1
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Hill SJ, Kilpatrick LE. Kinetic analysis of fluorescent ligand binding to cell surface receptors: Insights into conformational changes and allosterism in living cells. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:4091-4102. [PMID: 37386806 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Equilibrium binding assays are one of the mainstays of current drug discovery efforts to evaluate the interaction of drugs with receptors in membranes and intact cells. However, in recent years, there has been increased focus on the kinetics of the drug-receptor interaction to gain insight into the lifetime of drug-receptor complexes and the rate of association of a ligand with its receptor. Furthermore, drugs that act on topically distinct sites (allosteric) from those occupied by the endogenous ligand (orthosteric site) can induce conformational changes in the orthosteric binding site leading to changes in the association and/or dissociation rate constants of orthosteric ligands. Conformational changes in the orthosteric ligand binding site can also be induced through interaction with neighbouring accessory proteins and receptor homodimerisation and heterodimerisation. In this review, we provide an overview of the use of fluorescent ligand technologies to interrogate ligand-receptor kinetics in living cells and the novel insights that they can provide into the conformational changes induced by drugs acting on a variety of cell surface receptors including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and cytokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Laura E Kilpatrick
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
- Division of Bimolecular Science and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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2
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Pinto MF, Sirina J, Holliday ND, McWhirter CL. High-throughput kinetics in drug discovery. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2024; 29:100170. [PMID: 38964171 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2024.100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The importance of a drug's kinetic profile and interplay of structure-kinetic activity with PK/PD has long been appreciated in drug discovery. However, technical challenges have often limited detailed kinetic characterization of compounds to the latter stages of projects. This review highlights the advances that have been made in recent years in techniques, instrumentation, and data analysis to increase the throughput of detailed kinetic and mechanistic characterization, enabling its application earlier in the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Filipa Pinto
- Artios Pharma Ltd, B940, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3FH, United Kingdom
| | - Julija Sirina
- Excellerate Bioscience Ltd, 21 The Triangle, NG2 Business Park, Nottingham, NG2 1AE, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D Holliday
- Excellerate Bioscience Ltd, 21 The Triangle, NG2 Business Park, Nottingham, NG2 1AE, United Kingdom; School of Life Sciences, The Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L McWhirter
- Artios Pharma Ltd, B940, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3FH, United Kingdom.
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3
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White C, Rottschäfer V, Bridge L. Classical structural identifiability methodology applied to low-dimensional dynamic systems in receptor theory. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2024; 51:39-63. [PMID: 37389744 PMCID: PMC10884104 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-023-09870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Mathematical modelling has become a key tool in pharmacological analysis, towards understanding dynamics of cell signalling and quantifying ligand-receptor interactions. Ordinary differential equation (ODE) models in receptor theory may be used to parameterise such interactions using timecourse data, but attention needs to be paid to the theoretical identifiability of the parameters of interest. Identifiability analysis is an often overlooked step in many bio-modelling works. In this paper we introduce structural identifiability analysis (SIA) to the field of receptor theory by applying three classical SIA methods (transfer function, Taylor Series and similarity transformation) to ligand-receptor binding models of biological importance (single ligand and Motulsky-Mahan competition binding at monomers, and a recently presented model of a single ligand binding at receptor dimers). New results are obtained which indicate the identifiable parameters for a single timecourse for Motulsky-Mahan binding and dimerised receptor binding. Importantly, we further consider combinations of experiments which may be performed to overcome issues of non-identifiability, to ensure the practical applicability of the work. The three SIA methods are demonstrated through a tutorial-style approach, using detailed calculations, which show the methods to be tractable for the low-dimensional ODE models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivi Rottschäfer
- Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Biringer RG. Migraine signaling pathways: purine metabolites that regulate migraine and predispose migraineurs to headache. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2813-2848. [PMID: 36947357 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is a debilitating disorder that afflicts over 1 billion people worldwide, involving attacks that result in a throbbing and pulsating headache. Migraine is thought to be a neurovascular event associated with vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and neuronal activation. Understanding signaling in migraine pathology is central to the development of therapeutics for migraine prophylaxis and for mitigation of migraine in the prodrome phase before pain sets in. The fact that both vasoactivity and neural sensitization are involved in migraine indicates that agonists which promote these phenomena may very well be involved in migraine pathology. One such group of agonists is the purines, in particular, adenosine phosphates and their metabolites. This manuscript explores what is known about the relationship between these metabolites and migraine pathology and explores the potential for such relationships through their known signaling pathways. Reported receptor involvement in vasoaction and nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Gregory Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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5
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Toti KS, Campbell RG, Lee H, Salmaso V, Suresh RR, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA. Fluorescent A 2A and A 3 adenosine receptor antagonists as flow cytometry probes. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:565-578. [PMID: 35687212 PMCID: PMC10539269 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09873-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptor (AR) ligands are being developed for metabolic, cardiovascular, neurological, and inflammatory diseases and cancer. The ease of drug discovery is contingent on the availability of pharmacological tools. Fluorescent antagonist ligands for the human A2A and A3ARs were synthesized using two validated pharmacophores, 1,3-dipropyl-8-phenylxanthine and triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl)amine, which were coupled to eight reporter fluorophores: AlexaFluor, JaneliaFluor (JF), cyanine, and near infrared (NIR) dyes. The conjugates were first screened using radioligand binding in HEK293 cells expressing one of the three AR subtypes. The highest affinities at A2AAR were Ki 144-316 nM for 10, 12, and 19, and at A3AR affinity of Ki 21.6 nM for 19. Specific binding of JF646 conjugate MRS7774 12 to the HEK293 cell surface A2AAR was imaged using confocal microscopy. Compound 19 MRS7535, a triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl)amine containing a Sulfo-Cy7 NIR dye, was suitable for A3AR characterization in whole cells by flow cytometry (Kd 11.8 nM), and its bitopic interaction mode with an A3AR homology model was predicted. Given its affinity and selectivity (11-fold vs. A2AAR, ~ 50-fold vs. A1AR and A2BAR) and a good specific-to-nonspecific binding ratio, 19 could be useful for live cell or potentially a diagnostic in vivo NIR imaging tool and/or therapy targeting the A3AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran S Toti
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
- Current Address: Chemistry Department, Emory University, 1093 Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ryan G Campbell
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - Hobin Lee
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - Veronica Salmaso
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - R Rama Suresh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA.
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6
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Casadó-Anguera V, Casadó V. Unmasking allosteric binding sites: Novel targets for GPCR drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:897-923. [PMID: 35649692 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2085684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Unexpected non-apparent and hidden allosteric binding sites are non-classical and non-apparent allosteric centers in 3-D X-ray protein structures until orthosteric or allosteric ligands bind to them. The orthosteric center of one protomer that modulates binding centers of the other protomers within an oligomer is also an unexpected allosteric site. Furthermore, another partner protein can also produce these effects, acting as an unexpected allosteric modulator. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes both classical and non-classical allosterism. The authors focus on G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) oligomers as a paradigm of allosteric molecules. Moreover, they show several examples of unexpected allosteric sites such as hidden allosteric sites in a protomer that appear after the interaction with other molecules and the allosterism exerted between orthosteric sites within GPCR oligomer, emphasizing on the allosteric modulations that can occur between binding sites. EXPERT OPINION The study of these new non-classical allosteric sites will expand the diversity of allosteric control on the function of orthosteric sites within proteins, whether GPCRs or other receptors, enzymes or transporters. Moreover, the design of new drugs targeting these hidden allosteric sites or already known orthosteric sites acting as allosteric sites in protein homo- or hetero-oligomers will increase the therapeutic potential of allosterism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verònica Casadó-Anguera
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, and Institute of Biomedicine of the Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, and Institute of Biomedicine of the Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Insights into the dynamics of ligand-induced dimerisation via mathematical modelling and analysis. J Theor Biol 2022; 538:110996. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Salmaso V, Jain S, Jacobson KA. Purinergic GPCR transmembrane residues involved in ligand recognition and dimerization. Methods Cell Biol 2021; 166:133-159. [PMID: 34752329 PMCID: PMC8620127 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
We compare the GPCR-ligand interactions and highlight important residues for recognition in purinergic receptors-from both X-ray crystallographic and cryo-EM structures. These include A1 and A2A adenosine receptors, and P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors that respond to ADP and other nucleotides. These receptors are important drug discovery targets for immune, metabolic and nervous system disorders. In most cases, orthosteric ligands are represented, except for one allosteric P2Y1 antagonist. This review catalogs the residues and regions that engage in contacts with ligands or with other GPCR protomers in dimeric forms. Residues that are in proximity to bound ligands within purinergic GPCR families are correlated. There is extensive conservation of recognition motifs between adenosine receptors, but the P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors are each structurally distinct in their ligand recognition. Identifying common interaction features for ligand recognition within a receptor class that has multiple structures available can aid in the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Salmaso
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shanu Jain
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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9
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Comeo E, Trinh P, Nguyen AT, Nowell CJ, Kindon ND, Soave M, Stoddart LA, White JM, Hill SJ, Kellam B, Halls ML, May LT, Scammells PJ. Development and Application of Subtype-Selective Fluorescent Antagonists for the Study of the Human Adenosine A 1 Receptor in Living Cells. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6670-6695. [PMID: 33724031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine A1 receptor (A1AR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that provides important therapeutic opportunities for a number of conditions including congestive heart failure, tachycardia, and neuropathic pain. The development of A1AR-selective fluorescent ligands will enhance our understanding of the subcellular mechanisms underlying A1AR pharmacology facilitating the development of more efficacious and selective therapies. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and application of a novel series of A1AR-selective fluorescent probes based on 8-functionalized bicyclo[2.2.2]octylxanthine and 3-functionalized 8-(adamant-1-yl) xanthine scaffolds. These fluorescent conjugates allowed quantification of kinetic and equilibrium ligand binding parameters using NanoBRET and visualization of specific receptor distribution patterns in living cells by confocal imaging and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. As such, the novel A1AR-selective fluorescent antagonists described herein can be applied in conjunction with a series of fluorescence-based techniques to foster understanding of A1AR molecular pharmacology and signaling in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Comeo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Division of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Phuc Trinh
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anh T Nguyen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Kindon
- Division of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry and the Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Division of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, B15 2TT and University of Nottingham, Birmingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Peter J Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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10
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Barkan K, Lagarias P, Stampelou M, Stamatis D, Hoare S, Safitri D, Klotz KN, Vrontaki E, Kolocouris A, Ladds G. Pharmacological characterisation of novel adenosine A 3 receptor antagonists. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20781. [PMID: 33247159 PMCID: PMC7695835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) belongs to a family of four adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes which all play distinct roles throughout the body. A3R antagonists have been described as potential treatments for numerous diseases including asthma. Given the similarity between (adenosine receptors) orthosteric binding sites, obtaining highly selective antagonists is a challenging but critical task. Here we screen 39 potential A3R, antagonists using agonist-induced inhibition of cAMP. Positive hits were assessed for AR subtype selectivity through cAMP accumulation assays. The antagonist affinity was determined using Schild analysis (pA2 values) and fluorescent ligand binding. Structure-activity relationship investigations revealed that loss of the 3-(dichlorophenyl)-isoxazolyl moiety or the aromatic nitrogen heterocycle with nitrogen at α-position to the carbon of carboximidamide group significantly attenuated K18 antagonistic potency. Mutagenic studies supported by molecular dynamic simulations combined with Molecular Mechanics-Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area calculations identified the residues important for binding in the A3R orthosteric site. We demonstrate that K18, which contains a 3-(dichlorophenyl)-isoxazole group connected through carbonyloxycarboximidamide fragment with a 1,3-thiazole ring, is a specific A3R (< 1 µM) competitive antagonist. Finally, we introduce a model that enables estimates of the equilibrium binding affinity for rapidly disassociating compounds from real-time fluorescent ligand-binding studies. These results demonstrate the pharmacological characterisation of a selective competitive A3R antagonist and the description of its orthosteric binding mode. Our findings may provide new insights for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Barkan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Panagiotis Lagarias
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Margarita Stampelou
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Stamatis
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Sam Hoare
- Pharmechanics LLC, 14 Sunnyside Drive South, Owego, NY, 13827, USA
| | - Dewi Safitri
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
- Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, 40534, Indonesia
| | - Karl-Norbert Klotz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eleni Vrontaki
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Kolocouris
- Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.
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11
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Pineux F, Federico S, Klotz KN, Kachler S, Michiels C, Sturlese M, Prato M, Spalluto G, Moro S, Bonifazi D. Targeting G Protein-Coupled Receptors with Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes: The Case of the A 3 Adenosine Receptor. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1909-1920. [PMID: 32706529 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The A3 adenosine receptor (AR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) overexpressed in the membrane of specific cancer cells. Thus, the development of nanosystems targeting this receptor could be a strategy to both treat and diagnose cancer. Iron-filled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are an optimal platform for theranostic purposes, and the use of a magnetic field can be exploited for cancer magnetic cell sorting and thermal therapy. In this work, we have conjugated an A3 AR ligand on the surface of iron-filled CNTs with the aim of targeting cells overexpressing A3 ARs. In particular, two conjugates bearing PEG linkers of different length were designed. A docking analysis of A3 AR showed that neither CNT nor linker interferes with ligand binding to the receptor; this was confirmed by in vitro preliminary radioligand competition assays on A3 AR. Encouraged by this result, magnetic cell sorting was applied to a mixture of cells overexpressing or not the A3 AR in which our compound displayed indiscriminate binding to all cells. Despite this, it is the first time that a GPCR ligand has been anchored to a magnetic nanosystem, thus it opens the door to new applications for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Pineux
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Research College (NARC), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via L.Giorgeri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Karl-Norbert Klotz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Kachler
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carine Michiels
- Namur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), Unité de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire (URBC), University of Namur, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Mattia Sturlese
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Università degli Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via L.Giorgeri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via L.Giorgeri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Università degli Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Str. 38, 1090, Wien, Austria
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12
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White CW, Caspar B, Vanyai HK, Pfleger KDG, Hill SJ. CRISPR-Mediated Protein Tagging with Nanoluciferase to Investigate Native Chemokine Receptor Function and Conformational Changes. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:499-510.e7. [PMID: 32053779 PMCID: PMC7242902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are a major class of membrane receptors that mediate physiological and pathophysiological cellular signaling. Many aspects of receptor activation and signaling can be investigated using genetically encoded luminescent fusion proteins. However, the use of these biosensors in live cell systems requires the exogenous expression of the tagged protein of interest. To maintain the normal cellular context here we use CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology-directed repair to insert luminescent tags into the endogenous genome. Using NanoLuc and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer we demonstrate fluorescent ligand binding at genome-edited chemokine receptors. We also demonstrate that split-NanoLuc complementation can be used to investigate conformational changes and internalization of CXCR4 and that recruitment of β-arrestin2 to CXCR4 can be monitored when both proteins are natively expressed. These results show that genetically encoded luminescent biosensors can be used to investigate numerous aspects of receptor function at native expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl W White
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Australia.
| | - Birgit Caspar
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Hannah K Vanyai
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Kevin D G Pfleger
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Australia; Dimerix Limited, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
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13
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Robers MB, Friedman-Ohana R, Huber KVM, Kilpatrick L, Vasta JD, Berger BT, Chaudhry C, Hill S, Müller S, Knapp S, Wood KV. Quantifying Target Occupancy of Small Molecules Within Living Cells. Annu Rev Biochem 2020; 89:557-581. [PMID: 32208767 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-011420-092302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The binding affinity and kinetics of target engagement are fundamental to establishing structure-activity relationships (SARs) for prospective therapeutic agents. Enhancing these binding parameters for operative targets, while minimizing binding to off-target sites, can translate to improved drug efficacy and a widened therapeutic window. Compound activity is typically assessed through modulation of an observed phenotype in cultured cells. Quantifying the corresponding binding properties under common cellular conditions can provide more meaningful interpretation of the cellular SAR analysis. Consequently, methods for assessing drug binding in living cells have advanced and are now integral to medicinal chemistry workflows. In this review, we survey key technological advancements that support quantitative assessments of target occupancy in cultured cells, emphasizing generalizable methodologies able to deliver analytical precision that heretofore required reductionist biochemical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Robers
- Promega Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA; , ,
| | | | - K V M Huber
- Target Discovery Institute and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom; .,Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - L Kilpatrick
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; , .,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - J D Vasta
- Promega Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA; , ,
| | - B-T Berger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; ,
| | - C Chaudhry
- Lead Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08648, USA;
| | - S Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; , .,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - S Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; , .,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - S Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; , .,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; .,German Cancer Network (DKTK), Frankfurt/Mainz, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - K V Wood
- Promega Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA; , , .,Current affiliation: Light Bio, Inc., Mount Horeb, Wisconsin 53572, USA;
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14
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Soave M, Briddon SJ, Hill SJ, Stoddart LA. Fluorescent ligands: Bringing light to emerging GPCR paradigms. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:978-991. [PMID: 31877233 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several novel aspects of GPCR pharmacology have been described, which are thought to play a role in determining the in vivo efficacy of a compound. Fluorescent ligands have been used to study many of these, which have also required the development of new experimental approaches. Fluorescent ligands offer the potential to use the same fluorescent probe to perform a broad range of experiments, from single-molecule microscopy to in vivo BRET. This review provides an overview of the in vitro use of fluorescent ligands in further understanding emerging pharmacological paradigms within the GPCR field, including ligand-binding kinetics, allosterism and intracellular signalling, along with the use of fluorescent ligands to study physiologically relevant therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Soave
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
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15
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Chemical Probes for the Adenosine Receptors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12040168. [PMID: 31726680 PMCID: PMC6958474 DOI: 10.3390/ph12040168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the adenosine receptors has been supported by the continuous discovery of new chemical probes characterized by more and more affinity and selectivity for the single adenosine receptor subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B and A3 adenosine receptors). Furthermore, the development of new techniques for the detection of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) requires new specific probes. In fact, if in the past radioligands were the most important GPCR probes for detection, compound screening and diagnostic purposes, nowadays, increasing importance is given to fluorescent and covalent ligands. In fact, advances in techniques such as fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and fluorescent polarization, as well as new applications in flow cytometry and different fluorescence-based microscopic techniques, are at the origin of the extensive research of new fluorescent ligands for these receptors. The resurgence of covalent ligands is due in part to a change in the common thinking in the medicinal chemistry community that a covalent drug is necessarily more toxic than a reversible one, and in part to the useful application of covalent ligands in GPCR structural biology. In this review, an updated collection of available chemical probes targeting adenosine receptors is reported.
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Gregory KJ, Giraldo J, Diao J, Christopoulos A, Leach K. Evaluation of Operational Models of Agonism and Allosterism at Receptors with Multiple Orthosteric Binding Sites. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 97:35-45. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.118091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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17
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Al-Shar'i NA, Al-Balas QA. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Adenosine Receptors: Advances, Applications and Trends. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:783-816. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190304123414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
:
Adenosine receptors (ARs) are transmembrane proteins that belong to the G protein-coupled receptors
(GPCRs) superfamily and mediate the biological functions of adenosine. To date, four AR subtypes are known,
namely A1, A2A, A2B and A3 that exhibit different signaling pathways, tissue localization, and mechanisms of
activation. Moreover, the widespread ARs and their implication in numerous physiological and pathophysiological
conditions had made them pivotal therapeutic targets for developing clinically effective agents.
:
The crystallographic success in identifying the 3D crystal structures of A2A and A1 ARs has dramatically enriched
our understanding of their structural and functional properties such as ligand binding and signal transduction.
This, in turn, has provided a structural basis for a larger contribution of computational methods, particularly molecular
dynamics (MD) simulations, toward further investigation of their molecular properties and designing
bioactive ligands with therapeutic potential. MD simulation has been proved to be an invaluable tool in investigating
ARs and providing answers to some critical questions. For example, MD has been applied in studying ARs
in terms of ligand-receptor interactions, molecular recognition, allosteric modulations, dimerization, and mechanisms
of activation, collectively aiding in the design of subtype selective ligands.
:
In this review, we focused on the advances and different applications of MD simulations utilized to study the
structural and functional aspects of ARs that can foster the structure-based design of drug candidates. In addition,
relevant literature was briefly discussed which establishes a starting point for future advances in the field of drug
discovery to this pivotal group of drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizar A. Al-Shar'i
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Qosay A. Al-Balas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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18
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Mahmod Al-Qattan MN, Mordi MN. Molecular Basis of Modulating Adenosine Receptors Activities. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:817-831. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190304122624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Modulating cellular processes through extracellular chemical stimuli is medicinally an attractive approach to control disease conditions. GPCRs are the most important group of transmembranal receptors that produce different patterns of activations using intracellular mediators (such as G-proteins and Beta-arrestins). Adenosine receptors (ARs) belong to GPCR class and are divided into A1AR, A2AAR, A2BAR and A3AR. ARs control different physiological activities thus considered valuable target to control neural, heart, inflammatory and other metabolic disorders. Targeting ARs using small molecules essentially works by binding orthosteric and/or allosteric sites of the receptors. Although targeting orthosteric site is considered typical to modulate receptor activity, allosteric sites provide better subtype selectivity, saturable modulation of activity and variable activation patterns. Each receptor exists in dynamical equilibrium between conformational ensembles. The equilibrium is affected by receptor interaction with other molecules. Changing the population of conformational ensembles of the receptor is the method by which orthosteric, allosteric and other cellular components control receptor signaling. Herein, the interactions of ARs with orthosteric, allosteric ligands as well as intracellular mediators are described. A quinary interaction model for the receptor is proposed and energy wells for major conformational ensembles are retrieved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Nizam Mordi
- Centre For Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
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19
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Abstract
The kinetics of drug binding and unbinding is assuming an increasingly crucial role in the long, costly process of bringing a new medicine to patients. For example, the time a drug spends in contact with its biological target is known as residence time (the inverse of the kinetic constant of the drug-target unbinding, 1/ koff). Recent reports suggest that residence time could predict drug efficacy in vivo, perhaps even more effectively than conventional thermodynamic parameters (free energy, enthalpy, entropy). There are many experimental and computational methods for predicting drug-target residence time at an early stage of drug discovery programs. Here, we review and discuss the methodological approaches to estimating drug binding kinetics and residence time. We first introduce the theoretical background of drug binding kinetics from a physicochemical standpoint. We then analyze the recent literature in the field, starting from the experimental methodologies and applications thereof and moving to theoretical and computational approaches to the kinetics of drug binding and unbinding. We acknowledge the central role of molecular dynamics and related methods, which comprise a great number of the computational methods and applications reviewed here. However, we also consider kinetic Monte Carlo. We conclude with the outlook that drug (un)binding kinetics may soon become a go/no go step in the discovery and development of new medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bernetti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Masetti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Walter Rocchia
- CONCEPT Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- Computational Sciences Domain, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, I-16163 Genova, Italy
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20
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Sykes DA, Stoddart LA, Kilpatrick LE, Hill SJ. Binding kinetics of ligands acting at GPCRs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 485:9-19. [PMID: 30738950 PMCID: PMC6406023 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The influence of drug-receptor binding kinetics has often been overlooked during the development of new therapeutics that target G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Over the last decade there has been a growing understanding that an in-depth knowledge of binding kinetics at GPCRs is required to successfully target this class of proteins. Ligand binding to a GPCR is often not a simple single step process with ligand freely diffusing in solution. This review will discuss the experiments and equations that are commonly used to measure binding kinetics and how factors such as allosteric regulation, rebinding and ligand interaction with the plasma membrane may influence these measurements. We will then consider the molecular characteristics of a ligand and if these can be linked to association and dissociation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sykes
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Laura E Kilpatrick
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK.
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21
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Moreno E, Cavic M, Krivokuca A, Casadó V, Canela E. The Endocannabinoid System as a Target in Cancer Diseases: Are We There Yet? Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:339. [PMID: 31024307 PMCID: PMC6459931 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been placed in the anti-cancer spotlight in the last decade. The immense data load published on its dual role in both tumorigenesis and inhibition of tumor growth and metastatic spread has transformed the cannabinoid receptors CB1 (CB1R) and CB2 (CB2R), and other members of the endocannabinoid-like system, into attractive new targets for the treatment of various cancer subtypes. Although the clinical use of cannabinoids has been extensively documented in the palliative setting, clinical trials on their application as anti-cancer drugs are still ongoing. As drug repurposing is significantly faster and more economical than de novo introduction of a new drug into the clinic, there is hope that the existing pharmacokinetic and safety data on the ECS ligands will contribute to their successful translation into oncological healthcare. CB1R and CB2R are members of a large family of membrane proteins called G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). GPCRs can form homodimers, heterodimers and higher order oligomers with other GPCRs or non-GPCRs. Currently, several CB1R and CB2R-containing heteromers have been reported and, in cancer cells, CB2R form heteromers with the G protein-coupled chemokine receptor CXCR4, the G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) and the tyrosine kinase receptor (TKR) human V-Erb-B2 Avian Erythroblastic Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog 2 (HER2). These protein complexes possess unique pharmacological and signaling properties, and their modulation might affect the antitumoral activity of the ECS. This review will explore the potential of the endocannabinoid network in the anti-cancer setting as well as the clinical and ethical pitfalls behind it, and will develop on the value of cannabinoid receptor heteromers as potential new targets for anti-cancer therapies and as prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Milena Cavic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Krivokuca
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enric Canela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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22
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Kilpatrick LE, Alcobia DC, White CW, Peach CJ, Glenn JR, Zimmerman K, Kondrashov A, Pfleger KDG, Ohana RF, Robers MB, Wood KV, Sloan EK, Woolard J, Hill SJ. Complex Formation between VEGFR2 and the β 2-Adrenoceptor. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:830-841.e9. [PMID: 30956148 PMCID: PMC6593180 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important mediator of endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis via its receptor VEGFR2. A common tumor associated with elevated VEGFR2 signaling is infantile hemangioma that is caused by a rapid proliferation of vascular endothelial cells. The current first-line treatment for infantile hemangioma is the β-adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol, although its mechanism of action is not understood. Here we have used bioluminescence resonance energy transfer and VEGFR2 genetically tagged with NanoLuc luciferase to demonstrate that oligomeric complexes involving VEGFR2 and the β2-adrenoceptor can be generated in both cell membranes and intracellular endosomes. These complexes are induced by agonist treatment and retain their ability to couple to intracellular signaling proteins. Furthermore, coupling of β2-adrenoceptor to β-arrestin2 is prolonged by VEGFR2 activation. These data suggest that protein-protein interactions between VEGFR2, the β2-adrenoceptor, and β-arrestin2 may provide insight into their roles in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Kilpatrick
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Diana C Alcobia
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK; Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Carl W White
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Chloe J Peach
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Jackie R Glenn
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | | | - Alexander Kondrashov
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering & Modelling (STEM), Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Kevin D G Pfleger
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Dimerix Limited, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Erica K Sloan
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Cousins Center for Neuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Surgical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jeanette Woolard
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK.
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK.
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23
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Cortés A, Casadó-Anguera V, Moreno E, Casadó V. The heterotetrameric structure of the adenosine A 1-dopamine D 1 receptor complex: Pharmacological implication for restless legs syndrome. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2019; 84:37-78. [PMID: 31229177 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dopaminergic and purinergic signaling play a pivotal role in neurological diseases associated with motor symptoms, including Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington disease, Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS), spinal cord injury (SCI), and ataxias. Extracellular dopamine and adenosine exert their functions interacting with specific dopamine (DR) or adenosine (AR) receptors, respectively, expressed on the surface of target cells. These receptors are members of the family A of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which is the largest protein superfamily in mammalian genomes. GPCRs are target of about 40% of all current marketed drugs, highlighting their importance in clinical medicine. The striatum receives the densest dopamine innervations and contains the highest density of dopamine receptors. The modulatory role of adenosine on dopaminergic transmission depends largely on the existence of antagonistic interactions mediated by specific subtypes of DRs and ARs, the so-called A2AR-D2R and A1R-D1R interactions. Due to the dopamine/adenosine antagonism in the CNS, it was proposed that ARs and DRs could form heteromers in the neuronal cell surface. Therefore, adenosine can affect dopaminergic signaling through receptor-receptor interactions and by modulations in their shared intracellular pathways in the striatum and spinal cord. In this work we describe the allosteric modulations between GPCR protomers, focusing in those of adenosine and dopamine within the A1R-D1R heteromeric complex, which is involved in RLS. We also propose that the knowledge about the intricate allosteric interactions within the A1R-D1R heterotetramer, may facilitate the treatment of motor alterations, not only when the dopamine pathway is hyperactivated (RLS, chorea, etc.) but also when motor function is decreased (SCI, aging, PD, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Cortés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verònica Casadó-Anguera
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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24
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Casadó-Anguera V, Moreno E, Mallol J, Ferré S, Canela EI, Cortés A, Casadó V. Reinterpreting anomalous competitive binding experiments within G protein-coupled receptor homodimers using a dimer receptor model. Pharmacol Res 2018; 139:337-347. [PMID: 30472462 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been reported to be expressed in the plasma membrane as dimers. Since most ligand binding data are currently fitted by classical equations developed only for monomeric receptors, the interpretation of data could be misleading in the presence of GPCR dimers. On the other hand, the equations developed from dimer receptor models assuming the existence of two orthosteric binding sites within the dimeric molecule offer the possibility to directly calculate macroscopic equilibrium dissociation constants for the two sites, an index of cooperativity (DC) that reflects the molecular communication within the dimer and, importantly, a constant of radioligand-competitor allosteric interaction (KDAB) in competitive assays. Here, we provide a practical way to fit competitive binding data that allows the interpretation of apparently anomalous results, such as competition curves that could be either bell-shaped, monophasic or biphasic depending on the assay conditions. The consideration of a radioligand-competitor allosteric interaction allows fitting these curve patterns both under simulation conditions and in real radioligand binding experiments, obtaining competitor affinity parameters closer to the actual values. Our approach is the first that, assuming the formation of receptor homodimers, is able to explain several experimental results previously considered erroneous due to their impossibility to be fitted. We also deduce the radioligand concentration responsible for the conversion of biphasic to monophasic or to bell-shaped curves in competitive radioligand binding assays. In conclusion, bell-shaped curves in competitive binding experiments constitute evidence for GPCR homodimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verònica Casadó-Anguera
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josefa Mallol
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sergi Ferré
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, I.R.P., N.I.H., D.H.H.S., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Enric I Canela
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antoni Cortés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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25
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Jacobson KA, Merighi S, Varani K, Borea PA, Baraldi S, Tabrizi MA, Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Ciancetta A, Tosh DK, Gao ZG, Gessi S. A 3 Adenosine Receptors as Modulators of Inflammation: From Medicinal Chemistry to Therapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1031-1072. [PMID: 28682469 PMCID: PMC5756520 DOI: 10.1002/med.21456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The A3 adenosine receptor (A3 AR) subtype is a novel, promising therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriasis, as well as liver cancer. A3 AR is coupled to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, leading to modulation of transcription. Furthermore, A3 AR affects functions of almost all immune cells and the proliferation of cancer cells. Numerous A3 AR agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators have been reported, and their structure-activity relationships (SARs) have been studied culminating in the development of potent and selective molecules with drug-like characteristics. The efficacy of nucleoside agonists may be suppressed to produce antagonists, by structural modification of the ribose moiety. Diverse classes of heterocycles have been discovered as selective A3 AR blockers, although with large species differences. Thus, as a result of intense basic research efforts, the outlook for development of A3 AR modulators for human therapeutics is encouraging. Two prototypical selective agonists, N6-(3-Iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (IB-MECA; CF101) and 2-chloro-N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (Cl-IB-MECA; CF102), have progressed to advanced clinical trials. They were found safe and well tolerated in all preclinical and human clinical studies and showed promising results, particularly in psoriasis and RA, where the A3 AR is both a promising therapeutic target and a biologically predictive marker, suggesting a personalized medicine approach. Targeting the A3 AR may pave the way for safe and efficacious treatments for patient populations affected by inflammatory diseases, cancer, and other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Baraldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Romeo Romagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonella Ciancetta
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Dilip K. Tosh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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26
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Vecchio EA, Baltos JA, Nguyen ATN, Christopoulos A, White PJ, May LT. New paradigms in adenosine receptor pharmacology: allostery, oligomerization and biased agonism. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:4036-4046. [PMID: 29679502 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptors are a family of GPCRs containing four subtypes (A1 , A2A , A2B and A3 receptors), all of which bind the ubiquitous nucleoside adenosine. These receptors play an important role in physiology and pathophysiology and therefore represent attractive drug targets for a range of conditions. The theoretical framework surrounding drug action at adenosine receptors now extends beyond the notion of prototypical agonism and antagonism to encompass more complex pharmacological concepts. New paradigms include allostery, in which ligands bind a topographically distinct receptor site from that of the endogenous agonist, homomeric or heteromeric interactions across receptor oligomers and biased agonism, that is, ligand-dependent differential intracellular signalling. This review provides a concise overview of allostery, oligomerization and biased agonism at adenosine receptors and outlines how these paradigms may enhance future drug discovery endeavours focussed on the development of novel therapeutic agents acting at adenosine receptors. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Vecchio
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jo-Anne Baltos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anh T N Nguyen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul J White
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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27
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Implications for human odor sensing revealed from the statistics of odorant-receptor interactions. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006175. [PMID: 29782484 PMCID: PMC5983876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of odorants to olfactory receptors (ORs) elicits downstream chemical and neural signals, which are further processed to odor perception in the brain. Recently, Mainland and colleagues have measured more than 500 pairs of odorant-OR interaction by a high-throughput screening assay method, opening a new avenue to understanding the principles of human odor coding. Here, using a recently developed minimal model for OR activation kinetics, we characterize the statistics of OR activation by odorants in terms of three empirical parameters: the half-maximum effective concentration EC50, the efficacy, and the basal activity. While the data size of odorants is still limited, the statistics offer meaningful information on the breadth and optimality of the tuning of human ORs to odorants, and allow us to relate the three parameters with the microscopic rate constants and binding affinities that define the OR activation kinetics. Despite the stochastic nature of the response expected at individual OR-odorant level, we assess that the confluence of signals in a neuron released from the multitude of ORs is effectively free of noise and deterministic with respect to changes in odorant concentration. Thus, setting a threshold to the fraction of activated OR copy number for neural spiking binarizes the electrophysiological signal of olfactory sensory neuron, thereby making an information theoretic approach a viable tool in studying the principles of odor perception. Despite the decades of research, quantitative details of human olfaction have remained largely unexplored. However, a high-throughput measurement has recently been carried out to produce dose-response data between a set of odorants and a repertoire of human olfactory receptors. We characterized each pair of odorant-receptor interaction in terms of EC50, efficacy, and basal level, a strategy often adopted in biochemical, pharmacological sciences to describe the response of receptors to cognate ligands. The distributions of EC50 values and efficacies acquired from the analysis provide glimpses into how human olfactory receptors are tuned to odorants. Specifically, the response of human ORs is optimized around ∼ 100μM of odorant. Next, the efficacies of OR responses to odorants are bi-exponentially distributed, which indicates that the strength of odorant-OR interaction is classified into strong and weak subgroups. By showing that the stochastic response of individual receptor to odorant can effectively be binarized at cellular level through olfactory processes, we also provide a theoretical basis for an information theoretical approach in studying the principles of odor perception.
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28
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Hinz S, Navarro G, Borroto-Escuela D, Seibt BF, Ammon YC, de Filippo E, Danish A, Lacher SK, Červinková B, Rafehi M, Fuxe K, Schiedel AC, Franco R, Müller CE. Adenosine A 2A receptor ligand recognition and signaling is blocked by A 2B receptors. Oncotarget 2018; 9:13593-13611. [PMID: 29568380 PMCID: PMC5862601 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes A2A and A2B are rhodopsin-like Gs protein-coupled receptors whose expression is highly regulated under pathological, e.g. hypoxic, ischemic and inflammatory conditions. Both receptors play important roles in inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, are blocked by caffeine, and have now become major drug targets in immuno-oncology. By Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and proximity ligation assays (PLA) we demonstrated A2A-A2BAR heteromeric complex formation. Moreover we observed a dramatically altered pharmacology of the A2AAR when co-expressed with the A2BAR (A2B ≥ A2A) in recombinant as well as in native cells. In the presence of A2BARs, A2A-selective ligands lost high affinity binding to A2AARs and displayed strongly reduced potency in cAMP accumulation and dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) assays. These results have major implications for the use of A2AAR ligands as drugs as they will fail to modulate the receptor in an A2A-A2B heteromer context. Accordingly, A2A-A2BAR heteromers represent novel pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Hinz
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Benjamin F Seibt
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - York-Christoph Ammon
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elisabetta de Filippo
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Azeem Danish
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Svenja K Lacher
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbora Červinková
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Muhammad Rafehi
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anke C Schiedel
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rafael Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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29
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Stoddart LA, Kilpatrick LE, Hill SJ. NanoBRET Approaches to Study Ligand Binding to GPCRs and RTKs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:136-147. [PMID: 29132917 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of fluorescent ligands for G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs) have facilitated the study of these receptors in living cells. A limitation of these ligands is potential uptake into cells and increased nonspecific binding. However, this can largely be overcome by using proximity approaches, such as bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), which localise the signal (within 10nm) to the specific receptor target. The recent engineering of NanoLuc has resulted in a luciferase variant that is smaller and significantly brighter (up to tenfold) than existing variants. Here, we review the use of BRET from N-terminal NanoLuc-tagged GPCRs or a RTK to a receptor-bound fluorescent ligand to provide quantitative pharmacology of ligand-receptor interactions in living cells in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Stoddart
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Laura E Kilpatrick
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK.
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30
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Stoddart LA, Vernall AJ, Bouzo-Lorenzo M, Bosma R, Kooistra AJ, de Graaf C, Vischer HF, Leurs R, Briddon SJ, Kellam B, Hill SJ. Development of novel fluorescent histamine H 1-receptor antagonists to study ligand-binding kinetics in living cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1572. [PMID: 29371669 PMCID: PMC5785503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The histamine H1-receptor (H1R) is an important mediator of allergy and inflammation. H1R antagonists have particular clinical utility in allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Here we have developed six novel fluorescent probes for this receptor that are very effective for high resolution confocal imaging, alongside bioluminescence resonance energy transfer approaches to monitor H1R ligand binding kinetics in living cells. The latter technology exploits the opportunities provided by the recently described bright bioluminescent protein NanoLuc when it is fused to the N-terminus of a receptor. Two different pharmacophores (mepyramine or the fragment VUF13816) were used to generate fluorescent H1R antagonists conjugated via peptide linkers to the fluorophore BODIPY630/650. Kinetic properties of the probes showed wide variation, with the VUF13816 analogues having much longer H1R residence times relative to their mepyramine-based counterparts. The kinetics of these fluorescent ligands could also be monitored in membrane preparations providing new opportunities for future drug discovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Stoddart
- Division of Pharmacology Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Andrea J Vernall
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Biomolecular Science and Medicinal Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Monica Bouzo-Lorenzo
- Division of Pharmacology Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Reggie Bosma
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, PO Box 7161, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J Kooistra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, PO Box 7161, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, PO Box 7161, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry F Vischer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, PO Box 7161, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, PO Box 7161, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Division of Pharmacology Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Barrie Kellam
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Biomolecular Science and Medicinal Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK.
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Pharmacology Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK.
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31
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Ligand Binding Dynamics for Pre-dimerised G Protein-Coupled Receptor Homodimers: Linear Models and Analytical Solutions. Bull Math Biol 2018; 81:3542-3574. [PMID: 29349610 PMCID: PMC6722261 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-017-0387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are bound together forming dimers. The implications of dimerisation for cellular signalling outcomes, and ultimately drug discovery and therapeutics, remain unclear. Consideration of ligand binding and signalling via receptor dimers is therefore required as an addition to classical receptor theory, which is largely built on assumptions of monomeric receptors. A key factor in developing theoretical models of dimer signalling is cooperativity across the dimer, whereby binding of a ligand to one protomer affects the binding of a ligand to the other protomer. Here, we present and analyse linear models for one-ligand and two-ligand binding dynamics at homodimerised receptors, as an essential building block in the development of dimerised receptor theory. For systems at equilibrium, we compute analytical solutions for total bound labelled ligand and derive conditions on the cooperativity factors under which multiphasic log dose–response curves are expected. This could help explain data extracted from pharmacological experiments that do not fit to the standard Hill curves that are often used in this type of analysis. For the time-dependent problems, we also obtain analytical solutions. For the single-ligand case, the construction of the analytical solution is straightforward; it is bi-exponential in time, sharing a similar structure to the well-known monomeric competition dynamics of Motulsky–Mahan. We suggest that this model is therefore practically usable by the pharmacologist towards developing insights into the potential dynamics and consequences of dimerised receptors.
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32
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Structural Mapping of Adenosine Receptor Mutations: Ligand Binding and Signaling Mechanisms. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:75-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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33
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Briddon SJ, Kilpatrick LE, Hill SJ. Studying GPCR Pharmacology in Membrane Microdomains: Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Comes of Age. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 39:158-174. [PMID: 29277246 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are organised within the cell membrane into highly ordered macromolecular complexes along with other receptors and signalling proteins. Understanding how heterogeneity in these complexes affects the pharmacology and functional response of these receptors is crucial for developing new and more selective ligands. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and related techniques such as photon counting histogram (PCH) analysis and image-based FCS can be used to interrogate the properties of GPCRs in these membrane microdomains, as well as their interaction with fluorescent ligands. FCS analyses fluorescence fluctuations within a small-defined excitation volume to yield information about their movement, concentration and molecular brightness (aggregation). These techniques can be used on live cells with single-molecule sensitivity and high spatial resolution. Once the preserve of specialist equipment, FCS techniques can now be applied using standard confocal microscopes. This review describes how FCS and related techniques have revealed novel insights into GPCR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Briddon
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Laura E Kilpatrick
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; Centre for Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands, UK.
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34
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Fasciani I, Pietrantoni I, Rossi M, Mannoury la Cour C, Aloisi G, Marampon F, Scarselli M, Millan MJ, Maggio R. Distinctive binding properties of the negative allosteric modulator, [ 3H]SB269,652, at recombinant dopamine D 3 receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 819:181-189. [PMID: 29223348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, employing radioligand displacement and functional coupling studies, we demonstrated that SB269,652 (N-[(1r,4r)-4-[2-(7-cyano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl)ethyl]cyclohexyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamide) interacts in an atypical manner with dopamine D3 receptor displaying a unique profile reminiscent of a negative allosteric ligand. Here, we characterized the binding of radiolabelled [3H]SB269,652 to human dopamine D3 receptor stably expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. Under saturating conditions, SB269,652 showed a KD value of ≈ 1nM. Consistent with high selectivity for human dopamine D3 receptor, [3H]SB269,652 binding was undetectable in cells expressing human dopamine D1, D2L or D4 receptors and absent in synaptosomes from dopamine D3 receptor knockout vs. wild-type mice. In contrast to saturation binding experiments, the dissociation kinetics of [3H]SB269,652 from human dopamine D3 receptors initiated with an excess of unlabelled ligand were best fitted by a bi-exponential binding model. Supporting the kinetic data, competition experiments with haloperidol, S33084 (a dopamine D3 receptor antagonist) or dopamine, were best described by a two-site model. In co-transfection experiments binding of SB269,652 to dopamine D3 receptor was able to influence the functional coupling of dopamine D2 receptor, supporting the notion that SB269,652 is a negative allosteric modulator across receptor dimers. However, because SB269,652 decreases the rate of [3H]nemonapride dissociation, the present data suggest that SB269,652 behaves as a bitopic antagonist at unoccupied dopamine D3 receptor, binding simultaneously to both orthosteric and allosteric sites, and as a pure negative allosteric modulator when receptors are occupied and it can solely bind to the allosteric site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Fasciani
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pietrantoni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mario Rossi
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Gabriella Aloisi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mark J Millan
- Centre for Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Roberto Maggio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
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Xia L, de Vries H, Yang X, Lenselink EB, Kyrizaki A, Barth F, Louvel J, Dreyer MK, van der Es D, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH. Kinetics of human cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor antagonists: Structure-kinetics relationships (SKR) and implications for insurmountable antagonism. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 151:166-179. [PMID: 29102677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
While equilibrium binding affinities and in vitro functional antagonism of CB1 receptor antagonists have been studied in detail, little is known on the kinetics of their receptor interaction. In this study, we therefore conducted kinetic assays for nine 1-(4,5-diarylthiophene-2-carbonyl)-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxamide derivatives and included the CB1 antagonist rimonabant as a comparison. For this we newly developed a dual-point competition association assay with [3H]CP55940 as the radioligand. This assay yielded Kinetic Rate Index (KRI) values from which structure-kinetics relationships (SKR) of hCB1 receptor antagonists could be established. The fast dissociating antagonist 6 had a similar receptor residence time (RT) as rimonabant, i.e. 19 and 14 min, respectively, while the slowest dissociating antagonist (9) had a very long RT of 2222 min, i.e. pseudo-irreversible dissociation kinetics. In functional assays, 9 displayed insurmountable antagonism, while the effects of the shortest RT antagonist 6 and rimonabant were surmountable. Taken together, this study shows that hCB1 receptor antagonists can have very divergent RTs, which are not correlated to their equilibrium affinities. Furthermore, their RTs appear to define their mode of functional antagonism, i.e. surmountable vs. insurmountable. Finally, based on the recently resolved hCB1 receptor crystal structure, we propose that the differences in RT can be explained by a different binding mode of antagonist 9 from short RT antagonists that is able to displace unfavorable water molecules. Taken together, these findings are of importance for future design and evaluation of potent and safe hCB1 receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizi Xia
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Henk de Vries
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Xue Yang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Eelke B Lenselink
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Athina Kyrizaki
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Francis Barth
- Sanofi-Aventis Research and Development, 371, Rue du Professeur Blayac, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 04, France
| | - Julien Louvel
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias K Dreyer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daan van der Es
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
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Pediani JD, Ward RJ, Marsango S, Milligan G. Spatial Intensity Distribution Analysis: Studies of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Oligomerisation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 39:175-186. [PMID: 29032835 PMCID: PMC5783713 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Spatial intensity distribution analysis (SpIDA) is a recently developed approach for determining quaternary structure information on fluorophore-labelled proteins of interest in situ. It can be applied to live or fixed cells and native tissue. Using confocal images, SpIDA generates fluorescence intensity histograms that are analysed by super-Poissonian distribution functions to obtain density and quantal brightness values of the fluorophore-labelled protein of interest. This allows both expression level and oligomerisation state of the protein to be determined. We describe the application of SpIDA to investigate the oligomeric state of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) at steady state and following cellular challenge, and consider how SpIDA may be used to explore GPCR quaternary organisation in pathophysiology and to stratify medicines. GPCRs may exist and function as monomers: however, abundant evidence suggests they can form dimers/oligomers. This concept has implications for drug discovery as it may offer opportunities to modulate the effects of known pharmaceuticals or identify new drug therapies. A variety of approaches have been applied to this issue from traditional biochemical techniques, via resonance energy transfer approaches to recently developed image analysis-based techniques such as SpIDA. This uses mathematical analysis of confocal microscopy images to generate quantal brightness and density information for a fluorophore-tagged receptor. SpIDA can be applied to live or fixed cells and native tissue. SpIDA has been applied to GPCRs from each of the major subfamilies to explore their oligomerisation status at steady state and their regulation by receptor density and ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Pediani
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Richard J Ward
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sara Marsango
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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A kinetic view of GPCR allostery and biased agonism. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:929-937. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Schuetz DA, de Witte WEA, Wong YC, Knasmueller B, Richter L, Kokh DB, Sadiq SK, Bosma R, Nederpelt I, Heitman LH, Segala E, Amaral M, Guo D, Andres D, Georgi V, Stoddart LA, Hill S, Cooke RM, De Graaf C, Leurs R, Frech M, Wade RC, de Lange ECM, IJzerman AP, Müller-Fahrnow A, Ecker GF. Kinetics for Drug Discovery: an industry-driven effort to target drug residence time. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:896-911. [PMID: 28412474 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A considerable number of approved drugs show non-equilibrium binding characteristics, emphasizing the potential role of drug residence times for in vivo efficacy. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the kinetics of association and dissociation of a target-ligand complex might provide crucial insight into the molecular mechanism-of-action of a compound. This deeper understanding will help to improve decision making in drug discovery, thus leading to a better selection of interesting compounds to be profiled further. In this review, we highlight the contributions of the Kinetics for Drug Discovery (K4DD) Consortium, which targets major open questions related to binding kinetics in an industry-driven public-private partnership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris A Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, UZA 2, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Yin Cheong Wong
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Knasmueller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, UZA 2, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lars Richter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, UZA 2, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daria B Kokh
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Schloß-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Kashif Sadiq
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Schloß-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Reggie Bosma
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7161, 1007 MC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Indira Nederpelt
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2300RA, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2300RA, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Segala
- Heptares Therapeutics,Biopark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Marta Amaral
- Discovery Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Dong Guo
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2300RA, The Netherlands
| | - Dorothee Andres
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Lead Discovery Berlin, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Victoria Georgi
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Lead Discovery Berlin, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Steve Hill
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Robert M Cooke
- Heptares Therapeutics,Biopark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Chris De Graaf
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7161, 1007 MC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, P.O. Box 7161, 1007 MC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Frech
- Discovery Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rebecca C Wade
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Schloß-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Cunera Maria de Lange
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2300RA, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Müller-Fahrnow
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Lead Discovery Berlin, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard F Ecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, UZA 2, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Kilpatrick LE, Friedman-Ohana R, Alcobia DC, Riching K, Peach CJ, Wheal AJ, Briddon SJ, Robers MB, Zimmerman K, Machleidt T, Wood KV, Woolard J, Hill SJ. Real-time analysis of the binding of fluorescent VEGF 165a to VEGFR2 in living cells: Effect of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and fate of internalized agonist-receptor complexes. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 136:62-75. [PMID: 28392095 PMCID: PMC5457915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important mediator of angiogenesis. Here we have used a novel stoichiometric protein-labeling method to generate a fluorescent variant of VEGF (VEGF165a-TMR) labeled on a single cysteine within each protomer of the antiparallel VEGF homodimer. VEGF165a-TMR has then been used in conjunction with full length VEGFR2, tagged with the bioluminescent protein NanoLuc, to undertake a real time quantitative evaluation of VEGFR2 binding characteristics in living cells using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). This provided quantitative information on VEGF-VEGFR2 interactions. At longer incubation times, VEGFR2 is internalized by VEGF165a-TMR into intracellular endosomes. This internalization can be prevented by the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs) cediranib, sorafenib, pazopanib or vandetanib. In the absence of RTKIs, the BRET signal is decreased over time as a consequence of the dissociation of agonist from the receptor in intracellular endosomes and recycling of VEGFR2 back to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Kilpatrick
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Diana C Alcobia
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chloe J Peach
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J Wheal
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeanette Woolard
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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40
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Ciancetta A, Jacobson KA. Structural Probing and Molecular Modeling of the A₃ Adenosine Receptor: A Focus on Agonist Binding. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030449. [PMID: 28287473 PMCID: PMC5471610 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous modulator exerting its functions through the activation of four adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes, termed A1, A2A, A2B and A3, which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. The human A3AR (hA3AR) subtype is implicated in several cytoprotective functions. Therefore, hA3AR modulators, and in particular agonists, are sought for their potential application as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and cardioprotective agents. Structure-based molecular modeling techniques have been applied over the years to rationalize the structure–activity relationships (SARs) of newly emerged A3AR ligands, guide the subsequent lead optimization, and interpret site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) data from a molecular perspective. In this review, we showcase selected modeling-based and guided strategies that were applied to elucidate the binding of agonists to the A3AR and discuss the challenges associated with an accurate prediction of the receptor extracellular vestibule through homology modeling from the available X-ray templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Ciancetta
- Molecular Recognition Section (MRS), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA.
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section (MRS), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA.
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41
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Stoddart LA, White CW, Nguyen K, Hill SJ, Pfleger KDG. Fluorescence- and bioluminescence-based approaches to study GPCR ligand binding. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:3028-37. [PMID: 26317175 PMCID: PMC5125978 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligand binding is a vital component of any pharmacologist's toolbox and allows the detailed investigation of how a molecule binds to its receptor. These studies enable the experimental determination of binding affinity of labelled and unlabelled compounds through kinetic, saturation (Kd ) and competition (Ki ) binding assays. Traditionally, these studies have used molecules labelled with radioisotopes; however, more recently, fluorescent ligands have been developed for this purpose. This review will briefly cover receptor ligand binding theory and then discuss the use of fluorescent ligands with some of the different technologies currently employed to examine ligand binding. Fluorescent ligands can be used for direct measurement of receptor-associated fluorescence using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry as well as in assays such as fluorescence polarization, where ligand binding is monitored by changes in the free rotation when a fluorescent ligand is bound to a receptor. Additionally, fluorescent ligands can act as donors or acceptors for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) with the development of assays based on FRET and time-resolved FRET (TR-FRET). Finally, we have recently developed a novel bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) ligand binding assay utilizing a small (19 kDa), super-bright luciferase subunit (NanoLuc) from a deep sea shrimp. In combination with fluorescent ligands, measurement of RET now provides an array of methodologies to study ligand binding. While each method has its own advantages and drawbacks, binding studies using fluorescent ligands are now a viable alternative to the use of radioligands. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Stoddart
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Carl W White
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Kim Nguyen
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Kevin D G Pfleger
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
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42
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Soave M, Stoddart LA, Brown A, Woolard J, Hill SJ. Use of a new proximity assay (NanoBRET) to investigate the ligand-binding characteristics of three fluorescent ligands to the human β1-adrenoceptor expressed in HEK-293 cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00250. [PMID: 27588207 PMCID: PMC4988514 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has indicated that allosteric interactions across the dimer interface of β1‐adrenoceptors may be responsible for a secondary low affinity binding conformation. Here we have investigated the potential for probe dependence, in the determination of antagonist pKi values at the human β1‐adenoceptor, which may result from such allosterism interactions. Three fluorescent β1‐adrenoceptor ligands were used to investigate this using bioluminescence energy transfer (BRET) between the receptor‐bound fluorescent ligand and the N‐terminal NanoLuc tag of a human β1‐adrenoceptor expressed in HEK 293 cells (NanoBRET). This proximity assay showed high‐affinity‐specific binding to the NanoLuc‐ β1‐adrenoceptor with each of the three fluorescent ligands yielding KD values of 87.1 ± 10 nmol/L (n = 8), 38.1 ± 12 nmol/L (n = 7), 13.4 ± 2 nmol/L (n = 14) for propranolol‐Peg8‐BY630, propranolol‐ β(Ala‐Ala)‐BY630 and CGP‐12177‐TMR, respectively. Parallel radioligand‐binding studies with 3H‐CGP12177 and TIRF microscopy, to monitor NanoLuc bioluminescence, confirmed a high cell surface expression of the NanoLuc‐ β1‐adrenoceptor in HEK 293 cells (circa 1500 fmol.mg protein−1). Following a 1 h incubation with fluorescent ligands and β1‐adrenoceptor competing antagonists, there were significant differences (P < 0.001) in the pKi values obtained for CGP20712a and CGP 12177 with the different fluorescent ligands and 3H‐CGP 12177. However, increasing the incubation time to 2 h removed these significant differences. The data obtained show that the NanoBRET assay can be applied successfully to study ligand‐receptor interactions at the human β1‐adrenoceptor. However, the study also emphasizes the importance of ensuring that both the fluorescent and competing ligands are in true equilibrium before interpretations regarding probe dependence can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Soave
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group School of Life Sciences University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2UH United Kingdom
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group School of Life Sciences University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2UH United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Brown
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd. Bio Park Welwyn Garden City AL7 3AX United Kingdom
| | - Jeanette Woolard
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group School of Life Sciences University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2UH United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group School of Life Sciences University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2UH United Kingdom
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43
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Guo D, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP. Kinetic Aspects of the Interaction between Ligand and G Protein-Coupled Receptor: The Case of the Adenosine Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:38-66. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H. Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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44
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Franco R, Martínez-Pinilla E, Lanciego JL, Navarro G. Basic Pharmacological and Structural Evidence for Class A G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Heteromerization. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:76. [PMID: 27065866 PMCID: PMC4815248 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell membrane receptors rarely work on isolation, often they form oligomeric complexes with other receptor molecules and they may directly interact with different proteins of the signal transduction machinery. For a variety of reasons, rhodopsin-like class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) seem an exception to the general rule of receptor-receptor direct interaction. In fact, controversy surrounds their potential to form homo- hetero-dimers/oligomers with other class A GPCRs; in a sense, the field is going backward instead of forward. This review focuses on the convergent, complementary and telling evidence showing that homo- and heteromers of class A GPCRs exist in transfected cells and, more importantly, in natural sources. It is time to decide between questioning the occurrence of heteromers or, alternatively, facing the vast scientific and technical challenges that class A receptor-dimer/oligomer existence pose to Pharmacology and to Drug Discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biología, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Pinilla
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias, Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de OviedoAsturias, Spain; Neurosciences Division, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of NavarraPamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de NavarraPamplona, Spain
| | - José L Lanciego
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Neurosciences Division, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of NavarraPamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de NavarraPamplona, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biología, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
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45
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Hints on the Lateralization of Dopamine Binding to D1 Receptors in Rat Striatum. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5436-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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Hoffmann C, Castro M, Rinken A, Leurs R, Hill SJ, Vischer HF. Ligand Residence Time at G-protein–Coupled Receptors—Why We Should Take Our Time To Study It. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:552-60. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.099671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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47
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Stoddart LA, Johnstone EKM, Wheal AJ, Goulding J, Robers MB, Machleidt T, Wood KV, Hill SJ, Pfleger KDG. Application of BRET to monitor ligand binding to GPCRs. Nat Methods 2015; 12:661-663. [PMID: 26030448 PMCID: PMC4488387 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) is a well-established method for investigating protein-protein interactions. Here we present a novel BRET approach to monitor ligand binding to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the surface of living cells made possible by the use of fluorescent ligands in combination with a novel bioluminescent protein (NanoLuc) that can be readily expressed on the N-terminus of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Stoddart
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth K M Johnstone
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda J Wheal
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joëlle Goulding
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Keith V Wood
- Promega Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin D G Pfleger
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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48
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Stoddart LA, Kilpatrick LE, Briddon SJ, Hill SJ. Probing the pharmacology of G protein-coupled receptors with fluorescent ligands. Neuropharmacology 2015; 98:48-57. [PMID: 25979488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors control a wide range of physiological processes and are the target for many clinically used drugs. Understanding the way in which receptors bind agonists and antagonists, their organisation in the membrane and their regulation after agonist binding are important properties which are key to developing new drugs. One way to achieve this knowledge is through the use of fluorescent ligands, which have been used to study the expression and function of receptors in endogenously expressing systems. Fluorescent ligands with appropriate imaging properties can be used in conjunction with confocal microscopy to investigate the regulation of receptors after activation. Alternatively, through the use of single molecule microscopy, they can probe the spatial organisation of receptors within the membrane. This review focuses on the techniques in which fluorescent ligands have been used and the novel aspects of G protein-coupled receptor pharmacology which have been uncovered. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Fluorescent Tools in Neuropharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Stoddart
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Laura E Kilpatrick
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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49
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Stoddart LA, Vernall AJ, Briddon SJ, Kellam B, Hill SJ. Direct visualisation of internalization of the adenosine A3 receptor and localization with arrestin3 using a fluorescent agonist. Neuropharmacology 2015; 98:68-77. [PMID: 25937210 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence based probes provide a novel way to study the dynamic internalization process of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Recent advances in the rational design of fluorescent ligands for GPCRs have been used here to generate new fluorescent agonists containing tripeptide linkers for the adenosine A3 receptor. The fluorescent agonist BY630-X-(D)-A-(D)-A-G-ABEA was found to be a highly potent agonist at the adenosine A3 receptor in both reporter gene (pEC50 = 8.48 ± 0.09) and internalization assays (pEC50 = 7.47 ± 0.11). Confocal imaging studies showed that BY630-X-(D)-A-(D)-A-G-ABEA was internalized with A3 linked to yellow fluorescent protein, which was blocked by the competitive antagonist MRS1220. Internalization of untagged adenosine A3 could also be visualized with BY630-X-(D)-A-(D)-A-G-ABEA treatment. Further, BY630-X-(D)-A-(D)-A-G-ABEA stimulated the formation of receptor-arrestin3 complexes and was found to localize with these intracellular complexes. This highly potent agonist with excellent imaging properties should be a valuable tool to study receptor internalization. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Fluorescent Tools in Neuropharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Stoddart
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Andrea J Vernall
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Barrie Kellam
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Cell Signalling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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50
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Zhang R, Kavana M. Quantitative analysis of receptor allosterism and its implication for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:763-80. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1041498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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