1
|
Lin H, Suzuki K, Smith N, Li X, Nalbach L, Fuentes S, Spigelman AF, Dai XQ, Bautista A, Ferdaoussi M, Aggarwal S, Pepper AR, Roma LP, Ampofo E, Li WH, MacDonald PE. A role and mechanism for redox sensing by SENP1 in β-cell responses to high fat feeding. Nat Commun 2024; 15:334. [PMID: 38184650 PMCID: PMC10771529 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells respond to metabolic stress by upregulating insulin secretion, however the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show, in β-cells from overweight humans without diabetes and mice fed a high-fat diet for 2 days, insulin exocytosis and secretion are enhanced without increased Ca2+ influx. RNA-seq of sorted β-cells suggests altered metabolic pathways early following high fat diet, where we find increased basal oxygen consumption and proton leak, but a more reduced cytosolic redox state. Increased β-cell exocytosis after 2-day high fat diet is dependent on this reduced intracellular redox state and requires the sentrin-specific SUMO-protease-1. Mice with either pancreas- or β-cell-specific deletion of this fail to up-regulate exocytosis and become rapidly glucose intolerant after 2-day high fat diet. Mechanistically, redox-sensing by the SUMO-protease requires a thiol group at C535 which together with Zn+-binding suppresses basal protease activity and unrestrained β-cell exocytosis, and increases enzyme sensitivity to regulation by redox signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, Guangdong, China
| | - Kunimasa Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Nancy Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Xi Li
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9039, USA
| | - Lisa Nalbach
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Biophysics Department, Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Sonia Fuentes
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9039, USA
| | - Aliya F Spigelman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Xiao-Qing Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Austin Bautista
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Mourad Ferdaoussi
- Faculty Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Saloni Aggarwal
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Andrew R Pepper
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Leticia P Roma
- Biophysics Department, Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Ampofo
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Wen-Hong Li
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9039, USA
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Holendova B, Plecita-Hlavata L. Cysteine residues in signal transduction and its relevance in pancreatic beta cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1221520. [PMID: 37455926 PMCID: PMC10339824 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1221520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine is one of the least abundant but most conserved amino acid residues in proteins, playing a role in their structure, metal binding, catalysis, and redox chemistry. Thiols present in cysteines can be modified by post-translational modifications like sulfenylation, acylation, or glutathionylation, regulating protein activity and function and serving as signals. Their modification depends on their position in the structure, surrounding amino acids, solvent accessibility, pH, etc. The most studied modifications are the redox modifications by reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species, leading to reversible changes that serve as cell signals or irreversible changes indicating oxidative stress and cell damage. Selected antioxidants undergoing reversible oxidative modifications like peroxiredoxin-thioredoxin system are involved in a redox-relay signaling that can propagate to target proteins. Cysteine thiols can also be modified by acyl moieties' addition (derived from lipid metabolism), resulting in protein functional modification or changes in protein anchoring in the membrane. In this review, we update the current knowledge on cysteine modifications and their consequences in pancreatic β-cells. Because β-cells exhibit well-balanced redox homeostasis, the redox modifications of cysteines here serve primarily for signaling purposes. Similarly, lipid metabolism provides regulatory intermediates that have been shown to be necessary in addition to redox modifications for proper β-cell function and, in particular, for efficient insulin secretion. On the contrary, the excess of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species and the imbalance of lipids under pathological conditions cause irreversible changes and contribute to oxidative stress leading to cell failure and the development of type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lydie Plecita-Hlavata
- Laboratory of Pancreatic Islet Research, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Williard AC, Switzer HJ, Howard CA, Yin R, Russell BL, Sanyal R, Yu S, Myers TM, Flood BM, Kerscher O, Young DD. Protein Modification Employing Non-Canonical Amino Acids to Prepare SUMOylation Detecting Bioconjugates. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122826. [PMID: 36559319 PMCID: PMC9784311 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein modification with non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) represents a useful technology to afford homogenous samples of bioconjugates with site-specific modification. This technique can be directly applied to the detection of aberrant SUMOylation patterns, which are often indicative of disease states. Modified SUMO-trapping proteins, consisting of a catalytically inactive ULP1 fragment (UTAG) fused to the maltose-binding protein MBP, are useful reagents for the binding and labeling of SUMOylated proteins. Mutation of this UTAG fusion protein to facilitate amber suppression technologies for the genetic incorporation of ncAAs was assessed to provide a functional handle for modification. Ultimately, two sites in the maltose-binding protein (MBP) fusion were identified as ideal for incorporation and bioconjugation without perturbation to the SUMO-trapping ability of the UTAG protein. This functionality was then employed to label SUMOylated proteins in HeLa cells and demonstrate their enrichment in the nucleus. This modified UTAG-MBP-ncAA protein has far-reaching applications for both diagnostics and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah J. Switzer
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | | | - Rui Yin
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | - Brent L. Russell
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | - Ritwik Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | - Shaun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | - Trinity M. Myers
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | - Brian M. Flood
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | - Oliver Kerscher
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
| | - Douglas D. Young
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu Y, Yang Y, Chandrashekar A, Gada KD, Masotti M, Baggetta AM, Connolly JG, Kawano T, Plant LD. Hypoxia inhibits the cardiac I K1 current through SUMO targeting Kir2.1 activation by PIP 2. iScience 2022; 25:104969. [PMID: 36060074 PMCID: PMC9437851 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. Most deaths are sudden and occur secondary to the occlusion of coronary arteries resulting in a rapid decrease in cellular oxygen levels. Acute hypoxia is proarrhythmic, leading to disordered electrical signals, conduction block, and uncoordinated beating of the myocardium. Although acute hypoxia is recognized to perturb the electrophysiology of heart muscle, the mechanistic basis for the effect has remained elusive, hampering the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. Here, we show that acute hypoxia activates the redox-sensitive SUMO pathway in cardiomyocytes, causing rapid inhibition of the inward-rectifying K+ channel, Kir2.1. We find that SUMOylation decreases the activation of Kir2.1 channels by the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). These data provide a mechanistic basis for the proarrhythmic effects of acute hypoxia and offer a framework for understanding the central role of PIP2 in mediating the sequelae of hypoxia and SUMOylation in cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuchen Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aishwarya Chandrashekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kirin D. Gada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meghan Masotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Austin M. Baggetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jenna G. Connolly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takeharu Kawano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leigh D. Plant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ezzine C, Loison L, Montbrion N, Bôle-Feysot C, Déchelotte P, Coëffier M, Ribet D. Fatty acids produced by the gut microbiota dampen host inflammatory responses by modulating intestinal SUMOylation. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2108280. [PMID: 35978476 PMCID: PMC9466625 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2108280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota produces a wide variety of metabolites, which interact with intestinal cells and contribute to host physiology. The effect of gut commensal bacteria on host protein SUMOylation, an essential ubiquitin-like modification involved in various intestinal functions, remains, however, unknown. Here, we show that short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs) produced by the gut microbiota increase protein SUMOylation in intestinal cells in a pH-dependent manner. We demonstrate that these metabolites inactivate intestinal deSUMOylases and promote the hyperSUMOylation of nuclear matrix-associated proteins. We further show that BCFAs inhibit the NF-κB pathway, decrease pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and promote intestinal epithelial integrity. Together, our results reveal that fatty acids produced by gut commensal bacteria regulate intestinal physiology by modulating SUMOylation and illustrate a new mechanism of dampening of host inflammatory responses triggered by the gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Ezzine
- Université de Rouen Normandie, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation et axe Microbiote-Intestin-Cerveau, Rouen, France,Université de Rouen Normandie, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Léa Loison
- Université de Rouen Normandie, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation et axe Microbiote-Intestin-Cerveau, Rouen, France,Université de Rouen Normandie, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Nadine Montbrion
- Université de Rouen Normandie, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation et axe Microbiote-Intestin-Cerveau, Rouen, France,Université de Rouen Normandie, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Christine Bôle-Feysot
- Université de Rouen Normandie, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation et axe Microbiote-Intestin-Cerveau, Rouen, France,Université de Rouen Normandie, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- Université de Rouen Normandie, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation et axe Microbiote-Intestin-Cerveau, Rouen, France,Université de Rouen Normandie, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France,Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, CHU Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Moïse Coëffier
- Université de Rouen Normandie, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation et axe Microbiote-Intestin-Cerveau, Rouen, France,Université de Rouen Normandie, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France,Department of Nutrition, Rouen University Hospital, CHU Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - David Ribet
- Université de Rouen Normandie, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation et axe Microbiote-Intestin-Cerveau, Rouen, France,Université de Rouen Normandie, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France,CONTACT David Ribet Université de Rouen Normandie, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Inflammation et axe Microbiote-Intestin-Cerveau, UFR Santé - 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76000Rouen, France; Université de Rouen Normandie, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Castro PH, Couto D, Santos MÂ, Freitas S, Lourenço T, Dias E, Huguet S, Marques da Silva J, Tavares RM, Bejarano ER, Azevedo H. SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1 connects sumoylation and reactive oxygen species homeostasis processes in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:934-954. [PMID: 35238389 PMCID: PMC9157161 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-like modifying peptide SMALL UBIQUITIN-LIKE MODIFIER (SUMO) has become a known modulator of the plant response to multiple environmental stimuli. A common feature of many of these external stresses is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Taking into account that SUMO conjugates rapidly accumulate in response to an external oxidative stimulus, it is likely that ROS and sumoylation converge at the molecular and regulatory levels. In this study, we explored the SUMO-ROS relationship, using as a model the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) null mutant of the major SUMO-conjugation enhancer, the E3 ligase SAP AND MIZ 1 (SIZ1). We showed that SIZ1 is involved in SUMO conjugate increase when primed with both exogenous and endogenous ROS. In siz1, seedlings were sensitive to oxidative stress imposition, and mutants accumulated different ROS throughout development. We demonstrated that the deregulation in hydrogen peroxide and superoxide homeostasis, but not of singlet O2 (1O2), was partially due to SA accumulation in siz1. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis highlighted a transcriptional signature that implicated siz1 with 1O2 homeostasis. Subsequently, we observed that siz1 displayed chloroplast morphological defects and altered energy dissipation activity and established a link between the chlorophyll precursor protochlorophyllide and deregulation of PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE OXIDOREDUCTASE A (PORA), which is known to drive overproduction of 1O2. Ultimately, network analysis uncovered known and additional associations between transcriptional control of PORA and SIZ1-dependent sumoylation. Our study connects sumoylation, and specifically SIZ1, to the control of chloroplast functions and places sumoylation as a molecular mechanism involved in ROS homeostatic and signaling events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Humberto Castro
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Daniel Couto
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Miguel Ângelo Santos
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Sara Freitas
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Tiago Lourenço
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Eva Dias
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Stéphanie Huguet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay 91405, France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay 91405, France
| | - Jorge Marques da Silva
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI) and Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Rui Manuel Tavares
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez Bejarano
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Department of Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Herlander Azevedo
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4099-002, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hotz PW, Müller S, Mendler L. SUMO-specific Isopeptidases Tuning Cardiac SUMOylation in Health and Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:786136. [PMID: 34869605 PMCID: PMC8641784 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.786136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is a transient posttranslational modification with small-ubiquitin like modifiers (SUMO1, SUMO2 and SUMO3) covalently attached to their target-proteins via a multi-step enzymatic cascade. SUMOylation modifies protein-protein interactions, enzymatic-activity or chromatin binding in a multitude of key cellular processes, acting as a highly dynamic molecular switch. To guarantee the rapid kinetics, SUMO target-proteins are kept in a tightly controlled equilibrium of SUMOylation and deSUMOylation. DeSUMOylation is maintained by the SUMO-specific proteases, predominantly of the SENP family. SENP1 and SENP2 represent family members tuning SUMOylation status of all three SUMO isoforms, while SENP3 and SENP5 are dedicated to detach mainly SUMO2/3 from its substrates. SENP6 and SENP7 cleave polySUMO2/3 chains thereby countering the SUMO-targeted-Ubiquitin-Ligase (StUbL) pathway. Several biochemical studies pinpoint towards the SENPs as critical enzymes to control balanced SUMOylation/deSUMOylation in cardiovascular health and disease. This study aims to review the current knowledge about the SUMO-specific proteases in the heart and provides an integrated view of cardiac functions of the deSUMOylating enzymes under physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Hotz
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Gustav Embden Zentrum, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Müller
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Gustav Embden Zentrum, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Luca Mendler
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Gustav Embden Zentrum, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin H, Smith N, Spigelman AF, Suzuki K, Ferdaoussi M, Alghamdi TA, Lewandowski SL, Jin Y, Bautista A, Wang YW, Manning Fox JE, Merrins MJ, Buteau J, MacDonald PE. β-Cell Knockout of SENP1 Reduces Responses to Incretins and Worsens Oral Glucose Tolerance in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Diabetes 2021; 70:2626-2638. [PMID: 34462260 PMCID: PMC8564408 DOI: 10.2337/db20-1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
SUMOylation reduces oxidative stress and preserves islet mass at the expense of robust insulin secretion. To investigate a role for the deSUMOylating enzyme sentrin-specific protease 1 (SENP1) following metabolic stress, we put pancreas/gut-specific SENP1 knockout (pSENP1-KO) mice on a high-fat diet (HFD). Male pSENP1-KO mice were more glucose intolerant following HFD than littermate controls but only in response to oral glucose. A similar phenotype was observed in females. Plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) responses were identical in pSENP1-KO and wild-type littermates, including the HFD-induced upregulation of GIP responses. Islet mass was not different, but insulin secretion and β-cell exocytotic responses to the GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 (Ex4) and GIP were impaired in islets lacking SENP1. Glucagon secretion from pSENP1-KO islets was also reduced, so we generated β-cell-specific SENP1 KO mice. These phenocopied the pSENP1-KO mice with selective impairment in oral glucose tolerance following HFD, preserved islet mass expansion, and impaired β-cell exocytosis and insulin secretion to Ex4 and GIP without changes in cAMP or Ca2+ levels. Thus, β-cell SENP1 limits oral glucose intolerance following HFD by ensuring robust insulin secretion at a point downstream of incretin signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nancy Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aliya F Spigelman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kunimasa Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mourad Ferdaoussi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tamadher A Alghamdi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sophie L Lewandowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Yaxing Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Austin Bautista
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ying Wayne Wang
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jocelyn E Manning Fox
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew J Merrins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Jean Buteau
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fu J, Cui X, Zhang X, Cheng M, Li X, Guo Z, Cui X. The Role of m6A Ribonucleic Acid Modification in the Occurrence of Atherosclerosis. Front Genet 2021; 12:733871. [PMID: 34603394 PMCID: PMC8481608 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.733871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the most abundant epitranscriptomic modification in eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA). The m6A modification process is jointly regulated by various enzymes and proteins, such as methyltransferases, demethylases and related m6A-binding proteins. The process is dynamic and reversible, and it plays an essential role in mRNA metabolism and various biological activities. Recently, an increasing number of researchers have confirmed that the onset and development of many diseases are closely associated with the molecular biological mechanism of m6A RNA methylation. This study focuses on the relationship between m6A RNA modification and atherosclerosis (AS). It thoroughly summarizes the mechanisms and processes of m6A RNA modification in AS-related cells and the relationships between m6A RNA modification and AS risk factors, and it provides a reference for exploring new targets for the early diagnosis and treatment of AS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.,School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xinghui Cui
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.,School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Min Cheng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiliang Guo
- The 80th Group Army Hospital of Chinese People' Liberation Army, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaodong Cui
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yu F, Wei J, Cui X, Yu C, Ni W, Bungert J, Wu L, He C, Qian Z. Post-translational modification of RNA m6A demethylase ALKBH5 regulates ROS-induced DNA damage response. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:5779-5797. [PMID: 34048572 PMCID: PMC8191756 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Faithful genome integrity maintenance plays an essential role in cell survival. Here, we identify the RNA demethylase ALKBH5 as a key regulator that protects cells from DNA damage and apoptosis during reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced stress. We find that ROS significantly induces global mRNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) levels by modulating ALKBH5 post-translational modifications (PTMs), leading to the rapid and efficient induction of thousands of genes involved in a variety of biological processes including DNA damage repair. Mechanistically, ROS promotes ALKBH5 SUMOylation through activating ERK/JNK signaling, leading to inhibition of ALKBH5 m6A demethylase activity by blocking substrate accessibility. Moreover, ERK/JNK/ALKBH5-PTMs/m6A axis is activated by ROS in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) in vivo in mice, suggesting a physiological role of this molecular pathway in the maintenance of genome stability in HSPCs. Together, our study uncovers a molecular mechanism involving ALKBH5 PTMs and increased mRNA m6A levels that protect genomic integrity of cells in response to ROS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- Department of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jiangbo Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xiaolong Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chunjie Yu
- Department of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Wei Ni
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Genetic Institute, University of Florida, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jörg Bungert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Lizi Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Genetic Institute, University of Florida, FL 32610, USA
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zhijian Qian
- Department of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Benáková Š, Holendová B, Plecitá-Hlavatá L. Redox Homeostasis in Pancreatic β-Cells: From Development to Failure. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040526. [PMID: 33801681 PMCID: PMC8065646 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox status is a key determinant in the fate of β-cell. These cells are not primarily detoxifying and thus do not possess extensive antioxidant defense machinery. However, they show a wide range of redox regulating proteins, such as peroxiredoxins, thioredoxins or thioredoxin reductases, etc., being functionally compartmentalized within the cells. They keep fragile redox homeostasis and serve as messengers and amplifiers of redox signaling. β-cells require proper redox signaling already in cell ontogenesis during the development of mature β-cells from their progenitors. We bring details about redox-regulated signaling pathways and transcription factors being essential for proper differentiation and maturation of functional β-cells and their proliferation and insulin expression/maturation. We briefly highlight the targets of redox signaling in the insulin secretory pathway and focus more on possible targets of extracellular redox signaling through secreted thioredoxin1 and thioredoxin reductase1. Tuned redox homeostasis can switch upon chronic pathological insults towards the dysfunction of β-cells and to glucose intolerance. These are characteristics of type 2 diabetes, which is often linked to chronic nutritional overload being nowadays a pandemic feature of lifestyle. Overcharged β-cell metabolism causes pressure on proteostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum, mainly due to increased demand on insulin synthesis, which establishes unfolded protein response and insulin misfolding along with excessive hydrogen peroxide production. This together with redox dysbalance in cytoplasm and mitochondria due to enhanced nutritional pressure impact β-cell redox homeostasis and establish prooxidative metabolism. This can further affect β-cell communication in pancreatic islets through gap junctions. In parallel, peripheral tissues losing insulin sensitivity and overall impairment of glucose tolerance and gut microbiota establish local proinflammatory signaling and later systemic metainflammation, i.e., low chronic inflammation prooxidative properties, which target β-cells leading to their dedifferentiation, dysfunction and eventually cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Štěpánka Benáková
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (Š.B.); (B.H.)
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 1660/32, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Holendová
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (Š.B.); (B.H.)
| | - Lydie Plecitá-Hlavatá
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (Š.B.); (B.H.)
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-296-442-285
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Radzinski M, Oppenheim T, Metanis N, Reichmann D. The Cys Sense: Thiol Redox Switches Mediate Life Cycles of Cellular Proteins. Biomolecules 2021; 11:469. [PMID: 33809923 PMCID: PMC8004198 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein homeostasis is an essential component of proper cellular function; however, sustaining protein health is a challenging task, especially during the aerobic lifestyle. Natural cellular oxidants may be involved in cell signaling and antibacterial defense; however, imbalanced levels can lead to protein misfolding, cell damage, and death. This merges together the processes of protein homeostasis and redox regulation. At the heart of this process are redox-regulated proteins or thiol-based switches, which carefully mediate various steps of protein homeostasis across folding, localization, quality control, and degradation pathways. In this review, we discuss the "redox code" of the proteostasis network, which shapes protein health during cell growth and aging. We describe the sources and types of thiol modifications and elaborate on diverse strategies of evolving antioxidant proteins in proteostasis networks during oxidative stress conditions. We also highlight the involvement of cysteines in protein degradation across varying levels, showcasing the importance of cysteine thiols in proteostasis at large. The individual examples and mechanisms raised open the door for extensive future research exploring the interplay between the redox and protein homeostasis systems. Understanding this interplay will enable us to re-write the redox code of cells and use it for biotechnological and therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meytal Radzinski
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; (M.R.); (T.O.)
| | - Tal Oppenheim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; (M.R.); (T.O.)
| | - Norman Metanis
- Institute of Chemistry, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel;
| | - Dana Reichmann
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; (M.R.); (T.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The Role of Sumoylation in the Response to Hypoxia: An Overview. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112359. [PMID: 33114748 PMCID: PMC7693722 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sumoylation is the covalent attachment of the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) to a vast variety of proteins in order to modulate their function. Sumoylation has emerged as an important modification with a regulatory role in the cellular response to different types of stress including osmotic, hypoxic and oxidative stress. Hypoxia can occur under physiological or pathological conditions, such as ischemia and cancer, as a result of an oxygen imbalance caused by low supply and/or increased consumption. The hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs), and the proteins that regulate their fate, are critical molecular mediators of the response to hypoxia and modulate procedures such as glucose and lipid metabolism, angiogenesis, erythropoiesis and, in the case of cancer, tumor progression and metastasis. Here, we provide an overview of the sumoylation-dependent mechanisms that are activated under hypoxia and the way they influence key players of the hypoxic response pathway. As hypoxia is a hallmark of many diseases, understanding the interrelated connections between the SUMO and the hypoxic signaling pathways can open the way for future molecular therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ryu HY, Ahn SH, Hochstrasser M. SUMO and cellular adaptive mechanisms. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:931-939. [PMID: 32591648 PMCID: PMC7338444 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin family member SUMO is a covalent regulator of proteins that functions in response to various stresses, and defects in SUMO-protein conjugation or deconjugation have been implicated in multiple diseases. The loss of the Ulp2 SUMO protease, which reverses SUMO-protein modifications, in the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae is severely detrimental to cell fitness and has emerged as a useful model for studying how cells adapt to SUMO system dysfunction. Both short-term and long-term adaptive mechanisms are triggered depending on the length of time cells spend without this SUMO chain-cleaving enzyme. Such short-term adaptations include a highly specific multichromosome aneuploidy and large changes in ribosomal gene transcription. While aneuploid ulp2Δ cells survive, they suffer severe defects in growth and stress resistance. Over many generations, euploidy is restored, transcriptional programs are adjusted, and specific genetic changes that compensate for the loss of the SUMO protease are observed. These long-term adapted cells grow at normal rates with no detectable defects in stress resistance. In this review, we examine the connections between SUMO and cellular adaptive mechanisms more broadly. Cellular stress caused by disrupting attachment of the ubiquitous small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins, which are present in most organisms and regulate numerous DNA processes and stress responses by attaching to key proteins, results in some remarkable adaptations. Mark Hochstrasser at Yale University, New Haven, USA, and co-workers review how this “sumoylation” is reversed by protease enzymes, and how imbalances between sumoylation and desumoylation may be linked to diseases including cancer. When certain SUMO proteases are deliberately disrupted, the cells quickly become aneuploid, i.e., carry an abnormal number of chromosomes. These cells show severe growth defects, but over many generations they regain the normal number of chromosomes. They also undergo genetic changes that promote alternative mechanisms that compensate for losing the SUMO protease and facilitate the same efficient stress responses as the original cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yeoul Ryu
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of National Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hoon Ahn
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Hochstrasser
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li N, Zhang S, Xiong F, Eizirik DL, Wang CY. SUMOylation, a multifaceted regulatory mechanism in the pancreatic beta cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 103:51-58. [PMID: 32331991 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SUMOylation is an evolutionarily conserved post-translational modification (PTM) that regulates protein subcellular localization, stability, conformation, transcription and enzymatic activity. Recent studies indicate that SUMOylation plays a key role in insulin gene expression, glucose metabolism and insulin exocytosis under physiological conditions in the pancreatic beta cells. Furthermore, SUMOylation is implicated in beta cell survival and recovery following exposure to oxidative stress, ER stress and inflammatory mediators under pathological situations. SUMOylation is closely regulated by the cellular redox status, and it collaborates with other PTMs such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and NEDDylation, to maintain beta cellular homeostasis. We hereby provide an update on recent findings regarding the role of SUMOylation in the regulation of pancreatic beta cell viability and function, and discuss its potential implication in beta cell senescence and RNA processing (e.g., pre-mRNA splicing and mRNA methylation). Through which we intend to provide novel insights into this fundamental biological process regarding both maintenance of beta cell viability and functionality, and beta cell dysfunction in diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium; Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Petushkova AI, Zamyatnin AA. Redox-Mediated Post-Translational Modifications of Proteolytic Enzymes and Their Role in Protease Functioning. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040650. [PMID: 32340246 PMCID: PMC7226053 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes play a crucial role in metabolic processes, providing the cell with amino acids through the hydrolysis of multiple endogenous and exogenous proteins. In addition to this function, proteases are involved in numerous protein cascades to maintain cellular and extracellular homeostasis. The redox regulation of proteolysis provides a flexible dose-dependent mechanism for proteolytic activity control. The excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in living organisms indicate pathological conditions, so redox-sensitive proteases can swiftly induce pro-survival responses or regulated cell death (RCD). At the same time, severe protein oxidation can lead to the dysregulation of proteolysis, which induces either protein aggregation or superfluous protein hydrolysis. Therefore, oxidative stress contributes to the onset of age-related dysfunction. In the present review, we consider the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteolytic enzymes and their impact on homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia I. Petushkova
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ferdaoussi M, Smith N, Lin H, Bautista A, Spigelman AF, Lyon J, Dai X, Manning Fox JE, MacDonald PE. Improved glucose tolerance with DPPIV inhibition requires β-cell SENP1 amplification of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14420. [PMID: 32339440 PMCID: PMC7185381 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islet insulin secretion is amplified by both metabolic and receptor-mediated signaling pathways. The incretin-mimetic and DPPIV inhibitor anti-diabetic drugs increase insulin secretion, but in humans this can be variable both in vitro and in vivo. We examined the correlation of GLP-1 induced insulin secretion from human islets with key donor characteristics, glucose-responsiveness, and the ability of glucose to augment exocytosis in β-cells. No clear correlation was observed between several donor or organ processing parameters and the ability of Exendin 4 to enhance insulin secretion. The ability of glucose to facilitate β-cell exocytosis was, however, significantly correlated with responses to Exendin 4. We therefore studied the effect of impaired glucose-dependent amplification of insulin exocytosis on responses to DPPIV inhibition (MK-0626) in vivo using pancreas and β-cell specific sentrin-specific protease-1 (SENP1) mice which exhibit impaired metabolic amplification of insulin exocytosis. Glucose tolerance was improved, and plasma insulin was increased, following either acute or 4 week treatment of wild-type (βSENP1+/+ ) mice with MK-0626. This DPPIV inhibitor was ineffective in βSENP1+/- or βSENP1- / - mice. Finally, we confirm impaired exocytotic responses of β-cells and reduced insulin secretion from islets of βSENP1- / - mice and show that the ability of Exendin 4 to enhance exocytosis is lost in these cells. Thus, an impaired ability of glucose to amplify insulin exocytosis results in a deficient effect of DPPIV inhibition to improve in vivo insulin responses and glucose tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Ferdaoussi
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Nancy Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Haopeng Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Austin Bautista
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Aliya F. Spigelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - James Lyon
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - XiaoQing Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Jocelyn E. Manning Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Patrick E. MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liberman AC, Budziñski ML, Sokn C, Gobbini RP, Ugo MB, Arzt E. SUMO conjugation as regulator of the glucocorticoid receptor-FKBP51 cellular response to stress. Steroids 2020; 153:108520. [PMID: 31604074 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In order to adequately respond to stressful stimuli, glucocorticoids (GCs) target almost every tissue of the body. By exerting a negative feedback loop in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis GCs inhibit their own synthesis and restore homeostasis. GCs actions are mostly mediated by the GC receptor (GR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Alterations of the GR activity have been associatedto different diseases including mood disorders and can lead to severe complication. Therefore, understanding the molecular complexity of GR modulation is mandatory for the development of new and effective drugs for treating GR-associated disorders. FKBP51 is a GR chaperone that has gained much attention because it is a strong inhibitor of GR activity and has a crucial role in psychiatric diseases. Both GR and FKBP51 activity are regulated by SUMOylation, a posttranslational (PTM). In this review, we focus on the impact of SUMO-conjugation as a regulator of this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Liberman
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)- CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina.
| | - Maia L Budziñski
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)- CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina
| | - Clara Sokn
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)- CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina
| | - Romina P Gobbini
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)- CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina
| | - Maria B Ugo
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)- CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Arzt
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)- CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Henríquez-Olguín C, Boronat S, Cabello-Verrugio C, Jaimovich E, Hidalgo E, Jensen TE. The Emerging Roles of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase 2 in Skeletal Muscle Redox Signaling and Metabolism. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1371-1410. [PMID: 31588777 PMCID: PMC6859696 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Skeletal muscle is a crucial tissue to whole-body locomotion and metabolic health. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as intracellular messengers participating in both physiological and pathological adaptations in skeletal muscle. A complex interplay between ROS-producing enzymes and antioxidant networks exists in different subcellular compartments of mature skeletal muscle. Recent evidence suggests that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs) are a major source of contraction- and insulin-stimulated oxidants production, but they may paradoxically also contribute to muscle insulin resistance and atrophy. Recent Advances: Pharmacological and molecular biological tools, including redox-sensitive probes and transgenic mouse models, have generated novel insights into compartmentalized redox signaling and suggested that NOX2 contributes to redox control of skeletal muscle metabolism. Critical Issues: Major outstanding questions in skeletal muscle include where NOX2 activation occurs under different conditions in health and disease, how NOX2 activation is regulated, how superoxide/hydrogen peroxide generated by NOX2 reaches the cytosol, what the signaling mediators are downstream of NOX2, and the role of NOX2 for different physiological and pathophysiological processes. Future Directions: Future research should utilize and expand the current redox-signaling toolbox to clarify the NOX2-dependent mechanisms in skeletal muscle and determine whether the proposed functions of NOX2 in cells and animal models are conserved into humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Henríquez-Olguín
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Center for Exercise, Metabolism, and Cancer, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susanna Boronat
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Center for Exercise, Metabolism, and Cancer, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elena Hidalgo
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sun W, Dai L, Yu H, Puspita B, Zhao T, Li F, Tan JL, Lim YT, Chen MW, Sobota RM, Tenen DG, Prabhu N, Nordlund P. Monitoring structural modulation of redox-sensitive proteins in cells with MS-CETSA. Redox Biol 2019; 24:101168. [PMID: 30925293 PMCID: PMC6439307 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce different cellular stress responses but can also mediate cellular signaling. Augmented levels of ROS are associated with aging, cancer as well as various metabolic and neurological disorders. ROS can also affect the efficacy and adverse effects of drugs. Although proteins are key mediators of most ROS effects, direct studies of ROS-modulated-protein function in the cellular context are very challenging. Therefore the understanding of specific roles of different proteins in cellular ROS responses is still relatively rudimentary. In the present work we show that Mass Spectrometry-Cellular Thermal Shift Assay (MS-CETSA) can directly monitor ROS and redox modulations of protein structure at the proteome level. By altering ROS levels in cultured human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lysates and intact cells, we detected CETSA responses in many proteins known to be redox sensitive, and also revealed novel candidate ROS sensitive proteins. Studies in intact cells treated with hydrogen peroxide and sulfasalazine, a ROS modulating drug, identified not only proteins that are directly modified, but also proteins reporting on downstream cellular effects. Comprehensive changes are seen on rate-limiting proteins regulating key cellular processes, including known redox control systems, protein degradation, epigenetic control and protein translational processes. Interestingly, concerted shifts on ATP-binding proteins revealed redox-induced modulation of ATP levels, which likely control many cellular processes. Collectively, these studies establish CETSA as a novel method for cellular studies of redox modulations of proteins, which implicated in a wide range of processes and for the discovery of CETSA-based biomarkers reporting on the efficacy as well as adverse effects of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendi Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Lingyun Dai
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Han Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Brenda Puspita
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Tianyun Zhao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Feng Li
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Justin L Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, 138672, Singapore
| | - Yan Ting Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Ming Wei Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel G Tenen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nayana Prabhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Pär Nordlund
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, 138673, Singapore; Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chanda A, Sarkar A, Bonni S. The SUMO System and TGFβ Signaling Interplay in Regulation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: Implications for Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10080264. [PMID: 30096838 PMCID: PMC6115711 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10080264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein post-translational modification by the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO), or SUMOylation, can regulate the stability, subcellular localization or interactome of a protein substrate with key consequences for cellular processes including the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). The secreted protein Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) is a potent inducer of EMT in development and homeostasis. Importantly, the ability of TGFβ to induce EMT has been implicated in promoting cancer invasion and metastasis, resistance to chemo/radio therapy, and maintenance of cancer stem cells. Interestingly, TGFβ-induced EMT and the SUMO system intersect with important implications for cancer formation and progression, and novel therapeutics identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Chanda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Anusi Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Shirin Bonni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stankovic-Valentin N, Melchior F. Control of SUMO and Ubiquitin by ROS: Signaling and disease implications. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 63:3-17. [PMID: 30059710 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reversible post-translational modifications (PTMs) ensure rapid signal transmission from sensors to effectors. Reversible modification of proteins by the small proteins Ubiquitin and SUMO are involved in virtually all cellular processes and can modify thousands of proteins. Ubiquitination or SUMOylation is the reversible attachment of these modifiers to lysine residues of a target via isopeptide bond formation. These modifications require ATP and an enzymatic cascade composed of three classes of proteins: E1 activating enzymes, E2 conjugating enzymes and E3 ligases. The reversibility of the modification is ensured by specific isopeptidases. E1 and E2 enzymes, some E3 ligases and most isopeptidases have catalytic cysteine residues, which make them potentially susceptible for oxidation. Indeed, an increasing number of examples reveal regulation of ubiquitination and SUMOylation by reactive oxygen species, both in the context of redox signaling and in severe oxidative stress. Importantly, ubiquitination and SUMOylation play essential roles in the regulation of ROS homeostasis, participating in the control of ROS production and clearance. In this review, we will discuss the interplay between ROS homeostasis, Ubiquitin and SUMO pathways and the implications for the oxidative stress response and cell signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Stankovic-Valentin
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ - ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Frauke Melchior
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ - ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sun KT, Cheung KK, Au SWN, Yeung SS, Yeung EW. Overexpression of Mechano-Growth Factor Modulates Inflammatory Cytokine Expression and Macrophage Resolution in Skeletal Muscle Injury. Front Physiol 2018; 9:999. [PMID: 30140235 PMCID: PMC6094977 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In muscle regeneration, infiltrating myeloid cells, such as macrophages mediate muscle inflammation by releasing key soluble factors. One such factor, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), suppresses inflammatory cytokine expression and mediates macrophage polarization to anti-inflammatory phenotype during muscle injury. Previously the IGF-1Ea isoform was shown to be anti-inflammatory. Another isoform of IGF-1, mechano-growth factor (MGF), is structurally and functionally distinct from IGF-1Ea, but its role in muscle inflammation has not yet been characterized. In this study, we hypothesized that MGF expression in muscle injury modulates muscle inflammation. We first investigated changes of transcription and expression of MGF in response to skeletal muscle injury induced by cardiotoxin (CTX) in vivo. At 1–2 days post-injury, Mgf expression was significantly upregulated and positively correlated with that of inflammatory cytokines. Immunostaining revealed that infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages coincided with Mgf upregulation. Furthermore, infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages expressed Mgf, suggesting their contribution to MGF upregulation in muscle injury. Macrophages seem to be the predominant source of MGF in muscle injury, whereas neutrophil depletion did not affect muscle Mgf expression. Given the association of MGF and macrophages, we then studied whether MGF could affect macrophage infiltration and polarization. To test this, we overexpressed MGF in CTX-injured muscles and evaluated inflammatory marker expression, macrophage populations, and muscle regeneration outcomes. MGF overexpression delayed the resolution of macrophages, particularly the pro-inflammatory phenotype. This coincided with upregulation of inflammatory markers. Annexin V-based flow cytometry revealed that MGF overexpression likely delays macrophage resolution by limiting macrophage apoptosis. Although MGF overexpression did not obviously affect muscle regeneration outcomes, the findings are novel and provide insights on the physiological roles of MGF in muscle regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keng-Ting Sun
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Kuen Cheung
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Shannon W N Au
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Simon S Yeung
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ella W Yeung
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kunz K, Piller T, Müller S. SUMO-specific proteases and isopeptidases of the SENP family at a glance. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/6/jcs211904. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.211904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The ubiquitin-related SUMO system controls many cellular signaling networks. In mammalian cells, three SUMO forms (SUMO1, SUMO2 and SUMO3) act as covalent modifiers of up to thousands of cellular proteins. SUMO conjugation affects cell function mainly by regulating the plasticity of protein networks. Importantly, the modification is reversible and highly dynamic. Cysteine proteases of the sentrin-specific protease (SENP) family reverse SUMO conjugation in mammalian cells. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we will summarize how the six members of the mammalian SENP family orchestrate multifaceted deconjugation events to coordinate cell processes, such as gene expression, the DNA damage response and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Kunz
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Medical School, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tanja Piller
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Medical School, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Müller
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Medical School, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pandey D, Nomura Y, Rossberg MC, Hori D, Bhatta A, Keceli G, Leucker T, Santhanam L, Shimoda LA, Berkowitz D, Romer L. Hypoxia Triggers SENP1 (Sentrin-Specific Protease 1) Modulation of KLF15 (Kruppel-Like Factor 15) and Transcriptional Regulation of Arg2 (Arginase 2) in Pulmonary Endothelium. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:913-926. [PMID: 29472234 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE KLF15 (Kruppel-like factor 15) has recently been shown to suppress activation of proinflammatory processes that contribute to atherogenesis in vascular smooth muscle, however, the role of KLF15 in vascular endothelial function is unknown. Arginase mediates inflammatory vasculopathy and vascular injury in pulmonary hypertension. Here, we tested the hypothesis that KLF15 is a critical regulator of hypoxia-induced Arg2 (arginase 2) transcription in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC). APPROACH AND RESULTS Quiescent HPMEC express ample amounts of full-length KLF15. HPMECs exposed to 24 hours of hypoxia exhibited a marked decrease in KLF15 protein levels and a reciprocal increase in Arg2 protein and mRNA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation indicated direct binding of KLF15 to the Arg2 promoter, which was relieved with HPMEC exposure to hypoxia. Furthermore, overexpression of KLF15 in HPMEC reversed hypoxia-induced augmentation of Arg2 abundance and arginase activity and rescued nitric oxide (NO) production. Ectopic KLF15 also reversed hypoxia-induced endothelium-mediated vasodilatation in isolated rat pulmonary artery rings. Mechanisms by which hypoxia regulates KLF15 abundance, stability, and compartmentalization to the nucleus in HPMEC were then investigated. Hypoxia triggered deSUMOylation of KLF15 by SENP1 (sentrin-specific protease 1), and translocation of KLF15 from nucleus to cytoplasm. CONCLUSIONS KLF15 is a critical regulator of pulmonary endothelial homeostasis via repression of endothelial Arg2 expression. KLF15 abundance and nuclear compartmentalization are regulated by SUMOylation/deSUMOylation-a hypoxia-sensitive process that is controlled by SENP1. Strategies including overexpression of KLF15 or inhibition of SENP1 may represent novel therapeutic targets for pulmonary hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepesh Pandey
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (D.P., Y.N., M.C.R., D.H., A.B., L.S., D.B., L.R.), Cell Biology (L.R.), Biomedical Engineering (D.B., L.R.), and Pediatrics, and the Center for Cell Dynamics (L.R.), Division of Cardiology (G.K., T.L.), and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.A.S.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Yohei Nomura
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (D.P., Y.N., M.C.R., D.H., A.B., L.S., D.B., L.R.), Cell Biology (L.R.), Biomedical Engineering (D.B., L.R.), and Pediatrics, and the Center for Cell Dynamics (L.R.), Division of Cardiology (G.K., T.L.), and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.A.S.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Max C Rossberg
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (D.P., Y.N., M.C.R., D.H., A.B., L.S., D.B., L.R.), Cell Biology (L.R.), Biomedical Engineering (D.B., L.R.), and Pediatrics, and the Center for Cell Dynamics (L.R.), Division of Cardiology (G.K., T.L.), and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.A.S.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daijiro Hori
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (D.P., Y.N., M.C.R., D.H., A.B., L.S., D.B., L.R.), Cell Biology (L.R.), Biomedical Engineering (D.B., L.R.), and Pediatrics, and the Center for Cell Dynamics (L.R.), Division of Cardiology (G.K., T.L.), and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.A.S.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Anil Bhatta
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (D.P., Y.N., M.C.R., D.H., A.B., L.S., D.B., L.R.), Cell Biology (L.R.), Biomedical Engineering (D.B., L.R.), and Pediatrics, and the Center for Cell Dynamics (L.R.), Division of Cardiology (G.K., T.L.), and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.A.S.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gizem Keceli
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (D.P., Y.N., M.C.R., D.H., A.B., L.S., D.B., L.R.), Cell Biology (L.R.), Biomedical Engineering (D.B., L.R.), and Pediatrics, and the Center for Cell Dynamics (L.R.), Division of Cardiology (G.K., T.L.), and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.A.S.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Thorsten Leucker
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (D.P., Y.N., M.C.R., D.H., A.B., L.S., D.B., L.R.), Cell Biology (L.R.), Biomedical Engineering (D.B., L.R.), and Pediatrics, and the Center for Cell Dynamics (L.R.), Division of Cardiology (G.K., T.L.), and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.A.S.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (D.P., Y.N., M.C.R., D.H., A.B., L.S., D.B., L.R.), Cell Biology (L.R.), Biomedical Engineering (D.B., L.R.), and Pediatrics, and the Center for Cell Dynamics (L.R.), Division of Cardiology (G.K., T.L.), and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.A.S.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Larissa A Shimoda
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (D.P., Y.N., M.C.R., D.H., A.B., L.S., D.B., L.R.), Cell Biology (L.R.), Biomedical Engineering (D.B., L.R.), and Pediatrics, and the Center for Cell Dynamics (L.R.), Division of Cardiology (G.K., T.L.), and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.A.S.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dan Berkowitz
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (D.P., Y.N., M.C.R., D.H., A.B., L.S., D.B., L.R.), Cell Biology (L.R.), Biomedical Engineering (D.B., L.R.), and Pediatrics, and the Center for Cell Dynamics (L.R.), Division of Cardiology (G.K., T.L.), and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.A.S.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lewis Romer
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (D.P., Y.N., M.C.R., D.H., A.B., L.S., D.B., L.R.), Cell Biology (L.R.), Biomedical Engineering (D.B., L.R.), and Pediatrics, and the Center for Cell Dynamics (L.R.), Division of Cardiology (G.K., T.L.), and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.A.S.), Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Peek J, Harvey C, Gray D, Rosenberg D, Kolla L, Levy-Myers R, Yin R, McMurry JL, Kerscher O. SUMO targeting of a stress-tolerant Ulp1 SUMO protease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191391. [PMID: 29351565 PMCID: PMC5774762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMO proteases of the SENP/Ulp family are master regulators of both sumoylation and desumoylation and regulate SUMO homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. SUMO conjugates rapidly increase in response to cellular stress, including nutrient starvation, hypoxia, osmotic stress, DNA damage, heat shock, and other proteotoxic stressors. Nevertheless, little is known about the regulation and targeting of SUMO proteases during stress. To this end we have undertaken a detailed comparison of the SUMO-binding activity of the budding yeast protein Ulp1 (ScUlp1) and its ortholog in the thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus, KmUlp1. We find that the catalytic UD domains of both ScUlp1 and KmUlp1 show a high degree of sequence conservation, complement a ulp1Δ mutant in vivo, and process a SUMO precursor in vitro. Next, to compare the SUMO-trapping features of both SUMO proteases we produced catalytically inactive recombinant fragments of the UD domains of ScUlp1 and KmUlp1, termed ScUTAG and KmUTAG respectively. Both ScUTAG and KmUTAG were able to efficiently bind a variety of purified SUMO isoforms and bound immobilized SUMO1 with nanomolar affinity. However, KmUTAG showed a greatly enhanced ability to bind SUMO and SUMO-modified proteins in the presence of oxidative, temperature and other stressors that induce protein misfolding. We also investigated whether a SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) in the UD domain of KmULP1 that is not conserved in ScUlp1 may contribute to the SUMO-binding properties of KmUTAG. In summary, our data reveal important details about how SUMO proteases target and bind their sumoylated substrates, especially under stress conditions. We also show that the robust pan-SUMO binding features of KmUTAG can be exploited to detect and study SUMO-modified proteins in cell culture systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Peek
- Biology Department, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Catherine Harvey
- Biology Department, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Dreux Gray
- Biology Department, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Danny Rosenberg
- Biology Department, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Likhitha Kolla
- Biology Department, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Reuben Levy-Myers
- Biology Department, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Rui Yin
- Biology Department, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jonathan L. McMurry
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Oliver Kerscher
- Biology Department, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kunz K, Wagner K, Mendler L, Hölper S, Dehne N, Müller S. SUMO Signaling by Hypoxic Inactivation of SUMO-Specific Isopeptidases. Cell Rep 2017; 16:3075-3086. [PMID: 27626674 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin-like SUMO modifiers is a tightly regulated and highly dynamic process. The SENP family of SUMO-specific isopeptidases comprises six cysteine proteases. They are instrumental in counterbalancing SUMO conjugation, but their regulation is not well understood. We demonstrate that in hypoxic cell extracts, the catalytic activity of SENP family members, in particular SENP1 and SENP3, is inhibited in a rapid and fully reversible process. Comparative mass spectrometry from normoxic and hypoxic cells defines a subset of hypoxia-induced SUMO1 targets, including SUMO ligases RanBP2 and PIAS2, glucose transporter 1, and transcriptional regulators. Among the most strongly induced targets, we identified the transcriptional co-repressor BHLHE40, which controls hypoxic gene expression programs. We provide evidence that SUMOylation of BHLHE40 is reversed by SENP1 and contributes to transcriptional repression of the metabolic master regulator gene PGC-1α. We propose a pathway that connects oxygen-controlled SENP activity to hypoxic reprogramming of metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Kunz
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Medical School, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kristina Wagner
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Medical School, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Luca Mendler
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Medical School, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Soraya Hölper
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Medical School, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nathalie Dehne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University, Medical School, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Müller
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Medical School, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang Z, Zhu WG, Xu X. Ubiquitin-like modifications in the DNA damage response. Mutat Res 2017; 803-805:56-75. [PMID: 28734548 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genomic DNA is damaged at an extremely high frequency by both endogenous and environmental factors. An improper response to DNA damage can lead to genome instability, accelerate the aging process and ultimately cause various human diseases, including cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. The mechanisms that underlie the cellular DNA damage response (DDR) are complex and are regulated at many levels, including at the level of post-translational modification (PTM). Since the discovery of ubiquitin in 1975 and ubiquitylation as a form of PTM in the early 1980s, a number of ubiquitin-like modifiers (UBLs) have been identified, including small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs), neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 8 (NEDD8), interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-F adjacent transcript 10 (FAT10), ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (UFRM1), URM1 ubiquitin-related modifier-1 (URM1), autophagy-related protein 12 (ATG12), autophagy-related protein 8 (ATG8), fan ubiquitin-like protein 1 (FUB1) and histone mono-ubiquitylation 1 (HUB1). All of these modifiers have known roles in the cellular response to various forms of stress, and delineating their underlying molecular mechanisms and functions is fundamental in enhancing our understanding of human disease and longevity. To date, however, the molecular mechanisms and functions of these UBLs in the DDR remain largely unknown. This review summarizes the current status of PTMs by UBLs in the DDR and their implication in cancer diagnosis, therapy and drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response, Capital Normal University College of Life Sciences, Beijing 100048, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Peters M, Wielsch B, Boltze J. The role of SUMOylation in cerebral hypoxia and ischemia. Neurochem Int 2017; 107:66-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
30
|
Niskanen EA, Palvimo JJ. Chromatin SUMOylation in heat stress: To protect, pause and organise?: SUMO stress response on chromatin. Bioessays 2017; 39. [PMID: 28440894 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications, e.g. SUMO modifications (SUMOylation), provide a mechanism for swiftly changing a protein's activity. Various stress conditions trigger a SUMO stress response (SSR) - a stress-induced rapid change in the conjugation of SUMO to multiple proteins, which predominantly targets nuclear proteins. The SSR has been postulated to protect stressed cells by preserving the functionality of crucial proteins. However, it is unclear how it exerts its protective functions. Interestingly, heat stress (HS) increases SUMOylation of proteins at active promoters and enhancers. In promoters, HS-induced SUMOylation correlates with gene transcription and stress-induced RNA polymerase II (Pol2) pausing. Conversely, a disappearance of SUMOylation in HS occurs at chromatin anchor points that maintain chromatin-looping structures and the spatial organisation of chromatin. In reviewing the literature, we hypothesise that the SSR regulates Pol2 pausing by modulating the interactions of pausing-regulating proteins, whereas deSUMOylation alters the function of chromatin anchors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Einari A Niskanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma J Palvimo
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ferdaoussi M, MacDonald PE. Toward Connecting Metabolism to the Exocytotic Site. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 27:163-171. [PMID: 27932063 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Within cells the regulated exocytosis of secretory granules controls multiple physiological functions, including endocrine hormone secretion. Release of the glucose-regulating hormone insulin from pancreatic islet β cells is critical for whole-body metabolic homeostasis. Impaired insulin secretion appears early in the progression to type 2 diabetes (T2D). Key mechanisms that control the β-cell exocytotic response, mediating the long-known but little understood metabolic amplification of insulin secretion, are becoming clearer. Recent insights indicate a convergence of metabolism-driven signals, such as lipid-derived messengers and redox-dependent deSUMOylation, at the plasma membrane to augment Ca2+-dependent insulin exocytosis. These pathways have important implications for the metabolic control of hormone secretion, for the functional compensation that occurs in obesity, and for impaired insulin secretion in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Ferdaoussi
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E1.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jung HS, Kang YM, Park HS, Ahn BY, Lee H, Kim MJ, Jang JY, Kim SW. Senp2 expression was induced by chronic glucose stimulation in INS1 cells, and it was required for the associated induction of Ccnd1 and Mafa. Islets 2016; 8:207-216. [PMID: 27644314 PMCID: PMC5161141 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2016.1235677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification by bonding of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) peptides influences various cellular functions, and is regulated by SUMO-specific proteases (SENPs). Several proteins have been suggested to have diverse impact on insulin synthesis and secretion through SUMO modification in β cells. However, the role of SUMO modification in β cell mass has not been established. Here, we examined the changes in expression of Senp in INS1 cells and pancreatic islets under diabetes-relevant stress conditions and associated changes in β cell mass. Treatment with 25 mM glucose for 72 h induced Senp2 mRNA expression but not that of Senp1 in INS1 cells. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-SENP2 antibody on human pancreas sections revealed that SENP2 was localized in the nucleus. Moreover, in a patient with type 2 diabetes, SENP2 levels were enhanced, especially in the cytoplasm. Senp2 cytoplasmic levels were also increased in islet cells in obese diabetic mice. Cell number peaked earlier in INS1 cells cultured in high-glucose conditions compared to those cultured in control media. This finding was associated with increased Ccnd1 mRNA expression in high-glucose conditions, and siRNA-mediated Senp2 suppression abrogated it. Mafa expression, unlike Pdx1, was also dependent on Senp2 expression during high-glucose conditions. In conclusion, Senp2 may play a role in β cell mass in response to chronic high-glucose through Cyclin D1 and Mafa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Seung Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- CONTACT Hye Seung Jung Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Mi Kang
- Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Yong Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakmo Lee
- Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Joo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Jang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Whe Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kwon DH, Kim S, Jung YO, Roh KH, Kim L, Kim BW, Hong SB, Lee IY, Song JH, Lee WC, Choi EJ, Hwang KY, Song HK. The 1:2 complex between RavZ and LC3 reveals a mechanism for deconjugation of LC3 on the phagophore membrane. Autophagy 2016; 13:70-81. [PMID: 27791457 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1243199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hosts utilize macroautophagy/autophagy to clear invading bacteria; however, bacteria have also developed a specific mechanism to survive by manipulating the host cell autophagy mechanism. One pathogen, Legionella pneumophila, can hinder host cell autophagy by using the specific effector protein RavZ that cleaves phosphatidylethanolamine-conjugated LC3 on the phagophore membrane. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms associated with the function of RavZ have hitherto remained unclear. Here, we report on the biochemical characteristics of the RavZ-LC3 interaction, the solution structure of the 1:2 complex between RavZ and LC3, and crystal structures of RavZ showing different conformations of the active site loop without LC3. Based on our biochemical, structural, and cell-based analyses of RavZ and LC3, both distant flexible N- and C-terminal regions containing LC3-interacting region (LIR) motifs are important for substrate recognition. These results suggest a novel mechanism of RavZ action on the phagophore membrane and lay the groundwork for understanding how bacterial pathogens can survive autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Do Hoon Kwon
- a Department of Life Sciences , Korea University , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul , Korea
| | - Sulhee Kim
- b Division of Biotechnology, Korea University , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul , Korea
| | - Yang Ouk Jung
- a Department of Life Sciences , Korea University , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul , Korea
| | - Kyung-Hye Roh
- a Department of Life Sciences , Korea University , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul , Korea
| | - Leehyeon Kim
- a Department of Life Sciences , Korea University , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul , Korea
| | - Byeong-Won Kim
- a Department of Life Sciences , Korea University , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul , Korea
| | - Seung Beom Hong
- a Department of Life Sciences , Korea University , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul , Korea
| | - In Young Lee
- a Department of Life Sciences , Korea University , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul , Korea
| | - Ju Han Song
- a Department of Life Sciences , Korea University , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul , Korea
| | - Woo Cheol Lee
- b Division of Biotechnology, Korea University , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul , Korea
| | - Eui-Ju Choi
- a Department of Life Sciences , Korea University , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul , Korea
| | - Kwang Yeon Hwang
- b Division of Biotechnology, Korea University , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul , Korea
| | - Hyun Kyu Song
- a Department of Life Sciences , Korea University , Seongbuk-gu, Seoul , Korea
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Stankovic-Valentin N, Drzewicka K, König C, Schiebel E, Melchior F. Redox regulation of SUMO enzymes is required for ATM activity and survival in oxidative stress. EMBO J 2016; 35:1312-29. [PMID: 27174643 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201593404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To sense and defend against oxidative stress, cells depend on signal transduction cascades involving redox-sensitive proteins. We previously identified SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) enzymes as downstream effectors of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hydrogen peroxide transiently inactivates SUMO E1 and E2 enzymes by inducing a disulfide bond between their catalytic cysteines. How important their oxidation is in light of many other redox-regulated proteins has however been unclear. To selectively disrupt this redox switch, we identified a catalytically fully active SUMO E2 enzyme variant (Ubc9 D100A) with strongly reduced propensity to maintain a disulfide with the E1 enzyme in vitro and in cells. Replacement of Ubc9 by this variant impairs cell survival both under acute and mild chronic oxidative stresses. Intriguingly, Ubc9 D100A cells fail to maintain activity of the ATM-Chk2 DNA damage response pathway that is induced by hydrogen peroxide. In line with this, these cells are also more sensitive to the ROS-producing chemotherapeutic drugs etoposide/Vp16 and Ara-C. These findings reveal that SUMO E1~E2 oxidation is an essential redox switch in oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Stankovic-Valentin
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Heidelberg University DKFZ - ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Drzewicka
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Heidelberg University DKFZ - ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia König
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Heidelberg University DKFZ - ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elmar Schiebel
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Heidelberg University DKFZ - ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Melchior
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Heidelberg University DKFZ - ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ronau JA, Beckmann JF, Hochstrasser M. Substrate specificity of the ubiquitin and Ubl proteases. Cell Res 2016; 26:441-56. [PMID: 27012468 PMCID: PMC4822132 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugation and deconjugation of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) to cellular proteins are highly regulated processes integral to cellular homeostasis. Most often, the C-termini of these small polypeptides are attached to lysine side chains of target proteins by an amide (isopeptide) linkage. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) and Ubl-specific proteases (ULPs) comprise a diverse group of proteases that recognize and remove ubiquitin and Ubls from their substrates. How DUBs and ULPs distinguish among different modifiers, or different polymeric forms of these modifiers, remains poorly understood. The specificity of ubiquitin/Ubl-deconjugating enzymes for particular substrates depends on multiple factors, ranging from the topography of specific substrate features, as in different polyubiquitin chain types, to structural elements unique to each enzyme. Here we summarize recent structural and biochemical studies that provide insights into mechanisms of substrate specificity among various DUBs and ULPs. We also discuss the unexpected specificities of non-eukaryotic proteases in these families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Ronau
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - John F Beckmann
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mark Hochstrasser
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Striz AC, Tuma PL. The GTP-bound and Sumoylated Form of the rab17 Small Molecular Weight GTPase Selectively Binds Syntaxin 2 in Polarized Hepatic WIF-B Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9721-32. [PMID: 26957544 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.723353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A major focus for our laboratory is identifying the molecules and mechanisms that regulate polarized apical protein sorting in hepatocytes, the major epithelial cells of the liver. These trafficking pathways are regulated, in part, by small molecular weight rab GTPases. We chose to investigate rab17, whose expression is restricted to polarized epithelial cells, is enriched in liver, and has been implicated in regulating basolateral to apical transcytosis. To initiate our studies, we generated three recombinant adenoviruses expressing wild type, constitutively active (GTP bound), or dominant-negative (GDP bound) rab17. Immunoblotting revealed rab17 immunoreactive species at 25 kDa (the predicted rab17 molecular mass) and 40 kDa. We determined that mono-sumoylation of the 25-kDa rab17 is responsible for the shift in molecular mass, and that rab17 prenylation is required for sumoylation. We further determined that sumoylation selectively promotes interactions with syntaxin 2 (but not syntaxins 3 or 4) and that these interactions are nucleotide dependent. Furthermore, a K68R-mutated rab17 led to the redistribution of syntaxin 2 and 5' nucleotidase from the apical membrane to subapical puncta, whereas multidrug resistance protein 2 distributions were not changed. Together these data are consistent with the proposed role of rab17 in vesicle fusion with the apical plasma membrane and further implicate sumoylation as an important mediator of protein-protein interactions. The selectivity in syntaxin binding and apical protein redistribution further suggests that rab17 and syntaxin 2 mediate fusion of transcytotic vesicles at the apical surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anneliese C Striz
- From the Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. 20064
| | - Pamela L Tuma
- From the Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. 20064
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Soto IC, Barrientos A. Mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase Biogenesis Is Regulated by the Redox State of a Heme-Binding Translational Activator. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:281-98. [PMID: 26415097 PMCID: PMC4761835 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the last enzyme of the respiratory chain, catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water and therefore is essential for cell function and viability. COX is a multimeric complex, whose biogenesis is extensively regulated. One type of control targets cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (Cox1), a key COX enzymatic core subunit translated on mitochondrial ribosomes. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cox1 synthesis and COX assembly are coordinated through a negative feedback regulatory loop. This coordination is mediated by Mss51, a heme-sensing COX1 mRNA-specific processing factor and translational activator that is also a Cox1 chaperone. In this study, we investigated whether Mss51 hemylation and Mss51-mediated Cox1 synthesis are both modulated by the reduction-oxidation (redox) environment. RESULTS We report that Cox1 synthesis is attenuated under oxidative stress conditions and have identified one of the underlying mechanisms. We show that in vitro and in vivo exposure to hydrogen peroxide induces the formation of a disulfide bond in Mss51 involving CPX motif heme-coordinating cysteines. Mss51 oxidation results in a heme ligand switch, thereby lowering heme-binding affinity and promoting its release. We demonstrate that in addition to affecting Mss51-dependent heme sensing, oxidative stress compromises Mss51 roles in COX1 mRNA processing and translation. INNOVATION H2O2-induced downregulation of mitochondrial translation has so far not been reported. We show that high H2O2 concentrations induce a global attenuation effect, but milder concentrations specifically affect COX1 mRNA processing and translation in an Mss51-dependent manner. CONCLUSION The redox environment modulates Mss51 functions, which are essential for regulation of COX biogenesis and aerobic energy production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iliana C Soto
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
| | - Antoni Barrientos
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida.,2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Devarie-Baez NO, Silva Lopez EI, Furdui CM. Biological chemistry and functionality of protein sulfenic acids and related thiol modifications. Free Radic Res 2015; 50:172-94. [PMID: 26340608 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1090571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Selective modification of proteins at cysteine residues by reactive oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur species formed under physiological and pathological states is emerging as a critical regulator of protein activity impacting cellular function. This review focuses primarily on protein sulfenylation (-SOH), a metastable reversible modification connecting reduced cysteine thiols to many products of cysteine oxidation. An overview is first provided on the chemistry principles underlining synthesis, stability and reactivity of sulfenic acids in model compounds and proteins, followed by a brief description of analytical methods currently employed to characterize these oxidative species. The following chapters present a selection of redox-regulated proteins for which the -SOH formation was experimentally confirmed and linked to protein function. These chapters are organized based on the participation of these proteins in the regulation of signaling, metabolism and epigenetics. The last chapter discusses the therapeutic implications of altered redox microenvironment and protein oxidation in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nelmi O Devarie-Baez
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA
| | - Elsa I Silva Lopez
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang H, Davies KJA, Forman HJ. Oxidative stress response and Nrf2 signaling in aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:314-336. [PMID: 26066302 PMCID: PMC4628850 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing oxidative stress, a major characteristic of aging, has been implicated in a variety of age-related pathologies. In aging, oxidant production from several sources is increased, whereas antioxidant enzymes, the primary lines of defense, are decreased. Repair systems, including the proteasomal degradation of damaged proteins, also decline. Importantly, the adaptive response to oxidative stress declines with aging. Nrf2/EpRE signaling regulates the basal and inducible expression of many antioxidant enzymes and the proteasome. Nrf2/EpRE activity is regulated at several levels, including transcription, posttranslation, and interactions with other proteins. This review summarizes current studies on age-related impairment of Nrf2/EpRE function and discusses the changes in Nrf2 regulatory mechanisms with aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiao Zhang
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology; Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology; School of Natural Science, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95344, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sun YL, Cai JQ, Liu F, Bi XY, Zhou LP, Zhao XH. Aberrant expression of peroxiredoxin 1 and its clinical implications in liver cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:10840-10852. [PMID: 26478675 PMCID: PMC4600585 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i38.10840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression characteristics of peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) mRNA and protein in liver cancer cell lines and tissues.
METHODS: The RNA sequencing data from 374 patients with liver cancer were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas. The expression and clinical characteristics of PRDX1 mRNA were analyzed in this dataset. The Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression survival analysis was performed to determine the relationship between PRDX1 levels and patient survival. Subcellular fractionation and Western blotting were used to demonstrate the expression of PRDX1 protein in six liver cancer cell lines and 29 paired fresh tissue specimens. After bioinformatics prediction, a putative post-translational modification form of PRDX1 was observed using immunofluorescence under confocal microscopy and immunoprecipitation analysis in liver cancer cells.
RESULTS: The mRNA of PRDX1 gene was upregulated about 1.3-fold in tumor tissue compared with the adjacent non-tumor control (P = 0.005). Its abundance was significantly higher in men than women (P < 0.001). High levels of PRDX1 mRNA were associated with a shorter overall survival time (P = 0.04) but not with recurrence-free survival. The Cox regression analysis demonstrated that patients with high PRDX1 mRNA showed about 1.9-fold increase of risk for death (P = 0.03). In liver cancer cells, PRDX1 protein was strongly expressed with multiple different bands. PRDX1 in the cytosol fraction existed near the theoretical molecular weight, whereas two higher molecular weight bands were present in the membrane/organelle and nuclear fractions. Importantly, the theoretical PRDX1 band was increased, whereas the high molecular weight form was decreased in tumor tissues. Subsequent experiments revealed that the high molecular weight bands of PRDX1 might result from the post-translational modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier-1 (SUMO1).
CONCLUSION: PRDX1 was overexpressed in the tumor tissues of liver cancer and served as an independent poor prognostic factor for overall survival. PRDX1 can be modified by SUMO to play specific roles in hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
41
|
Ferdaoussi M, Dai X, Jensen MV, Wang R, Peterson BS, Huang C, Ilkayeva O, Smith N, Miller N, Hajmrle C, Spigelman AF, Wright RC, Plummer G, Suzuki K, Mackay JP, van de Bunt M, Gloyn AL, Ryan TE, Norquay LD, Brosnan MJ, Trimmer JK, Rolph TP, Kibbey RG, Manning Fox JE, Colmers WF, Shirihai OS, Neufer PD, Yeh ETH, Newgard CB, MacDonald PE. Isocitrate-to-SENP1 signaling amplifies insulin secretion and rescues dysfunctional β cells. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3847-60. [PMID: 26389676 DOI: 10.1172/jci82498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin secretion from β cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans controls metabolic homeostasis and is impaired in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Increases in blood glucose trigger insulin release by closing ATP-sensitive K+ channels, depolarizing β cells, and opening voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels to elicit insulin exocytosis. However, one or more additional pathway(s) amplify the secretory response, likely at the distal exocytotic site. The mitochondrial export of isocitrate and engagement with cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDc) may be one key pathway, but the mechanism linking this to insulin secretion and its role in T2D have not been defined. Here, we show that the ICDc-dependent generation of NADPH and subsequent glutathione (GSH) reduction contribute to the amplification of insulin exocytosis via sentrin/SUMO-specific protease-1 (SENP1). In human T2D and an in vitro model of human islet dysfunction, the glucose-dependent amplification of exocytosis was impaired and could be rescued by introduction of signaling intermediates from this pathway. Moreover, islet-specific Senp1 deletion in mice caused impaired glucose tolerance by reducing the amplification of insulin exocytosis. Together, our results identify a pathway that links glucose metabolism to the amplification of insulin secretion and demonstrate that restoration of this axis rescues β cell function in T2D.
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Glucose stimulation of insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells involves cell depolarization and subsequent opening of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels to elicit insulin granule exocytosis. This pathway alone does not account for the entire magnitude of the secretory response in β cells. In this issue, Ferdaoussi, Dai, and colleagues reveal that insulin secretion is amplified by cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase-dependent transfer of reducing equivalents, which generates NADPH and reduced glutathione, which in turn activates sentrin/SUMO-specific protease-1 (SENP1). β Cell-specific deletion of Senp1 in murine models reduced the amplification of insulin exocytosis, resulting in impaired glucose tolerance. Further, their studies demonstrate that restoring intracellular NADPH or activating SENP1 improves insulin exocytosis in human β cells from donors with type 2 diabetes, suggesting a potential therapeutic target to augment insulin production.
Collapse
|
43
|
Leichert LI, Dick TP. Incidence and physiological relevance of protein thiol switches. Biol Chem 2015; 396:389-99. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A few small-molecule oxidants, most notably hydrogen peroxide, can act as messengers in signal transduction. They trigger so-called ‘thiol switches’, cysteine residues that are reversibly oxidized to transiently change the functional properties of their host proteins. The proteome-wide identification of functionally relevant ‘thiol switches’ is of significant interest. Unfortunately, prediction of redox-active cysteine residues on the basis of surface accessibility and other computational parameters appears to be of limited use. Proteomic thiol labeling approaches remain the most reliable strategy to discover new thiol switches in a hypothesis-free manner. We discuss if and how genomic knock-in strategies can help establish the physiological relevance of a ‘thiol switch’ on the organismal level. We conclude that surprisingly few attempts have been made to thoroughly verify the physiological relevance of thiol-based redox switches in mammalian model organisms.
Collapse
|
44
|
Kim EY, Zhang Y, Ye B, Segura AM, Beketaev I, Xi Y, Yu W, Chang J, Li F, Wang J. Involvement of activated SUMO-2 conjugation in cardiomyopathy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1388-99. [PMID: 25857621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sumoylation is a posttranslational modification that regulates a wide spectrum of cellular activities. Cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of heart failure. Whether sumoylation, particularly SUMO-2/3 conjugation, is involved in cardiomyopathy has not been investigated. We report here that SUMO-2/3 conjugation was elevated in the human failing hearts, and we investigated the impact of increased SUMO-2 conjugation on heart function by using the gain-of-function approach in mice, in which cardiac specific expression of constitutively active SUMO-2 was governed by alpha myosin heavy chain promoter (MHC-SUMO-2 transgenic, SUMO-2-Tg). Four of five independent SUMO-2-Tg mouse lines exhibited cardiomyopathy with various severities, ranging from acute heart failure leading to early death to the development of chronic cardiomyopathy with aging. We further revealed that SUMO-2 directly regulated apoptotic process by at least partially targeting calpain 2 and its natural inhibitor calpastatin. SUMO conjugation to calpain 2 promoted its enzymatic activity, and SUMO attachment to calpastatin mainly promoted its turnover and altered its subcellular distribution. Thus, enhanced SUMO-2 conjugation led to increased apoptosis and played a pathogenic role in the development of cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Kim
- Center for Stem Cell Engineering, Department of Basic Research Laboratories, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Avenue, MC 2-255, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- In Vitro Fertilization Center, Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, 31 Long-Hua Road, Haikou, Hainan 570102, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 626, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Ana Maria Segura
- Department of Cardiac Pathology, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Avenue, MC 2-255, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ilimbek Beketaev
- Center for Stem Cell Engineering, Department of Basic Research Laboratories, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Avenue, MC 2-255, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yutao Xi
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology, Department of Basic Research Laboratories, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Avenue, MC 2-255, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Jiang Chang
- Center for Molecular Development and Disease, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Faqian Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 626, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Center for Stem Cell Engineering, Department of Basic Research Laboratories, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Avenue, MC 2-255, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kim HJ, Ha S, Lee HY, Lee KJ. ROSics: chemistry and proteomics of cysteine modifications in redox biology. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:184-208. [PMID: 24916017 PMCID: PMC4340047 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) occurring in proteins determine their functions and regulations. Proteomic tools are available to identify PTMs and have proved invaluable to expanding the inventory of these tools of nature that hold the keys to biological processes. Cysteine (Cys), the least abundant (1-2%) of amino acid residues, are unique in that they play key roles in maintaining stability of protein structure, participating in active sites of enzymes, regulating protein function and binding to metals, among others. Cys residues are major targets of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are important mediators and modulators of various biological processes. It is therefore necessary to identify the Cys-containing ROS target proteins, as well as the sites and species of their PTMs. Cutting edge proteomic tools which have helped identify the PTMs at reactive Cys residues, have also revealed that Cys residues are modified in numerous ways. These modifications include formation of disulfide, thiosulfinate and thiosulfonate, oxidation to sulfenic, sulfinic, sulfonic acids and thiosulfonic acid, transformation to dehydroalanine (DHA) and serine, palmitoylation and farnesylation, formation of chemical adducts with glutathione, 4-hydroxynonenal and 15-deoxy PGJ2, and various other chemicals. We present here, a review of relevant ROS biology, possible chemical reactions of Cys residues and details of the proteomic strategies employed for rapid, efficient and sensitive identification of diverse and novel PTMs involving reactive Cys residues of redox-sensitive proteins. We propose a new name, "ROSics," for the science which describes the principles of mode of action of ROS at molecular levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jung Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans UniversitySeoul, 120-750, Korea
| | - Sura Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST)Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Hee Yoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST)Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Kong-Joo Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans UniversitySeoul, 120-750, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhang D, Liang Y, Xie Q, Gao G, Wei J, Huang H, Li J, Gao J, Huang C. A novel post-translational modification of nucleolin, SUMOylation at Lys-294, mediates arsenite-induced cell death by regulating gadd45α mRNA stability. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:4784-4800. [PMID: 25561743 PMCID: PMC4335216 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.598219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleolin is a ubiquitously expressed protein and participates in many important biological processes, such as cell cycle regulation and ribosomal biogenesis. The activity of nucleolin is regulated by intracellular localization and post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, methylation, and ADP-ribosylation. Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a category of recently verified forms of post-translational modifications and exerts various effects on the target proteins. In the studies reported here, we discovered SUMOylational modification of human nucleolin protein at Lys-294, which facilitated the mRNA binding property of nucleolin by maintaining its nuclear localization. In response to arsenic exposure, nucleolin-SUMO was induced and promoted its binding with gadd45α mRNA, which increased gadd45α mRNA stability and protein expression, subsequently causing GADD45α-mediated cell death. On the other hand, ectopic expression of Mn-SOD attenuated the arsenite-generated superoxide radical level, abrogated nucleolin-SUMO, and in turn inhibited arsenite-induced apoptosis by reducing GADD45α expression. Collectively, our results for the first time demonstrate that nucleolin-SUMO at K294R plays a critical role in its nucleus sequestration and gadd45α mRNA binding activity. This novel biological function of nucleolin is distinct from its conventional role as a proto-oncogene. Therefore, our findings here not only reveal a new modification of nucleolin protein and its novel functional paradigm in mRNA metabolism but also expand our understanding of the dichotomous roles of nucleolin in terms of cancer development, which are dependent on multiple intracellular conditions and consequently the appropriate regulations of its modifications, including SUMOylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun Zhang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987 and; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yuguang Liang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987 and
| | - Qipeng Xie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Guangxun Gao
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987 and
| | - Jinlong Wei
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Haishan Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jingxia Li
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987 and
| | - Jimin Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chuanshu Huang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987 and.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Guo C, Wei Q, Su Y, Dong Z. SUMOylation occurs in acute kidney injury and plays a cytoprotective role. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1852:482-9. [PMID: 25533125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SUMOylation is a form of post-translational modification where small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMO) are covalently attached to target proteins to regulate their properties. SUMOylation has been demonstrated during cell stress and implicated in cellular stress response. However, it is largely unclear if SUMOylation contributes to the pathogenesis of kidney diseases, such as acute kidney injury (AKI). Here we have demonstrated a dynamic change of protein SUMOylation in ischemic and cisplatin nephrotoxic AKI in mice. In rat kidney proximal tubular cells (RPTC), cisplatin-induced SUMOylation was diminished by two antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine and dimethylurea), supporting a role of oxidative stress in the activation of SUMOylation. In addition, SUMOylation by SUMO-2/3, but not SUMO-1, was partially suppressed by pifithrin-alpha (a pharmacological inhibitor of p53), supporting a role of p53 in SUMOylation by SUMO-2/3. We further examined the role of SUMOylation during cisplatin treatment of RPTC by using ginkgolic acid (GA), a pharmacological inhibitor of SUMOylation. Pretreatment with GA suppressed SUMOylation and importantly, GA enhanced apoptosis during cisplatin incubation. Taken together, the results demonstrate the first evidence of SUMOylation in AKI and suggest that SUMOylation may play a cytoprotective role in kidney tubular cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyuan Guo
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Qingqing Wei
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Yunchao Su
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912 United States; Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Smith CA, Toth M, Weiss TM, Frase H, Vakulenko SB. Structure of the bifunctional aminoglycoside-resistance enzyme AAC(6')-Ie-APH(2'')-Ia revealed by crystallographic and small-angle X-ray scattering analysis. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2014; 70:2754-64. [PMID: 25286858 PMCID: PMC4188014 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714017635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Broad-spectrum resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics in clinically important Gram-positive staphylococcal and enterococcal pathogens is primarily conferred by the bifunctional enzyme AAC(6')-Ie-APH(2'')-Ia. This enzyme possesses an N-terminal coenzyme A-dependent acetyltransferase domain [AAC(6')-Ie] and a C-terminal GTP-dependent phosphotransferase domain [APH(2'')-Ia], and together they produce resistance to almost all known aminoglycosides in clinical use. Despite considerable effort over the last two or more decades, structural details of AAC(6')-Ie-APH(2'')-Ia have remained elusive. In a recent breakthrough, the structure of the isolated C-terminal APH(2'')-Ia enzyme was determined as the binary Mg2GDP complex. Here, the high-resolution structure of the N-terminal AAC(6')-Ie enzyme is reported as a ternary kanamycin/coenzyme A abortive complex. The structure of the full-length bifunctional enzyme has subsequently been elucidated based upon small-angle X-ray scattering data using the two crystallographic models. The AAC(6')-Ie enzyme is joined to APH(2'')-Ia by a short, predominantly rigid linker at the N-terminal end of a long α-helix. This α-helix is in turn intrinsically associated with the N-terminus of APH(2'')-Ia. This structural arrangement supports earlier observations that the presence of the intact α-helix is essential to the activity of both functionalities of the full-length AAC(6')-Ie-APH(2'')-Ia enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clyde A. Smith
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Marta Toth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Thomas M. Weiss
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Hilary Frase
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Sergei B. Vakulenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Marchiani S, Tamburrino L, Ricci B, Nosi D, Cambi M, Piomboni P, Belmonte G, Forti G, Muratori M, Baldi E. SUMO1 in human sperm: new targets, role in motility and morphology and relationship with DNA damage. Reproduction 2014; 148:453-67. [PMID: 25118297 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In studies carried out previously, we demonstrated that small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 (SUMO1) is associated with poor sperm motility when evaluated with a protocol that reveals mostly SUMO1-ylated live sperm. Recently, with another protocol, it has been demonstrated that SUMO is expressed in most sperm and is related to poor morphology and motility, suggesting that sumoylation may have multiple roles depending on its localisation and targets. We show herein, by confocal microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation, that dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), Ran GTPase-activating protein 1 (RanGAP1) and Topoisomerase IIα, SUMO1 targets in somatic and/or germ cells, are SUMO1-ylated in mature human spermatozoa. DRP1 co-localises with SUMO1 in the mid-piece, whereas RanGAP1 and Topoisomerase IIα in the post-acrosomal region of the head. Both SUMO1 expression and co-localisation with the three proteins were significantly higher in morphologically abnormal sperm, suggesting that sumoylation represents a marker of defective sperm. DRP1 sumoylation at the mid-piece level was higher in the sperm of asthenospermic men. As in somatic cells, DRP1 sumoylation is associated with mitochondrial alterations, this protein may represent the link between SUMO and poor motility. As SUMO pathways are involved in responses to DNA damage, another aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between sumoylation and sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF). By flow cytometry, we demonstrated that SUMO1-ylation and SDF are correlated (r=0.4, P<0.02, n=37) and most sumoylated sperm shows DNA damage in co-localisation analysis. When SDF was induced by stressful conditions (freezing and thawing and oxidative stress), SUMO1-ylation increased. Following freezing and thawing, SUMO1-Topoisomerase IIα co-localisation and co-immunoprecipitation increased, suggesting an involvement in the formation/repair of DNA breakage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Marchiani
- Department of BiomedicalExperimental and Clinical Sciences, Center of Excellence DeNotheDepartment of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, ItalyDepartments of Molecular and Developmental MedicineMedicalSurgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - L Tamburrino
- Department of BiomedicalExperimental and Clinical Sciences, Center of Excellence DeNotheDepartment of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, ItalyDepartments of Molecular and Developmental MedicineMedicalSurgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - B Ricci
- Department of BiomedicalExperimental and Clinical Sciences, Center of Excellence DeNotheDepartment of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, ItalyDepartments of Molecular and Developmental MedicineMedicalSurgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - D Nosi
- Department of BiomedicalExperimental and Clinical Sciences, Center of Excellence DeNotheDepartment of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, ItalyDepartments of Molecular and Developmental MedicineMedicalSurgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M Cambi
- Department of BiomedicalExperimental and Clinical Sciences, Center of Excellence DeNotheDepartment of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, ItalyDepartments of Molecular and Developmental MedicineMedicalSurgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - P Piomboni
- Department of BiomedicalExperimental and Clinical Sciences, Center of Excellence DeNotheDepartment of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, ItalyDepartments of Molecular and Developmental MedicineMedicalSurgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - G Belmonte
- Department of BiomedicalExperimental and Clinical Sciences, Center of Excellence DeNotheDepartment of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, ItalyDepartments of Molecular and Developmental MedicineMedicalSurgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - G Forti
- Department of BiomedicalExperimental and Clinical Sciences, Center of Excellence DeNotheDepartment of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, ItalyDepartments of Molecular and Developmental MedicineMedicalSurgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M Muratori
- Department of BiomedicalExperimental and Clinical Sciences, Center of Excellence DeNotheDepartment of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, ItalyDepartments of Molecular and Developmental MedicineMedicalSurgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - E Baldi
- Department of BiomedicalExperimental and Clinical Sciences, Center of Excellence DeNotheDepartment of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, ItalyDepartments of Molecular and Developmental MedicineMedicalSurgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Furdui CM, Poole LB. Chemical approaches to detect and analyze protein sulfenic acids. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:126-46. [PMID: 24105931 PMCID: PMC3946320 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Orchestration of many processes relying on intracellular signal transduction is recognized to require the generation of hydrogen peroxide as a second messenger, yet relatively few molecular details of how this oxidant acts to regulate protein function are currently understood. This review describes emerging chemical tools and approaches that can be applied to study protein oxidation in biological systems, with a particular emphasis on a key player in protein redox regulation, cysteine sulfenic acid. While sulfenic acids (within purified proteins or simple mixtures) are detectable by physical approaches like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry, the propensity of these moieties to undergo further modification in complex biological systems has necessitated the development of chemical probes, reporter groups and analytical approaches to allow for their selective detection and quantification. Provided is an overview of techniques that are currently available for the study of sulfenic acids, and some of the biologically meaningful data that have been collected using such approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Furdui
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Leslie B. Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
- Correspondence to: Leslie B. Poole, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; ; telephone: 336-716-6711
| |
Collapse
|