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Tziouvara O, Petsana M, Kourounis D, Papadaki A, Basdra E, Braliou GG, Boleti H. Characterization of the First Secreted Sorting Nexin Identified in the Leishmania Protists. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4095. [PMID: 38612903 PMCID: PMC11012638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the sorting nexin (SNX) family present a modular structural architecture with a phox homology (PX) phosphoinositide (PI)-binding domain and additional PX structural domains, conferring to them a wide variety of vital eukaryotic cell's functions, from signal transduction to membrane deformation and cargo binding. Although SNXs are well studied in human and yeasts, they are poorly investigated in protists. Herein, is presented the characterization of the first SNX identified in Leishmania protozoan parasites encoded by the LdBPK_352470 gene. In silico secondary and tertiary structure prediction revealed a PX domain on the N-terminal half and a Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain on the C-terminal half of this protein, with these features classifying it in the SNX-BAR subfamily of SNXs. We named the LdBPK_352470.1 gene product LdSNXi, as it is the first SNX identified in Leishmania (L.) donovani. Its expression was confirmed in L. donovani promastigotes under different cell cycle phases, and it was shown to be secreted in the extracellular medium. Using an in vitro lipid binding assay, it was demonstrated that recombinant (r) LdSNXi (rGST-LdSNXi) tagged with glutathione-S-transferase (GST) binds to the PtdIns3P and PtdIns4P PIs. Using a specific a-LdSNXi antibody and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, the intracellular localization of endogenous LdSNXi was analyzed in L. donovani promastigotes and axenic amastigotes. Additionally, rLdSNXi tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein (rLdSNXi-EGFP) was heterologously expressed in transfected HeLa cells and its localization was examined. All observed localizations suggest functions compatible with the postulated SNX identity of LdSNXi. Sequence, structure, and evolutionary analysis revealed high homology between LdSNXi and the human SNX2, while the investigation of protein-protein interactions based on STRING (v.11.5) predicted putative molecular partners of LdSNXi in Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olympia Tziouvara
- Intracellular Parasitism Group, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (O.T.); (M.P.); (D.K.); (A.P.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Marina Petsana
- Intracellular Parasitism Group, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (O.T.); (M.P.); (D.K.); (A.P.)
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 2–4 Papasiopoulou Str., 35131 Lamia, Greece;
| | - Drosos Kourounis
- Intracellular Parasitism Group, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (O.T.); (M.P.); (D.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Amalia Papadaki
- Intracellular Parasitism Group, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (O.T.); (M.P.); (D.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Efthimia Basdra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Georgia G. Braliou
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 2–4 Papasiopoulou Str., 35131 Lamia, Greece;
| | - Haralabia Boleti
- Intracellular Parasitism Group, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (O.T.); (M.P.); (D.K.); (A.P.)
- Bioimaging Unit, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
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Amartumur S, Nguyen H, Huynh T, Kim TS, Woo RS, Oh E, Kim KK, Lee LP, Heo C. Neuropathogenesis-on-chips for neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2219. [PMID: 38472255 PMCID: PMC10933492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing diagnostics and treatments for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) is challenging due to multifactorial pathogenesis that progresses gradually. Advanced in vitro systems that recapitulate patient-like pathophysiology are emerging as alternatives to conventional animal-based models. In this review, we explore the interconnected pathogenic features of different types of ND, discuss the general strategy to modelling NDs using a microfluidic chip, and introduce the organoid-on-a-chip as the next advanced relevant model. Lastly, we overview how these models are being applied in academic and industrial drug development. The integration of microfluidic chips, stem cells, and biotechnological devices promises to provide valuable insights for biomedical research and developing diagnostic and therapeutic solutions for NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarnai Amartumur
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Huong Nguyen
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Thuy Huynh
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Testaverde S Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Ran-Sook Woo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, 34824, Korea
| | - Eungseok Oh
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Kyeong Kyu Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Institute for Anti-microbial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Luke P Lee
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Engineering in Medicine and Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Chaejeong Heo
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Korea.
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Cai J, Xiong W, Wang X, Tan H. Genetic architecture of hippocampus subfields volumes in Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14110. [PMID: 36756718 PMCID: PMC10915996 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hippocampus is a heterogeneous structure, comprising histologically and functionally distinguishable hippocampal subfields. The volume reductions in hippocampal subfields have been demonstrated to be linked with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of our study is to investigate the hippocampal subfields' genetic architecture based on the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) data set. METHODS After preprocessing the downloaded genetic variants and imaging data from the ADNI database, a co-sparse reduced rank regression model was applied to analyze the genetic architecture of hippocampal subfields volumes. Homology modeling, docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and Co-IP experiments for protein-protein interactions were used to verify the function of target protein on hippocampal subfields successively. After that, the association analysis between the candidated genes on the hippocampal subfields volume and clinical scales were performed. RESULTS The results of the association analysis revealed five unique genetic variants (e.g., ubiquitin-specific protease 10 [USP10]) changed in nine hippocampal subfields (e.g., the granule cell and molecular layer of the dentate gyrus [GC-ML-DG]). Among five genetic variants, USP10 had the strongest interaction effect with BACE1, which affected hippocampal subfields verified by MD and Co-IP experiments. The results of association analysis between the candidated genes on the hippocampal subfields volume and clinical scales showed that candidated genes influenced the volume and function of hippocampal subfields. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence suggests that hippocampal subfields have partly distinct genetic architecture and may improve the sensitivity of the detection of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Cai
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | | | - Xueqin Wang
- Department of Statistics and Finance, School of ManagementUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Haizhu Tan
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
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Rahman MA, Shuvo AA, Bepari AK, Hasan Apu M, Shill MC, Hossain M, Uddin M, Islam MR, Bakshi MK, Hasan J, Rahman A, Rahman GMS, Reza HM. Curcumin improves D-galactose and normal-aging associated memory impairment in mice: In vivo and in silico-based studies. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270123. [PMID: 35767571 PMCID: PMC9242463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging-induced memory impairment is closely associated with oxidative stress. D-Galactose (D-gal) evokes severe oxidative stress and mimics normal aging in animals. Curcumin, a natural flavonoid, has potent antioxidant and anti-aging properties. There are several proteins like glutathione S-transferase A1 (GSTA1), glutathione S-transferase omega-1 (GSTO1), kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), beta-secretase 1 (BACE1), and amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A (MAOA) are commonly involved in oxidative stress and aging. This study aimed to investigate the interaction of curcumin to these proteins and their subsequent effect on aging-associated memory impairment in two robust animal models: D-Gal and normal aged (NA) mice. The aging mice model was developed by administering D-gal intraperitoneally (i.p). Mice (n = 64) were divided into the eight groups (8 mice in each group): Vehicle, Curcumin-Control, D-gal (100mg/kg; i.p), Curcumin + D-gal, Astaxanthin (Ast) + D-gal, Normal Aged (NA), Curcumin (30mg/kg Orally) + NA, Ast (20mg/kg Orally) + NA. Retention and freezing memories were assessed by passive avoidance (PA) and contextual fear conditioning (CFC). Molecular docking was performed to predict curcumin binding with potential molecular targets. Curcumin significantly increased retention time (p < 0.05) and freezing response (p < 0.05) in PA and CFC, respectively. Curcumin profoundly ameliorated the levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, advanced oxidation protein products, nitric oxide, and lipid peroxidation in mice hippocampi. In silico studies revealed favorable binding energies of curcumin with GSTA1, GSTO1, KEAP1, BACE1, and MAOA. Curcumin improves retention and freezing memory in D-gal and nature-induced aging mice. Curcumin ameliorates the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in mice. Anti-aging effects of curcumin could be attributed to, at least partially, the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes through binding with GSTA1, GSTO1, KEAP1, and inhibition of oxidative damage through binding with BACE1 and MAOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Ashrafur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MAR); (HMR)
| | - Arif Anzum Shuvo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Asim Kumar Bepari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mehedi Hasan Apu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Manik Chandra Shill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Murad Hossain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Uddin
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
- Cellular Intelligence (Ci) Lab, GenomeArc Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Md. Rabiul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Monjurul Kader Bakshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Javed Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Atiqur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Hasan Mahmud Reza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail: (MAR); (HMR)
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Vrijsen S, Vrancx C, Del Vecchio M, Swinnen JV, Agostinis P, Winderickx J, Vangheluwe P, Annaert W. Inter-organellar Communication in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Disease: Looking Beyond Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondria Contact Sites. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:900338. [PMID: 35801175 PMCID: PMC9253489 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.900338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are generally considered proteinopathies but whereas this may initiate disease in familial cases, onset in sporadic diseases may originate from a gradually disrupted organellar homeostasis. Herein, endolysosomal abnormalities, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and altered lipid metabolism are commonly observed in early preclinical stages of major NDs, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among the multitude of underlying defective molecular mechanisms that have been suggested in the past decades, dysregulation of inter-organellar communication through the so-called membrane contact sites (MCSs) is becoming increasingly apparent. Although MCSs exist between almost every other type of subcellular organelle, to date, most focus has been put on defective communication between the ER and mitochondria in NDs, given these compartments are critical in neuronal survival. Contributions of other MCSs, notably those with endolysosomes and lipid droplets are emerging, supported as well by genetic studies, identifying genes functionally involved in lysosomal homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the molecular identity of the organelle interactome in yeast and mammalian cells, and critically evaluate the evidence supporting the contribution of disturbed MCSs to the general disrupted inter-organellar homeostasis in NDs, taking PD and AD as major examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Vrijsen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Céline Vrancx
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mara Del Vecchio
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Johannes V. Swinnen
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, VIB-Center for Cancer Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Winderickx
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Peter Vangheluwe
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Annaert
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Shenoy A, Banerjee M, Upadhya A, Bagwe-Parab S, Kaur G. The Brilliance of the Zebrafish Model: Perception on Behavior and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:861155. [PMID: 35769627 PMCID: PMC9234549 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.861155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become increasingly prevalent in the elderly population across the world. It's pathophysiological markers such as overproduction along with the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) are posing a serious challenge to novel drug development processes. A model which simulates the human neurodegenerative mechanism will be beneficial for rapid screening of potential drug candidates. Due to the comparable neurological network with humans, zebrafish has emerged as a promising AD model. This model has been thoroughly validated through research in aspects of neuronal pathways analogous to the human brain. The cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic pathways, which play a role in the manifested behavior of the zebrafish, are well defined. There are several behavioral models in both adult zebrafish and larvae to establish various aspects of cognitive impairment including spatial memory, associative memory, anxiety, and other such features that are manifested in AD. The zebrafish model eliminates the shortcomings of previously recognized mammalian models, in terms of expense, extensive assessment durations, and the complexity of imaging the brain to test the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. This review highlights the various models that analyze the changes in the normal behavioral patterns of the zebrafish when exposed to AD inducing agents. The mechanistic pathway adopted by drugs and novel therapeutic strategies can be explored via these behavioral models and their efficacy to slow the progression of AD can be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM’s Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, India
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Calabrese G, Molzahn C, Mayor T. Protein interaction networks in neurodegenerative diseases: from physiological function to aggregation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102062. [PMID: 35623389 PMCID: PMC9234719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of protein inclusions is linked to many neurodegenerative diseases that typically develop in older individuals, due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In rare familial neurodegenerative disorders, genes encoding for aggregation-prone proteins are often mutated. While the underlying mechanism leading to these diseases still remains to be fully elucidated, efforts in the past 20 years revealed a vast network of protein–protein interactions that play a major role in regulating the aggregation of key proteins associated with neurodegeneration. Misfolded proteins that can oligomerize and form insoluble aggregates associate with molecular chaperones and other elements of the proteolytic machineries that are the frontline workers attempting to protect the cells by promoting clearance and preventing aggregation. Proteins that are normally bound to aggregation-prone proteins can become sequestered and mislocalized in protein inclusions, leading to their loss of function. In contrast, mutations, posttranslational modifications, or misfolding of aggregation-prone proteins can lead to gain of function by inducing novel or altered protein interactions, which in turn can impact numerous essential cellular processes and organelles, such as vesicle trafficking and the mitochondria. This review examines our current knowledge of protein–protein interactions involving several key aggregation-prone proteins that are associated with Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We aim to provide an overview of the protein interaction networks that play a central role in driving or mitigating inclusion formation, while highlighting some of the key proteomic studies that helped to uncover the extent of these networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Calabrese
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver BC, Canada.
| | - Cristen Molzahn
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Thibault Mayor
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver BC, Canada.
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Chae CW, Choi GE, Jung YH, Lim JR, Cho JH, Yoon JH, Han HJ. High glucose-mediated VPS26a downregulation dysregulates neuronal amyloid precursor protein processing and tau phosphorylation. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:3934-3950. [PMID: 35297035 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The relationship between hyperglycaemia-induced retromer dysfunction impairing intracellular trafficking and AD remains unclear, although Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we investigated the effects of high glucose on the retromer, and defined the dysregulation of mechanisms of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and tau phosphorylation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used human induced-pluripotent stem cell-derived neuronal differentiated cells and SH-SY5Ys exposed to high glucose to identify the underlying mechanisms. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were used to elucidate whether the retromer contributes to the AD-like pathology. KEY RESULTS We found that vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 26a (VPS26a) was decreased in the hippocampus of diabetic mice and high glucose-treated human neuronal cells. High glucose downregulated VPS26a through ROS/NF-κB/DNA methyltransferase1-mediated promoter hypermethylation. VPS26a recovery blocked retention of APP and cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor in endosomes and promoted transport to the trans-Golgi, which decreased Aβ levels, and improved Cathepsin D activity, reducing p-tau levels, respectively. Retromer enhancement ameliorated synaptic deficits, astrocyte over-activation, and cognitive impairment in diabetic mice. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS In conclusion, VPS26a is a promising candidate for the inhibition of DM-associated AD pathogenesis by modulating APP processing and tau phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Woo Chae
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gee Euhn Choi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hyun Jung
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ryong Lim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Cho
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Hyeon Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Komaki K, Takano T, Sato Y, Asada A, Ikeda S, Yamada K, Wei R, Huo A, Fukuchi A, Saito T, Ando K, Murayama S, Araki W, Kametani F, Hasegawa M, Iwatsubo T, Tomomura M, Fukuda M, Hisanaga SI. Lemur tail kinase 1 (LMTK1) regulates the endosomal localization of β-secretase BACE1. J Biochem 2021; 170:729-738. [PMID: 34523681 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lemur tail kinase 1 (LMTK1), previously called apoptosis-associated tyrosine kinase (AATYK), is an endosomal Ser/Thr kinase. We recently reported that LMTK1 regulates axon outgrowth, dendrite arborization and spine formation via Rab11-mediated vesicle transport. Rab11, a small GTPase regulating recycling endosome trafficking, is shown to be associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). In fact, genome-wide association studies identified many proteins regulating vesicle transport as risk factors for LOAD. Furthermore, LMTK1 has been reported to be a risk factor for frontotemporal dementia. Then, we hypothesized that LMTK1 contributes to AD development through vesicle transport and examined the effect of LMTK1 on the cellular localization of AD-related proteins, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). The β-cleavage of APP by BACE1 is the initial and rate-limiting step in Aβ generation. We found that LMTK1 accumulated BACE1, but not APP, to the perinuclear endosomal compartment, whereas the kinase-negative (kn) mutant of LMTK1A did not. The β-C-terminal fragment was prone to increase under overexpression of LMTK1A kn. Moreover, the expression level of LMTK1A was reduced in AD brains. These results suggest the possibility that LMTK1 is involved in AD development through the regulation of the proper endosomal localization of BACE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Komaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Akiko Asada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shikito Ikeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamada
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ran Wei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Anni Huo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Aoi Fukuchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Taro Saito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kanae Ando
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Wataru Araki
- Department of Demyelinating Disease and Aging, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Kametani
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mineko Tomomura
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Meikai University School of Health Sciences, Urayasu, Chiba 279-9950, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hisanaga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.,Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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10
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The understudied links of the retromer complex to age-related pathways. GeroScience 2021; 44:19-24. [PMID: 34370162 PMCID: PMC8811076 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal aging is associated with numerous diseases resulting in memory impairment and functional decline. A common hallmark of these disorders is the accumulation of intracellular and extracellular protein aggregates. The retromer complex plays a central role in sorting proteins by marking them for reuse rather than degradation. Retromer dysfunction has been shown to induce protein aggregates and neurodegeneration, suggesting that it may be important for age-related neuronal decline and disease progression. Despite this, little is known about how aging influences retromer stability and the proteins with which it interacts. Detailed insights into age-dependent changes in retromer structure and function could provide valuable information towards treating and preventing many age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we visit age-related pathways which interact with retromer function that ought to be further explored to determine its role in age-related neurodegeneration.
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11
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Zhao Y, Tang F, Lee D, Xiong WC. Expression of Low Level of VPS35-mCherry Fusion Protein Diminishes Vps35 Depletion Induced Neuron Terminal Differentiation Deficits and Neurodegenerative Pathology, and Prevents Neonatal Death. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8394. [PMID: 34445101 PMCID: PMC8395035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vps35 (vacuolar protein sorting 35) is a key component of retromer that consists of Vps35, Vps26, and Vps29 trimers, and sortin nexin dimers. Dysfunctional Vps35/retromer is believed to be a risk factor for development of various neurodegenerative diseases. Vps35Neurod6 mice, which selectively knock out Vps35 in Neurod6-Cre+ pyramidal neurons, exhibit age-dependent impairments in terminal differentiation of dendrites and axons of cortical and hippocampal neurons, neuro-degenerative pathology (i.e., increases in P62 and Tdp43 (TAR DNA-binding protein 43) proteins, cell death, and reactive gliosis), and neonatal death. The relationships among these phenotypes and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. Here, we provide evidence that expression of low level of VPS35-mCherry fusion protein in Vps35Neurod6 mice could diminish the phenotypes in an age-dependent manner. Specifically, we have generated a conditional transgenic mouse line, LSL-Vps35-mCherry, which expresses VPS35-mCherry fusion protein in a Cre-dependent manner. Crossing LSL-Vps35-mCherry with Vps35Neurod6 to obtain TgVPS35-mCherry, Vps35Neurod6 mice prevent the neonatal death and diminish the dendritic morphogenesis deficit and gliosis at the neonatal, but not the adult age. Further studies revealed that the Vps35-mCherry transgene expression was low, and the level of Vps35 mRNA comprised only ~5-7% of the Vps35 mRNA of control mice. Such low level of VPS35-mCherry could restore the amount of other retromer components (Vps26a and Vps29) at the neonatal age (P14). Importantly, the neurodegenerative pathology presented in the survived adult TgVps35-mCherry; Vps35Neurod6 mice. These results demonstrate the sufficiency of low level of VPS35-mCherry fusion protein to diminish the phenotypes in Vps35Neurod6 mice at the neonatal age, verifying a key role of neuronal Vps35 in stabilizing retromer complex proteins, and supporting the view for Vps35 as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (Y.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Fulei Tang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Daehoon Lee
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (Y.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (Y.Z.); (D.L.)
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12
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Lu J, Xu S, Huo Y, Sun D, Hu Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Wang P, Li Z, Liang M, Wu Z, Liu P. Sorting nexin 3 induces heart failure via promoting retromer-dependent nuclear trafficking of STAT3. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:2871-2887. [PMID: 33947971 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00789-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorting nexins (SNXs), the retromer-associated cargo binding proteins, have emerged as critical regulators of the trafficking of proteins involved in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases. However, studies of SNXs in the development of cardiovascular diseases, especially cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, are lacking. Here, we ask whether SNX3, the simplest structured isoform in the SNXs family, may act as a key inducer of myocardial injury. An increased level of SNX3 was observed in failing hearts from human patients and mice. Cardiac-specific Snx3 knockout (Snx3-cKO) mice and Snx3 transgenic (Snx3-cTg) mice were generated to evaluate the role of Snx3 in myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and heart function by morphology, echocardiography, histological staining, and hypertrophic biomarkers. We report that Snx3-cKO in mice significantly protected against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac hypertrophy at 12 weeks. Conversely, Snx3-cTg mice were more susceptible to ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy at 12 weeks and showed aggravated cardiac injury even heart failure at 24 weeks. Immunoprecipitation-based mass spectrometry, immunofluorescent staining, co-immunoprecipitation, localized surface plasmon resonance, and proximity ligation assay were performed to examine the direct interaction of SNX3-retromer with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). We discovered that STAT3 was a new interacting partner of SNX3-retromer, and SNX3-retromer served as an essential platform for assembling gp130/JAK2/STAT3 complexes and subsequent phosphorylation of STAT3 by direct combination at EE. SNX3-retromer and STAT3 complexes were transiently imported into the nucleus after hypertrophic stimuli. The pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of STAT3 reversed SNX3 overexpression-induced myocardial injury. STAT3 overexpression blunts the beneficial function of SNX3 knockdown on hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. We show that SNX3-retromer promoted importin α3-mediated STAT3 nuclear trafficking and ultimately leading to cardiac injury. Taken together, our study reveals that SNX3 plays a key role in cardiac function and implicates SNX3 as a potential therapeutic target for cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Duanping Sun
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuehuai Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Junjian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Panxia Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoming Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Mengya Liang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhongkai Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Peiqing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
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13
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Vieira N, Rito T, Correia-Neves M, Sousa N. Sorting Out Sorting Nexins Functions in the Nervous System in Health and Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4070-4106. [PMID: 33931804 PMCID: PMC8280035 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02388-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a fundamental process that controls protein/lipid composition of the plasma membrane, thereby shaping cellular metabolism, sensing, adhesion, signaling, and nutrient uptake. Endocytosis is essential for the cell to adapt to its surrounding environment, and a tight regulation of the endocytic mechanisms is required to maintain cell function and survival. This is particularly significant in the central nervous system (CNS), where composition of neuronal cell surface is crucial for synaptic functioning. In fact, distinct pathologies of the CNS are tightly linked to abnormal endolysosomal function, and several genome wide association analysis (GWAS) and biochemical studies have identified intracellular trafficking regulators as genetic risk factors for such pathologies. The sorting nexins (SNXs) are a family of proteins involved in protein trafficking regulation and signaling. SNXs dysregulation occurs in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Down’s syndrome (DS), schizophrenia, ataxia and epilepsy, among others, establishing clear roles for this protein family in pathology. Interestingly, restoration of SNXs levels has been shown to trigger synaptic plasticity recovery in a DS mouse model. This review encompasses an historical and evolutionary overview of SNXs protein family, focusing on its organization, phyla conservation, and evolution throughout the development of the nervous system during speciation. We will also survey SNXs molecular interactions and highlight how defects on SNXs underlie distinct pathologies of the CNS. Ultimately, we discuss possible strategies of intervention, surveying how our knowledge about the fundamental processes regulated by SNXs can be applied to the identification of novel therapeutic avenues for SNXs-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neide Vieira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Rito
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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14
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Amatya B, Lee H, Asico LD, Konkalmatt P, Armando I, Felder RA, Jose PA. SNX-PXA-RGS-PXC Subfamily of SNXs in the Regulation of Receptor-Mediated Signaling and Membrane Trafficking. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052319. [PMID: 33652569 PMCID: PMC7956473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The SNX-PXA-RGS-PXC subfamily of sorting nexins (SNXs) belongs to the superfamily of SNX proteins. SNXs are characterized by the presence of a common phox-homology (PX) domain, along with other functional domains that play versatile roles in cellular signaling and membrane trafficking. In addition to the PX domain, the SNX-PXA-RGS-PXC subfamily, except for SNX19, contains a unique RGS (regulators of G protein signaling) domain that serves as GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), which accelerates GTP hydrolysis on the G protein α subunit, resulting in termination of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. Moreover, the PX domain selectively interacts with phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate and other phosphoinositides found in endosomal membranes, while also associating with various intracellular proteins. Although SNX19 lacks an RGS domain, all members of the SNX-PXA-RGS-PXC subfamily serve as dual regulators of receptor cargo signaling and endosomal trafficking. This review discusses the known and proposed functions of the SNX-PXA-RGS-PXC subfamily and how it participates in receptor signaling (both GPCR and non-GPCR) and endosomal-based membrane trafficking. Furthermore, we discuss the difference of this subfamily of SNXs from other subfamilies, such as SNX-BAR nexins (Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs) that are associated with retromer or other retrieval complexes for the regulation of receptor signaling and membrane trafficking. Emerging evidence has shown that the dysregulation and malfunction of this subfamily of sorting nexins lead to various pathophysiological processes and disorders, including hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhas Amatya
- The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
| | - Hewang Lee
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (H.L.); (L.D.A.); (P.K.); (I.A.)
| | - Laureano D. Asico
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (H.L.); (L.D.A.); (P.K.); (I.A.)
| | - Prasad Konkalmatt
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (H.L.); (L.D.A.); (P.K.); (I.A.)
| | - Ines Armando
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (H.L.); (L.D.A.); (P.K.); (I.A.)
| | - Robin A. Felder
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
| | - Pedro A. Jose
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA; (H.L.); (L.D.A.); (P.K.); (I.A.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology/Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Hrabinova M, Pejchal J, Kucera T, Jun D, Schmidt M, Soukup O. Is It the Twilight of BACE1 Inhibitors? Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:61-77. [PMID: 32359337 PMCID: PMC7903497 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200503023323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
β-secretase (BACE1) has been regarded as a prime target for the development of amyloid beta (Aβ) lowering drugs in the therapy of Alzheimer´s disease (AD). Although the enzyme was discovered in 1991 and helped to formulate the Aβ hypothesis as one of the very important features of AD etiopathogenesis, progress in AD treatment utilizing BACE1 inhibitors has remained limited. Moreover, in the last years, major pharmaceutical companies have discontinued clinical trials of five BACE1 inhibitors that had been strongly perceived as prospective. In our review, the Aβ hypothesis, the enzyme, its functions, and selected substrates are described. BACE1 inhibitors are classified into four generations. Those that underwent clinical trials displayed adverse effects, including weight loss, skin rashes, worsening of neuropsychiatric symptoms, etc. Some inhibitors could not establish a statistically significant risk-benefit ratio, or even scored worse than placebo. We still believe that drugs targeting BACE1 may still hide some potential, but a different approach to BACE1 inhibition or a shift of focus to modulation of its trafficking and/or post-translational modification should now be followed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;E-mail:
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16
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Takemura S, Isonishi A, Tanaka T, Okuda H, Tatsumi K, Yamano M, Wanaka A. Neural expression of sorting nexin 25 and its regulation of tyrosine receptor kinase B trafficking. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2615-2642. [PMID: 32955616 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sorting nexin 25 (SNX25) belongs to the sorting nexin superfamily, whose members are responsible for membrane attachment to organelles of the endocytic system. Recent reports point to critical roles for SNX25 as a negative regulator of transforming growth factor β signaling, but the expression patterns of SNX25 in the central nervous system (CNS) remain almost uncharacterized. Here, we show widespread neuronal expression of SNX25 protein and Snx25 mRNA using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. As an exception, SNX25 was present in the Bergmann glia of the cerebellum. SNX25 immunoreactivity was found in cholinergic and catecholaminergic neurons. Moreover, SNX25 colocalized with tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) in the neurons of the cortex and hippocampus. In vitro, SNX25 can interact with full-length TrkB, but not with its C-terminal-truncated isoform. Overexpression of SNX25 accelerated degradation of full-lengh TrkB, indicating that SNX25 promotes the trafficking of TrkB for lysosomal degradation. These findings suggest that SNX25 is a new actor in endocytic signaling, perhaps contributing to the regulation of BDNF-TrkB signaling in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Takemura
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Ayami Isonishi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.,Center for Diversity and Inclusion, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Tatsuhide Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okuda
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan.,Department of Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0934, Japan
| | - Kouko Tatsumi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Mariko Yamano
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Akio Wanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan
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17
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Guo T, Zhang D, Zeng Y, Huang TY, Xu H, Zhao Y. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:40. [PMID: 32677986 PMCID: PMC7364557 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder seen in age-dependent dementia. There is currently no effective treatment for AD, which may be attributed in part to lack of a clear underlying mechanism. Studies within the last few decades provide growing evidence for a central role of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau, as well as glial contributions to various molecular and cellular pathways in AD pathogenesis. Herein, we review recent progress with respect to Aβ- and tau-associated mechanisms, and discuss glial dysfunction in AD with emphasis on neuronal and glial receptors that mediate Aβ-induced toxicity. We also discuss other critical factors that may affect AD pathogenesis, including genetics, aging, variables related to environment, lifestyle habits, and describe the potential role of apolipoprotein E (APOE), viral and bacterial infection, sleep, and microbiota. Although we have gained much towards understanding various aspects underlying this devastating neurodegenerative disorder, greater commitment towards research in molecular mechanism, diagnostics and treatment will be needed in future AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Guo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Denghong Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuzhe Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Center of People's Liberation Army, The Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Timothy Y Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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18
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Cohen LD, Boulos A, Ziv NE. A non-fluorescent HaloTag blocker for improved measurement and visualization of protein synthesis in living cells. F1000Res 2020; 9. [PMID: 32518633 PMCID: PMC7255903 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.23289.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: HaloTag is a modified bacterial enzyme that binds rapidly and irreversibly to an array of synthetic ligands, including chemical dyes. When expressed in live cells in conjunction with a protein of interest, HaloTag can be used to study protein trafficking, synthesis, and degradation. For instance, sequential HaloTag labeling with spectrally separable dyes can be used to separate preexisting protein pools from proteins newly synthesized following experimental manipulations or the passage of time. Unfortunately, incomplete labeling by the first dye, or labeling by residual, trapped dye pools can confound interpretation. Methods: Labeling specificity of newly synthesized proteins could be improved by blocking residual binding sites. To that end, we synthesized a non-fluorescent, cell permeable blocker (1-chloro-6-(2-propoxyethoxy)hexane; CPXH), essentially the HaloTag ligand backbone without the reactive amine used to attach fluorescent groups. Results: High-content imaging was used to quantify the ability of CPXH to block HaloTag ligand binding in live HEK cells expressing a fusion protein of mTurquoise2 and HaloTag. Full saturation was observed at CPXH concentrations of 5-10 µM at 30 min. No overt effects on cell viability were observed at any concentration or treatment duration. The ability of CPXH to improve the reliability of newly synthesized protein detection was then demonstrated in live cortical neurons expressing the mTurquoise2-HaloTag fusion protein, in both single and dual labeling time lapse experiments. Practically no labeling was observed after blocking HaloTag binding sites with CPXH when protein synthesis was suppressed with cycloheximide, confirming the identification of newly synthesized protein copies as such, while providing estimates of protein synthesis suppression in these experiments. Conclusions: CPXH is a reliable (and inexpensive) non-fluorescent ligand for improving assessment of protein-of-interest metabolism in live cells using HaloTag technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie D Cohen
- Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Institute and Network Biology Research Laboratories, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Ayub Boulos
- Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Institute and Network Biology Research Laboratories, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Noam E Ziv
- Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Institute and Network Biology Research Laboratories, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
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19
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Cohen LD, Boulos A, Ziv NE. A non-fluorescent HaloTag blocker for improved measurement and visualization of protein synthesis in living cells. F1000Res 2020; 9:ISF-302. [PMID: 32518633 PMCID: PMC7255903 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.23289.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: HaloTag is a modified bacterial enzyme that binds rapidly and irreversibly to an array of synthetic ligands, including chemical dyes. When expressed in live cells in conjunction with a protein of interest, HaloTag can be used to study protein trafficking, synthesis, and degradation. For instance, sequential HaloTag labeling with spectrally separable dyes can be used to separate preexisting protein pools from proteins newly synthesized following experimental manipulations or the passage of time. Unfortunately, incomplete labeling by the first dye, or labeling by residual, trapped dye pools can confound interpretation. Methods: Labeling specificity of newly synthesized proteins could be improved by blocking residual binding sites. To that end, we synthesized a non-fluorescent, cell permeable blocker (1-chloro-6-(2-propoxyethoxy)hexane; CPXH), essentially the HaloTag ligand backbone without the reactive amine used to attach fluorescent groups. Results: High-content imaging was used to quantify the ability of CPXH to block HaloTag ligand binding in live HEK cells expressing a fusion protein of mTurquoise2 and HaloTag. Full saturation was observed at CPXH concentrations of 5-10 µM at 30 min. No overt effects on cell viability were observed at any concentration or treatment duration. The ability of CPXH to improve the reliability of newly synthesized protein detection was then demonstrated in live cortical neurons expressing the mTurquoise2-HaloTag fusion protein, in both single and dual labeling time lapse experiments. Practically no labeling was observed after blocking HaloTag binding sites with CPXH when protein synthesis was suppressed with cycloheximide, confirming the identification of newly synthesized protein copies as such, while providing estimates of protein synthesis suppression in these experiments. Conclusions: CPXH is a reliable (and inexpensive) non-fluorescent ligand for improving assessment of protein-of-interest metabolism in live cells using HaloTag technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie D. Cohen
- Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Institute and Network Biology Research Laboratories, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Ayub Boulos
- Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Institute and Network Biology Research Laboratories, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Noam E. Ziv
- Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Institute and Network Biology Research Laboratories, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
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Xie Y, Niu M, Ji C, Huang TY, Zhang C, Tian Y, Shi Z, Wang C, Zhao Y, Luo H, Can D, Xu H, Zhang YW, Zhang X. SNX8 Enhances Non-amyloidogenic APP Trafficking and Attenuates Aβ Accumulation and Memory Deficits in an AD Mouse. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:410. [PMID: 31551717 PMCID: PMC6743354 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of various APP trafficking components in the endosome has been previously implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although single nucleotide polymorphisms within the gene locus encoding the endosomal component, SNX8 have been previously associated with AD, how SNX8 levels are altered and its contribution to AD onset is currently unknown. Here, we observe decreased expression of SNX8 in human AD and AD mouse brain. SNX8 predominantly localized to early and late endosomes, where SNX8 overexpression enhanced total APP levels, cell surface APP distribution and consequent soluble APPα cleavage. SNX8 depletion resulted in elevated β-amyloid (Aβ) levels, while SNX8 overexpression reduced Aβ levels in cells and in an APP/PS1 AD mouse model. Importantly, SNX8 overexpression rescued cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice. Together, these results implicate a neuroprotective role for SNX8 in enhancing non-amyloidogenic APP trafficking and processing pathways. Given that endosomal dysfunction is an early event in AD, restoration of dysfunctional endosomal components such as SNX8 may be beneficial in future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhuang Xie
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mengxi Niu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chengxiang Ji
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Timothy Y Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhun Shi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dan Can
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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21
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Golgi Fragmentation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Is There a Common Cause? Cells 2019; 8:cells8070748. [PMID: 31331075 PMCID: PMC6679019 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In most mammalian cells, the Golgi complex forms a continuous ribbon. In neurodegenerative diseases, the Golgi ribbon of a specific group of neurons is typically broken into isolated elements, a very early event which happens before clinical and other pathological symptoms become evident. It is not known whether this phenomenon is caused by mechanisms associated with cell death or if, conversely, it triggers apoptosis. When the phenomenon was studied in diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, it was attributed to a variety of causes, including the presence of cytoplasmatic protein aggregates, malfunctioning of intracellular traffic and/or alterations in the cytoskeleton. In the present review, we summarize the current findings related to these and other neurodegenerative diseases and try to search for clues on putative common causes.
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22
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Type II Diabetes Mellitus Accelerates Age-Dependent Aβ Pathology in Cynomolgus Monkey Brain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1128:133-145. [PMID: 31062328 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3540-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the strongest risk factors for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains unclear how DM accelerates AD pathology in the brain. Cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) is one of the nonhuman primates used for biomedical research, and we can observe spontaneous formation of AD pathology, such as senile plaques (SPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), with the advance of aging. Furthermore, obesity is occasionally observed and frequently leads to development of type II DM (T2DM) in laboratory-housed cynomolgus monkeys. These findings suggest that cynomolgus monkey is a useful species to study the relationship between T2DM and AD pathology. In T2DM-affected monkey brains, SPs were observed in frontal and temporal lobe cortices almost 5 years earlier than healthy control monkeys. Moreover, age-related endocytic pathology, such as intraneuronal accumulation of enlarged endosomes, was exacerbated in T2DM-affected monkey brains. Since accumulating evidences suggest that endocytic dysfunction is involved in Aβ pathology, T2DM may aggravate age-related endocytic dysfunction, leading to the acceleration of Aβ pathology.
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23
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Dehghani R, Rahmani F, Rezaei N. MicroRNA in Alzheimer's disease revisited: implications for major neuropathological mechanisms. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:161-182. [PMID: 28941357 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) goes far beyond neurotoxicity resulting from extracellular deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques. Aberrant cleavage of amyloid precursor protein and accumulation of Aβ in the form of the plaque or neurofibrillary tangles are the known primary culprits of AD pathogenesis and target for various regulatory mechanisms. Hyper-phosphorylation of tau, a major component of neurofibrillary tangles, precipitates its aggregation and prevents its clearance. Lipid particles, apolipoproteins and lipoprotein receptors can act in favor or against Aβ and tau accumulation by altering neural membrane characteristics or dynamics of transport across the blood-brain barrier. Lipids also alter the oxidative/anti-oxidative milieu of the central nervous system (CNS). Irregular cell cycle regulation, mitochondrial stress and apoptosis, which follow both, are also implicated in AD-related neuronal loss. Dysfunction in synaptic transmission and loss of neural plasticity contribute to AD. Neuroinflammation is a final trail for many of the pathologic mechanisms while playing an active role in initiation of AD pathology. Alterations in the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in AD and their relevance to AD pathology have long been a focus of interest. Herein we focused on the precise pathomechanisms of AD in which miRNAs were implicated. We performed literature search through PubMed and Scopus using the search term: ('Alzheimer Disease') OR ('Alzheimer's Disease') AND ('microRNAs' OR 'miRNA' OR 'MiR') to reach for relevant articles. We show how a limited number of common dysregulated pathways and abnormal mechanisms are affected by various types of miRNAs in AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reihaneh Dehghani
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419783151, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Rahmani
- Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419783151, Iran
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24
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Kimura N, Yanagisawa K. Traffic jam hypothesis: Relationship between endocytic dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2018; 119:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Analysis of new therapeutic strategies for diabetes mellitus based on traditional Chinese medicine “xiaoke” formulae. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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26
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Makaraci P, Delgado Cruz M, McDermott H, Nguyen V, Highfill C, Kim K. Yeast dynamin and Ypt6 function in parallel for the endosome-to-Golgi retrieval of Snc1. Cell Biol Int 2018; 43:1137-1151. [PMID: 30080296 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein recycling is an important cellular process required for cell homeostasis. Results from prior studies have shown that vacuolar sorting protein-1 (Vps1), a dynamin homolog in yeast, is implicated in protein recycling from the endosome to the trans-Golgi Network (TGN). However, the function of Vps1 in relation to Ypt6, a master GTPase in the recycling pathway, remains unknown. The present study reveals that Vps1 physically interacts with Ypt6 if at least one of them is full-length. We found that overexpression of full-length Vps1, but not GTP hydrolysis-defective Vps1 mutants, is sufficient to rescue abnormal phenotypes of Snc1 distribution provoked by the loss of Ypt6, and vice versa. This suggests that Vps1 and Ypt6 function in parallel pathways instead of in a sequential pathway and that GTP binding/hydrolysis of Vps1 is required for proper traffic of Snc1 toward the TGN. Additionally, we identified two novel Vps1-binding partners, Vti1 and Snc2, which function for the endosome-derived vesicle fusion at the TGN. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that Vps1 plays a role in later stages of the endosome-to-TGN traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Makaraci
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901S National, Springfield, MO, 65807, USA
| | | | - Hyoeun McDermott
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901S National, Springfield, MO, 65807, USA
| | | | - Chad Highfill
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901S National, Springfield, MO, 65807, USA.,Genetics Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901S National, Springfield, MO, 65807, USA
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27
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Murray CE, Gami-Patel P, Gkanatsiou E, Brinkmalm G, Portelius E, Wirths O, Heywood W, Blennow K, Ghiso J, Holton JL, Mills K, Zetterberg H, Revesz T, Lashley T. The presubiculum is preserved from neurodegenerative changes in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:62. [PMID: 30029687 PMCID: PMC6053705 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the majority of affected brain regions the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits in the form of diffuse and neuritic plaques, tau pathology in the form of neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads and plaque-associated abnormal neurites in combination with an inflammatory response. However, the anatomical area of the presubiculum, is characterised by the presence of a single large evenly distributed ‘lake-like’ Aβ deposit with minimal tau deposition or accumulation of inflammatory markers. Post-mortem brain samples from sporadic AD (SAD) and familial AD (FAD) and two hereditary cerebral amyloid diseases, familial British dementia (FBD) and familial Danish dementia (FDD) were used to compare the morphology of the extracellular proteins deposited in the presubiculum compared to the entorhinal cortex. The level of tau pathology and the extent of microglial activation were quantitated in the two brain regions in SAD and FAD. Frozen tissue was used to investigate the Aβ species and proteomic differences between the two regions. Consistent with our previous investigations of FBD and FDD cases we were able to establish that the ‘lake-like’ pre-amyloid deposits of the presubiculum were not a unique feature of AD but they also found two non-Aβ amyloidosis. Comparing the presubiculum to the entorhinal cortex the number of neurofibrillary tangles and tau load were significantly reduced; there was a reduction in microglial activation; there were differences in the Aβ profiles and the investigation of the whole proteome showed significant changes in different protein pathways. In summary, understanding why the presubiculum has a different morphological appearance, biochemical and proteomic makeup compared to surrounding brain regions severely affected by neurodegeneration could lead us to understanding protective mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases.
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28
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Mañucat-Tan NB, Saadipour K, Wang YJ, Bobrovskaya L, Zhou XF. Cellular Trafficking of Amyloid Precursor Protein in Amyloidogenesis Physiological and Pathological Significance. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:812-830. [PMID: 29797184 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of excess intracellular or extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) is one of the key pathological events in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ is generated from the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by beta secretase-1 (BACE1) and gamma secretase (γ-secretase) within the cells. The endocytic trafficking of APP facilitates amyloidogenesis while at the cell surface, APP is predominantly processed in a non-amyloidogenic manner. Several adaptor proteins bind to both APP and BACE1, regulating their trafficking and recycling along the secretory and endocytic pathways. The phosphorylation of APP at Thr668 and BACE1 at Ser498, also influence their trafficking. Neurotrophins and proneurotrophins also influence APP trafficking through their receptors. In this review, we describe the molecular trafficking pathways of APP and BACE1 that lead to Aβ generation, the involvement of different signaling molecules or adaptor proteins regulating APP and BACE1 subcellular localization. We have also discussed how neurotrophins could modulate amyloidogenesis through their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noralyn Basco Mañucat-Tan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
| | - Khalil Saadipour
- Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology and Neuroscience, and Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Larisa Bobrovskaya
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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29
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Reitz C. Retromer Dysfunction and Neurodegenerative Disease. Curr Genomics 2018; 19:279-288. [PMID: 29755290 PMCID: PMC5930449 DOI: 10.2174/1389202919666171024122809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, genomic, animal and cell biology studies have implicated deficiencies in retromer-mediated trafficking of proteins in an increasing number of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Frontotemporal Lobar Degener-ation (FTLD). The retromer complex, which is highly conserved across all eukaryotes, regulates the sorting of transmembrane proteins out of endo-somes to the cell surface or to the trans-Golgi network. Within retromer, cargo selection and binding are performed by a trimer of the Vps26, Vps29 and Vps35 proteins, named the "Cargo-Selective Complex (CSC)". Sorting of cargo into tubules for distribution to the trans-Golgi network or the cell sur-face is achieved through the dimeric sorting nexin (SNX) component of retromer and accessory proteins such as the WASH complex which medi-ates the formation of discrete endosomal tubules enabling the sorting of cargo into distinct pathways through production of filamentous actin patch-es. In the present article, we review the molecular structure and function of the retromer and summarize the evidence linking retromer dysfunction to neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Reitz
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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30
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BACE1 SUMOylation increases its stability and escalates the protease activity in Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:3954-3959. [PMID: 29581300 PMCID: PMC5899489 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800498115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACE1 is a rate-limiting enzyme for amyloid beta polypeptide production, which plays a crucial role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, how this essential protease is posttranslationally regulated remains incompletely understood. In the current study, we show that K501 residue on BACE1, a ubiquitin modification site, is also competitively SUMOylated. We discovered that SUMOylation of BACE1 augments its stability and enzymatic activity, resulting in senile plaque formation and cognitive defect. Identification of the posttranslational modification on BACE1 provides insight into the molecular mechanism in AD. Amyloid beta (Aβ) is a major pathological marker in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is principally regulated by the rate-limiting β-secretase (i.e., BACE1) cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP). However, how BACE1 activity is posttranslationally regulated remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that BACE1 is predominantly SUMOylated at K501 residue, which escalates its protease activity and stability and subsequently increases Aβ production, leading to cognitive defect seen in the AD mouse model. Compared with a non-SUMOylated K501R mutant, injection of wild-type BACE1 significantly increases Aβ production and triggers cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, overexpression of wild-type BACE1, but not non-SUMOylated K501R mutant, facilitates senile plaque formation and aggravates the cognitive deficit seen in the APP/PS1 AD mouse model. Together, our data strongly suggest that K501 SUMOylation on BACE1 plays a critical role in mediating its stability and enzymatic activity.
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31
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Zhang H, Huang T, Hong Y, Yang W, Zhang X, Luo H, Xu H, Wang X. The Retromer Complex and Sorting Nexins in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:79. [PMID: 29632483 PMCID: PMC5879135 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The retromer complex and associated sorting nexins (SNXs) comprise a critical trafficking machinery which mediates endosomal protein sorting. Retromer and/or SNX dysfunction has been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Down’s syndrome (DS). In AD, deficiency of the retromer complex or its cargo proteins impairs endosomal trafficking of amyloid precursor protein (APP), resulting in the overproduction of β-amyloid (Aβ). Several SNX components directly interact with APP or APP-cleaving enzymes (β- and γ-secretases) to regulate amyloidogenic APP processing and Aβ generation. In addition, PD-linked mutations in retromer components cause mistrafficking of retromer cargo proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction, and dysregulation retromer-mediated trafficking has been considered as an important cause of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs). Moreover, SNX27 deficiency is an important contributor for synaptic and cognitive impairment in DS. Here we review recent findings describing the retromer complex and/or SNXs-mediated endosomal sorting in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Timothy Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Yujuan Hong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Weijie Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Xin Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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32
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Xu S, Nigam SM, Brodin L. Overexpression of SNX3 Decreases Amyloid-β Peptide Production by Reducing Internalization of Amyloid Precursor Protein. NEURODEGENER DIS 2018; 18:26-37. [PMID: 29414832 DOI: 10.1159/000486199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorting nexins (SNXs) have diverse functions in protein sorting and membrane trafficking. Recently, single-nucleotide polymorphisms in SNX3 were found to be associated with Alzheimer disease. However, it remains unknown whether SNX3 participates in amyloid (A)β peptide production. OBJECTIVE To examine the role of SNX3 in Aβ production and APP processing. METHODS The effect of increased expression of SNX3 was studied in HEK293T cells. Aβ peptides were measured by immunoassay. Protein-protein association was analyzed by a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay. APP uptake was measured with an α-bungarotoxin-binding assay, and flow cytometry was used to measure cell surface APP levels. RESULTS We found that overexpression of SNX3 in HEK293T cells decreases the levels of secreted Aβ and soluble N-terminal APP fragments (sAPPβ). The reduction correlated with a decreased association of APP with BACE1, as revealed by BiFC. This effect may, in part, be explained by a reduced internalization of APP; SNX3 overexpression reduced APP internalization as determined by an α-bungarotoxin-binding assay, and caused increased APP levels on the cell surface, as shown by flow cytometry. In addition, SNX3 overexpression increased the cellular levels of full-length APP. CONCLUSION These results provide evidence that SNX3 regulates Aβ production by influencing the internalization of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saket M Nigam
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lennart Brodin
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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33
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Makaraci P, Kim K. trans-Golgi network-bound cargo traffic. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:137-149. [PMID: 29398202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cargo following the retrograde trafficking are sorted at endosomes to be targeted the trans-Golgi network (TGN), a central receiving organelle. Though molecular requirements and their interaction networks have been somewhat established, the complete understanding of the intricate nature of their action mechanisms in every step of the retrograde traffic pathway remains unachieved. This review focuses on elucidating known functions of key regulators, including scission factors at the endosome and tethering/fusion mediators at the receiving dock, TGN, as well as a diverse range of cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Makaraci
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO 65807, USA
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO 65807, USA.
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34
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Xu S, Zhang L, Brodin L. Overexpression of SNX7 reduces Aβ production by enhancing lysosomal degradation of APP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:12-19. [PMID: 29080748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal production of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) by proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) is thought to be central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although many efforts have been made to investigate mechanisms that regulate APP processing, many details remain incompletely understood. Sorting nexins (SNXs) are a family of proteins which are involved in many intracellular trafficking events. Several SNXs have been implicated in APP processing and Aβ production. In this study, we extended the investigation to SNX7. We found that overexpression of SNX7 in HEK293T cells reduces the levels of secreted Aβ and β-cleaved N-terminal APP fragments (sAPPβ). Moreover, SNX7 overexpression caused a significant reduction of the steady-state levels of APP as well as of the cell surface APP levels. By using NH4Cl and Bafilomycin A1 to inhibit the lysosomal degradative pathway, we found that the reduction of APP induced by SNX7 overexpression was prevented by such inhibition. No change in the cell surface distribution or steady-state levels of BACE1 was detected after overexpression of SNX7. Taken together, these results suggest that SNX7 regulates Aβ production by directing APP for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Brodin
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Nixon RA. Amyloid precursor protein and endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: inseparable partners in a multifactorial disease. FASEB J 2017; 31:2729-2743. [PMID: 28663518 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities of the endosomal-lysosomal network (ELN) are a signature feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These include the earliest known cytopathology that is specific to AD and that affects endosomes and induces the progressive failure of lysosomes, each of which are directly linked by distinct mechanisms to neurodegeneration. The origins of ELN dysfunction and β-amyloidogenesis closely overlap, which reflects their common genetic basis, the established early involvement of endosomes and lysosomes in amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and clearance, and the pathologic effect of certain APP metabolites on ELN functions. Genes that promote β-amyloidogenesis in AD (APP, PSEN1/2, and APOE4) have primary effects on ELN function. The importance of primary ELN dysfunction to pathogenesis is underscored by the mutations in more than 35 ELN-related genes that, thus far, are known to cause familial neurodegenerative diseases even though different pathogenic proteins may be involved. In this article, I discuss growing evidence that implicates AD gene-driven ELN disruptions as not only the antecedent pathobiology that underlies β-amyloidogenesis but also as the essential partner with APP and its metabolites that drive the development of AD, including tauopathy, synaptic dysfunction, and neurodegeneration. The striking amelioration of diverse deficits in animal AD models by remediating ELN dysfunction further supports a need to integrate APP and ELN relationships, including the role of amyloid-β, into a broader conceptual framework of how AD arises, progresses, and may be effectively therapeutically targeted.-Nixon, R. A. Amyloid precursor protein and endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: inseparable partners in a multifactorial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA; .,Department of Psychiatry and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Dysregulation of intracellular trafficking and endosomal sorting in Alzheimer's disease: controversies and unanswered questions. Biochem J 2017; 473:1977-93. [PMID: 27407168 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brain consisting of an aggregated form of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) derived from sequential amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by membrane-bound proteases β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase. The initial processing of APP by BACE1 is re-gulated by intracellular sorting events of the enzyme, which is a prime target for therapeutic intervention. GWAS (genome-wide sequencing studies) have identified several AD-susceptibility genes that are associated with the regulation of membrane trafficking, and substantial evidence now indicates that AD is likely to arise from defective membrane trafficking in either or both of the secretory and endocytic pathways. Considerable progress has been made in defining the intracellular trafficking pathways of BACE1 and APP and the sorting signals of these membrane proteins that define their itineraries. In this review we highlight recent advances in understanding the regulation of the intracellular sorting of BACE1 and APP, discuss how dysregulation of these trafficking events may lead to enhanced generation of the neurotoxic Aβ products in AD and highlight the unresolved questions in the field.
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Wang Y, MacDonald RG, Thinakaran G, Kar S. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-II/Cation-Independent Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:2636-2658. [PMID: 26993302 PMCID: PMC5901910 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9849-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor II/mannose 6-phosphate (IGF-II/M6P) receptor is a multifunctional single transmembrane glycoprotein. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the structure, ligand-binding properties, and trafficking of the IGF-II/M6P receptor. This receptor has been implicated in a variety of important cellular processes including growth and development, clearance of IGF-II, proteolytic activation of enzymes, and growth factor precursors, in addition to its well-known role in the delivery of lysosomal enzymes. The IGF-II/M6P receptor, distributed widely in the central nervous system, has additional roles in mediating neurotransmitter release and memory enhancement/consolidation, possibly through activating IGF-II-related intracellular signaling pathways. Recent studies suggest that overexpression of the IGF-II/M6P receptor may have an important role in regulating the levels of transcripts and proteins involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-the prevalent cause of dementia affecting the elderly population in our society. It is reported that IGF-II/M6P receptor overexpression can increase the levels/processing of amyloid precursor protein leading to the generation of β-amyloid peptide, which is associated with degeneration of neurons and subsequent development of AD pathology. Given the significance of the receptor in mediating the transport and functioning of the lysosomal enzymes, it is being considered for therapeutic delivery of enzymes to the lysosomes to treat lysosomal storage disorders. Notwithstanding these results, additional studies are required to validate and fully characterize the function of the IGF-II/M6P receptor in the normal brain and its involvement in various neurodegenerative disorders including AD. It is also critical to understand the interaction between the IGF-II/M6P receptor and lysosomal enzymes in neurodegenerative processes, which may shed some light on developing approaches to detect and prevent neurodegeneration through the dysfunction of the receptor and the endosomal-lysosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M8, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - R G MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - G Thinakaran
- Departments of Neurobiology, Neurology, and Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - S Kar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M8, Canada.
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M8, Canada.
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Kim NY, Cho MH, Won SH, Kang HJ, Yoon SY, Kim DH. Sorting nexin-4 regulates β-amyloid production by modulating β-site-activating cleavage enzyme-1. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:4. [PMID: 28109317 PMCID: PMC5251330 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is cleaved by β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) to produce β-amyloid (Aβ), a critical pathogenic peptide in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ generation can be affected by the intracellular trafficking of APP or its related secretases, which is thus important to understanding its pathological alterations. Although sorting nexin (SNX) family proteins regulate this trafficking, the relevance and role of sorting nexin-4 (SNX4) regarding AD has not been studied yet. METHODS In this study, human brain tissue and APP/PS1 mouse brain tissue were used to check the disease relevance of SNX4. To investigate the role of SNX4 in AD pathogenesis, several experiments were done, such as coimmunoprecipitation, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and gradient fractionation. RESULTS We found that SNX4 protein levels changed in the brains of patients with AD and of AD model mice. Overexpression of SNX4 significantly increased the levels of BACE1 and Aβ. Downregulation of SNX4 had the opposite effect. SNX4 interacts with BACE1 and prevents BACE1 trafficking to the lysosomal degradation system, resulting in an increased half-life of BACE1 and increased production of Aβ. CONCLUSIONS We show that SNX4 regulates BACE1 trafficking. Our findings suggest novel therapeutic implications of modulating SNX4 to regulate BACE1-mediated β-processing of APP and subsequent Aβ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Young Kim
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Lab (ADEL), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Brain Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, SongPa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.,Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Hyang Cho
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Lab (ADEL), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Brain Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, SongPa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.,Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se-Hoon Won
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Lab (ADEL), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Brain Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, SongPa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.,Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoe-Jin Kang
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Lab (ADEL), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Brain Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, SongPa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.,Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Yoon
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Lab (ADEL), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Brain Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, SongPa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea. .,Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Dong-Hou Kim
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Lab (ADEL), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Brain Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, SongPa-Gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea. .,Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Yamaguchi T, Yamauchi Y, Furukawa K, Ohmi Y, Ohkawa Y, Zhang Q, Okajima T, Furukawa K. Expression of B4GALNT1, an essential glycosyltransferase for the synthesis of complex gangliosides, suppresses BACE1 degradation and modulates APP processing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34505. [PMID: 27687691 PMCID: PMC5043288 DOI: 10.1038/srep34505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia characterized by the extracellular accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides, which are produced by proteolytic cleavages of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Gangliosides are involved in AD pathophysiology including Aβ deposition and APP processing, yet the detailed mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we examined how changes in the carbohydrate moiety of gangliosides alter APP processing in human melanoma cells, neuroectoderm-derived cells. We showed that forced expression of GD2, GM2 or GM1 (by introducing B4GALNT1 cDNA into cells not expressing this glycosyltransferase) results in increases of α- and β-site cleavages of APP with a prominent increase in β-cleavage. We also showed that β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) protein is highly protected from the degradation in cells expressing these gangliosides, thereby increasing the expression of this protein. Unexpectedly, adding gangliosides exogenously altered neither BACE1 levels nor β-site cleavage. The stabilisation of BACE1 protein led to the increase of this protein in lipid rafts, where BACE1 processes APP. Based on the current results, we propose a hitherto undisclosed link between ganglioside expression and AD; the expression of B4GALNT1 positively regulates the β-site cleavage by mainly inhibiting the lysosomal degradation of BACE1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokiaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Keiko Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Science, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Yuhsuke Ohmi
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohkawa
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Science, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Okajima
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Koichi Furukawa
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Science, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
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Li Q, Li X, Wang L, Zhang Y, Chen L. miR-98-5p Acts as a Target for Alzheimer's Disease by Regulating Aβ Production Through Modulating SNX6 Expression. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:413-420. [PMID: 27541017 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0815-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) in the brain of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients is believed to be the main pathological feature of the disease. Meanwhile, miR-98-5p dysregulation was found in AD. However, whether miR-98-5p is involved in the accumulation of Aβ in AD, the underlying molecule mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we confirmed that miR-98-5p negatively regulated sorting nexin 6 (SNX6) expression by targeting the 3'-UTR of SNX6 mRNA. Downregulation of miR-98-5p alleviated Aβ-induced viability inhibition and decreased apoptosis in SK-N-SH and SH-SY5Y cells by upregulating SNX6 expression. Furthermore, downregulation of miR-98-5p decreased SNX6-dependent levels of Aβ40, Aβ42, β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), soluble amyloid precursor protein β (sAPPβ), and membrane-associated APP β-carboxyl terminal fragment (βCTF) in SK-N-SH and HEK293 cells. Our findings demonstrate that miR-98-5p modulates SNX6 expression and thus plays a critical role in accumulation of Aβ. Therefore, miR-98-5p may be a novel therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xidong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121000, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shenyang General Hospital of PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121000, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, 5-2 People Street, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121000, People's Republic of China.
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41
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Post-translational regulation of the β-secretase BACE1. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:170-177. [PMID: 27086128 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
β-Secretase, widely known as β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), is a membrane-associated protease that cleaves amyloid precursor protein (APP) to generate amyloid β-protein (Aβ). As this cleavage is a pathologically relevant event in Alzheimer's disease, BACE1 is considered a viable therapeutic target. BACE1 can be regulated at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. Elucidation of the regulatory pathways of BACE1 is critical, not only for understanding the pathological mechanisms of AD but also developing effective therapeutic strategies to inhibit activity of the protease. This mini-review focuses on the post-translational regulation of BACE1, as modulation at this level is closely associated with both physiological and pathological conditions. Current knowledge on the mechanisms underlying such BACE1 regulation and their implications for therapy are discussed.
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42
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Zhao J, Deng Y, Jiang Z, Qing H. G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in Alzheimer's Disease: A Focus on BACE1 Related GPCRs. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:58. [PMID: 27047374 PMCID: PMC4805599 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been considered as one of the largest families of validated drug targets, which involve in almost overall physiological functions and pathological processes. Meanwhile, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, affects thinking, learning, memory and behavior of elderly people, that has become the hotspot nowadays for its increasing risks and incurability. The above fields have been intensively studied, and the link between the two has been demonstrated, whereas the way how GPCRs perturb AD progress are yet to be further explored given their complexities. In this review, we summarized recent progress regarding the GPCRs interacted with β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), a key secretase in AD pathogenesis. Then we discussed the current findings on the regulatory roles of GPCRs on BACE1, and the possibility for pharmaceutical treatment of AD patients by the allosteric modulators and biased ligands of GPCRs. We hope this review can provide new insights into the understanding of mechanistic link between GPCRs and BACE1, and highlight the potential of GPCRs as therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
| | - Zhaotan Jiang
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
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Ueda N, Tomita T, Yanagisawa K, Kimura N. Retromer and Rab2-dependent trafficking mediate PS1 degradation by proteasomes in endocytic disturbance. J Neurochem 2016; 137:647-58. [PMID: 26896628 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that endocytic pathway deficits are involved in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Several reports show that endocytic disturbance affects β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) cleavage from β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). Presenilin-1 (PS1) is the catalytic core of the γ-secretase complex required for Aβ generation. Previously, we showed that aging induces endocytic disturbance, resulting in the accumulation of Aβ and APP in enlarged endosomes. It remains unclear, however, whether PS1 localization and function are affected with endocytic disturbance. Here, we report that in endocytic disturbance, PS1 is transported from endosomes to ER/Golgi compartments via retromer trafficking, and that PS1 interacts with vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 35 both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, PS1 is degraded by proteasomes via a Rab2-dependent trafficking pathway, only during endocytic disturbance. These findings suggest that PS1 levels and localization in endosomes are regulated by retromer trafficking and ER-associated degradation system, even if endocytic disturbance significantly induces the endosomal accumulation of APP and β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1. Results of this study also suggest that retromer deficiency can affect PS1 localization in endosomes, where Aβ cleavage mainly occurs, possibly leading to enhanced Aβ pathology. We proposed the following mechanism for intracellular transport of presenilin-1 (PS1). When endosome/lysosome trafficking is disturbed, PS1 is transported from endosome to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi compartments via retromer and Rab2-mediated trafficking, and then degraded by endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD). Perturbations in this trafficking can cause abnormal endosomal accumulation of PS1, and then may lead to exacerbated Aβ pathology. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13318.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Ueda
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Aichi, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yanagisawa
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kimura
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Aichi, Japan
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Li C, Shah SZA, Zhao D, Yang L. Role of the Retromer Complex in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:42. [PMID: 26973516 PMCID: PMC4772447 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The retromer complex is a protein complex that plays a central role in endosomal trafficking. Retromer dysfunction has been linked to a growing number of neurological disorders. The process of intracellular trafficking and recycling is crucial for maintaining normal intracellular homeostasis, which is partly achieved through the activity of the retromer complex. The retromer complex plays a primary role in sorting endosomal cargo back to the cell surface for reuse, to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), or alternatively to specialized endomembrane compartments, in which the cargo is not subjected to lysosomal-mediated degradation. In most cases, the retromer acts as a core that interacts with associated proteins, including sorting nexin family member 27 (SNX27), members of the vacuolar protein sorting 10 (VPS10) receptor family, the major endosomal actin polymerization-promoting complex known as Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and scar homolog (WASH), and other proteins. Some of the molecules carried by the retromer complex are risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases. Defects such as haplo-insufficiency or mutations in one or several units of the retromer complex lead to various pathologies. Here, we summarize the molecular architecture of the retromer complex and the roles of this system in intracellular trafficking related the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaosi Li
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
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Amyloid β-protein oligomers upregulate the β-secretase, BACE1, through a post-translational mechanism involving its altered subcellular distribution in neurons. Mol Brain 2015; 8:73. [PMID: 26552445 PMCID: PMC4638102 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background β-Site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a membrane-bound aspartyl protease that initiates amyloid β-protein (Aβ) generation. Aberrant elevation of BACE1 levels in brains of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients may involve Aβ. In the present study, we used a neuron culture model system to investigate the effects of Aβ on BACE1 expression as well as the underlying mechanisms. Results Rat primary cortical neurons were treated with relatively low concentrations (2.5 μM) of Aβ42 oligomers (Aβ-O) or fibrils (Aβ-F) for 2–3 days. Aβ-O induced a significant increase in protein levels of BACE1, while Aβ-F only had a marginal effect. Levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the major α-secretase, ADAM10, remained unaltered upon treatment with both types of Aβ. Aβ-O treatment resulted in activation of eIF2α and caspase 3 in a time-dependent manner, with no changes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker, GRP78, indicating that a typical ER stress response is not induced under our experimental conditions. Furthermore, Aβ-O did not affect BACE1 mRNA expression but augmented the levels of exogenous BACE1 expressed via recombinant adenoviruses, indicating regulation of BACE1 protein expression, not at the transcriptional or translational but the post-translational level. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that Aβ-O causes a significant increase in BACE1 immunoreactivity in neurites (both axons and dendrites), but not soma of neurons; this change appears relevant to the mechanism of Aβ-O-induced BACE1 elevation, which may involve impairment of BACE1 trafficking and degradation. In contrast, Aβ-O had no effect on APP immunoreactivity. Conclusion Our results collectively suggest that Aβ oligomers induce BACE1 elevation via a post-translational mechanism involving its altered subcellular distribution in neurons, which possibly triggers a vicious cycle of Aβ generation, thus contributing to the pathogenetic mechanism of AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-015-0163-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Sadigh-Eteghad S, Askari-Nejad MS, Mahmoudi J, Majdi A. Cargo trafficking in Alzheimer’s disease: the possible role of retromer. Neurol Sci 2015; 37:17-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Abstract
The retromer complex is an important component of the endosomal protein sorting machinery and mediates protein cargoes from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) by retrograde pathway or to the cell surface through recycling pathway. Studies show that retromer and its receptors can make amyloid precursor protein (APP)/β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) away endosomes that reduces the production of amyloid β (Aβ). And, tetramer is also found to regulate phagocytic receptors to the plasma membrane of microglia, where some phagocytic receptors take part in Aβ clearance. Therefore, disruption of retromer will increase the production of Aβ. Recently, a plausible relationship between disturbance of retromer and tauopathies is raised. Retromer dysfunction may result in decreasing the clearance of extracellular tau and the level of cathepsin D, which enables tau-induced neurotoxicity. This review article summarizes the structure and function of retromer and its role in pathogenesis of AD. In the end, retromer may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD.
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Feng T, Niu M, Ji C, Gao Y, Wen J, Bu G, Xu H, Zhang YW. SNX15 Regulates Cell Surface Recycling of APP and Aβ Generation. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3690-3701. [PMID: 26115702 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9306-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is generated from amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) through sequential proteolytic cleavages by β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase. Trafficking dysregulation of APP, BACE1, and γ-secretase may affect Aβ generation and disease pathogenesis. Sorting nexin 15 (SNX15) is known to regulate protein trafficking. Here, we report that SNX15 is abundantly expressed in mouse neurons and astrocytes. In addition, we show that although not affecting the protein levels of APP, BACE1, and γ-secretase components and the activity of BACE1 and γ-secretase, overexpression and downregulation of SNX15 reduce and promote Aβ production, respectively. Furthermore, we find that overexpression of SNX15 increases APP protein levels in cell surface through accelerating APP recycling, whereas downregulation of SNX15 has an opposite effect. Finally, we show that exogenous expression of human SNX15 in the hippocampal dentate gyrus by adeno-associated virus (AAV) infection can significantly reduce Aβ pathology in the hippocampus and improve short-term working memory in the APPswe/PSEN1dE9 double transgenic AD model mice. Together, our results suggest that SNX15 regulates the recycling of APP to cell surface and, thus, its processing for Aβ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuancheng Feng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Mengmeng Niu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chengxiang Ji
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yuehong Gao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Guojun Bu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Degenerative Disease Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- Degenerative Disease Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Chi RJ, Harrison MS, Burd CG. Biogenesis of endosome-derived transport carriers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3441-3455. [PMID: 26022064 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sorting of macromolecules within the endosomal system is vital for physiological control of nutrient homeostasis, cell motility, and proteostasis. Trafficking routes that export macromolecules from the endosome via vesicle and tubule transport carriers constitute plasma membrane recycling and retrograde endosome-to-Golgi pathways. Proteins of the sorting nexin family have been discovered to function at nearly every step of endosomal transport carrier biogenesis and it is becoming increasingly clear that they form the core machineries of cargo-specific transport pathways that are closely integrated with cellular physiology. Here, we summarize recent progress in elucidating the pathways that mediate the biogenesis of endosome-derived transport carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Chi
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, SHM C425B, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Megan S Harrison
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, SHM C425B, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Christopher G Burd
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, SHM C425B, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Overexpression of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor II Receptor Increases β-Amyloid Production and Affects Cell Viability. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:2368-84. [PMID: 25939386 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01338-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) peptides originating from amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the endosomal-lysosomal compartments play a critical role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common type of senile dementia affecting the elderly. Since insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) receptors facilitate the delivery of nascent lysosomal enzymes from the trans-Golgi network to endosomes, we evaluated their role in APP metabolism and cell viability using mouse fibroblast MS cells deficient in the murine IGF-II receptor and corresponding MS9II cells overexpressing the human IGF-II receptors. Our results show that IGF-II receptor overexpression increases the protein levels of APP. This is accompanied by an increase of β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 levels and an increase of β- and γ-secretase enzyme activities, leading to enhanced Aβ production. At the cellular level, IGF-II receptor overexpression causes localization of APP in perinuclear tubular structures, an increase of lipid raft components, and increased lipid raft partitioning of APP. Finally, MS9II cells are more susceptible to staurosporine-induced cytotoxicity, which can be attenuated by β-secretase inhibitor. Together, these results highlight the potential contribution of IGF-II receptor to AD pathology not only by regulating expression/processing of APP but also by its role in cellular vulnerability.
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