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Shrivastava A, Magani SKJ, Lokhande KB, Chintakhindi M, Singh A. Exploring the role of TLK2 mutation in tropical calcific pancreatitis: an in silico and molecular dynamics simulation study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38500246 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2329797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Tropical calcific pancreatitis (TCP) is a juvenile form of non-alcoholic chronic pancreatitis seen exclusively in tropical countries. The disease poses a high risk of complications, including pancreatic diabetes and cancer, leading to significant mortality due to poor diagnosis and ineffective treatments. This study employed whole exome sequencing (WES) of 5 TCP patient samples to identify genetic variants associated with TCP. Advanced computational techniques were used to gain atomic-level insights into disease progression, including microsecond-scale long MD simulations and essential dynamics. In silico virtual screening was performed to identify potential therapeutic compounds targeting the mutant protein using the Asinex and DrugBank compound library. WES analysis predicted several single nucleotide variants (SNVs) associated with TCP, including a novel missense variant (c.T1802A or p.V601E) in the TLK2 gene. Computational analysis revealed that the p.V601E mutation significantly affected the structure of the TLK2 kinase domain and its conformational dynamics, altering the interaction profile between ATP and the binding pocket. These changes could impact TLK2's kinase activity and functions, potentially correlating with TCP progression. Promising lead compounds that selectively bind to the TLK2 mutant protein were identified, offering potential for therapeutic interventions in TCP. These findings hold great potential for future research.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Shrivastava
- Translational Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics Research Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP, India
| | - Sri Krishna Jayadev Magani
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP, India
| | - Kiran Bharat Lokhande
- Translational Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics Research Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP, India
| | | | - Ashutosh Singh
- Translational Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics Research Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP, India
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Li G, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Wang H, Li M, He D, Guan W, Yao H. Research progress on phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:115993. [PMID: 38151075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4Ks) could phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol (PI) to produce phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) and maintain its metabolic balance and location. PI4P, the most abundant monophosphate inositol in eukaryotic cells, is a precursor of higher phosphoinositols and an essential substrate for the PLC/PKC and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. PI4Ks regulate vesicle transport, signal transduction, cytokinesis, and cell unity, and are involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including infection and growth of parasites such as Plasmodium and Cryptosporidium, replication and survival of RNA viruses, and the development of tumors and nervous system diseases. The development of novel drugs targeting PI4Ks and PI4P has been the focus of the research and clinical application of drugs, especially in recent years. In particular, PI4K inhibitors have made great progress in the treatment of malaria and cryptosporidiosis. We describe the biological characteristics of PI4Ks; summarize the physiological functions and effector proteins of PI4P; and analyze the structural basis of selective PI4K inhibitors for the treatment of human diseases in this review. Herein, this review mainly summarizes the developments in the structure and enzyme activity of PI4K inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China
| | - Yanting Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China; Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China
| | - Huamin Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China
| | - Mengjie Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China
| | - Dengqin He
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, 22 Dongchengcun, Jiangmen, Guangdong, 529020, China
| | - Wen Guan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China
| | - Hongliang Yao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, China.
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Tsujimoto A, Matsuo N, Lai X, Inoue T, Yoda H, Lin J, Shinozaki Y, Watanabe T, Koshikawa N, Takatori A, Nagase H. Use of DNA-alkylating pyrrole-imidazole polyamides for anti-cancer drug sensitivity screening in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Med 2023; 12:5821-5832. [PMID: 36262061 PMCID: PMC10028039 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activating mutations of the KRAS occurs in >90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cases. However, direct pharmacological targeting of the activated KRAS protein has been challenging. We previously reported that KR12, a DNA-alkylating pyrrole-imidazole polyamide designed to recognize the KRAS G12D/V mutation, showed an anti-tumor effect in colorectal cancer. In this study, we evaluated the anti-tumor effect of KR12 in PDAC. METHODS KR12 was synthesized by an automated peptide synthesizer PSSM-8 and tested for anti-tumor effect in PDAC mouse models. RESULT KR12 inhibited tumor growth in a spontaneous PDAC mouse model, although the anti-tumor activity appeared to be limited in a human PDAC xenograft model. We developed a pyrrole-imidazole polyamide screening process based on the hypothesis that genetic elements otherwise unaffected by KR12 could exert attenuating effects on KRAS-suppression-resistant PDAC. We identified RAD51 as a potential therapeutic target in human PDAC cells. A RAD51 inhibitor showed an inhibitory effect on cell growth and affected the cytotoxic activity of KR12 in PDAC cells. CONCLUSION These data suggested that the simultaneous inhibition of RAD51 and mutant KRAS blockage would be an important therapeutic strategy for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Tsujimoto
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Niina Matsuo
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Xiaoyi Lai
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Inoue
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoda
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jason Lin
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Shinozaki
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Watanabe
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuko Koshikawa
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takatori
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagase
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
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Montalvo-Javé EE, Nuño-Lámbarri N, López-Sánchez GN, Ayala-Moreno EA, Gutierrez-Reyes G, Beane J, Pawlik TM. Pancreatic Cancer: Genetic Conditions and Epigenetic Alterations. J Gastrointest Surg 2023; 27:1001-1010. [PMID: 36749558 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-022-05553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is a lethal proliferative disease driven by multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. Microarrays and omics-based sequencing techniques are potent tools that have facilitated a broader understanding of the complex biological processes that drive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In turn, these tools have resulted in the identification of novel disease markers, prognostic factors, and therapeutic targets. Herein, we provide a review of the genetic and epigenetic drivers of PDAC relative to recent discoveries that impact patient management. METHODS A review of PubMed, Medline, Clinical Key, and Index Medicus was conducted to identify literature from January 1995 to July 2022 that is related to PDAC genetics and epigenetics. Articles in Spanish and English were considered during selection. RESULTS Molecular, genetic, and epigenetic diagnostic tools, novel biomarkers, and promising therapeutic targets have emerged in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. The implementation of microarray technology and application of large omics-based data repositories have facilitated recent discoveries in PDAC. Multiple molecular analyses based on RNA interference have been instrumental in the identification of novel therapeutic targets for patients with PDAC. Moreover, microarrays and next-generation omics-based discoveries have been instrumental in the characterization of subtypes of pancreatic cancer, thereby improving prognostication and refining patient selection for available targeted therapies. CONCLUSION Advances in molecular biology, genetics, and epigenetics have ushered in a new era of discovery in the pathobiology of PDAC. Current efforts are underway to translate these findings into clinical tools and therapies to improve outcomes in patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo E Montalvo-Javé
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Clinic, Department of Surgery, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico. .,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Edwin A Ayala-Moreno
- Department of Surgery, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Gutierrez-Reyes
- Liver, Pancreas and Motility Laboratory, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joal Beane
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Timothy M Pawlik
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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5
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Ma Y, Sender S, Sekora A, Kong W, Bauer P, Ameziane N, Krake S, Radefeldt M, Al-Ali R, Weiss FU, Lerch MM, Parveen A, Zechner D, Junghanss C, Murua Escobar H. Inhibitory Response to CK II Inhibitor Silmitasertib and CDKs Inhibitor Dinaciclib Is Related to Genetic Differences in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4409. [PMID: 35457227 PMCID: PMC9031017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Casein kinase II (CK2) and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) frequently interact within multiple pathways in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Application of CK2- and CDK-inhibitors have been considered as a therapeutic option, but are currently not part of routine chemotherapy regimens. We investigated ten PDAC cell lines exposed to increasing concentrations of silmitasertib and dinaciclib. Cell proliferation, metabolic activity, biomass, and apoptosis/necrosis were evaluated, and bioinformatic clustering was used to classify cell lines into sensitive groups based on their response to inhibitors. Furthermore, whole exome sequencing (WES) and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was conducted to assess recurrent mutations and the expression profile of inhibitor targets and genes frequently mutated in PDAC, respectively. Dinaciclib and silmitasertib demonstrated pronounced and limited cell line specific effects in cell death induction, respectively. WES revealed no genomic variants causing changes in the primary structure of the corresponding inhibitor target proteins. RNA-Seq demonstrated that the expression of all inhibitor target genes was higher in the PDAC cell lines compared to non-neoplastic pancreatic tissue. The observed differences in PDAC cell line sensitivity to silmitasertib or dinaciclib did not depend on target gene expression or the identified gene variants. For the PDAC hotspot genes kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS) and tumor protein p53 (TP53), three and eight variants were identified, respectively. In conclusion, both inhibitors demonstrated in vitro efficacy on the PDAC cell lines. However, aberrations and expression of inhibitor target genes did not appear to affect the efficacy of the corresponding inhibitors. In addition, specific aberrations in TP53 and KRAS affected the efficacy of both inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Ma
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (Y.M.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (W.K.); (P.B.); (C.J.)
| | - Sina Sender
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (Y.M.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (W.K.); (P.B.); (C.J.)
| | - Anett Sekora
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (Y.M.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (W.K.); (P.B.); (C.J.)
| | - Weibo Kong
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (Y.M.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (W.K.); (P.B.); (C.J.)
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Peter Bauer
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (Y.M.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (W.K.); (P.B.); (C.J.)
- CENTOGENE GmbH, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (N.A.); (S.K.); (M.R.); (R.A.-A.)
| | - Najim Ameziane
- CENTOGENE GmbH, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (N.A.); (S.K.); (M.R.); (R.A.-A.)
- Arcensus GmbH, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Susann Krake
- CENTOGENE GmbH, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (N.A.); (S.K.); (M.R.); (R.A.-A.)
| | - Mandy Radefeldt
- CENTOGENE GmbH, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (N.A.); (S.K.); (M.R.); (R.A.-A.)
| | - Ruslan Al-Ali
- CENTOGENE GmbH, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (N.A.); (S.K.); (M.R.); (R.A.-A.)
| | - Frank Ulrich Weiss
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (F.U.W.); (M.M.L.)
| | - Markus M. Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (F.U.W.); (M.M.L.)
- LMU Munich University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Alisha Parveen
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (A.P.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dietmar Zechner
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (A.P.); (D.Z.)
| | - Christian Junghanss
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (Y.M.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (W.K.); (P.B.); (C.J.)
| | - Hugo Murua Escobar
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (Y.M.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (W.K.); (P.B.); (C.J.)
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Components of the phosphatidylserine endoplasmic reticulum to plasma membrane transport mechanism as targets for KRAS inhibition in pancreatic cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2114126118. [PMID: 34903667 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114126118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS is mutated in 90% of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs). To function, KRAS must localize to the plasma membrane (PM) via a C-terminal membrane anchor that specifically engages phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). This anchor-binding specificity renders KRAS-PM localization and signaling capacity critically dependent on PM PtdSer content. We now show that the PtdSer lipid transport proteins, ORP5 and ORP8, which are essential for maintaining PM PtdSer levels and hence KRAS PM localization, are required for KRAS oncogenesis. Knockdown of either protein, separately or simultaneously, abrogated growth of KRAS-mutant but not KRAS-wild-type pancreatic cancer cell xenografts. ORP5 or ORP8 knockout also abrogated tumor growth in an immune-competent orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse model. Analysis of human datasets revealed that all components of this PtdSer transport mechanism, including the PM-localized EFR3A-PI4KIIIα complex that generates phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P), and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized SAC1 phosphatase that hydrolyzes counter transported PI4P, are significantly up-regulated in pancreatic tumors compared to normal tissue. Taken together, these results support targeting PI4KIIIα in KRAS-mutant cancers to deplete the PM-to-ER PI4P gradient, reducing PM PtdSer content. We therefore repurposed the US Food and Drug Administration-approved hepatitis C antiviral agent, simeprevir, as a PI4KIIIα inhibitor In a PDAC setting. Simeprevir potently mislocalized KRAS from the PM, reduced the clonogenic potential of pancreatic cancer cell lines in vitro, and abrogated the growth of KRAS-dependent tumors in vivo with enhanced efficacy when combined with MAPK and PI3K inhibitors. We conclude that the cellular ER-to-PM PtdSer transport mechanism is essential for KRAS PM localization and oncogenesis and is accessible to therapeutic intervention.
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Klosner J, Agelopoulos K, Rohde C, Göllner S, Schliemann C, Berdel WE, Müller-Tidow C. Integrated RNAi screening identifies the NEDDylation pathway as a synergistic partner of azacytidine in acute myeloid leukemia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23280. [PMID: 34857808 PMCID: PMC8639713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02695-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains challenging and novel targets and synergistic therapies still need to be discovered. We performed a high-throughput RNAi screen in three different AML cell lines and primary human leukemic blasts to identify genes that synergize with common antileukemic therapies. We used a pooled shRNA library that covered 5043 different genes and combined transfection with exposure to either azacytidine or cytarabine analog to the concept of synthetic lethality. Suppression of the chemokine CXCL12 ranked highly among the candidates of the cytarabine group. Azacytidine in combination with suppression of genes within the neddylation pathway led to synergistic results. NEDD8 and RBX1 inhibition by the small molecule inhibitor pevonedistat inhibited leukemia cell growth. These findings establish an in vitro synergism between NEDD8 inhibition and azacytidine in AML. Taken together, neddylation constitutes a suitable target pathway for azacytidine combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Klosner
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Konstantin Agelopoulos
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Chronic Pruritus, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Rohde
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Göllner
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schliemann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Yang J, Xu J, Zhang B, Tan Z, Meng Q, Hua J, Liu J, Wang W, Shi S, Yu X, Liang C. Ferroptosis: At the Crossroad of Gemcitabine Resistance and Tumorigenesis in Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10944. [PMID: 34681603 PMCID: PMC8539929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall five-year survival rate of pancreatic cancer has hardly changed in the past few decades (less than 10%) because of resistance to all known therapies, including chemotherapeutic drugs. In the past few decades, gemcitabine has been at the forefront of treatment for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, but more strategies to combat drug resistance need to be explored. One promising possibility is ferroptosis, a form of a nonapoptotic cell death that depends on intracellular iron and occurs through the accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species, which are significant in drug resistance. In this article, we reviewed gemcitabine-resistance mechanisms; assessed the relationship among ferroptosis, tumorigenesis and gemcitabine resistance, and explored a new treatment method for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Yang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qingcai Meng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jie Hua
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Y.); (J.X.); (B.Z.); (Z.T.); (Q.M.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (W.W.); (S.S.)
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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9
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Chen N, Zheng Q, Wan G, Guo F, Zeng X, Shi P. Impact of posttranslational modifications in pancreatic carcinogenesis and treatments. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:739-759. [PMID: 34342796 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly aggressive cancer, with a 9% 5-year survival rate and a high risk of recurrence. In part, this is because PC is composed of heterogeneous subgroups with different biological and functional characteristics and personalized anticancer treatments are required. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play an important role in modifying protein functions/roles and are required for the maintenance of cell viability and biological processes; thus, their dysregulation can lead to disease. Different types of PTMs increase the functional diversity of the proteome, which subsequently influences most aspects of normal cell biology or pathogenesis. This review primarily focuses on ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and NEDDylation, as well as the current understanding of their roles and molecular mechanisms in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Additionally, we briefly summarize studies and clinical trials on PC treatments to advance our knowledge of drugs available to target the ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and NEDDylation PTM types. Further investigation of PTMs could be a critical field of study in relation to PC, as they have been implicated in the initiation and progression of many other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianhong Chen
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2Nd Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Medicine School, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518037, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Cell Biology & University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Qiaoqiao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Wan
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2Nd Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Medicine School, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518037, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xiaobin Zeng
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2Nd Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Medicine School, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Biology of the mRNA Splicing Machinery and Its Dysregulation in Cancer Providing Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105110. [PMID: 34065983 PMCID: PMC8150589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) processing—in particular mRNA splicing—is a hallmark of cancer. Compared to normal cells, cancer cells frequently present aberrant mRNA splicing, which promotes cancer progression and treatment resistance. This hallmark provides opportunities for developing new targeted cancer treatments. Splicing of precursor mRNA into mature mRNA is executed by a dynamic complex of proteins and small RNAs called the spliceosome. Spliceosomes are part of the supraspliceosome, a macromolecular structure where all co-transcriptional mRNA processing activities in the cell nucleus are coordinated. Here we review the biology of the mRNA splicing machinery in the context of other mRNA processing activities in the supraspliceosome and present current knowledge of its dysregulation in lung cancer. In addition, we review investigations to discover therapeutic targets in the spliceosome and give an overview of inhibitors and modulators of the mRNA splicing process identified so far. Together, this provides insight into the value of targeting the spliceosome as a possible new treatment for lung cancer.
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11
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Cetin R, Quandt E, Kaulich M. Functional Genomics Approaches to Elucidate Vulnerabilities of Intrinsic and Acquired Chemotherapy Resistance. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020260. [PMID: 33525637 PMCID: PMC7912423 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a commonly unavoidable consequence of cancer treatment that results in therapy failure and disease relapse. Intrinsic (pre-existing) or acquired resistance mechanisms can be drug-specific or be applicable to multiple drugs, resulting in multidrug resistance. The presence of drug resistance is, however, tightly coupled to changes in cellular homeostasis, which can lead to resistance-coupled vulnerabilities. Unbiased gene perturbations through RNAi and CRISPR technologies are invaluable tools to establish genotype-to-phenotype relationships at the genome scale. Moreover, their application to cancer cell lines can uncover new vulnerabilities that are associated with resistance mechanisms. Here, we discuss targeted and unbiased RNAi and CRISPR efforts in the discovery of drug resistance mechanisms by focusing on first-in-line chemotherapy and their enforced vulnerabilities, and we present a view forward on which measures should be taken to accelerate their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronay Cetin
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt-Medical Faculty, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Eva Quandt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Manuel Kaulich
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt-Medical Faculty, University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-69-6301-5450
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12
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Luo Y, Hu J, Liu Y, Li L, Li Y, Sun B, Kong R. Invadopodia: A potential target for pancreatic cancer therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 159:103236. [PMID: 33482351 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissemination of cancer cells is an intricate multistep process that represents the most deadly aspect of cancer. Cancer cells form F-actin-rich protrusions known as invadopodia to invade surrounding tissues, blood vessels and lymphatics. A number of studies have demonstrated the significant roles of invadopodia in cancer. Therefore, the specific cells and molecules involved in invadopodia activity can provide as therapeutic targets. In this review, we included a thorough overview of studies in invadopodia and discussed their functions in cancer metastasis. We then presented the specific cells and molecules involved in invadopodia activity in pancreatic cancer and analyzed their suitability to be effective therapeutic targets. Currently, drugs targeting invadopodia and relevant clinical trials are negligible. Here, we highlighted the significance of potential drugs and discussed future obstacles in implementing clinical trials. This review presents a new perspective on invadopodia-induced pancreatic cancer metastasis and may prosper the development of targeted therapeutics against pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Luo
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jisheng Hu
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yilong Li
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bei Sun
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Kong
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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13
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Kattan WE, Hancock JF. RAS Function in cancer cells: translating membrane biology and biochemistry into new therapeutics. Biochem J 2020; 477:2893-2919. [PMID: 32797215 PMCID: PMC7891675 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The three human RAS proteins are mutated and constitutively activated in ∼20% of cancers leading to cell growth and proliferation. For the past three decades, many attempts have been made to inhibit these proteins with little success. Recently; however, multiple methods have emerged to inhibit KRAS, the most prevalently mutated isoform. These methods and the underlying biology will be discussed in this review with a special focus on KRAS-plasma membrane interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa E. Kattan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, TX 77030, USA
| | - John F. Hancock
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, TX 77030, USA
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14
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Ahmed MB, Islam SU, Sonn JK, Lee YS. PRP4 Kinase Domain Loss Nullifies Drug Resistance and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells. Mol Cells 2020; 43:662-670. [PMID: 32576716 PMCID: PMC7398799 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the involvement of the pre-mRNA processing factor 4B (PRP4) kinase domain in mediating drug resistance. HCT116 cells were treated with curcumin, and apoptosis was assessed based on flow cytometry and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cells were then transfected with PRP4 or pre-mRNA-processing-splicing factor 8 (PRP8), and drug resistance was analyzed both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we deleted the kinase domain in PRP4 using GatewayTM technology. Curcumin induced cell death through the production of ROS and decreased the activation of survival signals, but PRP4 overexpression reversed the curcumin-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. PRP8 failed to reverse the curcumin-induced apoptosis in the HCT116 colon cancer cell line. In xenograft mouse model experiments, curcumin effectively reduced tumour size whereas PRP4 conferred resistance to curcumin, which was evident from increasing tumour size, while PRP8 failed to regulate the curcumin action. PRP4 overexpression altered the morphology, rearranged the actin cytoskeleton, triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and decreased the invasiveness of HCT116 cells. The loss of E-cadherin, a hallmark of EMT, was observed in HCT116 cells overexpressing PRP4. Moreover, we observed that the EMT-inducing potential of PRP4 was aborted after the deletion of its kinase domain. Collectively, our investigations suggest that the PRP4 kinase domain is responsible for promoting drug resistance to curcumin by inducing EMT. Further evaluation of PRP4-induced inhibition of cell death and PRP4 kinase domain interactions with various other proteins might lead to the development of novel approaches for overcoming drug resistance in patients with colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal Ahmed
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 4566, Korea
| | - Salman Ul Islam
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 4566, Korea
| | - Jong Kyung Sonn
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Young Sup Lee
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 4566, Korea
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15
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Sin ZW, Bhardwaj V, Pandey AK, Garg M. A brief overview of antitumoral actions of bruceine D. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2020; 1:200-217. [PMID: 36046775 PMCID: PMC9400783 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2020.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains the second leading cause of mortality globally. In combating cancer, conventional chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy are administered as first-line therapy. However, these are usually accompanied with adverse side effects that decrease the quality of patient’s lives. As such, natural bioactive compounds have gained an attraction in the scientific and medical community as evidence of their anticancer properties and attenuation of side effects mounted. In particular, quassinoids have been found to exhibit a plethora of inhibitory activities such as anti-proliferative effects on tumor development and metastasis. Recently, bruceine D, a quassinoid isolated from the shrub Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. (Simaroubaceae), has come under immense investigation on its antineoplastic properties in various human cancers including pancreas, breast, lung, blood, bone, and liver. In this review, we have highlighted the antineoplastic effects of bruceine D and its mode of actions in different tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Wayne Sin
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Vipul Bhardwaj
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Amit Kumar Pandey
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Haryana 122413, India
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
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16
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PRP4 kinase induces actin rearrangement and epithelial-mesenchymal transition through modulation of the actin-binding protein cofilin. Exp Cell Res 2018; 369:158-165. [PMID: 29787735 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cell actin cytoskeleton is primarily modulated by Rho family proteins. RhoA regulates several downstream targets, including Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), LIM-Kinase (LIMK), and cofilin. Pre-mRNA processing factor 4B (PRP4) modulates the actin cytoskeleton of cancer cells via RhoA activity inhibition. In this study, we discovered that PRP4 over-expression in HCT116 colon cancer cells induces cofilin dephosphorylation by inhibiting the Rho-ROCK-LIMK-cofilin pathway. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass-spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis indicated increased expression of protein phosphatase 1A (PP1A) in PRP4-transfected HCT116 cells. The presence of PRP4 increased the expression of PP1A both at the mRNA and protein levels, which possibly activated cofilin through dephosphorylation and subsequently modulated the cell actin cytoskeleton. Furthermore, we found that PRP4 over-expression did not induce cofilin dephosphorylation in the presence of okadaic acid, a potent phosphatase inhibitor. Moreover, we discovered that PRP4 over-expression in HCT116 cells induced dephosphorylation of migration and invasion inhibitory protein (MIIP), and down-regulation of E-cadherin protein levels, which were further restored by the presence of okadaic acid. These findings indicate a possible molecular mechanism of PRP4-induced actin cytoskeleton remodeling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and make PRP4 an important target in colon cancer.
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17
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Li K, Xu X, He Y, Tian Y, Pan W, Xu L, Ma Y, Gao Y, Gao J, Qi Y, Wei L, Zhang J. P21-activated kinase 7 (PAK7) interacts with and activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in breast cancer. J Cancer 2018; 9:1821-1835. [PMID: 29805709 PMCID: PMC5968771 DOI: 10.7150/jca.24934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the highest incidence of tumor in women, which seriously threaten women's health. The occurrence and progression of breast cancer is linked to inactivation or downregulation of tumor suppressors, and activation or upregulation of oncogenes. However, the mechanism of PAK7 involving in the occurrence and progression of breast cancer is not yet fully understood. Methods: PAK7 expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopatholgical parameters in breast cancer tissue microarray. The effects of PAK7 on breast cancer cells were detected by CCK-8 assay, colon formation assay, wound healing and transwell assays, and flow cytometry. The relationship between PAK7 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was determined by western blotting, TOP/FOP flash, co-Immunoprecipitation and co-localization assays. Results: PAK7 expression was significantly increased in breast cancer tissues and positively correlated with pathological differentiation and TNM stage of breast cancer. Overexpression of PAK7 could significantly promote proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells, and inhibit apoptosis. In contrast, PAK7 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells and promoted apoptosis. In addition, PAK7 could activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. Further study found that PAK7 could directly bind to GSK3β and β-catenin, and regulate β-catenin degradation by phosphorylating GSK3β. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that PAK7, as an oncogene, involved in breast cancer progression by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, suggesting that the potential applicability of PAK7 as a target for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yanqi He
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yihao Tian
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Wenting Pan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Liu Xu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yanbin Ma
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Jingbo Gao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yuwen Qi
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
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18
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Berard A, Kroeker A, McQueen P, Coombs KM. Methods and approaches to disease mechanisms using systems kinomics. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2018; 3:34-43. [PMID: 29911197 PMCID: PMC5884222 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
All cellular functions, ranging from regular cell maintenance and homeostasis, specialized functions specific to cellular types, or generating responses due to external stimulus, are mediated by proteins within the cell. Regulation of these proteins allows the cell to alter its behavior under different circumstances. A major mechanism of protein regulation is utilizing protein kinases and phosphatases; enzymes that catalyze the transfer of phosphates between substrates [1]. Proteins involved in phosphate signaling are well studied and include kinases and phosphatases that catalyze opposing reactions regulating both structure and function of the cell. Kinomics is the study of kinases, phosphatases and their targets, and has been used to study the functional changes in numerous diseases and infectious diseases with aims to delineate the cellular functions affected. Identifying the phosphate signaling pathways changed by certain diseases or infections can lead to novel therapeutic targets. However, a daunting 518 putative protein kinase genes have been identified [2], indicating that this protein family is very large and complex. Identifying which enzymes are specific to a particular disease can be a laborious task. In this review, we will provide information on large-scale systems biology methodologies that allow global screening of the kinome to more efficiently identify which kinase pathways are pertinent for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Berard
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0J9, Canada
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Peter McQueen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0J9, Canada
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kevin M. Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0J9, Canada
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19
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In Vitro High-Throughput RNAi Screening to Accelerate the Process of Target Identification and Drug Development. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1470:137-49. [PMID: 27581290 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6337-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput RNA interference (HT-RNAi) is a powerful tool that can be used to knock down gene expression in order to identify novel genes and pathways involved in many cellular processes. It is a systematic, yet unbiased, approach to identify essential or synthetic lethal genes that promote cell survival in diseased cells as well as genes that confer resistance or sensitivity to drug treatment. This information serves as a foundation for enhancing current treatments for cancer and other diseases by identifying new drug targets, uncovering potential combination therapies, and helping clinicians match patients with the most effective treatment based on genetic information. Here, we describe the method of performing an in vitro HT-RNAi screen using chemically synthesized siRNA.
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20
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Ursu O, Gosline SJC, Beeharry N, Fink L, Bhattacharjee V, Huang SSC, Zhou Y, Yen T, Fraenkel E. Network modeling of kinase inhibitor polypharmacology reveals pathways targeted in chemical screens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185650. [PMID: 29023490 PMCID: PMC5638242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Small molecule screens are widely used to prioritize pharmaceutical development. However, determining the pathways targeted by these molecules is challenging, since the compounds are often promiscuous. We present a network strategy that takes into account the polypharmacology of small molecules in order to generate hypotheses for their broader mode of action. We report a screen for kinase inhibitors that increase the efficacy of gemcitabine, the first-line chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Eight kinase inhibitors emerge that are known to affect 201 kinases, of which only three kinases have been previously identified as modifiers of gemcitabine toxicity. In this work, we use the SAMNet algorithm to identify pathways linking these kinases and genetic modifiers of gemcitabine toxicity with transcriptional and epigenetic changes induced by gemcitabine that we measure using DNaseI-seq and RNA-seq. SAMNet uses a constrained optimization algorithm to connect genes from these complementary datasets through a small set of protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. The resulting network recapitulates known pathways including DNA repair, cell proliferation and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. We use the network to predict genes with important roles in the gemcitabine response, including six that have already been shown to modify gemcitabine efficacy in pancreatic cancer and ten novel candidates. Our work reveals the important role of polypharmacology in the activity of these chemosensitizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Ursu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sara J. C. Gosline
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Neil Beeharry
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lauren Fink
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Shao-shan Carol Huang
- Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Genomic Analysis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yan Zhou
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tim Yen
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Czubaty A, Piekiełko-Witkowska A. Protein kinases that phosphorylate splicing factors: Roles in cancer development, progression and possible therapeutic options. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 91:102-115. [PMID: 28552434 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Disturbed alternative splicing is a common feature of human tumors. Splicing factors that control alternative splicing are phosphorylated by multiple kinases, including these that specifically add phosphoryl groups to serine-arginine rich proteins (e.g. SR-protein kinases, cdc2-like kinases, topoisomerase 1), and protein kinases that govern key cellular signaling pathways (i.e. AKT). Phosphorylation of splicing factors regulates their subcellular localization and interactions with target transcripts and protein partners, and thus significantly contributes the final result of splicing reactions. In this review we aim to summarize the current knowledge on the role of splicing kinases in cancer. Published studies and recently released data of The Cancer Genome Atlas demonstrate that expressions and activities of splicing kinases are commonly disturbed in cancers. Aberrant functioning of splicing kinases results in changed alternative splicing of tumor suppressors (e.g. p53) and regulators of cell signaling (e.g. MAPKs), apoptosis (e.g. MCL), and angiogenesis (VEGF). Splicing kinases act in complicated regulatory networks in which they mutually affect each other's activity to provide tight control of cellular signaling. Dysregulation of these regulatory networks contributes to oncogenic transformation, uncontrolled proliferation, enhanced migration and invasion. Furthermore, the activities of splicing kinases significantly contribute to cellular responses to genotoxic stress. In conclusion, published data provide strong evidence that splicing kinases emerge as important regulators of key processes governing malignant transformation, progression, and response to therapeutic treatments, suggesting their potential as clinically relevant targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Czubaty
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piekiełko-Witkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, ul. Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
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PRPF overexpression induces drug resistance through actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56659-56671. [PMID: 28915620 PMCID: PMC5593591 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-mRNA processing factor (PRPF) 4B kinase belongs to the CDK-like kinase family, and is involved in pre-mRNA splicing, and in signal transduction. In this study, we observed that PRPF overexpression decreased the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species, and inhibited resveratrol-induced apoptosis by activating the cell survival signaling proteins NFκB, ERK, and c-MYC in HCT116 human colon cancer cells. PRPF overexpression altered cellular morphology, and rearranged the actin cytoskeleton, by regulating the activity of Rho family proteins. Moreover, it decreased the activity of RhoA, but increased the expression of Rac1. In addition, PRPF triggered the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and decreased the invasiveness of HCT116, PC3 human prostate, and B16-F10 melanoma cells. The loss of E-cadherin, a hallmark of EMT, was observed in HCT116 cells overexpressing PRPF. Taken together, these results indicate that PRPF blocks the apoptotic effects of resveratrol by activating cell survival signaling pathways, rearranging the actin cytoskeleton, and inducing EMT. The elucidation of the mechanisms that underlie anticancer drug resistance and the anti-apoptosis effect of PRPF may provide a therapeutic basis for inhibiting tumor growth and preventing metastasis in various cancers.
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Aburatani T, Inokuchi M, Takagi Y, Ishikawa T, Okuno K, Gokita K, Tomii C, Tanioka T, Murase H, Otsuki S, Uetake H, Kojima K, Kawano T. High expression of P21-activated kinase 5 protein is associated with poor survival in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:404-410. [PMID: 28693183 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
P21-activated kinase 5 (PAK5), also termed PAK7, is one of the six members of the PAK family of serine/threonine kinases, which are downstream effectors in several cancer signaling pathways. PAK5 promotes neural outgrowth, contributes to microtubule stability and induces resistance to apoptosis. However, the clinical importance of PAK5 in gastric cancer has not been comprehensively investigated. In the present study, PAK5 expression was evaluated in gastric cancer tissue samples. Furthermore, the associations between high expression of PAK5, and clinicopathological features and prognosis were examined. PAK5 expression in primary gastric cancer specimens resected from 279 patients who underwent gastrectomy at the Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Of the 279 patients, 44 (15.8%) exhibited high PAK5 expression, which was significantly associated with the differentiated pathological type (differentiated vs. undifferentiated; P<0.001), depth of tumor invasion (T1 vs. T2-T4; P<0.001), lymph node metastasis (N0 vs. N1-N3; P<0.001), presence of distant metastasis or recurrence (present vs. absent; P=0.038), advanced tumor stage (I vs. II-IV; P=0.001) and worse disease-specific survival (P=0.013). In stage I-III disease, 38/254 (15.0%) patients exhibited high PAK5 expression, and high expression of PAK5 was significantly associated with relapse-free interval (P=0.044). PAK5 may serve an important role in tumor progression and influence the outcome of patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Aburatani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Mikito Inokuchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yoko Takagi
- Department of Surgical Specialty, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ishikawa
- Department of Surgical Specialty, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okuno
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kentaro Gokita
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Chiharu Tomii
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Toshiro Tanioka
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hideaki Murase
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Sho Otsuki
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uetake
- Department of Surgical Specialty, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kojima
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.,Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Kawano
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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Establishing an Infrastructure for High-Throughput Short-Interfering RNA Screening. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27581280 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6337-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a readily available research tool that can be used to accelerate the identification and functional validation of a multitude of new candidate drug targets by experimentally perturbing gene expression and function. High-throughput RNAi technology using libraries of short-interfering RNA (siRNA) makes it possible to rapidly identify genes and biomarkers associated with biological processes such as diseases or a cellular response to therapy. Thus, RNAi-based screening is an extremely powerful technology that can provide tremendous insights into the mechanisms of action and contexts of vulnerability of a particular drug treatment. This chapter describes the infrastructure requirements needed to successfully perform HT-RNAi screening. Information on the methodology, instrumentation, experimental design, and workflow aspects is provided, as well as insights on how to successfully implement a high-throughput RNAi screen.
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Samulitis BK, Pond KW, Pond E, Cress AE, Patel H, Wisner L, Patel C, Dorr RT, Landowski TH. Gemcitabine resistant pancreatic cancer cell lines acquire an invasive phenotype with collateral hypersensitivity to histone deacetylase inhibitors. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:43-51. [PMID: 25485960 DOI: 10.4161/15384047.2014.986967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine based treatment is currently a standard first line treatment for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, however overall survival remains poor, and few options are available for patients that fail gemcitabine based therapy. To identify potential molecular targets in gemcitabine refractory pancreatic cancer, we developed a series of gemcitabine resistant (GR) cell lines. Initial drug exposure selected for an early resistant phenotype that was independent of drug metabolic pathways. Prolonged drug selection pressure after 16 weeks, led to an induction of cytidine deaminase (CDA) and enhanced drug detoxification. Cross resistance profiles demonstrate approximately 100-fold cross resistance to the pyrimidine nucleoside cytarabine, but no resistance to the same in class agents, azacytidine and decitabine. GR cell lines demonstrated a dose dependent collateral hypersensitivity to class I and II histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and decreased expression of 3 different global heterochromatin marks, as detected by H4K20me3, H3K9me3 and H3K27me3. Cell morphology of the drug resistant cell lines demonstrated a fibroblastic type appearance with loss of cell-cell junctions and an altered microarray expression pattern, using Gene Ontology (GO) annotation, consistent with progression to an invasive phenotype. Of particular note, the gemcitabine resistant cell lines displayed up to a 15 fold increase in invasive potential that directly correlates with the level of gemcitabine resistance. These findings suggest a mechanistic relationship between chemoresistance and metastatic potential in pancreatic carcinoma and provide evidence for molecular pathways that may be exploited to develop therapeutic strategies for refractory pancreatic cancer.
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Gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Drug Resist Updat 2015; 23:55-68. [PMID: 26690340 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) ranks fourth among cancer related deaths. The disappointing 5-year survival rate of below 5% stems from drug resistance to all known therapies, as well as from disease presentation at a late stage when PDA is already metastatic. Gemcitabine has been the cornerstone of PDA treatment in all stages of the disease for the last two decades, but gemcitabine resistance develops within weeks of chemotherapy initiation. From a mechanistic perspective, gemcitabine resistance may result from alterations in drug metabolism until the point that the cytidine analog is incorporated into the DNA, or from mitigation of gemcitabine-induced apoptosis. Both of these drug resistance modalities can be either intrinsic to the cancer cell, or influenced by the cancer microenvironment. Mechanisms of intrinsic gemcitabine resistance are difficult to tackle, as many of the genes that drive the carcinogenic process itself also interfere with gemcitabine-induced apoptosis. In this regard, recent understanding of the involvement of microRNAs in gemcitabine resistance may offer new opportunities to overcome intrinsic gemcitabine resistance. The characteristically fibrotic and immune infiltrated stroma of PDA that accompanies tumor inception and expansion is a lush ground for treatments aimed at targeting tumor microenvironment-mediated drug resistance. In the last couple of years, drugs interfering with tumor microenvironment have matured to clinical trials. Although drugs inducing 'stromal depletion' have yet failed to improve survival, they have greatly increased our understanding of tumor microenvironment-mediated drug resistance. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on intrinsic and environment-mediated gemcitabine resistance, and discuss the impact of these pathways on patient screening, and on future treatments aimed to potentiate gemcitabine activity.
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Bernhart E, Damm S, Heffeter P, Wintersperger A, Asslaber M, Frank S, Hammer A, Strohmaier H, DeVaney T, Mrfka M, Eder H, Windpassinger C, Ireson CR, Mischel PS, Berger W, Sattler W. Silencing of protein kinase D2 induces glioma cell senescence via p53-dependent and -independent pathways. Neuro Oncol 2015; 16:933-45. [PMID: 24463355 PMCID: PMC4057133 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive tumor of the central nervous system with a dismal prognosis for affected patients. Aberrant protein kinase C (PKC) signaling has been implicated in gliomagenesis, and a member of the PKC-activated protein kinase D (PRKD) family, PRKD2, was identified as mediator of GBM growth in vitro and in vivo. Methods The outcome of PRKD2 silencing and pharmacological inhibition on glioma cell proliferation was established with different glioma cell lines. Western blotting, senescence assays, co-immunoprecipitation, fluorescence activated cell sorting, quantitative PCR, and immunofluorescence microscopy were utilized to analyze downstream signaling. Results RNA-interference (21-mer siRNA) and pharmacological inhibition (CRT0066101) of PRKD2 profoundly inhibited proliferation of p53wt (U87MG, A172, and primary GBM2), and p53mut (GM133, T98G, U251, and primary Gli25) glioma cells. In a xenograft experiment, PRKD2 silencing significantly delayed tumor growth of U87MG cells. PRKD2 silencing in p53wt and p53mut cells was associated with typical hallmarks of senescence and cell cycle arrest in G1. Attenuated AKT/PKB phosphorylation in response to PRKD2 silencing was a common observation made in p53wt and p53mut GBM cells. PRKD2 knockdown in p53wt cells induced upregulation of p53, p21, and p27 expression, decreased phosphorylation of CDK2 and/or CDK4, hypophosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRb), and reduced transcription of E2F1. In p53mut GM133 and primary Gli25 cells, PRKD2 silencing increased p27 and p15 and reduced E2F1 transcription but did not affect pRb phosphorylation. Conclusions PRKD2 silencing induces glioma cell senescence via p53-dependent and -independent pathways.
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Dobbelstein M, Sørensen CS. Exploiting replicative stress to treat cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:405-23. [PMID: 25953507 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA replication in cancer cells is accompanied by stalling and collapse of the replication fork and signalling in response to DNA damage and/or premature mitosis; these processes are collectively known as 'replicative stress'. Progress is being made to increase our understanding of the mechanisms that govern replicative stress, thus providing ample opportunities to enhance replicative stress for therapeutic purposes. Rather than trying to halt cell cycle progression, cancer therapeutics could aim to increase replicative stress by further loosening the checkpoints that remain available to cancer cells and ultimately inducing the catastrophic failure of proliferative machineries. In this Review, we outline current and future approaches to achieve this, emphasizing the combination of conventional chemotherapy with targeted approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Dobbelstein
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, Ernst Caspari Haus, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
PAKs 4, 5 and 6 are members of the group B family of p21-activated kinases. Among this group, PAK4 has been most extensively studied. While it has essential roles in embryonic development, in adults high levels of PAK4 are frequently associated with cancer. PAK4 is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, and the Pak4 gene is amplified in some cancers. PAK4 overexpression is sufficient to cause oncogenic transformation in cells and in mouse models. The tight connection between PAK4 and cancer make it a promising diagnostic tool as well as a potential drug target. The group B PAKs also have important developmental functions. PAK4 is important for many early developmental processes, while PAK5 and PAK6 play roles in learning and memory in mice. This chapter provides an overview of the roles of the group B PAKs in cancer as well as development, and includes a discussion of PAK mediated signaling pathways and cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Minden
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research; Department of Chemical Biology; Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Piscataway, NJ USA
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In vivo RNAi screening identifies a mechanism of sorafenib resistance in liver cancer. Nat Med 2014; 20:1138-46. [PMID: 25216638 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In solid tumors, resistance to therapy inevitably develops upon treatment with cytotoxic drugs or molecularly targeted therapies. Here, we describe a system that enables pooled shRNA screening directly in mouse hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) in vivo to identify genes likely to be involved in therapy resistance. Using a focused shRNA library targeting genes located within focal genomic amplifications of human HCC, we screened for genes whose inhibition increased the therapeutic efficacy of the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib. Both shRNA-mediated and pharmacological silencing of Mapk14 (p38α) were found to sensitize mouse HCC to sorafenib therapy and prolong survival by abrogating Mapk14-dependent activation of Mek-Erk and Atf2 signaling. Elevated Mapk14-Atf2 signaling predicted poor response to sorafenib therapy in human HCC, and sorafenib resistance of p-Mapk14-expressing HCC cells could be reverted by silencing Mapk14. Our results suggest that a combination of sorafenib and Mapk14 blockade is a promising approach to overcoming therapy resistance of human HCC.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Overexpression of p21-activated kinase 5 (PAK5) is discovered in many tumors, probably due to its regulation in cytoskeleton, antiapoptosis and proliferation. A better understanding of the modulation mechanisms of PAK5 is needed for the development of tumor treatment where current therapeutics is inadequate. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the current understanding of PAK5 functions as an oncogenic kinase in tumor cellular regulation. Mechanisms of action and molecular pathways involved in cytoskeleton regulation, antiapoptosis and proliferation of tumors are discussed. EXPERT OPINION PAKs are serine/threonine kinases and downstream effectors for Cdc42 and Rac, the subfamilies of Rho small GTPases. PAK5 shares sequence identities in p21-GTPase-binding domain and kinase domain and is completely different in other regions compared with other PAKs. Overexpression of PAK5 has been found in several tumors, probably due to its contribution to proliferation, cytoskeleton and anti-apoptosis. Additional regulation mechanisms which are independent of Rho GTPases also indicate that PAK5 functions as a special signal molecule in cellular signaling pathways of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yang Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College , 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu , China +86 0516 85582513 ; ;
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Martinotti S, Ranzato E, Parodi M, Vitale M, Burlando B. Combination of ascorbate/epigallocatechin-3-gallate/gemcitabine synergistically induces cell cycle deregulation and apoptosis in mesothelioma cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 274:35-41. [PMID: 24200995 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MMe) is a poor-prognosis tumor in need of innovative therapies. In a previous in vivo study, we showed synergistic anti-MMe properties of the ascorbate/epigallocatechin-3-gallate/gemcitabine combination. We have now focused on the mechanism of action, showing the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through measurements of caspase 3, intracellular Ca(2+), annexin V, and DNA content. StellArray™ PCR technology and Western immunoblotting revealed DAPK2-dependent apoptosis, upregulation of cell cycle promoters, downregulation of cell cycle checkpoints and repression of NFκB expression. The complex of data indicates that the mixture is synergistic in inducing cell cycle deregulation and non-inflammatory apoptosis, suggesting its possible use in MMe treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Martinotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Elia Ranzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Monica Parodi
- IRCCS A.O.U. S. Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genova, Italy; DI.ME.S., Università degli Studi di Genova, Via L. Alberti 2, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Massimo Vitale
- IRCCS A.O.U. S. Martino-IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Bruno Burlando
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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Shain AH, Salari K, Giacomini CP, Pollack JR. Integrative genomic and functional profiling of the pancreatic cancer genome. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:624. [PMID: 24041470 PMCID: PMC3848637 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease with a five-year survival of less than 5%. A better understanding of the underlying biology may suggest novel therapeutic targets. Recent surveys of the pancreatic cancer genome have uncovered numerous new alterations; yet systematic functional characterization of candidate cancer genes has lagged behind. To address this challenge, here we have devised a highly-parallel RNA interference-based functional screen to evaluate many genomically-nominated candidate pancreatic cancer genes simultaneously. Results For 185 candidate pancreatic cancer genes, selected from recurrently altered genomic loci, we performed a pooled shRNA library screen of cell growth/viability across 10 different cell lines. Knockdown-associated effects on cell growth were assessed by enrichment or depletion of shRNA hairpins, by hybridization to barcode microarrays. A novel analytical approach (COrrelated Phenotypes for On-Target Effects; COPOTE) was used to discern probable on-target knockdown, based on identifying different shRNAs targeting the same gene and displaying concordant phenotypes across cell lines. Knockdown data were integrated with genomic architecture and gene-expression profiles, and selected findings validated using individual shRNAs and/or independent siRNAs. The pooled shRNA library design delivered reproducible data. In all, COPOTE analysis identified 52 probable on-target gene-knockdowns. Knockdown of known oncogenes (KRAS, MYC, SMURF1 and CCNE1) and a tumor suppressor (CDKN2A) showed the expected contrasting effects on cell growth. In addition, the screen corroborated purported roles of PLEKHG2 and MED29 as 19q13 amplicon drivers. Most notably, the analysis also revealed novel possible oncogenic functions of nucleoporin NUP153 (ostensibly by modulating TGFβ signaling) and Kruppel-like transcription factor KLF5 in pancreatic cancer. Conclusions By integrating physical and functional genomic data, we were able to simultaneously evaluate many candidate pancreatic cancer genes. Our findings uncover new facets of pancreatic cancer biology, with possible therapeutic implications. More broadly, our study provides a general strategy for the efficient characterization of candidate genes emerging from cancer genome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hunter Shain
- Departments of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR-3245A, Stanford, CA 94305-5176, USA.
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Gao Q, Mechin I, Kothari N, Guo Z, Deng G, Haas K, McManus J, Hoffmann D, Wang A, Wiederschain D, Rocnik J, Czechtizky W, Chen X, McLean L, Arlt H, Harper D, Liu F, Majid T, Patel V, Lengauer C, Garcia-Echeverria C, Zhang B, Cheng H, Dorsch M, Huang SMA. Evaluation of cancer dependence and druggability of PRP4 kinase using cellular, biochemical, and structural approaches. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:30125-30138. [PMID: 24003220 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.473348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PRP4 kinase is known for its roles in regulating pre-mRNA splicing and beyond. Therefore, a wider spectrum of PRP4 kinase substrates could be expected. The role of PRP4 kinase in cancer is also yet to be fully elucidated. Attaining specific and potent PRP4 inhibitors would greatly facilitate the study of PRP4 biological function and its validation as a credible cancer target. In this report, we verified the requirement of enzymatic activity of PRP4 in regulating cancer cell growth and identified an array of potential novel substrates through orthogonal proteomics approaches. The ensuing effort in structural biology unveiled for the first time unique features of PRP4 kinase domain and its potential mode of interaction with a low molecular weight inhibitor. These results provide new and important information for further exploration of PRP4 kinase function in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gao
- From Discovery and Early Development, Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - Ingrid Mechin
- Tucson Research Center, Sanofi, Tucson, Arizona 85755
| | - Nayantara Kothari
- From Discovery and Early Development, Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - Zhuyan Guo
- From Discovery and Early Development, Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - Gejing Deng
- From Discovery and Early Development, Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - Kimberly Haas
- Lead Generation and Candidate Realization, Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, and
| | - Jessica McManus
- From Discovery and Early Development, Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - Dietmar Hoffmann
- From Discovery and Early Development, Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - Anlai Wang
- From Discovery and Early Development, Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - Dmitri Wiederschain
- From Discovery and Early Development, Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - Jennifer Rocnik
- From Discovery and Early Development, Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - Werngard Czechtizky
- Lead Generation and Candidate Realization, Sanofi, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Xin Chen
- Lead Generation and Candidate Realization, Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, and
| | - Larry McLean
- Lead Generation and Candidate Realization, Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, and
| | - Heike Arlt
- From Discovery and Early Development, Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - David Harper
- From Discovery and Early Development, Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - Feng Liu
- From Discovery and Early Development, Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - Tahir Majid
- Lead Generation and Candidate Realization, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| | - Vinod Patel
- Lead Generation and Candidate Realization, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| | - Christoph Lengauer
- From Discovery and Early Development, Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - Carlos Garcia-Echeverria
- From Discovery and Early Development, Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - Bailin Zhang
- From Discovery and Early Development, Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - Hong Cheng
- From Discovery and Early Development, Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - Marion Dorsch
- From Discovery and Early Development, Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | - Shih-Min A Huang
- From Discovery and Early Development, Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 and 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France,.
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Cheema AK, Varghese RS, Timofeeva O, Zhang L, Kirilyuk A, Zandkarimi F, Kaur P, Ressom HW, Jung M, Dritschilo A. Functional proteomics analysis to study ATM dependent signaling in response to ionizing radiation. Radiat Res 2013; 179:674-683. [PMID: 23642045 DOI: 10.1667/rr3198.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is a human genetic disease characterized by radiation sensitivity, impaired neuronal development and predisposition to cancer. Using a genetically defined model cell system consisting of cells expressing a kinase dead or a kinase proficient ATM gene product, we previously reported systemic alterations in major metabolic pathways that translate at the gene expression, protein and small molecule metabolite levels. Here, we report ionizing radiation induced stress response signaling arising from perturbations in the ATM gene, by employing a functional proteomics approach. Functional pathway analysis shows robust translational and post-translational responses under ATM proficient conditions, which include enrichment of proteins in the Ephrin receptor and axonal guidance signaling pathways. These molecular networks offer a hypothesis generating function for further investigations of cellular stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita K Cheema
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Radiation Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Rency S Varghese
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Olga Timofeeva
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Alexander Kirilyuk
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | | | - Prabhjit Kaur
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Habtom W Ressom
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Mira Jung
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Anatoly Dritschilo
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Radiation Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
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Clayton EL, Minogue S, Waugh MG. Mammalian phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases as modulators of membrane trafficking and lipid signaling networks. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:294-304. [PMID: 23608234 PMCID: PMC3989048 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The four mammalian phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases modulate inter-organelle lipid trafficking, phosphoinositide signalling and intracellular vesicle trafficking. In addition to catalytic domains required for the synthesis of PI4P, the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases also contain isoform-specific structural motifs that mediate interactions with proteins such as AP-3 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch, and such structural differences determine isoform-specific roles in membrane trafficking. Moreover, different permutations of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase isozymes may be required for a single cellular function such as occurs during distinct stages of GPCR signalling and in Golgi to lysosome trafficking. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases have recently been implicated in human disease. Emerging paradigms include increased phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase expression in some cancers, impaired functioning associated with neurological pathologies, the subversion of PI4P trafficking functions in bacterial infection and the activation of lipid kinase activity in viral disease. We discuss how the diverse and sometimes overlapping functions of the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases present challenges for the design of isoform-specific inhibitors in a therapeutic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Clayton
- UCL Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, UCL Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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37
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Type II p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are regulated by an autoinhibitory pseudosubstrate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:16107-12. [PMID: 22988085 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1214447109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The type II p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are key effectors of RHO-family GTPases involved in cell motility, survival, and proliferation. Using a structure-guided approach, we discovered that type II PAKs are regulated by an N-terminal autoinhibitory pseudosubstrate motif centered on a critical proline residue, and that this regulation occurs independently of activation loop phosphorylation. We determined six X-ray crystal structures of either full-length PAK4 or its catalytic domain, that demonstrate the molecular basis for pseudosubstrate binding to the active state with phosphorylated activation loop. We show that full-length PAK4 is constitutively autoinhibited, but mutation of the pseudosubstrate releases this inhibition and causes increased phosphorylation of the apoptotic regulation protein Bcl-2/Bcl-X(L) antagonist causing cell death and cellular morphological changes. We also find that PAK6 is regulated by the pseudosubstrate region, indicating a common type II PAK autoregulatory mechanism. Finally, we find Src SH3, but not β-PIX SH3, can activate PAK4. We provide a unique understanding for type II PAK regulation.
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38
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Wang SL, Li XL, Fang J. Finding minimum gene subsets with heuristic breadth-first search algorithm for robust tumor classification. BMC Bioinformatics 2012; 13:178. [PMID: 22830977 PMCID: PMC3465202 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies on tumor classification based on gene expression profiles suggest that gene selection plays a key role in improving the classification performance. Moreover, finding important tumor-related genes with the highest accuracy is a very important task because these genes might serve as tumor biomarkers, which is of great benefit to not only tumor molecular diagnosis but also drug development. Results This paper proposes a novel gene selection method with rich biomedical meaning based on Heuristic Breadth-first Search Algorithm (HBSA) to find as many optimal gene subsets as possible. Due to the curse of dimensionality, this type of method could suffer from over-fitting and selection bias problems. To address these potential problems, a HBSA-based ensemble classifier is constructed using majority voting strategy from individual classifiers constructed by the selected gene subsets, and a novel HBSA-based gene ranking method is designed to find important tumor-related genes by measuring the significance of genes using their occurrence frequencies in the selected gene subsets. The experimental results on nine tumor datasets including three pairs of cross-platform datasets indicate that the proposed method can not only obtain better generalization performance but also find many important tumor-related genes. Conclusions It is found that the frequencies of the selected genes follow a power-law distribution, indicating that only a few top-ranked genes can be used as potential diagnosis biomarkers. Moreover, the top-ranked genes leading to very high prediction accuracy are closely related to specific tumor subtype and even hub genes. Compared with other related methods, the proposed method can achieve higher prediction accuracy with fewer genes. Moreover, they are further justified by analyzing the top-ranked genes in the context of individual gene function, biological pathway, and protein-protein interaction network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lin Wang
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratory, University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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39
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Waugh MG. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and cancer. Cancer Lett 2012; 325:125-31. [PMID: 22750097 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses on the emerging roles for phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases in cancer. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate is a common substrate for both the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and phospholipase C pathways, and has been implicated in the membrane targeting of proteins such as Girdin/GIV and OSBP. Alterations to phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase expression levels can modulate MAP kinase and Akt signalling, and are important for chemoresistance, tumour angiogenesis and the suppression of apoptosis and metastases. Recent improvements in high-throughput screening assays, and the discoveries that some anti-viral molecules are isoform selective phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase inhibitors have advanced the drugability of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Waugh
- UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom.
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40
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Martin SE, Wu ZH, Gehlhaus K, Jones TL, Zhang YW, Guha R, Miyamoto S, Pommier Y, Caplen NJ. RNAi screening identifies TAK1 as a potential target for the enhanced efficacy of topoisomerase inhibitors. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2012; 11:976-86. [PMID: 21834757 DOI: 10.2174/156800911797264734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to develop strategies that improve the efficacy of existing anticancer agents, we have conducted a siRNA-based RNAi screen to identify genes that, when targeted by siRNA, improve the activity of the topoisomerase I (Top1) poison camptothecin (CPT). Screening was conducted using a set of siRNAs corresponding to over 400 apoptosisrelated genes in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. During the course of these studies, we identified the silencing of MAP3K7 as a significant enhancer of CPT activity. Follow-up analysis of caspase activity and caspase-dependent phosphorylation of histone H2AX demonstrated that the silencing of MAP3K7 enhanced CPT-associated apoptosis. Silencing MAP3K7 also sensitized cells to additional compounds, including CPT clinical analogs. This activity was not restricted to MDA-MB-231 cells, as the silencing of MAP3K7 also sensitized the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468 and HCT-116 colon cancer cells. However, MAP3K7 silencing did not affect compound activity in the comparatively normal mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A, as well as some additional tumorigenic lines. MAP3K7 encodes the TAK1 kinase, an enzyme that is central to the regulation of many processes associated with the growth of cancer cells (e.g. NF- κB, JNK, and p38 signaling). An analysis of TAK1 signaling pathway members revealed that the silencing of TAB2 also sensitizes MDA-MB-231 and HCT-116 cells towards CPT. These findings may offer avenues towards lowering the effective doses of Top1 inhibitors in cancer cells and, in doing so, broaden their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Martin
- Gene Silencing Section, Genetics Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Li F, Hu G, Jiang Z, Guo J, Wang K, Ouyang K, Wen D, Zhu M, Liang J, Qin X, Zhang L. Identification of NME5 as a contributor to innate resistance to gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells. FEBS J 2012; 279:1261-73. [PMID: 22325559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The limited therapeutic effect of gemcitabine on pancreatic cancer is largely attributed to pre-existing or acquired resistance of the tumor cells. This study was aimed at screening for candidate resistance-related gene(s) and elucidating the underlying mechanisms. NME5 was found to be highly expressed in an innate gemcitabine-resistant human pancreatic cancer sample and the cell line PAXC002 derived from the sample. Downregulation of NME5 significantly reversed gemcitabine resistance in PAXC002 cells, whereas NME5 overexpression induced gemcitabine resistance in the pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC-3. NME5 attenuated the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest induced by gemcitabine, probably accounting for the blunted sensitivity to gemcitabine. Furthermore, NME5 was demonstrated to play its role in a nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB)-dependent manner. NME5 was capable of directly binding NF-κB, and possibly regulated its expression level in PAXC002 cells. Our results also suggest that NF-κB is a key executor of NME5 in regulating apoptosis and cell cycle. All of these data suggest that NME5 is a promising target for relieving innate gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Li
- Jiangsu Center of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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42
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Sheveleva EV, Landowski TH, Samulitis BK, Bartholomeusz G, Powis G, Dorr RT. Imexon induces an oxidative endoplasmic reticulum stress response in pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:392-400. [PMID: 22275514 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) requires strict regulation of redox homeostasis. Disruption of the lumenal redox balance induces an integrated ER stress response that is associated with reduced protein translation, increased chaperone activity, and ultimately cell death. Imexon is a small-molecule chemotherapeutic agent that has been shown to bind glutathione (GSH) and induce oxidative stress in tumor cells; however, the mechanism of cytotoxicity is not well understood. In this report, we investigate the effects of imexon on the integrated ER stress response in pancreatic carcinoma cells. Acute exposure to imexon induces an ER stress response characterized by accumulation of the oxidized form of the oxidoreductase Ero1α, phosphorylation of eIF2α, and inhibition of protein synthesis. An RNA interference chemosensitization screen identified the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF2B5 as a target that enhanced imexon-induced growth inhibition of MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells, but did not significantly augment the effects of imexon on protein synthesis. Concurrent reduction of intracellular thiols with N-acetyl cysteine reversed imexon activity, however cotreatment with superoxide scavengers had no effect, suggesting thiol binding may be a primary component of the oxidative effects of imexon. Moreover, the data suggest that disruption of the redox balance in the ER is a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Sheveleva
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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43
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Lee AJX, Swanton C. Tumour heterogeneity and drug resistance: personalising cancer medicine through functional genomics. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 83:1013-20. [PMID: 22192819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic and acquired drug resistance leads to the eventual failure of cancer treatment regimens in the majority of advanced solid tumours. Understanding drug resistance mechanisms will prove vital in the future development of personalised therapeutic approaches. Functional genomics technologies may permit the discovery of predictive biomarkers by unravelling pathways involved in drug resistance and allow the systematic identification of novel therapeutic targets. Such technologies offer the opportunity to develop personalised treatments and diagnostic tools that may improve the survival and quality of life of patients with cancer. However, despite progress in biomarker and drug target discovery, inter-tumour and intra-tumour molecular heterogeneity will limit the effective treatment of this disease. Combining an improved understanding of cancer cell survival mechanisms associated with intra-tumour heterogeneity and drug resistance may allow the selection of patients for specific treatment regimens that will maximise benefit, limit the acquisition of drug resistance and lessen the impact of deleterious side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin J X Lee
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, UK.
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44
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Xie L, Kassner M, Munoz RM, Que QQ, Kiefer J, Zhao Y, Mousses S, Yin HH, Von Hoff DD, Han H. Kinome-wide siRNA screening identifies molecular targets mediating the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to Aurora kinase inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 83:452-61. [PMID: 22100984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aurora kinases are a family of mitotic kinases that play important roles in the tumorigenesis of a variety of cancers including pancreatic cancer. A number of Aurora kinase inhibitors (AKIs) are currently being tested in preclinical and clinical settings as anti-cancer therapies. However, the antitumor activity of AKIs in clinical trials has been modest. In order to improve the antitumor activity of AKIs in pancreatic cancer, we utilized a kinome focused RNAi screen to identify genes that, when silenced, would sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to AKI treatment. A total of 17 kinase genes were identified and confirmed as positive hits. One of the hits was the platelet-derived growth factor receptor, alpha polypeptide (PDGFRA), which has been shown to be overexpressed in pancreatic cancer cells and tumor tissues. Imatinib, a PDGFR inhibitor, significantly enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of ZM447439, an Aurora B specific inhibitor, and PHA-739358, a pan-Aurora kinase inhibitor. Further studies showed that imatinib augmented the induction of G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by PHA-739358. These findings indicate that PDGFRA is a potential mediator of AKI sensitivity in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Xie
- Clinical Translational Research Division, Translational Genomic Research Institute (TGen), 13208 E Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
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RNAi screening in glioma stem-like cells identifies PFKFB4 as a key molecule important for cancer cell survival. Oncogene 2011; 31:3235-43. [PMID: 22056879 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The concept of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) has gained considerable attention in various solid tumors including glioblastoma, the most common primary brain tumor. This sub-population of tumor cells has been intensively investigated and their role in therapy resistance as well as tumor recurrence has been demonstrated. In that respect, development of therapeutic strategies that target CSCs (and possibly also the tumor bulk) appears a promising approach in patients suffering from primary brain tumors. In the present study, we utilized RNA interference (RNAi) to screen the complete human kinome and phosphatome (682 and 180 targets, respectively) in order to identify genes and pathways relevant for the survival of brain CSCs and thereby potential therapeutical targets for glioblastoma. We report of 46 putative candidates including known survival-related kinases and phosphatases. Interestingly, a number of genes identified are involved in metabolism, especially glycolysis, such as PDK1 and PKM2 and, most prominently PFKFB4. In vitro studies confirmed an essential role of PFKFB4 in the maintenance of brain CSCs. Furthermore, high PFKFB4 expression was associated with shorter survival of primary glioblastoma patients. Our findings support the importance of the glycolytic pathway in the maintenance of malignant glioma cells and brain CSCs and imply tumor metabolism as a promising therapeutic target in glioblastoma.
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46
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Azoitei N, Kleger A, Schoo N, Thal DR, Brunner C, Pusapati GV, Filatova A, Genze F, Möller P, Acker T, Kuefer R, Van Lint J, Baust H, Adler G, Seufferlein T. Protein kinase D2 is a novel regulator of glioblastoma growth and tumor formation. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:710-24. [PMID: 21727210 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme, a highly aggressive tumor of the central nervous system, has a dismal prognosis that is due in part to its resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. The protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine threonine kinases has been implicated in the formation and proliferation of glioblastoma multiforme. Members of the protein kinase D (PKD) family, which consists of PKD1, -2 and, -3, are prominent downstream targets of PKCs and could play a major role in glioblastoma growth. PKD2 was highly expressed in both low-grade and high-grade human gliomas. The number of PKD2-positive tumor cells increased with glioma grading (P < .001). PKD2 was also expressed in CD133-positive glioblastoma stem cells and various glioblastoma cell lines in which the kinase was found to be constitutively active. Inhibition of PKDs by pharmacological inhibitors resulted in substantial inhibition of glioblastoma proliferation. Furthermore, specific depletion of PKD2 by siRNA resulted in a marked inhibition of anchorage-dependent and -independent proliferation and an accumulation of glioblastoma cells in G0/G1, accompanied by a down-regulation of cyclin D1 expression. In addition, PKD2-depleted glioblastoma cells exhibited substantially reduced tumor formation in vivo on chicken chorioallantoic membranes. These findings identify PKD2 as a novel mediator of glioblastoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo and thereby as a potential therapeutic target for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninel Azoitei
- Department of Internal Medicine l, Medical University of Ulm, Germany
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Abstract
CHK1 and CHK2 function as effectors of cell cycle checkpoint arrest following DNA damage. Small molecule inhibitors of CHK proteins are under clinical evaluation in combination with chemotherapeutic agents known to induce DNA damage. We examined whether CHK inhibitors could be effective as single agents in malignant cells with inherent DNA damage because of deregulated expression of the oncogene c-Myc. Eμ-myc lymphoma cells showed a dramatic increase in the extent of DNA damage and DNA damage response (DDR) signalling within 1 h of treatment with CHK1 inhibitors followed by caspase-dependent apoptosis and cell death. In p53 wild-type/ARF null Eμ-myc lymphoma cells, apoptotic cell death was preceded by accumulation of DNA damage and the amount of DNA damage correlated with the extent of cell death. This effect was not observed in normal B cells indicating that DNA damage accumulation following CHK inhibition was specific to Eμ-myc lymphoma cells that exhibit inherent DNA damage because of MYC-induced replication stress. Similar results were obtained with another structurally distinct CHK-inhibitor. Eμ-myc p53 null lymphoma cells were more sensitive to a dual CHK1/CHK2 inhibitor than to a CHK1-specific inhibitor. In all cases, the level of DNA damage following treatment was the most consistent indicator of drug sensitivity. Our results suggest that CHK inhibitors would be beneficial therapeutic agents in MYC-driven cancers. We propose that inhibitors of CHK can act in a synthetically lethal manner in cancers with replication stress as a result of these cancers being reliant on CHK proteins for an effective DDR and cell survival.
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Seyhan AA, Varadarajan U, Choe S, Liu Y, McGraw J, Woods M, Murray S, Eckert A, Liu W, Ryan TE. A genome-wide RNAi screen identifies novel targets of neratinib sensitivity leading to neratinib and paclitaxel combination drug treatments. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1974-89. [PMID: 21487605 DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00294a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
ErbB2 is frequently activated in tumors, and influences a wide array of cellular functions, including proliferation, apoptosis, cell motility and adhesion. HKI-272 (neratinib) is a small molecule pan-kinase inhibitor of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases, and shows strong antiproliferative activity in ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. We undertook a genome-wide pooled lentiviral RNAi screen to identify synthetic lethal or enhancer (synthetic modulator screen) genes that interact with neratinib in a human breast cancer cell line (SKBR-3). These genes upon knockdown would modulate cell viability in the presence of subeffective concentrations of neratinib. We discovered a diverse set of genes whose depletion selectively impaired or enhanced the viability of SKBR-3 cells in the presence of neratinib. We observed diverse pathways including EGFR, hypoxia, cAMP, and protein ubiquitination that, when co-treated with RNAi and neratinib, resulted in arrest of cell proliferation. Examining the changes of these genes and their protein products also led to a rationale for clinically relevant drug combination treatments. Treatment of cells with either paclitaxel or cytarabine in combination with neratinib resulted in a strong antiproliferative effect. The identification of novel mediators of cellular response to neratinib and the development of potential drug combination treatments have expanded our understanding of neratinib's mode-of-action for the development of more effective therapeutic regimens. Notably, our findings support a paclitaxel and neratinib phase III clinical trial in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila A Seyhan
- Systems Biology, Global Biotherapeutics, Pfizer Inc., 87 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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Stacey M, Osgood C, Kalluri BS, Cao W, Elsayed-Ali H, Abdel-Fattah T. Nanosecond pulse electrical fields used in conjunction with multi-wall carbon nanotubes as a potential tumor treatment. Biomed Mater 2011; 6:011002. [PMID: 21266746 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/6/1/011002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this communication were to fabricate pure samples of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and to determine their toxicity in tumor cell lines. MWCNTs were dispersed in a concentration of the surfactant T80 that was minimally toxic. Cell-type variation in toxicity to MWCNTs was observed but was not significantly different to unexposed controls. Additionally, we investigated the increased cell killing of the pancreatic cancer cell line PANC1 when exposed to ultrashort (nanosecond) pulsed electrical fields (nsPEF) in the presence of MWCNTs as a potential form of cancer therapy. We hypothesized that the unique electronic properties of MWCNTs disrupt cell function, leading to cell death, when cells are exposed to nsPEF. We observed a 2.3-fold reduction in cell survival in cells pulsed in the presence of MWCNTs compared to pulsed controls. This study demonstrates that ultrashort pulse electrical field applications have enhanced killing effects when cells are previously grown in the presence of MWCNTs, suggesting that the electrical properties of MWCNTs play a vital role in this process and is suggestive of a synergistic interaction between these nanomaterials and electrical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stacey
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA
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50
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Metabolic disorder, inflammation, and deregulated molecular pathways converging in pancreatic cancer development: implications for new therapeutic strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:446-60. [PMID: 24212624 PMCID: PMC3756371 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer develops and progresses through complex, cumulative biological processes involving metabolic disorder, local inflammation, and deregulated molecular pathways. The resulting tumor aggressiveness hampers surgical intervention and renders pancreatic cancer resistant to standard chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Based on these pathologic properties, several therapeutic strategies are being developed to reverse refractory pancreatic cancer. Here, we outline molecular targeting therapies, which are primarily directed against growth factor receptor-type tyrosine kinases deregulated in tumors, but have failed to improve the survival of pancreatic cancer patients. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) is a member of a serine/threonine protein kinase family that plays a critical role in various cellular pathways. GSK3β has also emerged as a mediator of pathological states, including glucose intolerance, inflammation, and various cancers (e.g., pancreatic cancer). We review recent studies that demonstrate the anti-tumor effects of GSK3β inhibition alone or in combination with chemotherapy and radiation. GSK3β inhibition may exert indirect anti-tumor actions in pancreatic cancer by modulating metabolic disorder and inflammation.
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