale score or progression of motor degeneration in PD patients. The ratio of RBC α-syn oligomer/total protein was also higher in MSA patients than in controls (22.9±13.9 ng/mg vs. 15.4±7.4 ng/mg, P<0.001). However, no significant difference was found for α-syn oligomer/total protein ratio between PD and MSA (29.0±19.8 ng/mg vs. 22.9±13.9 ng/mg, P>0.05). The present results suggest that the RBC α-syn oligomer/total protein ratio can be a potential diagnostic biomarker for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Wang
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, #6 Tian Tan Xi Li Street, 100050 Beijing, China.
| | - Shun Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100053 Beijing, China.
| | - Fangfei Li
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, #6 Tian Tan Xi Li Street, 100050 Beijing, China.
| | - Tao Feng
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, #6 Tian Tan Xi Li Street, 100050 Beijing, China; Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing institute for brain disorders, #10 You'an Men Wai Xi Tou Tiao, 100069 Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, #6 Tian Tan Xi Li Street, 100050 Beijing, China.
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Du X, Pang TY. Is Dysregulation of the HPA-Axis a Core Pathophysiology Mediating Co-Morbid Depression in Neurodegenerative Diseases? Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:32. [PMID: 25806005 PMCID: PMC4353372 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of prodromal manifestation of neuropsychiatric symptoms in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). These affective symptoms may be observed many years before the core diagnostic symptoms of the neurological condition. It is becoming more apparent that depression is a significant modifying factor of the trajectory of disease progression and even treatment outcomes. It is therefore crucial that we understand the potential pathophysiologies related to the primary condition, which could contribute to the development of depression. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis is a key neuroendocrine signaling system involved in physiological homeostasis and stress response. Disturbances of this system lead to severe hormonal imbalances, and the majority of such patients also present with behavioral deficits and/or mood disorders. Dysregulation of the HPA-axis is also strongly implicated in the pathology of major depressive disorder. Consistent with this, antidepressant drugs, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been shown to alter HPA-axis activity. In this review, we will summarize the current state of knowledge regarding HPA-axis pathology in Alzheimer's, PD and HD, differentiating between prodromal and later stages of disease progression when evidence is available. Both clinical and preclinical evidence will be examined, but we highlight animal model studies as being particularly useful for uncovering novel mechanisms of pathology related to co-morbid mood disorders. Finally, we purpose utilizing the preclinical evidence to better inform prospective, intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Du
- Mental Health Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Terence Y Pang
- Behavioural Neurosciences Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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Abstract
α-Synuclein is an abundant neuronal protein which localizes predominantly to presynaptic terminals, and is strongly linked genetically and pathologically to Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. While the accumulation of α-synuclein in the form of misfolded oligomers and large aggregates defines multiple neurodegenerative diseases called "synucleinopathies", its cellular function has remained largely unclear, and is the subject of intense investigation. In this review, I focus on the structural characteristics of α-synuclein, its cellular and subcellular localization, and discuss how this relates to its function in neurons, in particular at the neuronal synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Burré
- Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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38
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Pchelina SN, Nuzhnyi EP, Emelyanov AK, Boukina TM, Usenko TS, Nikolaev MA, Salogub GN, Yakimovskii AF, Zakharova EY. Increased plasma oligomeric alpha-synuclein in patients with lysosomal storage diseases. Neurosci Lett 2014; 583:188-93. [PMID: 25265039 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A link between lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) and neurodegenerative disorders associated with accumulation of presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein has been shown. Particularly, Gaucher disease (GD) patients with a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GBA) and carriers of GBA mutations are at increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). It remains unclear whether this link is due to increased alpha-synuclein oligomerization. Here we show that level of oligomeric alpha-synuclein form, associated with PD development, is increased in plasma of GD patients (n=41, median=22.9pg/mL, range1.57-444.58pg/mL; controls (n=40, median=6.02pg/mL, range 1.05-103.14pg/mL, p<0.0001). This difference is absent in GD patients receiving enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for more than 5 years. Moreover, the levels of alpha-synuclein oligomers in plasma are also higher in patients with other LSDs (Niemann-Pick type C, Krabbe disease, Wolman disease) compared to the median value in controls. Therefore, we suggest that mutations in the GBA gene and at least in several other LSDs genes may be associated with an increase in oligomeric alpha-synuclein in plasma. ERT applied for recovering of GBA functions in GD treatment might decrease formation of plasma oligomeric alpha-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Pchelina
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; First Pavlov's State Medical University of Saint-Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg Academic University - Nanothecnology Research and Education Centre, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - E P Nuzhnyi
- First Pavlov's State Medical University of Saint-Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A K Emelyanov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; First Pavlov's State Medical University of Saint-Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg Academic University - Nanothecnology Research and Education Centre, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - T M Boukina
- Medical-genetics Scientific Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - T S Usenko
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; First Pavlov's State Medical University of Saint-Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M A Nikolaev
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg Academic University - Nanothecnology Research and Education Centre, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - G N Salogub
- First Pavlov's State Medical University of Saint-Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A F Yakimovskii
- First Pavlov's State Medical University of Saint-Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Xiao W, Shameli A, Harding CV, Meyerson HJ, Maitta RW. Late stages of hematopoiesis and B cell lymphopoiesis are regulated by α-synuclein, a key player in Parkinson's disease. Immunobiology 2014; 219:836-44. [PMID: 25092570 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein plays a crucial role in Parkinson's disease and dementias defined as synucleinopathies. α-Synuclein is expressed in hematopoietic and immune cells, but its functions in hematopoiesis and immune responses are unknown. We utilized α-synuclein(-/-) (KO) mice to investigate its role in hematopoiesis and B cell lymphopoiesis. We demonstrated hematologic abnormalities including mild anemia, smaller platelets, lymphopenia but relatively normal early hematopoiesis in KO mice compared to wild-type (WT) as measured in hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors of the different cell lineages. However, the absolute number of B220(+)IgM(+) B cells in bone marrow was reduced by 4-fold in KO mice (WT: 104±23×10(5) vs. KO: 27±5×10(5)). B cells were also reduced in KO spleens associated with effacement of splenic and lymph node architecture. KO mice showed reduced total serum IgG but no abnormality in serum IgM was noted. When KO mice were challenged with a T cell-dependent antigen, production of antigen specific IgG1 and IgG2b was abolished, but antigen specific IgM was not different from WT mice. Our study shows hematologic abnormalities including anemia and smaller platelets, reduced B cell lymphopoiesis and defects in IgG production in the absence of α-synuclein. This is the first report to show an important role of α-synuclein late in hematopoiesis, B cell lymphopoiesis and adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Xiao
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Afshin Shameli
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Clifford V Harding
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Howard J Meyerson
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Robert W Maitta
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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Role of alpha-synuclein in autophagy modulation of primary human T lymphocytes. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1265. [PMID: 24874737 PMCID: PMC4047919 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that α-synuclein can aggregate and contribute to the pathogenesis of some neurodegenerative diseases and it is capable of hindering autophagy in neuronal cells. Here, we investigated the implication of α-synuclein in the autophagy process in primary human T lymphocytes. We provide evidence that: (i) knocking down of the α-synuclein gene resulted in increased autophagy, (ii) autophagy induction by energy deprivation was associated with a significant decrease of α-synuclein levels, (iii) autophagy inhibition by 3-methyladenine or by ATG5 knocking down led to a significant increase of α-synuclein levels, and (iv) autophagy impairment, constitutive in T lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, was associated with abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates. These results suggest that α-synuclein could be considered as an autophagy-related marker of peripheral blood lymphocytes, potentially suitable for use in the clinical practice.
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Ai SX, Xu Q, Hu YC, Song CY, Guo JF, Shen L, Wang CR, Yu RL, Yan XX, Tang BS. Hypomethylation of SNCA in blood of patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2014; 337:123-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Liu RR, Zhou LL, Cheng X, Sun MX, Hu YB, Chen SF, Zhang X, Zhu JH. CCDC62 Variant rs12817488 Is Associated with the Risk of Parkinson's Disease in a Han Chinese Population. Eur Neurol 2013; 71:77-83. [DOI: 10.1159/000354333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tyurina YY, Winnica DE, Kapralova VI, Kapralov AA, Tyurin VA, Kagan VE. LC/MS characterization of rotenone induced cardiolipin oxidation in human lymphocytes: implications for mitochondrial dysfunction associated with Parkinson's disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1410-22. [PMID: 23650208 PMCID: PMC3810210 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Rotenone is a toxicant believed to contribute to the development of Parkinson's disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Using human peripheral blood lymphocytes we demonstrated that exposure to rotenone resulted in disruption of electron transport accompanied by the production of reactive oxygen species, development of apoptosis and elevation of peroxidase activity of mitochondria. Employing LC/MS-based lipidomics/oxidative lipidomics we characterized molecular species of cardiolipin (CL) and its oxidation/hydrolysis products formed early in apoptosis and associated with the rotenone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. CONCLUSION The major oxidized CL species - tetra-linoleoyl-CL - underwent oxidation to yield epoxy-C18:2 and dihydroxy-C18:2 derivatives predominantly localized in sn-1 and sn-2 positions, respectively. In addition, accumulation of mono-lyso-CL species and oxygenated free C18:2 were detected in rotenone-treated lymphocytes. These oxidation/hydrolysis products may be useful for the development of new biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Y. Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Daniel E. Winnica
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Valentina I. Kapralova
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Alexandr A. Kapralov
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Vladimir A. Tyurin
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Kim HJ. Alpha-Synuclein Expression in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: A Clinician's Perspective. Exp Neurobiol 2013; 22:77-83. [PMID: 23833556 PMCID: PMC3699677 DOI: 10.5607/en.2013.22.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although physiological function of alpha-synuclein is not yet clearly understood, accumulating evidence strongly suggests it plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. Pathologically, alpha-synuclein is a major component of Lewy bodies, which is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson disease. Alpha-synuclein pathology is observed in the brainstem nuclei, including the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, the locus ceruleus, and the substantia nigra in the early phase of Parkinson disease and it may 'spread' to cerebral cortical areas in the advanced Parkinson disease and appears to have a role in the cognitive decline in Parkinson disease. Recently, it is suggested that alpha-synuclein pathology in Parkinson disease starts in the olfactory bulb or enteric nervous system and then spreads to the brainstem. In accordance with this hypothesis, alpha-synuclein pathology has been found in gastric mucosa and colonic mucosa of patients with Parkinson disease. Genetically, SNCA mutations including point mutation and copy number variation are known to cause familial Parkinson disease, further supporting the assumption that alpha-synuclein plays a crucial role in Parkinson disease pathogenesis. In addition, recent GWAS studies consistently show that the SNPs in SNCA genes are associated with risk for sporadic Parkinson disease. It is also known that variations in the promoter region or 3'UTR of SNCA, which increases the expression of SNCA, are associated with the risk for Parkinson disease. Collectively, these findings suggest that further studies on alpha-synuclein will lead to the elucidation of the mechanism of and therapy for Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorder Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-744, Korea
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Differentiation of hUC-MSC into dopaminergic-like cells after transduction with hepatocyte growth factor. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 381:183-90. [PMID: 23737134 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1701-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative condition causing significant disability and thus negatively impacting quality of life. The recent advent of stem cell-based therapy has heralded the prospect of a potential restorative treatment option for PD. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells derived from human umbilical cord (hUC-MSCs) have great potential for developing a therapeutic agent as such. Furthermore, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which shows mitogenic and morphogenetic activities in a variety of cells, including MSC, and may be implicated in the pathophysiology of PD. As such, HGF may represent a new therapeutic target for the disease. In this study, we successfully isolated and facilitated the transduction of an adenoviral vector expressing HGF (Ad-HGF) into isolated hUC-MSCs. Following transduction, the hUC-MSCs can differentiate into dopaminergic neuron-like cells secreting dopamine, tyrosine hydroxylase, and dopamine transporter. Our data suggest that hUC-MSCs have the ability to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons after transduction with Ad-HGF, providing encouraging evidence to further explore this approach to the treatment of PD.
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease is one of the most frequent progressive degenerative disorders with unknown origin of the nervous system. The commutation of the disease on Guam led to the discovery of a neurotoxin which was also found in other continents. This neurotoxin was identified in the common cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Early clinical observations suggested some loose correlations with gastric and duodenal ulcer and Parkinson's disease, while recent studies revealed a toxin, almost identical to that found in cyanobacteria in one strain of Helicobacter pylori, which proved to cause Parkinson like symptoms in animals. Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that there is a slowly progressive poisoning in Parkinson's disease. The disease specific alpha-sinuclein inclusions can be found in nerve cells of the intestinal mucosa far before the appearance of clinical symptoms indicating that the disease may start in the intestines. These results are strengthened by the results of Borody's fecal transplants, after which in Parkinson patients showed a symptomatic improvement. Based on these observations the Parkinson puzzle is getting complete. Although these observations are not evidence based, they may indicate a new way for basic clinical research, as well as a new way of thinking for clinicians. These new observations in psycho-neuro-immunology strengthen the fact that immunological factors may also play a critical factor facilitating local cell necrosis which may be influenced easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Guseo
- Fejér Megyei Szent György Kórház Idegosztály Székesfehérvár Cserkész u.
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Effects of bacterial endotoxin on α-synuclein expression in the lymph node leukocytes of rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 2011; 150:348-51. [PMID: 21240351 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-011-1139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of bacterial LPS on the expression of early apoptosis marker (annexin V) and immunoreactive α-synuclein in mononuclear leukocytes of the mesenteric lymph nodes of rats were studied in vivo and in vitro. Injection of LPS increased the number of lymphocytes with high expression of immunoreactive α-synuclein in cell nucleus and cytoplasm (by 68.6±8.1%) and stimulated apoptosis in this population (by 96.0±3.6% of the control). The expression of α-synuclein in macrophages increased only in the cytoplasm and this increase was not paralleled by stimulation of apoptosis in these cells. The data indicate that LPS-induced elevation of α-synuclein in lymphocytes is a component of the mechanism of programmed death in these cells. The increase of α-synuclein expression in macrophages can be related to processes associated with their stimulation.
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Alberio T, Anchieri C, Piacentini L, Gentile G, Simmaco M, Biasin M, Fasano M. Proteomic characterization of Jurkat T leukemic cells after dopamine stimulation: A model of circulating dopamine-sensitive cells. Biochimie 2011; 93:892-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Reduced Content of α-Synuclein in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes of Patients with LRRK2-Associated Parkinson’s Disease. Bull Exp Biol Med 2011; 150:679-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-011-1221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Cauwe B, Opdenakker G. Intracellular substrate cleavage: a novel dimension in the biochemistry, biology and pathology of matrix metalloproteinases. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 45:351-423. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2010.501783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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