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Souza Silva VR, Mota CM, Maia LP, Ferreira FB, Miranda VDS, Silva NM, Ferro EAV, Mineo JR, Mineo TWP. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor favors Neospora caninum infection in mice. Microb Pathog 2024; 189:106577. [PMID: 38367848 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite with worldwide incidence, acting as a major cause of reproductive failures in ruminants and neuromuscular symptoms in dogs. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is produced by several cell types and exhibits a central role in immune responses against intracellular pathogens. The present study aimed to comprehend the role of MIF in the relationship between N. caninum and its host. We used in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo experiments in a model of infection based on genetically deficient mice to analyze the infection kinetics and inflammatory markers. MIF production was measured in response to N. caninum during the acute and chronic phases of the infection. While Mif-/- mice survived lethal doses of NcLiv tachyzoites, sublethal infections in these mice showed that parasite burden was controlled in target tissues, alongside with reduced inflammatory infiltrates detected in lung and brain sections. TNF was increased at the initial site of the infection in genetically deficient mice and the MIF-dependent reduction was confirmed in vitro with macrophages and ex vivo with primed spleen cells. In sum, MIF negatively regulated host immunity against N. caninum, favoring disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eloísa A Vieira Ferro
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia da Reprodução, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Av. Amazonas, Campus Umuarama., 38405-320, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Rivera LA, Hernández PE, Vannan DT, Reyes JL, Rodríguez T, Sánchez-Barrera Á, González MI, Bustos J, Ramos OA, Juárez I, Rodriguez-Sosa M, Vázquez A. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is a Key Player in Dry Eye Disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2023:1-15. [PMID: 38127798 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2023.2290624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the role of the proinflammatory cytokine, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), in a murine model of dry eye disease (DED). METHODS The role of MIF on DED was determined using genetically MIF deficient mice and pharmacological inhibition of MIF. DED was induced with 0.5 mg of scopolamine via subcutaneous injection in wild type (WT) and mice lacking MIF (Mif-/-), three times a day for 21 days. DED signs, tear volume, ferning pattern and cytology impression were evaluated. Also, eye tissues were collected to determine transcripts of key inflammatory mediators and histopathological damage. In a second set of experiments, we neutralized MIF with ISO-1, an isozaxiline-derivative MIF tautomerase activity-inhibiting small molecule in WT mice, following an acute DED model for 10 days. ISO-1 was given starting on day 3 after DED induction and signs were evaluated, including a recovery phase in both experimental approaches. RESULTS When compared to WT, Mif-/- mice showed attenuated signs of DED like preserved mucin pattern and increased tear volume. Also, Mif-/- mice maintained conjunctival epithelial cells and less corneal damage, associated with lower levels of TNFα and IL-1β. At recovery phase, Mif-/- mice presented improved signs. Interestingly, in cornea and conjunctiva the absence of MIF selectively downregulated the transcription of inflammatory enzymes like inos and nox4 whereas displayed enhanced transcripts of il-4, il-13, tgfβ and cox2. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of MIF using ISO-1, replicated the above findings in the mouse model. CONCLUSION MIF is a central positive mediator of the inflammatory process in experimental DED, thus, targeting MIF could be used as a novel therapy in ocular surface inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Rivera
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Inflamatorias Oculares, Carrera de Optometría, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, México
| | - Pablo E Hernández
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Inflamatorias Oculares, Carrera de Optometría, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, México
| | - Danielle T Vannan
- Boston Scientific, 300 Boston Scientific Way, Marlborough, Massachusetts, USA
| | - José L Reyes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental y Regulación de la Inflamación Hepato-Intestinal, UBIMED, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, México
| | - Tonathiu Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Inflamatorias Oculares, Carrera de Optometría, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, México
| | - Ángel Sánchez-Barrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, UBIMED, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, México
| | - Marisol I González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental y Regulación de la Inflamación Hepato-Intestinal, UBIMED, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, México
| | - José Bustos
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular e Inmunología de Arbovirus, UBIMED, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de México
| | - Oscar A Ramos
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Inflamatorias Oculares, Carrera de Optometría, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, México
| | - Imelda Juárez
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata, UBIMED, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, México
| | - Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata, UBIMED, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, México
| | - Alicia Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Inflamatorias Oculares, Carrera de Optometría, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, México
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Breidung D, Megas IF, Freytag DL, Bernhagen J, Grieb G. The Role of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and D-Dopachrome Tautomerase (D-DT/MIF-2) in Infections: A Clinical Perspective. Biomedicines 2023; 12:2. [PMID: 38275363 PMCID: PMC10813530 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its homolog, D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT), are cytokines that play critical roles in the immune response to various infectious diseases. This review provides an overview of the complex involvement of MIF and D-DT in bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. The role of MIF in different types of infections is controversial, as it has either a protective function or a host damage-enhancing function depending on the pathogen. Depending on the specific role of MIF, different therapeutic options for MIF-targeting drugs arise. Human MIF-neutralizing antibodies, anti-parasite MIF antibodies, small molecule MIF inhibitors or MIF-blocking peptides, as well as the administration of exogenous MIF or MIF activity-augmenting small molecules have potential therapeutic applications and need to be further explored in the future. In addition, MIF has been shown to be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in sepsis. Further research is needed to unravel the complexity of MIF and D-DT in infectious diseases and to develop personalized therapeutic approaches targeting these cytokines. Overall, a comprehensive understanding of the role of MIF and D-DT in infections could lead to new strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Breidung
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Burn Center for Severe Burn Injuries, Klinikum Nuremberg Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Breslauer Str. 201, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany;
| | - Ioannis-Fivos Megas
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Center of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Microsurgery, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Stadtrandstr. 555, 13589 Berlin, Germany;
| | - David Lysander Freytag
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Havelhoehe, Kladower Damm 221, 14089 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Division of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Feodor-Lynenstraße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany;
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynenstraße 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerrit Grieb
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Havelhoehe, Kladower Damm 221, 14089 Berlin, Germany;
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Wu Z, Luan H, Huang J, Liao B, Xiao F. Migration inhibitory factor and cluster of differentiation 74-mediated dendritic cell apoptosis exacerbates acute acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e840. [PMID: 37102665 PMCID: PMC10108683 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) on dendritic cells (DC) during acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver injury (ALI) in mice. METHODS First, we randomly divided the mice into experimental (ALI model) and control groups, then intraperitoneally injected 600 mg/kg of APAP or phosphate-buffered saline, respectively. Then, we collected liver tissue and serum samples to evaluate liver inflammation using serum alanine aminotransferase level and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of liver tissues. Flow cytometry was used to identify changes in the quantity and percentage of DCs, as well as the expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) 74 and other apoptosis-related markers in the liver. Next, we randomly divided the mice into APAP-vehicles, APAP-bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), APAP-MIF, APAP-IgG (isotype immunoglobin G antibody) groups (four mice per group), after APAP injection, we injected control extracts, BMDCs, mouse recombinant MIF antibodies, or IgG antibodies into the tail vein. Lastly, the severity of the liver injury and the number of DCs were assessed. RESULTS The APAP-induced ALI mice had increased hepatic MIF expression but significantly lower amounts of hepatic DCs and apoptotic DCs than healthy mice; CD74 expression on the HDCs also increased markedly. Supplementing APAP-induced ALI mice with BMDCs or MIF antibodies significantly increased the number of hepatic DCs compared with the control mice, alleviating liver damage. CONCLUSION The MIF/CD74 signaling pathway may mediate hepatic DC apoptosis and promote liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhou Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - He Luan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinghui Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Boming Liao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fang Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Faral-Tello P, Pagotto R, Bollati-Fogolín M, Francia ME. Modeling the human placental barrier to understand Toxoplasma gondii´s vertical transmission. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1130901. [PMID: 36968102 PMCID: PMC10034043 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1130901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous apicomplexan parasite that can infect virtually any warm-blooded animal. Acquired infection during pregnancy and the placental breach, is at the core of the most devastating consequences of toxoplasmosis. T. gondii can severely impact the pregnancy’s outcome causing miscarriages, stillbirths, premature births, babies with hydrocephalus, microcephaly or intellectual disability, and other later onset neurological, ophthalmological or auditory diseases. To tackle T. gondii’s vertical transmission, it is important to understand the mechanisms underlying host-parasite interactions at the maternal-fetal interface. Nonetheless, the complexity of the human placenta and the ethical concerns associated with its study, have narrowed the modeling of parasite vertical transmission to animal models, encompassing several unavoidable experimental limitations. Some of these difficulties have been overcome by the development of different human cell lines and a variety of primary cultures obtained from human placentas. These cellular models, though extremely valuable, have limited ability to recreate what happens in vivo. During the last decades, the development of new biomaterials and the increase in stem cell knowledge have led to the generation of more physiologically relevant in vitro models. These cell cultures incorporate new dimensions and cellular diversity, emerging as promising tools for unraveling the poorly understood T. gondii´s infection mechanisms during pregnancy. Herein, we review the state of the art of 2D and 3D cultures to approach the biology of T. gondii pertaining to vertical transmission, highlighting the challenges and experimental opportunities of these up-and-coming experimental platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Faral-Tello
- Laboratory of Apicomplexan Biology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Romina Pagotto
- Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Maria E. Francia
- Laboratory of Apicomplexan Biology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Parasitología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- *Correspondence: Maria E. Francia,
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Ferreira PTM, Oliveira-Scussel ACM, Sousa RAP, Gomes BQ, Félix JE, Silva RJ, Millian IB, Assunção TSF, Teixeira SC, Gomes MDLM, Silva MV, Barbosa BF, Rodrigues Junior V, Mineo JR, Oliveira CJF, Ferro EAV, Gomes AO. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor contributes to drive phenotypic and functional macrophages activation in response to Toxoplasma gondii infection. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152357. [PMID: 36857907 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are small molecules secreted by numerous cells. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is a cytokine initially described due to its function of inhibiting random macrophage migration. Currently, new functions have been described for MIF, such as stimulating inflammatory functions in response to infections by microorganisms including, Toxoplasma gondii. However, the primordial MIF function related to macrophages has been little addressed. The main purpose of the study was to recapitulate MIF function on macrophages in response to T. gondii infection. To achieve this goal, peritoneal macrophages were collected from C57BL/6WT and Mif1-/- mice after recruitment with thioglycolate. Macrophages were cultured, treated with 4-Iodo-6-phenylpyrimidine (4-IPP), and infected or not by T. gondii for 24 h. Following this, the culture supernatant was collected for cytokine, urea and nitrite analysis. In addition, macrophages were evaluated for phagocytic activity and T. gondii proliferation rates. Results demonstrated that T. gondii infection triggered an increase in MIF production in the WT group as well as an increase in the secretion of IL-10, TNF, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-17 in the WT and Mif1-/- macrophages. Regarding the comparison between groups, it was detected that Mif1-/- macrophages secreted more IL-10 compared to WT. On the other hand, the WT macrophages produced greater amounts of TNF, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-17. Urea production was more pronounced in Mif1-/- macrophages while nitrite production was higher in WT macrophages. T. gondii showed a greater ability to proliferate in Mif1-/- macrophages and these cells also presented enhanced phagocytic activity. In conclusion, T. gondii infection induces macrophage activation inciting cytokine production. In presence of MIF, T. gondii infected macrophages produce pro-inflammatory cytokines compatible with the M1 activation profile. MIF absence caused a dramatic reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines that are balanced by increased levels of urea and anti-inflammatory cytokines. These macrophages presented increased phagocytic capacity and shared features activation with the M2 profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Tatiane Mutão Ferreira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Augusto Pereira Sousa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Quaresemin Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jhennifer Estevão Félix
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafaela José Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Iliana Balga Millian
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thais Soares Farnesi Assunção
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos de Lucca Moreira Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinícius Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bellisa Freitas Barbosa
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Virmondes Rodrigues Junior
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlo José Freire Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Angelica Oliveira Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Guimarães Gois PS, Franco PS, Cota Teixeira S, Guirelli PM, de Araújo TE, da Fonseca Batistão DW, de Oliveira FC, Lícia Santos Ferreira G, de Oliveira Gomes A, Favoreto S, Mineo JR, de Freitas Barbosa B, Ferro EAV. Polarisation of human macrophages towards an M1 subtype triggered by an atypical Brazilian strain of Toxoplasma gondii results in a reduction in parasite burden. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2022; 69. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2022.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Harris J, Borg NA. The multifaceted roles of NLRP3-modulating proteins in virus infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:987453. [PMID: 36110852 PMCID: PMC9468583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.987453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response to viruses is critical for the correct establishment of protective adaptive immunity. Amongst the many pathways involved, the NLRP3 [nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)] inflammasome has received considerable attention, particularly in the context of immunity and pathogenesis during infection with influenza A (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome results in the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, commonly coupled with pyroptotic cell death. While this mechanism is protective and key to host defense, aberrant NLRP3 inflammasome activation causes a hyperinflammatory response and excessive release of cytokines, both locally and systemically. Here, we discuss key molecules in the NLRP3 pathway that have also been shown to have significant roles in innate and adaptive immunity to viruses, including DEAD box helicase X-linked (DDX3X), vimentin and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). We also discuss the clinical opportunities to suppress NLRP3-mediated inflammation and reduce disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Harris
- Cell Biology Assays Team, Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Inflammatory diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie A. Borg
- Immunity and Immune Evasion Laboratory, Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Research, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Sun X, Wang Z, Shao C, Yu J, Liu H, Chen H, Li L, Wang X, Ren Y, Huang X, Zhang R, Li G. Analysis of chicken macrophage functions and gene expressions following infectious bronchitis virus M41 infection. Vet Res 2021; 52:14. [PMID: 33509253 PMCID: PMC7841764 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a pathogenic coronavirus with high morbidity and mortality in chicken breeding. Macrophages with normal biofunctions are essential for host immune responses. In this study, the HD11 chicken macrophage cell line and chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages (PBMCs-Mφ) were infected with IBV at multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. The dynamic changes of their biofunctions, including cell viability, pathogen elimination function, phagocytic ability, and gene expressions of related proteins/mediators in innate and acquired immunity, inflammation, autophagy and apoptosis were analyzed. Results showed that IBV infection decreased chicken macrophage viability and phagocytic ability, and increased pathogen elimination function. Moreover, IBV augmented the gene expressions of most related proteins in macrophages involved in multiple host bioprocesses, and the dynamic changes of gene expressions had a close relationship with virus replication. Among them, MHCII, Fc receptor, TLR3, IFN-α, CCL4, MIF, IL-1β, IL-6, and iNOS showed significantly higher expressions in IBV-infected cells. However, TLR7, MyD88, MDA5, IFN-γ, MHCII, Fc receptor, MARCO, CD36, MIF, XCL1, CXCL12, TNF-α, iNOS, and IL-10 showed early decreased expressions. Overall, chicken macrophages play an important role in host innate and acquired immune responses to resist IBV infection, despite early damage or suppression. Moreover, the IBV-induced autophagy and apoptosis might participate in the virus-host cell interaction which is attributed to the biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Sun
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Changhao Shao
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Haoyun Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Huijie Chen
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Lu Li
- Large Scale Instrument and Equipment Sharing Service Platform, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiurong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Yudong Ren
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Electrical and Information Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ruili Zhang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Guangxing Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Costa IN, Ribeiro M, Silva Franco P, da Silva RJ, de Araújo TE, Milián ICB, Luz LC, Guirelli PM, Nakazato G, Mineo JR, Mineo TWP, Barbosa BF, Ferro EAV. Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Can Control Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Both Human Trophoblast Cells and Villous Explants. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:623947. [PMID: 33552033 PMCID: PMC7858645 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.623947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine plus folinic acid is the conventional treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis. However, this classical treatment presents teratogenic effects and bone marrow suppression. In this sense, new therapeutic strategies are necessary to reduce these effects and improve the control of infection. In this context, biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNp-Bio) appear as a promising alternative since they have antimicrobial, antiviral, and antiparasitic activity. The purpose of this study to investigate the action of AgNp-Bio in BeWo cells, HTR-8/SVneo cells and villous explants and its effects against Toxoplasma gondii infection. Both cells and villous explants were treated with different concentrations of AgNp-Bio or combination of sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine (SDZ + PYZ) in order to verify the viability. After, cells and villi were infected and treated with AgNp-Bio or SDZ + PYZ in different concentrations to ascertain the parasite proliferation and cytokine production profile. AgNp-Bio treatment did not reduce the cell viability and villous explants. Significant reduction was observed in parasite replication in both cells and villous explants treated with silver nanoparticles and classical treatment. The AgNp-Bio treatment increased of IL-4 and IL-10 by BeWo cells, while HTR8/SVneo cells produced macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and IL-4. In the presence of T. gondii, the treatment induced high levels of MIF production by BeWo cells and IL-6 by HTR8SV/neo. In villous explants, the AgNp-Bio treatment downregulated production of IL-4, IL-6, and IL-8 after infection. In conclusion, AgNp-Bio can decrease T. gondii infection in trophoblast cells and villous explants. Therefore, this treatment demonstrated the ability to reduce the T. gondii proliferation with induction of inflammatory mediators in the cells and independent of mediators in chorionic villus which we consider the use of AgNp-Bio promising in the treatment of toxoplasmosis in BeWo and HTR8/SVneo cell models and in chorionic villi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Mayara Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Priscila Silva Franco
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Rafaela José da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Thádia Evelyn de Araújo
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Iliana Claudia Balga Milián
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Luana Carvalho Luz
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Mendonça Guirelli
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Tiago W. P. Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Bellisa Freitas Barbosa
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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11
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Copaifera spp. oleoresins impair Toxoplasma gondii infection in both human trophoblastic cells and human placental explants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15158. [PMID: 32938966 PMCID: PMC7495442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine is the standard care in cases of congenital toxoplasmosis. However, therapy with these drugs is associated with severe and sometimes life-threatening side effects. The investigation of phytotherapeutic alternatives to treat parasitic diseases without acute toxicity is essential for the advancement of current therapeutic practices. The present study investigates the antiparasitic effects of oleoresins from different species of Copaifera genus against T. gondii. Oleoresins from C. reticulata, C. duckei, C. paupera, and C. pubiflora were used to treat human trophoblastic cells (BeWo cells) and human villous explants infected with T. gondii. Our results demonstrated that oleoresins were able to reduce T. gondii intracellular proliferation, adhesion, and invasion. We observed an irreversible concentration-dependent antiparasitic action in infected BeWo cells, as well as parasite cell cycle arrest in the S/M phase. The oleoresins altered the host cell environment by modulation of ROS, IL-6, and MIF production in BeWo cells. Also, Copaifera oleoresins reduced parasite replication and TNF-α release in villous explants. Anti-T. gondii effects triggered by the oleoresins are associated with immunomodulation of the host cells, as well as, direct action on parasites.
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12
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Marcon CF, Ferreira PTM, Franco PS, Ribeiro M, Silva RJ, Sousa RAP, Oliveira CJF, Rodrigues Junior V, Gomes MLM, Lazo Chica JE, Mineo TWP, Mineo JR, Barbosa BF, Ferro EAV, Gomes AO. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and pregnancy may impact the balance of intestinal cytokines and the development of intestinal pathology caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection. Cytokine 2020; 136:155283. [PMID: 32947151 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an intracellular parasite responsible for causing toxoplasmosis. When infection occurs during pregnancy, it can produce severe congenital infection with ocular and neurologic damage to the infant. From the oral infection parasite reaches the intestine, causing inflammatory response, damage in tissue architecture and systemic dissemination. Macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) is a cytokine secreted from both immune and non-immune cells, including gut epithelial cells. MIF is described to promote inflammatory responses, to be associated in colitis pathogenesis and also to play role in maintaining the intestinal barrier. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the pregnancy and MIF deficiency on T. gondii infection in the intestinal microenvironment and to address how these factors can impact on the intestinal architecture and local cytokine profile. For this purpose, small intestine of pregnant and non-pregnant C57BL/6 MIF deficient mice (MIF-/-) and Wild-type (WT) orally infected with 5 cysts of ME-49 strain of T. gondii were collected on day 8th of infection. Intestines were processed for morphological and morphometric analyses, parasite quantification and for cytokines mensuration. Our results showed that the absence of MIF and pregnancy caused an increase in T. gondii infection index. T. gondii immunolocalization demonstrated that segments preferentially infected with T. gondii were duodenum and ileum. The infection caused a reduction in the size of the intestinal villi, whereas, infection associated with pregnancy caused an increase in villi size due to edema caused by the infection. Also, the goblet cell number was increased in the ileum of MIF-/- mice, when compared to the corresponding WT group. Analyses of cytokine production in the small intestine showed that MIF was up regulated in the gut of pregnant WT mice due to infection. Also, infection provoked an intense Th1 response that was more exacerbated in pregnant MIF-/- mice. We also detected that the Th2/Treg response was more pronounced in MIF-/- mice. Altogether, our results demonstrated that pregnancy and MIF deficiency interferes in the balance of the intestinal cytokines and favors a Th1-immflamatory profile, which in turn, impact in the development of pathology caused by T. gondii infection in the intestinal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ferreira Marcon
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais (ICBN), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula Tatiana Mutão Ferreira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais (ICBN), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Priscila Silva Franco
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia da Reprodução, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICBIM), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Mayara Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia da Reprodução, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICBIM), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Rafaela José Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia da Reprodução, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICBIM), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Roberto Augusto Pereira Sousa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais (ICBN), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlo José Freire Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais (ICBN), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Virmondes Rodrigues Junior
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais (ICBN), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Lucca Moreira Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais (ICBN), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Javier Emílio Lazo Chica
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais (ICBN), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tiago Wilson Patriarca Mineo
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICBIM), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICBIM), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Bellisa Freitas Barbosa
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia da Reprodução, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICBIM), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia da Reprodução, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICBIM), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Angelica Oliveira Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais (ICBN), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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13
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Marcon CF, Ferreira PTM, Franco PS, Ribeiro M, Silva RJ, Sousa RAP, Oliveira CJF, Junior VR, Gomes MLM, Chica JEL, Mineo TWP, Mineo JR, Barbosa BF, Ferro EAV, Gomes AO. WITHDRAWN: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and pregnancy may impact the balance of intestinal cytokines and the development of intestinal pathology caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100034. [PMID: 33604559 PMCID: PMC7885889 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ferreira Marcon
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais (ICBN), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula Tatiana Mutão Ferreira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais (ICBN), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Priscila Silva Franco
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia da Reprodução, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICBIM), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Mayara Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia da Reprodução, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICBIM), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Rafaela José Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia da Reprodução, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICBIM), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Roberto Augusto Pereira Sousa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais (ICBN), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlo José Freire Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais (ICBN), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Virmondes Rodrigues Junior
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais (ICBN), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos Lucca Moreira Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais (ICBN), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Javier Emílio Lazo Chica
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais (ICBN), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tiago Wilson Patriarca Mineo
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICBIM), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICBIM), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Bellisa Freitas Barbosa
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia da Reprodução, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICBIM), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia da Reprodução, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICBIM), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Angelica Oliveira Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais (ICBN), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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14
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Illescas O, Pacheco-Fernández T, Laclette JP, Rodriguez T, Rodriguez-Sosa M. Immune modulation by the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) family: D-dopachrome tautomerase (DDT) is not (always) a backup system. Cytokine 2020; 133:155121. [PMID: 32417648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) is a protein with cytokine and chemokine properties that regulates a diverse range of physiological functions related to innate immunity and inflammation. Most research has focused on the role of MIF in different inflammatory diseases. D-dopachrome tautomerase (DDT), a different molecule with structural similarities to MIF, which shares receptors and biological functions, has recently been reported, but little is known about its roles and mechanisms. In this review, we sought to understand the similarities and differences between these molecules by summarizing what is known about their different structures, receptors and mechanisms regulating their expression and biological activities with an emphasis on immunological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Illescas
- Biomedicine Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, MEX C.P. 54090, Mexico
| | - Thalia Pacheco-Fernández
- Biomedicine Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, MEX C.P. 54090, Mexico
| | - Juan P Laclette
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Tonathiu Rodriguez
- Biomedicine Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, MEX C.P. 54090, Mexico
| | - Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
- Biomedicine Unit, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, MEX C.P. 54090, Mexico.
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15
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Role of Host and Parasite MIF Cytokines during Leishmania Infection. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5010046. [PMID: 32244916 PMCID: PMC7157535 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that has been extensively characterized in human disease and in mouse models. Its pro-inflammatory functions in mammals includes the retention of tissue macrophages and a unique ability to counteract the immunosuppressive activity of glucocorticoids. MIF also acts as a survival factor by preventing activation-induced apoptosis and by promoting sustained expression of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and nitric oxide. The pro-inflammatory activity of MIF has been shown to be protective against Leishmania major infection in mouse models of cutaneous disease, however the precise role of this cytokine in human infections is less clear. Moreover, various species of Leishmania produce their own MIF orthologs, and there is evidence that these may drive an inflammatory environment that is detrimental to the host response. Herein the immune response to Leishmania in mouse models and humans will be reviewed, and the properties and activities of mammalian and Leishmania MIF will be integrated into the current understandings in this field. Furthermore, the prospect of targeting Leishmania MIF for therapeutic purposes will be discussed.
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16
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Bilsborrow JB, Doherty E, Tilstam PV, Bucala R. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as a therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:733-744. [PMID: 31414920 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1656718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine with upstream regulatory roles in innate and adaptive immunity and is implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Several classes of MIF inhibitors such as small molecule inhibitors and peptide inhibitors are in clinical development. Areas covered. The role of MIF in the pathogenesis of RA and SLE is examined; the authors review the structure, physiology and signaling characteristics of MIF and the related cytokine D-DT/MIF-2. The preclinical and clinical trial data for MIF inhibitors are also reviewed; information was retrieved from PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov using the keywords MIF, D-DT/MIF-2, CD74, CD44, CXCR2, CXCR4, Jab-1, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, MIF inhibitor, small molecule, anti-MIF, anti-CD74, and peptide inhibitor. Expert opinion. Studies in mice and in humans demonstrate the therapeutic potential of MIF inhibition for RA and SLE. MIF- directed approaches could be particularly efficacious in patients with high expression MIF genetic polymorphisms. In patients with RA and SLE and high expression MIF alleles, targeted MIF inhibition could be a precision medicine approach to treatment. Anti-MIF pharmacotherapies could also be steroid-sparing in patients with chronic glucocorticoid dependence or refractory autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Bilsborrow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Edward Doherty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Pathricia V Tilstam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
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17
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Harris J, VanPatten S, Deen NS, Al-Abed Y, Morand EF. Rediscovering MIF: New Tricks for an Old Cytokine. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:447-462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Milian ICB, Silva RJ, Manzan-Martins C, Barbosa BF, Guirelli PM, Ribeiro M, de Oliveira Gomes A, Ietta F, Mineo JR, Silva Franco P, Ferro EAV. Increased Toxoplasma gondii Intracellular Proliferation in Human Extravillous Trophoblast Cells (HTR8/SVneo Line) Is Sequentially Triggered by MIF, ERK1/2, and COX-2. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:852. [PMID: 31068920 PMCID: PMC6491458 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine, which mediates the regulation of diverse cellular functions. It is produced by extravillous trophoblastic cells and has been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of diseases caused by some protozoa, including Toxoplasma gondii. Previous studies demonstrated the ability of T. gondii to take advantage of MIF action in human trophoblast cells. However, MIF action in T. gondii-infected extravillous trophoblastic cells (HTR8/SVneo cell line) has not been fully investigated. The present study aimed to investigate the role of MIF in T. gondii-infected HTR8/SVneo cells and verify the intracellular signaling pathways triggered by this cytokine. We found that T. gondii increased MIF production by HTR8/SVneo cells, and by contrast, MIF inhibition, by ISO-1, led to a significant decrease in T. gondii proliferation and CD74 expression in HTR8/SVneo cells. Moreover, in infected HTR8/SVneo cells, the addition of recombinant MIF (rMIF) increased CD44 co-receptor expression, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, COX-2 expression, and IL-8 production, which favored T. gondii proliferation. Our findings indicate that T. gondii can use MIF to modulate important factors in HTR8/SVneo cells, being a possible explanation for the higher susceptibility of extravillous trophoblast cells than other trophoblast cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Claudia Balga Milian
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Rafaela José Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Camilla Manzan-Martins
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Bellisa Freitas Barbosa
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Pamela Mendonça Guirelli
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Mayara Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Francesca Ietta
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Priscila Silva Franco
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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19
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Liu K, Wen H, Cai H, Wu M, An R, Chu D, Yu L, Shen J, Chen L, Du J. Protective Effect Against Toxoplasmosis in BALB/c Mice Vaccinated With Toxoplasma gondii Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:813. [PMID: 31105655 PMCID: PMC6491892 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis, which can cause severe disease in the fetus and immunocompromised individuals. Developing an effective vaccine is crucial to control this disease. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has gained substantial attention as a pivotal upstream cytokine to mediate innate and adaptive immune responses. Homologs of MIF have been discovered in many parasitic species, and one homolog of MIF has been isolated from the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. In this study, the recombinant Toxoplasma gondii MIF (rTgMIF) as a protein vaccine was expressed and evaluated by intramuscular injection in BALB/c mice. We divided the mice into different dose groups of vaccines, and all immunizations with purified rTgMIF protein were performed at 0, 2, and 4 weeks. The protective efficacy of vaccination was analyzed by antibody assays, cytokine measurements and lymphoproliferative assays, respectively. The results obtained indicated that the rTgMIF vaccine elicited strong humoral and cellular immune responses with high levels of IgG antibody and IFN-γ production compared to those of the controls, in addition to slight higher levels of IL-4 production. After vaccination, a stronger lymphoproliferative response was also noted. Additionally, the survival time of mice immunized with rTgMIF was longer than that of the mice in control groups after challenge infection with virulent T. gondii RH tachyzoites. Moreover, the number of brain tissue cysts in vaccinated mice was reduced by 62.26% compared with the control group. These findings demonstrated that recombinant TgMIF protein is a potential candidate for vaccine development against toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongyang Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Haijian Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Minmin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ran An
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Deyong Chu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Yu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jilong Shen
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lijian Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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20
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Kim HK, Garcia AB, Siu E, Tilstam P, Das R, Roberts S, Leng L, Bucala R. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor regulates innate γδ T-cell responses via IL-17 expression. FASEB J 2019; 33:6919-6932. [PMID: 30817226 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802433r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
T cells expressing invariant γδ antigen receptors (γδ T cells) bridge innate and adaptive immunity and facilitate barrier responses to pathogens. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an upstream mediator of host defense that up-regulates the expression of pattern recognition receptors and sustains inflammatory responses by inhibiting activation-induced apoptosis in monocytes and macrophages. Surprisingly, Mif-/- γδ T cells, when compared with wild type, were observed to produce >10-fold higher levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17 after stimulation with gram-positive exotoxins. High-IL-17 expression was associated with the characteristic features of IL-17-producing γδ T (γδ17) cells, including expression of IL-23R, IL-1R1, and the transcription factors RORγt and Sox13. In the gram-positive model of shock mediated by toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1), Mif-/- mice succumbed to death more quickly with increased pulmonary neutrophil accumulation and higher production of cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-23. Mif-/- γδ T cells also produced high levels of IL-17 in response to Mycobacterium lipomannan, and depletion of γδ T cells improved survival from acutely lethal Mycobacterium infection or TSST-1 administration. These data indicate that MIF deficiency is associated with a compensatory amplification of γδ17 cell responses, with implications for innate immunity and IL-17-mediated pathology in situations such as gram-positive toxic shock or Mycobacterium infection.-Kim, H. K., Garcia, A. B., Siu, E., Tilstam, P., Das, R., Roberts, S., Leng, L., Bucala, R. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor regulates innate γδ T-cell responses via IL-17 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Kyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and
| | - Alvaro Baeza Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and
| | - Edwin Siu
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and
| | - Pathricia Tilstam
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and
| | - Rita Das
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and.,Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Scott Roberts
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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21
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Pereira ACA, Silva RJ, Franco PS, de Oliveira Gomes A, Souza G, Milian ICB, Ribeiro M, Rosini AM, Guirelli PM, Ramos ELP, Mineo TWP, Mineo JR, Silva NM, Ferro EAV, Barbosa BF. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 Inhibitors Reduce Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Upregulate the Pro-inflammatory Immune Response in Calomys callosus Rodents and Human Monocyte Cell Line. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:225. [PMID: 30809216 PMCID: PMC6379304 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is able to infect a wide range of vertebrates, including humans. Studies show that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a modulator of immune response in multiple types of infection, such as Trypanosoma cruzi. However, the role of COX-2 during T. gondii infection is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of COX-2 during infection by moderately or highly virulent strains of T. gondii in Calomys callosus rodents and human THP-1 cells. C. callosus were infected with 50 cysts of T. gondii (ME49), treated with COX-2 inhibitors (meloxicam or celecoxib) and evaluated to check body weight and morbidity. After 40 days, brain and serum were collected for detection of T. gondii by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry or cytokines by CBA. Furthermore, peritoneal macrophages or THP-1 cells, infected with RH strain or uninfected, were treated with meloxicam or celecoxib to evaluate the parasite proliferation by colorimetric assay and cytokine production by ELISA. Finally, in order to verify the role of prostaglandin E2 in COX-2 mechanism, THP-1 cells were infected, treated with meloxicam or celecoxib plus PGE2, and analyzed to parasite proliferation and cytokine production. The data showed that body weight and morbidity of the animals changed after infection by T. gondii, under both treatments. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR showed a reduction of T. gondii in brains of animals treated with both COX-2 inhibitors. Additionally, it was observed that both COX-2 inhibitors controlled the T. gondii proliferation in peritoneal macrophages and THP-1 cells, and the treatment with PGE2 restored the parasite growth in THP-1 cells blocked to COX-2. In the serum of Calomys, upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines was detected, while the supernatants of peritoneal macrophages and THP-1 cells demonstrated significant production of TNF and nitrite, or TNF, nitrite and MIF, respectively, under both COX-2 inhibitors. Finally, PGE2 treatment in THP-1 cells triggered downmodulation of pro-inflammatory mediators and upregulation of IL-8 and IL-10. Thus, COX-2 is an immune mediator involved in the susceptibility to T. gondii regardless of strain or cell types, since inhibition of this enzyme induced control of infection by upregulating important pro-inflammatory mediators against Toxoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Alcântara Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Rafaela José Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Priscila Silva Franco
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Angelica de Oliveira Gomes
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Souza
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Iliana Claudia Balga Milian
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Mayara Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Monteiro Rosini
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Mendonça Guirelli
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Eliézer Lucas Pires Ramos
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Tiago Wilson Patriarca Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Neide Maria Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Bellisa Freitas Barbosa
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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22
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Añorve-Valdez G, Quezada-Sánchez AD, Mejía-Rodríguez F, García-Guerra A, Neufeld LM. Fortified food supplementation in children with reduced dietary energy and micronutrients intake in Southern Mexico. Nutr J 2018; 17:76. [PMID: 30103735 PMCID: PMC6090663 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-018-0385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nutritional supplements are an important source of complementary food for young children, since they may either complement or substitute nutrients obtained from other food sources. Assessing how the introduction of different types of supplements modifies the consumption of other food sources may help in designing supplementation programs that aim to improve the nutrition of vulnerable populations. The objetive is to quantify dietary energy and nutrient intake among children aged 6–12 months who received one of three nutritional supplements. Methods A cluster-randomized trial was conducted from 2005 to 2007. Urban communities were randomly allocated to one of three intervention groups receiving one of the following: a milk-based fortified food, micronutrient powders, or syrup. Each supplement was fortified with equal amounts of micronutrients. Dietary intake was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to reflect the average consumption over the month prior to the interview. Children between 6 and 12 months of age were recruited. Median regression was performed with adjusted standard errors for clustered data, and the linear predictors for the median included the study group, study stage and their interaction. Adjusted medians by study group and study stage were obtained as post-estimations. Results No statistically significant differences between study groups were observed at baseline. After four months of supplementation, the children in the fortified food group had a smaller increase in median dietary energy (183.7 kcal, CI95%: 59.9, 307.5) and dietary protein (6.6 g, CI95%: 2.6, 10.6) intake from their home diet than those in the syrup group (p < 0.05). These differences remained significant after adjusting for group differences at baseline. Regarding covariate-adjusted median changes from baseline to follow-up at 10 months, the children in the fortified food group had a smaller median increase in dietary energy intake than those in the syrup group (698 vs 915 kcal), with a difference of 217.9 kcal (CI95%: 20.4, 415.4). Conclusion Children in the fortified food group consumed less dietary energy, protein, and micronutrients than those in the micronutrient powder and syrup groups. It is possible that absolute nutrient intake may be overestimated by the FFQ, but this possibility does not compromise the ability to compare study groups. Given the observed differences in dietary energy consumption among the three supplemented groups, it can be concluded that supplementation with micronutrient powders is an adequate option for urban children who have met their minimum energy and protein requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Añorve-Valdez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.,Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Amado David Quezada-Sánchez
- Center for Evaluation and Surveys Research, National Institute of Public Health, INSP, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Mejía-Rodríguez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. .,Center for Nutrition and Health Research, INSP, Avenida Universidad 655, Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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23
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Gomes AO, Barbosa BF, Franco PS, Ribeiro M, Silva RJ, Gois PSG, Almeida KC, Angeloni MB, Castro AS, Guirelli PM, Cândido JV, Chica JEL, Silva NM, Mineo TWP, Mineo JR, Ferro EAV. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) Prevents Maternal Death, but Contributes to Poor Fetal Outcome During Congenital Toxoplasmosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:906. [PMID: 29867817 PMCID: PMC5952001 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays important roles in physiology, pathology, immunology and parasitology, including the control of infection by protozoa parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii. As the MIF function in congenital toxoplasmosis is not fully elucidated yet, the present study brings new insights for T. gondii infection in the absence of MIF based on pregnant C57BL/6MIF-/- mouse models. Pregnant C57BL/6MIF-/- and C57BL/6WT mice were infected with 05 cysts of T. gondii (ME49 strain) on the first day of pregnancy (dop) and were euthanized at 8 dop. Non-pregnant and non-infected females were used as control. Our results demonstrated that MIF-/- mice have more accentuated change in body weight and succumbed to infection first than their WT counterparts. Otherwise, pregnancy outcome was less destructive in MIF-/- mice compared to WT ones, and the former had an increase in the mast cell recruitment and IDO expression and consequently presented less inflammatory cytokine production. Also, MIF receptor (CD74) was upregulated in MIF-/- mice, indicating that a compensatory mechanism may be required in this model of study. The global absence of MIF was associated with attenuation of pathology in congenital toxoplasmosis, but resulted in female death probably because of uncontrolled infection. Altogether, ours results demonstrated that part of the immune response that protects a pregnant female from T. gondii infection, favors fetal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica O. Gomes
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Bellisa F. Barbosa
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Priscila S. Franco
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Mayara Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Rafaela J. Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Paula S. G. Gois
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Karine C. Almeida
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Mariana B. Angeloni
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Andressa S. Castro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Pâmela M. Guirelli
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - João V. Cândido
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Javier E. L. Chica
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Neide M. Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Tiago W. P. Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - José R. Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Eloisa A. V. Ferro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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24
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Ma’ayeh SY, Liu J, Peirasmaki D, Hörnaeus K, Bergström Lind S, Grabherr M, Bergquist J, Svärd SG. Characterization of the Giardia intestinalis secretome during interaction with human intestinal epithelial cells: The impact on host cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006120. [PMID: 29228011 PMCID: PMC5739509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia intestinalis is a non-invasive protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis in humans, the most common form of parasite-induced diarrhea. Disease mechanisms are not completely defined and very few virulence factors are known. METHODOLOGY To identify putative virulence factors and elucidate mechanistic pathways leading to disease, we have used proteomics to identify the major excretory-secretory products (ESPs) when Giardia trophozoites of WB and GS isolates (assemblages A and B, respectively) interact with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in vitro. FINDINGS The main parts of the IEC and parasite secretomes are constitutively released proteins, the majority of which are associated with metabolism but several proteins are released in response to their interaction (87 and 41 WB and GS proteins, respectively, 76 and 45 human proteins in response to the respective isolates). In parasitized IECs, the secretome profile indicated effects on the cell actin cytoskeleton and the induction of immune responses whereas that of Giardia showed anti-oxidation, proteolysis (protease-associated) and induction of encystation responses. The Giardia secretome also contained immunodominant and glycosylated proteins as well as new candidate virulence factors and assemblage-specific differences were identified. A minor part of Giardia ESPs had signal peptides (29% for both isolates) and extracellular vesicles were detected in the ESPs fractions, suggesting alternative secretory pathways. Microscopic analyses showed ESPs binding to IECs and partial internalization. Parasite ESPs reduced ERK1/2 and P38 phosphorylation and NF-κB nuclear translocation. Giardia ESPs altered gene expression in IECs, with a transcriptional profile indicating recruitment of immune cells via chemokines, disturbances in glucose homeostasis, cholesterol and lipid metabolism, cell cycle and induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study identifying Giardia ESPs and evaluating their effects on IECs. It highlights the importance of host and parasite ESPs during interactions and reveals the intricate cellular responses that can explain disease mechanisms and attenuated inflammatory responses during giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showgy Y. Ma’ayeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dimitra Peirasmaki
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Hörnaeus
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Bergström Lind
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Manfred Grabherr
- Department of Medical Biochemsitry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan G. Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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25
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Ribeiro M, Franco PS, Lopes-Maria JB, Angeloni MB, Barbosa BDF, Gomes ADO, Castro AS, Silva RJD, Oliveira FCD, Milian ICB, Martins-Filho OA, Ietta F, Mineo JR, Ferro EAV. Azithromycin treatment is able to control the infection by two genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in human trophoblast BeWo cells. Exp Parasitol 2017; 181:111-118. [PMID: 28803905 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Trophoblast infection by Toxoplasma gondii plays a pivotal role in the vertical transmission of toxoplasmosis. Here, we investigate whether the antibiotic therapy with azithromycin, spiramycin and sulfadiazine/pyrimethamine are effective to control trophoblast infection by two Brazilian T. gondii genotypes, TgChBrUD1 or TgChBrUD2. Two antibiotic protocols were evaluated, as follow: i) pre-treatment of T. gondii-tachyzoites with selected antibiotics prior trophoblast infection and ii) post-treatment of infected trophoblasts. The infection index/replication and the impact of the antibiotic therapy on the cytokine milieu were characterized. It was observed that TgChBrUD2 infection induced lower infection index/replication as compared to TgChBrUD1. Regardless the therapeutic protocol, azithromycin was more effective to control the trophoblast infection with both genotypes when compared to conventional antibiotics. Azithromycin induced higher IL-12 production in TgChBrUD1-infected cells that may synergize the anti-parasitic effect. In contrast, the effectiveness of azithromycin to control the TgChBrUD2-infection was not associated with the IL-12 production. BeWo-trophoblasts display distinct susceptibility to T. gondii genotypes and the azithromycin treatment showed to be more effective than conventional antibiotics to control the T. gondii infection/replication regardless the parasite genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Uberlândia, CEP 38400 902, Brazil
| | - Priscila Silva Franco
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Uberlândia, CEP 38400 902, Brazil
| | - Janice Buiate Lopes-Maria
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Uberlândia, CEP 38400 902, Brazil
| | - Mariana Bodini Angeloni
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Uberlândia, CEP 38400 902, Brazil
| | - Bellisa de Freitas Barbosa
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Uberlândia, CEP 38400 902, Brazil
| | - Angelica de Oliveira Gomes
- Department of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Uberaba, Rua Frei Paulino, 30, Uberaba, CEP 38025 180, Brazil
| | - Andressa Silva Castro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Uberlândia, CEP 38400 902, Brazil
| | - Rafaela José da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Uberlândia, CEP 38400 902, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Chaves de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Uberlândia, CEP 38400 902, Brazil
| | - Iliana Claudia Balga Milian
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Uberlândia, CEP 38400 902, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratory of Chagas Disease, René Rachou Research Center, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Francesca Ietta
- Department of Life Science, University of Siena, Aldo Moro Road 2, Siena, Italy
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Uberlândia, CEP 38400 902, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Department of Histology and Embryology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, Uberlândia, CEP 38400 902, Brazil.
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26
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da Silva RJ, Gomes AO, Franco PS, Pereira AS, Milian ICB, Ribeiro M, Fiorenzani P, dos Santos MC, Mineo JR, da Silva NM, Ferro EAV, de Freitas Barbosa B. Enrofloxacin and Toltrazuril Are Able to Reduce Toxoplasma gondii Growth in Human BeWo Trophoblastic Cells and Villous Explants from Human Third Trimester Pregnancy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:340. [PMID: 28798905 PMCID: PMC5526852 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis is based on combination of sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine plus folinic acid. Due to teratogenic effects and bone marrow suppression caused by pyrimethamine, the establishment of new therapeutic strategies is indispensable to minimize the side effects and improve the control of infection. Previous studies demonstrated that enrofloxacin and toltrazuril reduced the incidence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infection. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of enrofloxacin and toltrazuril in the control of T. gondii infection in human trophoblast cells (BeWo line) and in human villous explants from the third trimester. BeWo cells and villous were treated with several concentrations of enrofloxacin, toltrazuril, sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, or combination of sulfadiazine+pyrimethamine, and the cellular or tissue viability was verified. Next, BeWo cells were infected by T. gondii (2F1 clone or the ME49 strain), whereas villous samples were only infected by the 2F1 clone. Then, infected cells and villous were treated with all antibiotics and the T. gondii intracellular proliferation as well as the cytokine production were analyzed. Finally, we evaluated the direct effect of enrofloxacin and toltrazuril in tachyzoites to verify possible changes in parasite structure. Enrofloxacin and toltrazuril did not decrease the viability of cells and villous in lower concentrations. Both drugs were able to significantly reduce the parasite intracellular proliferation in BeWo cells and villous explants when compared to untreated conditions. Regardless of the T. gondii strain, BeWo cells infected and treated with enrofloxacin or toltrazuril induced high levels of IL-6 and MIF. In villous explants, enrofloxacin induced high MIF production. Finally, the drugs increased the number of unviable parasites and triggered damage to tachyzoite structure. Taken together, it can be concluded that enrofloxacin and toltrazuril are able to control T. gondii infection in BeWo cells and villous explants, probably by a direct action on the host cells and parasites, which leads to modifications of cytokine release and tachyzoite structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela J. da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Angelica O. Gomes
- Departament of Morphology, Federal University of Triângulo MineiroUberaba, Brazil
| | - Priscila S. Franco
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Ariane S. Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Iliana C. B. Milian
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Mayara Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Paolo Fiorenzani
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of SienaSiena, Italy
| | - Maria C. dos Santos
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - José R. Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Neide M. da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of UberlandiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Eloisa A. V. Ferro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
| | - Bellisa de Freitas Barbosa
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of UberlândiaUberlândia, Brazil
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Kim JH, Lee J, Bae SJ, Kim Y, Park BJ, Choi JW, Kwon J, Cha GH, Yoo HJ, Jo EK, Bae YS, Lee YH, Yuk JM. NADPH oxidase 4 is required for the generation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and host defense against Toxoplasma gondii infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6361. [PMID: 28743960 PMCID: PMC5526938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (Nox) are an important family of catalytic enzymes that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which mediate the regulation of diverse cellular functions. Although phagocyte Nox2/gp91phox is closely associated with the activation of host innate immune responses, the roles of Nox family protein during Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection have not been fully investigated. Here, we found that T. gondii-mediated ROS production was required for the upregulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) mRNA and protein levels via activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB signaling in macrophages. Interestingly, MIF knockdown led to a significant increase in the survival of intracellular T. gondii in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Moreover, Nox4 deficiency, but not Nox2/gp91phox and the cytosolic subunit p47phox, resulted in enhanced survival of the intracellular T. gondii RH strain and impaired expression of T. gondii-mediated MIF in BMDMs. Additionally, Nox4-deficient mice showed increased susceptibility to virulent RH strain infection and increased cyst burden in brain tissues and low levels of MIF expression following infection with the avirulent ME49 strain. Collectively, our findings indicate that Nox4-mediated ROS generation plays a central role in MIF production and resistance to T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jina Lee
- Department of Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Su-Jin Bae
- Department of Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yeeun Kim
- Department of Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Byung-Joon Park
- Department of Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Won Choi
- Department of Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jaeyul Kwon
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Guang-Ho Cha
- Department of Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Heon Jong Yoo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yun Soo Bae
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Ha Lee
- Department of Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea. .,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Min Yuk
- Department of Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea. .,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.
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28
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Liu X, Ma Q, Sun X, Lu M, Ehsan M, Hasan MW, Xu L, Yan R, Song X, Li X. Effects of Recombinant Toxoplasma gondii Citrate Synthase I on the Cellular Functions of Murine Macrophages In vitro. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1376. [PMID: 28785250 PMCID: PMC5520420 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, which is one of the most widespread zoonoses worldwide, has a high incidence and infection can result in severe disease in humans and livestock. Citrate synthase (CS) is a component of nearly all living cells that plays a vital role in the citric acid cycle, which is the central metabolic pathway of aerobic organisms. In the present study, the citrate synthase I gene of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) (TgCSI) was cloned and characterized. The TgCSI gene had an open reading frame of 1665 bp nucleotides encoding a 555 amino acid protein with a molecular weight of 60 kDa. Using western blotting assay, the recombinant protein was successfully recognized by the sera of rats experimentally infected with T. gondii, while the native protein in the T. gondii tachyzoites was detected in sera from rats immunized with the recombinant protein of TgCSI. Binding of the protein to murine macrophages was confirmed by immuno fluorescence assay. Following incubation of macrophages with rTgCSI, the rTgCSI protein was found to have a dual function, with low concentrations (5-10 μg/mL) enhancing phagocytosis and high levels (80 μg/mL) inhibiting phagocytosis. Investigation of murine macrophage apoptosis illustrated that 5 μg/mL rTgCSI protein can significantly induce early apoptosis and late stage apoptosis (*p < 0.05), while 10 μg/mL rTgCSI protein significantly induced early apoptosis, but had no effect on late stage of apoptosis (**p < 0.01), and 80 μg/mL rTgCSI protein inhibited late stage apoptosis of macrophages (*p < 0.05). Cytokine detection revealed that the secretion of interleukin-10, interleukin-1β, transforming growth factor-β1 and tumor necrosis factor-α of macrophages increased after the cells were incubated with all concentration of rTgCSI, with the exception that 5 μg/mL rTgCSI had no effect on the secretion of interleukin-10 and interleukin-1β. However, secretion of NO and cell proliferation of the macrophages were substantially reduced. Taken together, these results suggested that TgCSI can affect the immune functions of murine macrophages by binding to the cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - XiangRui Li
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
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29
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Borges IP, Castanheira LE, Barbosa BF, de Souza DLN, da Silva RJ, Mineo JR, Tudini KAY, Rodrigues RS, Ferro EAV, de Melo Rodrigues V. Anti-parasitic effect on Toxoplasma gondii induced by BnSP-7, a Lys49-phospholipase A2 homologue from Bothrops pauloensis venom. Toxicon 2016; 119:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Holowka T, Castilho TM, Garcia AB, Sun T, McMahon-Pratt D, Bucala R. Leishmania-encoded orthologs of macrophage migration inhibitory factor regulate host immunity to promote parasite persistence. FASEB J 2016; 30:2249-65. [PMID: 26956417 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500189r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania major encodes 2 orthologs of the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), whose functions in parasite growth or in the host-parasite interaction are unknown. To determine the importance of Leishmania-encoded MIF, both LmMIF genes were removed to produce an mif(-/-) strain of L. major This mutant strain replicated normally in vitro but had a 2-fold increased susceptibility to clearance by macrophages. Mice infected with mif(-/-) L. major, when compared to the wild-type strain, also showed a 3-fold reduction in parasite burden. Microarray and functional analyses revealed a reduced ability of mif(-/-) L. major to activate antigen-presenting cells, resulting in a 2-fold reduction in T-cell priming. In addition, there was a reduction in inflammation and effector CD4 T-cell formation in mif(-/-) L. major-infected mice when compared to mice infected with wild-type L. major Notably, effector CD4 T cells that developed during infection with mif(-/-) L. major demonstrated statistically significant differences in markers of functional exhaustion, including increased expression of IFN-γ and IL-7R, reduced expression of programmed death-1, and decreased apoptosis. These data support a role for LmMIF in promoting parasite persistence by manipulating the host response to increase the exhaustion and depletion of protective CD4 T cells.-Holowka, T., Castilho, T. M., Baeza Garcia, A., Sun, T., McMahon-Pratt, D., Bucala, R. Leishmania-encoded orthologs of macrophage migration inhibitory factor regulate host immunity to promote parasite persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Holowka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and
| | - Tiago M Castilho
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alvaro Baeza Garcia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and
| | - Tiffany Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and
| | - Diane McMahon-Pratt
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; and Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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MIF Promotes Classical Activation and Conversion of Inflammatory Ly6C(high) Monocytes into TipDCs during Murine Toxoplasmosis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:9101762. [PMID: 27057101 PMCID: PMC4789477 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9101762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) mediates immunity against Toxoplasma gondii infection by inducing inflammatory cytokines required to control the parasite replication. However, the role of this inflammatory mediator in the cell-mediated immune response against this infection is still poorly understood. Here, we used T. gondii-infected WT and Mif−/− mice to analyze the role of MIF in the maturation of CD11b+ and CD8α+ dendritic cells (DCs). We found that MIF promotes maturation of CD11b+ but not CD8α+ DCs, by inducing IL-12p70 production and CD86 expression. Infected Mif−/− mice showed significantly lower numbers of TNF and inducible nitric oxide synthase- (iNOS-) producing DCs (TipDCs) compared to infected WT mice. The adoptive transfer of Ly6Chigh monocytes into infected WT or Mif−/− mice demonstrated that MIF participates in the differentiation of Ly6Chigh monocytes into TipDCs. In addition, infected Mif−/− mice display a lower percentage of IFN-γ-producing natural killer (NK) cells compared to WT mice, which is associated with reducing numbers of TipDCs in Mif−/− mice. Furthermore, administration of recombinant MIF (rMIF) into T. gondii-infected Mif−/− mice restored the numbers of TipDCs and reversed the susceptible phenotype of Mif−/− mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate an important role for MIF inducing cell-mediated immunity to T. gondii infection.
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Role of cysteine-58 and cysteine-95 residues in the thiol di-sulfide oxidoreductase activity of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor-2 of Wuchereria bancrofti. Acta Trop 2016; 153:14-20. [PMID: 26432350 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is the first human cytokine reported and was thought to have a central role in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Homologs of this molecule have been reported in bacteria, invertebrates and plants. Apart from cytokine activity, it also has two catalytic activities viz., tautomerase and di-sulfide oxidoreductase, which appear to be involved in immunological functions. The CXXC catalytic site is responsible for di-sulfide oxidoreductase activity of MIF. We have recently reported thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase activity of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor-2 of Wuchereria bancrofti (Wba-MIF-2), although it lacks the CXXC motif. We hypothesized that three conserved cysteine residues might be involved in the formation of di-sulfide oxidoreductase catalytic site. Homology modeling of Wba-MIF-2 showed that among the three cysteine residues, Cys58 and Cys95 residues came in close proximity (3.23Å) in the tertiary structure with pKa value 9, indicating that these residues might play a role in the di-sulfide oxidoreductase catalytic activity. We carried out site directed mutagenesis of these residues (Cys58Ser & Cys95Ser) and expressed mutant proteins in Escherichia coli. The mutant proteins did not show any oxidoreductase activity in the insulin reduction assay, thus indicating that these two cysteine residues are vital for the catalytic activity of Wba-MIF-2.
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33
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Mammari N, Vignoles P, Halabi MA, Dardé ML, Courtioux B. Interferon gamma effect on immune mediator production in human nerve cells infected by two strains of Toxoplasma gondii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:39. [PMID: 26692261 PMCID: PMC4686326 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2015039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is the major immune mediator that prevents toxoplasmic encephalitis in murine models. The lack of IFN-γ secretion causes reactivation of latent T. gondii infection that may confer a risk for severe toxoplasmic encephalitis. We analyse the effect of IFN-γ on immune mediator production and parasite multiplication in human nerve cells infected by tachyzoites of two T. gondii strains (RH and PRU). IFN-γ decreased the synthesis of MCP-1, G-CSF, GM-CSF and Serpin E1 in all cell types. It decreased IL-6, migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and GROα synthesis only in endothelial cells, while it increased sICAM and Serpin E1 synthesis only in neurons. The PRU strain burden increased in all nerve cells and in contrast, RH strain replication was controlled in IFN-γ-stimulated microglial and endothelial cells but not in IFN-γ-stimulated neurons. The proliferation of the PRU strain in all stimulated cells could be a specific effect of this strain on the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Mammari
- Univ. Limoges, UMR-S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Philippe Vignoles
- Univ. Limoges, UMR-S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Mohamad Adnan Halabi
- UMR CNRS 7276, FR 3503 GEIST, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Marie-Laure Dardé
- Univ. Limoges, UMR-S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, 87000 Limoges, France - CHU Limoges, Department of Parasitology, and Biological Resource Centre for Toxoplasma, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- Univ. Limoges, UMR-S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, 87000 Limoges, France
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Ebaid H, Abdel-Salam B, Hassan I, Al-Tamimi J, Metwalli A, Alhazza I. Camel milk peptide improves wound healing in diabetic rats by orchestrating the redox status and immune response. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:132. [PMID: 26498022 PMCID: PMC4619484 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus alters oxidative stability and immune response. Here, we investigated the impact of a peptide extracted from camel milk (CMP) on the oxidative status, transcription factor kappa-B (NF-kB) and inflammatory cytokine in diabetic wounds. METHODS Rats were assigned into three groups: control, diabetic induced (DM) and diabetic induced with multiple doses of CMP for a week (DM-CMP). RESULTS DM showed a sharp decline in the activity of major antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) compared to the control. The DM-CMP group, however, showed a noticeable replenishment in the activity of these enzymes compared to the DM group. The CMP-treated group also showed a normal level of lipid peroxidation marker (MDA) compared to the DM rats. Furthermore, ELISA analysis of serum TNF-α protein showed an elevated level in diabetic rats in comparison to control serum. However, RT-PCR analysis of locally wounded skin tissues revealed that diabetes down-regulates the RNA expression of both TNF-α and MIF genes in comparison to the control samples but that CMP was found to restore RNA expression significantly. Although it was elevated in CMP-treated rats after one day of wound incision, the NF-kB protein level was significantly decreased seven days after the incision in comparison to the animals in the diabetic group. CONCLUSION CMP, therefore, can be seen an effective antioxidant and immune stimulant that induces oxidative stability and speeds up wound healing in diabetic model animals, making it a potential adjuvant in improving wound healing in those with diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Ebaid
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, El-Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt.
| | - Bahaa Abdel-Salam
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, El-Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt. .,Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities in Quwiaya, Riyadh, 11961, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Iftekhar Hassan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jameel Al-Tamimi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali Metwalli
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Food Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Dairy, Faculty of Agriculture, El-Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt.
| | - Ibrahim Alhazza
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Parasite Manipulation of the Invariant Chain and the Peptide Editor H2-DM Affects Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Antigen Presentation during Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Infect Immun 2015. [PMID: 26195549 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00415-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite. This apicomplexan is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, a leading cause of central nervous system disease in AIDS. It has long been known that T. gondii interferes with major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) antigen presentation to attenuate CD4(+) T cell responses and establish persisting infections. Transcriptional downregulation of MHC-II genes by T. gondii was previously established, but the precise mechanisms inhibiting MHC-II function are currently unknown. Here, we show that, in addition to transcriptional regulation of MHC-II, the parasite modulates the expression of key components of the MHC-II antigen presentation pathway, namely, the MHC-II-associated invariant chain (Ii or CD74) and the peptide editor H2-DM, in professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPCs). Genetic deletion of CD74 restored the ability of infected dendritic cells to present a parasite antigen in the context of MHC-II in vitro. CD74 mRNA and protein levels were, surprisingly, elevated in infected cells, whereas MHC-II and H2-DM expression was inhibited. CD74 accumulated mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and this phenotype required live parasites, but not active replication. Finally, we compared the impacts of genetic deletion of CD74 and H2-DM genes on parasite dissemination toward lymphoid organs in mice, as well as activation of CD4(+) T cells and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels during acute infection. Cyst burdens and survival during the chronic phase of infection were also evaluated in wild-type and knockout mice. These results highlight the fact that the infection is influenced by multiple levels of parasite manipulation of the MHC-II antigen presentation pathway.
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36
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Weiser JN, Roche AM, Hergott CB, LaRose MI, Connolly T, Jorgensen WL, Leng L, Bucala R, Das R. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Is Detrimental in Pneumococcal Pneumonia and a Target for Therapeutic Immunomodulation. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1677-82. [PMID: 25943202 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mortality from pneumococcal pneumonia remains high despite antibiotic therapy, highlighting the pathogenic potential for host inflammation. We demonstrate that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), an innate immune mediator, is detrimental for survival and associated with lung pathology, inflammatory cellular infiltration, and bacterial replication in a mouse model of pneumococcal pneumonia, despite being necessary for clearance from the nasopharynx. Treatment of animals with a small-molecule inhibitor of MIF improves survival by reducing inflammation and improving bacterial control. Our work demonstrates that MIF modulates beneficial versus detrimental inflammatory responses in the host-pneumococcal interaction and is a potential target for therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher B Hergott
- Department of Microbiology Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Meredith I LaRose
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | | | - Lin Leng
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
| | | | - Rituparna Das
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Chauhan N, Sharma R, Hoti S. Identification and biochemical characterization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor-2 (MIF-2) homologue of human lymphatic filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti. Acta Trop 2015; 142:71-8. [PMID: 25446175 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Homologues of human macrophage migration inhibitory factor (hMIF) have been reported from vertebrates, invertebrates and prokaryotes, as well as plants. Filarial parasites produce two homologues of hMIF viz., MIF-1 and MIF-2, which play important role in the host immune modulation. Earlier, we have characterized MIF-1 (Wba-mif-1) from Wuchereria bancrofti, the major causal organism of human lymphatic filariasis. Here, we are reporting the molecular and biochemical characterization of MIF-2 from this parasite (Wba-mif-2). The complete Wba-mif-2 gene and its cDNA were amplified, cloned and sequenced. The size of Wba-mif-2 gene and cDNA were found to be 4.275 kb and 363 bp, respectively. The gene annotation revealed the presence of a large intron of 3.912 kb interspersed with two exons of 183 bp and 180 bp. The alignment of derived amino acid sequences of Wba-MIF-2 with Wba-MIF-1 showed 44% homology. The conserved CXXC oxido-reductase catalytic site present in Wba-mif-1 was found absent in Wba-mif-2 coding sequence. The amplified Wba-mif-2 cDNA was cloned into an expression vector pRSET-B and transformed into salt inducible Escherichia coli strain GJ1158. The expressed recombinant Wba-MIF-2 protein showed tautomerase activity against L-dopachrome methyl ester and the specific activity was determined to be 18.57±0.77 μmol/mg/min. Three known inhibitors of hMIF tautomerase activity significantly inhibited the tautomerase activity of recombinant Wba-MIF-2. Although the conserved CXXC oxido-reductase motif is absent in Wba-mif-2, the recombinant protein showed significant oxido-reductase activity in the insulin reduction assay, possibly because of the presence of vicinal cysteine residues.
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38
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Castanheira L, Naves de Souza DL, Silva RJ, Barbosa B, Mineo JR, Tudini KA, Rodrigues R, Ferro EV, de Melo Rodrigues V. Insights into anti-parasitism induced by a C-type lectin from Bothrops pauloensis venom on Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 74:568-74. [PMID: 25541358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Here we evaluate the effects of BpLec, a C-type lectin isolated from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom, on Toxoplasma gondii parasitism. BpLec (0.195-12.5 μg/mL) did not interfere with HeLa (host cell) viability by MTT assay, whereas higher doses decreased viability and changed HeLa morphology. In addition, the host cell treatment before infection did not influence adhesion and proliferation indexes. BpLec did not alter T. gondii tachyzoite viability, as carried out by trypan blue exclusion, but decreased both adhesion and parasite replication, when tachyzoites were treated before infection. Galactose (0.4 M) inhibited the BpLec effect on adhesion assays, suggesting that BpLec probably recognize some glycoconjugate from T. gondii membrane. Additionally, we performed cytokine measurements from supernatants collected from HeLa cells infected with T. gondii tachyzoites previously treated with RPMI or BpLec. MIF and IL-6 productions by HeLa cells were increased by BpLec treatment. Also, TGF-β1 secretion was diminished post-infection, although this effect was not dependent on BpLec treatment. Taken together, our results show that BpLec is capable of reducing T. gondii parasitism after tachyzoite treatment and may represent an interesting tool in the search for parasite antigens involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Castanheira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Brazil
| | - Dayane Lorena Naves de Souza
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafaela José Silva
- Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Bellisa Barbosa
- Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Kelly Aparecida Tudini
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Renata Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Eloísa Vieira Ferro
- Laboratório de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Toxinas Animais, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; INCT, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica, Brazil.
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Mammari N, Vignoles P, Halabi MA, Darde ML, Courtioux B. In vitro infection of human nervous cells by two strains of Toxoplasma gondii: a kinetic analysis of immune mediators and parasite multiplication. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98491. [PMID: 24886982 PMCID: PMC4041771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The severity of toxoplasmic infection depends mainly on the immune status of the host, but also on the Toxoplasma gondii strains, which differ by their virulence profile. The relationship between the human host and T. gondii has not yet been elucidated because few studies have been conducted on human models. The immune mechanisms involved in the persistence of T. gondii in the brains of immunocompetent subjects and during the reactivation of latent infections are still unclear. In this study, we analyzed the kinetics of immune mediators in human nervous cells in vitro, infected with two strains of T. gondii. Human neuroblast cell line (SH SY5Y), microglial (CMH5) and endothelial cells (Hbmec) were infected separately by RH (type I) or PRU (type II) strains for 8 h, 14 h, 24 h and 48 h (ratio 1 cell: 2 tachyzoites). Pro-inflammatory protein expression was different between the two strains and among different human nervous cells. The cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and the chemokines MCP-1 and GROα, and SERPIN E1 were significantly increased in CMH5 and SH SY5Y at 24 h pi. At this point of infection, the parasite burden declined in microglial cells and neurons, but remained high in endothelial cells. This differential effect on the early parasite multiplication may be correlated with a higher production of immune mediators by neurons and microglial cells compared to endothelial cells. Regarding strain differences, PRU strain, but not RH strain, stimulates all cells to produce pro-inflammatory growth factors, G-CSF and GM-CSF. These proteins could increase the inflammatory effect of this type II strain. These results suggest that the different protein expression profiles depend on the parasitic strain and on the human nervous cell type, and that this could be at the origin of diverse brain lesions caused by T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Mammari
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology Institute, Limoges, France; University of Limoges, National Center for Scientific Research France 3503 Institute of Genomic, Environment, Immunity, Health and Therapy, Limoges, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Philippe Vignoles
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology Institute, Limoges, France; University of Limoges, National Center for Scientific Research France 3503 Institute of Genomic, Environment, Immunity, Health and Therapy, Limoges, France
| | - Mohamad Adnan Halabi
- National Center for Scientific Research France 7276, France 3503 Institute of Genomic, Environment, Immunity, Health and Therapy, University of Limoges, Faculty of Pharmacy, Limoges, France
| | - Marie Laure Darde
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology Institute, Limoges, France; University of Limoges, National Center for Scientific Research France 3503 Institute of Genomic, Environment, Immunity, Health and Therapy, Limoges, France
- Universitary Hospital, Department of Parasitology, Biological Resource Centre for Toxoplasma, Limoges, France
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology Institute, Limoges, France; University of Limoges, National Center for Scientific Research France 3503 Institute of Genomic, Environment, Immunity, Health and Therapy, Limoges, France
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Barbosa B, Paulesu L, Ietta F, Bechi N, Romagnoli R, Gomes A, Favoreto-Junior S, Silva D, Mineo J, Mineo T, Ferro E. Susceptibility to Toxoplasma gondii proliferation in BeWo human trophoblast cells is dose-dependent of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), via ERK1/2 phosphorylation and prostaglandin E2 production. Placenta 2014; 35:152-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Sánchez-Zamora YI, Rodriguez-Sosa M. The role of MIF in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:804519. [PMID: 24527464 PMCID: PMC3910331 DOI: 10.1155/2014/804519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity and chronic low-grade inflammation are hallmarks of diabetes mellitus type one (T1DM) and type two (T2DM), respectively. Both processes are orchestrated by inflammatory cytokines, including the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). To date, MIF has been implicated in both types of diabetes; therefore, understanding the role of MIF could affect our understanding of the autoimmune or inflammatory responses that influence diabetic pathology. This review highlights our current knowledge about the involvement of MIF in both types of diabetes in the clinical environment and in experimental disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko I. Sánchez-Zamora
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090 Tlalnepantla, MEX, Mexico
| | - Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090 Tlalnepantla, MEX, Mexico
- *Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa:
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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a critical mediator of the innate immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E2997-3006. [PMID: 23882081 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1301128110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), an innate cytokine encoded in a functionally polymorphic genetic locus, contributes to detrimental inflammation but may be crucial for controlling infection. We explored the role of variant MIF alleles in tuberculosis. In a Ugandan cohort, genetic low expressers of MIF were 2.4-times more frequently identified among patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) bacteremia than those without. We also found mycobacteria-stimulated transcription of MIF and serum MIF levels to be correlated with MIF genotype in human macrophages and in a separate cohort of US TB patients, respectively. To determine mechanisms for MIF's protective role, we studied both aerosolized and i.v. models of mycobacterial infection and observed MIF-deficient mice to succumb more quickly with higher organism burden, increased lung pathology, and decreased innate cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-12, IL-10). MIF-deficient animals showed increased pulmonary neutrophil accumulation but preserved adaptive immune response. MIF-deficient macrophages demonstrated decreased cytokine and reactive oxygen production and impaired mycobacterial killing. Transcriptional investigation of MIF-deficient macrophages revealed reduced expression of the pattern recognition receptor dectin-1; restoration of dectin-1 expression recovered innate cytokine production and mycobacterial killing. Our data place MIF in a crucial upstream position in the innate immune response to mycobacteria and suggest that commonly occurring low expression MIF alleles confer an increased risk of TB disease in some populations.
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Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that invades a wide range of vertebrate host cells. Chronic infections with T. gondii become established in the tissues of the central nervous system, where the parasites may directly or indirectly modulate neuronal function. However, the mechanisms underlying parasite-induced neuronal disorder in the brain remain unclear. This study evaluated host gene expression in mouse brain following infection with T. gondii. BALB/c mice were infected with the PLK strain, and after 32 days of infection, histopathological lesions in the frontal lobe were found to be more severe than in other areas of the brain. Total RNA extracted from infected and uninfected mouse brain samples was subjected to transcriptome analysis using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). In the T. gondii-infected mice, 935 mouse brain genes were upregulated, whereas 12 genes were downregulated. GOstat analysis predicted that the upregulated genes were primarily involved in host immune responses and cell activation. Positive correlations were found between the numbers of parasites in the infected mouse brains and the expression levels of genes involved in host immune responses. In contrast, genes that had a negative correlation with parasite numbers were predicted to be involved in neurological functions, such as small-GTPase-mediated signal transduction and vesicle-mediated transport. Furthermore, differential gene expression was observed between mice exhibiting the clinical signs of toxoplasmosis and those that did not. Our findings may provide insights into the mechanisms underlying neurological changes during T. gondii infection.
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Toxoplasma on the brain: understanding host-pathogen interactions in chronic CNS infection. J Parasitol Res 2012; 2012:589295. [PMID: 22545203 PMCID: PMC3321570 DOI: 10.1155/2012/589295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a prevalent obligate intracellular parasite which chronically infects more than a third of the world's population. Key to parasite prevalence is its ability to form chronic and nonimmunogenic bradyzoite cysts, which typically form in the brain and muscle cells of infected mammals, including humans. While acute clinical infection typically involves neurological and/or ocular damage, chronic infection has been more recently linked to behavioral changes. Establishment and maintenance of chronic infection involves a balance between the host immunity and parasite evasion of the immune response. Here, we outline the known cellular interplay between Toxoplasma gondii and cells of the central nervous system and review the reported effects of Toxoplasma gondii on behavior and neurological disease. Finally, we review new technologies which will allow us to more fully understand host-pathogen interactions.
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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in protozoan infections. J Parasitol Res 2012; 2012:413052. [PMID: 22496958 PMCID: PMC3306950 DOI: 10.1155/2012/413052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine that plays a central role in immune and inflammatory responses. In the present paper, we discussed the participation of MIF in the immune response to protozoan parasite infections. As a general trend, MIF participates in the control of parasite burden at the expense of promoting tissue damage due to increased inflammation.
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de Dios Rosado J, Rodriguez-Sosa M. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF): a key player in protozoan infections. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:1239-56. [PMID: 22110378 PMCID: PMC3221362 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by the pituitary gland and multiple cell types, including macrophages (Mø), dendritic cells (DC) and T-cells. Upon releases MIF modulates the expression of several inflammatory molecules, such as TNF-α, nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). These important MIF characteristics have prompted investigators to study its role in parasite infections. Several reports have demonstrated that MIF plays either a protective or deleterious role in the immune response to different pathogens. Here, we review the role of MIF in the host defense response to some important protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 54090 Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
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Effect of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in human placental explants infected with Toxoplasma gondii depends on gestational age. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:2792-801. [PMID: 21641401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Because macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a key cytokine in pregnancy and has a role in inflammatory response and pathogen defense, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of MIF in first- and third-trimester human placental explants infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Explants were treated with recombinant MIF, IL-12, interferon-γ, transforming growth factor-β1, or IL-10, followed by infection with T. gondii RH strain tachyzoites. Supernatants of cultured explants were assessed for MIF production. Explants were processed for morphologic analysis, immunohistochemistry, and real-time PCR analysis. Comparison of infected and stimulated explants versus noninfected control explants demonstrated a significant increase in MIF release in first-trimester but not third-trimester explants. Tissue parasitism was higher in third- than in first-trimester explants. Moreover, T. gondii DNA content was lower in first-trimester explants treated with MIF compared with untreated explants. However, in third-trimester explants, MIF stimulus decreased T. gondii DNA content only at the highest concentration of the cytokine. In addition, high expression of MIF receptor was observed in first-trimester placental explants, whereas MIF receptor expression was low in third-trimester explants. In conclusion, MIF was up-regulated and demonstrated to be important for control of T. gondii infection in first-trimester explants, whereas lack of MIF up-regulation in third-trimester placentas may be involved in higher susceptibility to infection at this gestational age.
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Cavalcanti MG, Mesquita JS, Madi K, Feijó DF, Assunção-Miranda I, Souza HSP, Bozza MT. MIF participates in Toxoplasma gondii-induced pathology following oral infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25259. [PMID: 21977228 PMCID: PMC3178626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is essential for controlling parasite burden and survival in a model of systemic Toxoplasma gondii infection. Peroral T. gondii infection induces small intestine necrosis and death in susceptible hosts, and in many aspects resembles inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Considering the critical role of MIF in the pathogenesis of IBD, we hypothesized that MIF participates in the inflammatory response induced by oral infection with T. gondii. Methodology/Principal Findings Mif deficient (Mif−/−) and wild-type mice in the C57Bl/6 background were orally infected with T. gondii strain ME49. Mif−/− mice had reduced lethality, ileal inflammation and tissue damage despite of an increased intestinal parasite load compared to wt mice. Lack of MIF caused a reduction of TNF-α, IL-12, IFN-γ and IL-23 and an increased expression of IL-22 in ileal mucosa. Moreover, suppressed pro-inflammatory responses at the ileal mucosa observed in Mif−/− mice was not due to upregulation of IL-4, IL-10 or TGF-β. MIF also affected the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) but not MMP-2 in the intestine of infected mice. Signs of systemic inflammation including the increased concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in the plasma and liver damage were less pronounced in Mif−/− mice compared to wild-type mice. Conclusion/Significance In conclusion, our data suggested that in susceptible hosts MIF controls T. gondii infection with the cost of increasing local and systemic inflammation, tissue damage and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta G. Cavalcanti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Serviço de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MGC); (MTB)
| | - Jacilene S. Mesquita
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kalil Madi
- Departamento de Patologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório Sérgio Franco, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel F. Feijó
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Iranaia Assunção-Miranda
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heitor S. P. Souza
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T. Bozza
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MGC); (MTB)
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Jang SI, Lillehoj HS, Lee SH, Kim DK, Pagés M, Hong YH, Min W, Lillehoj EP. Distinct immunoregulatory properties of macrophage migration inhibitory factors encoded by Eimeria parasites and their chicken host. Vaccine 2011; 29:8998-9004. [PMID: 21945252 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in host defense against a variety of microorganisms including protozoan parasites. Interestingly, some microbial pathogens also express a MIF-like protein, although its role in disease pathogenesis is not well understood. The aim of this study was to compare an Eimeria-encoded MIF (E.MIF) protein with chicken MIF (C.MIF) on the basis of their structural, immunological, and biological properties. E.MIF and C.MIF proteins, each with a glutathione S-transferase epitope tag, were expressed in Escherichia coli or COS-7 cells and purified by glutathione affinity chromatography. Rabbit antisera against the purified proteins demonstrated their mutual immunological cross-reactivity on Western blots, and immunolocalized intracellular native E.MIF to the Eimeria schizont, merozoite, and oocyst life cycle stages. HD11 chicken macrophages treated in vitro with C.MIF recombinant protein expressed increased levels of transcripts encoding interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 15 (TNFSF15), but decreased levels of IL-8 transcripts, compared with cells treated with the PBS control; similar treatment with E.MIF only down-regulated IL-8 transcripts. Unlike recombinant E.MIF, C.MIF exhibited in vitro chemotactic activity for HD11 cells. Conversely, E.MIF, but not C.MIF, enhanced protection against experimental Eimeria infection, compared with the PBS control. These studies provide evidence for overlapping structural and antigenic properties, but distinct immunoregulatory roles, of E.MIF and C.MIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung I Jang
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
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Franco PS, Gomes AO, Barbosa BF, Angeloni MB, Silva NM, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA, Silva DAO, Mineo JR, Ferro EAV. Azithromycin and spiramycin induce anti-inflammatory response in human trophoblastic (BeWo) cells infected by Toxoplasma gondii but are able to control infection. Placenta 2011; 32:838-44. [PMID: 21908042 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an important pathogen which may cause fetal infection if primary infection. Our previous studies have used human choriocarcinoma trophoblastic cells (BeWo cell line) as experimental model of T. gondii infection involving placental microenvironment. This study aimed to examine the effects of azithromycin and spiramycin against T. gondii infection in BeWo cells. Cells were treated with different concentrations of the macrolide antibiotics and analyzed first for cell viability using thiazolyl blue tetrazole (MTT) assay. As cell viability was significantly decreased with drug concentrations higher than 400 μg/mL, the concentration range used in further experiments was from 50 to 400 μg/mL. The number of infected cells and intracellular replication of T. gondii decreased after treatment with each drug. The infection induced up-regulation of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), which was also enhanced in infected cells after treatment with azithromycin, but not with spiramycin. Analysis of the cytokine profile showed increase TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-4 production, but decreased IFN-γ levels, were detected in infected cells and treated with each drug. In conclusion, treatment of human trophoblastic BeWo cells with with azithromycin or spiramycin is able to control the infection and replication of T. gondii. In addition, treatment with these macrolides, especially with azityromycin induces an anti-inflammatory response and high MIF production, which can be important for the establishment and maintenance of a viable pregnancy during T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Franco
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38405-320 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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