1
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Czaja AJ. Introducing Molecular Chaperones into the Causality and Prospective Management of Autoimmune Hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2023; 68:4098-4116. [PMID: 37755606 PMCID: PMC10570239 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones influence the immunogenicity of peptides and the activation of effector T cells, and their pathogenic roles in autoimmune hepatitis are unclear. Heat shock proteins are pivotal in the processing and presentation of peptides that activate CD8+ T cells. They can also induce regulatory B and T cells and promote immune tolerance. Tapasin and the transporter associated with antigen processing-binding protein influence the editing and loading of high-affinity peptides for presentation by class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex. Their over-expression could enhance the autoimmune response, and their deficiency could weaken it. The lysosome-associated membrane protein-2a isoform in conjunction with heat shock cognate 70 supports the importation of cytosolic proteins into lysosomes. Chaperone-mediated autophagy can then process the peptides for activation of CD4+ T cells. Over-expression of autophagy in T cells may also eliminate negative regulators of their activity. The human leukocyte antigen B-associated transcript three facilitates the expression of class II peptide receptors, inhibits T cell apoptosis, prevents T cell exhaustion, and sustains the immune response. Immunization with heat shock proteins has induced immune tolerance in experimental models and humans with autoimmune disease by inducing regulatory T cells. Therapeutic manipulation of other molecular chaperones may promote T cell exhaustion and induce tolerogenic dendritic cells. In conclusion, molecular chaperones constitute an under-evaluated family of ancillary proteins that could affect the occurrence, severity, and outcome of autoimmune hepatitis. Clarification of their contributions to the immune mechanisms and clinical activity of autoimmune hepatitis could have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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2
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Marzullo L, Turco MC, Uversky VN. What's in the BAGs? Intrinsic disorder angle of the multifunctionality of the members of a family of chaperone regulators. J Cell Biochem 2021; 123:22-42. [PMID: 34339540 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In humans, the family of Bcl-2 associated athanogene (BAG) proteins includes six members characterized by exceptional multifunctionality and engagement in the pathogenesis of various diseases. All of them are capable of interacting with a multitude of often unrelated binding partners. Such binding promiscuity and related functional and pathological multifacetedness cannot be explained or understood within the frames of the classical "one protein-one structure-one function" model, which also fails to explain the presence of multiple isoforms generated for BAG proteins by alternative splicing or alternative translation initiation and their extensive posttranslational modifications. However, all these mysteries can be solved by taking into account the intrinsic disorder phenomenon. In fact, high binding promiscuity and potential to participate in a broad spectrum of interactions with multiple binding partners, as well as a capability to be multifunctional and multipathogenic, are some of the characteristic features of intrinsically disordered proteins and intrinsically disordered protein regions. Such functional proteins or protein regions lacking unique tertiary structures constitute a cornerstone of the protein structure-function continuum concept. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the functional roles of human BAG proteins from the perspective of protein intrinsic disorder which will provide a means for understanding their binding promiscuity, multifunctionality, and relation to the pathogenesis of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liberato Marzullo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry Schola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.,Research and Development Division, BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Baronissi, Italy
| | - Maria C Turco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry Schola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy.,Research and Development Division, BIOUNIVERSA s.r.l., Baronissi, Italy
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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3
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Zhu C, Dixon KO, Newcomer K, Gu G, Xiao S, Zaghouani S, Schramm MA, Wang C, Zhang H, Goto K, Christian E, Rangachari M, Rosenblatt-Rosen O, Okada H, Mak T, Singer M, Regev A, Kuchroo V. Tim-3 adaptor protein Bat3 is a molecular checkpoint of T cell terminal differentiation and exhaustion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabd2710. [PMID: 33931442 PMCID: PMC8087420 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd2710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
T cell exhaustion has been associated with poor prognosis in persistent viral infection and cancer. Conversely, in the context of autoimmunity, T cell exhaustion has been favorably correlated with long-term clinical outcome. Understanding the development of exhaustion in autoimmune settings may provide underlying principles that can be exploited to quell autoreactive T cells. Here, we demonstrate that the adaptor molecule Bat3 acts as a molecular checkpoint of T cell exhaustion, with deficiency of Bat3 promoting a profound exhaustion phenotype, suppressing autoreactive T cell-mediated neuroinflammation. Mechanistically, Bat3 acts as a critical mTORC2 inhibitor to suppress Akt function. As a result, Bat3 deficiency leads to increased Akt activity and FoxO1 phosphorylation, indirectly promoting Prdm1 expression. Transcriptional analysis of Bat3 -/- T cells revealed up-regulation of dysfunction-associated genes, concomitant with down-regulation of genes associated with T cell effector function, suggesting that absence of Bat3 can trigger T cell dysfunction even under highly proinflammatory autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karen O Dixon
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kathleen Newcomer
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Data Sciences, DFCI, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Guangxiang Gu
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sheng Xiao
- Celsius Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sarah Zaghouani
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Markus A Schramm
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kouichiro Goto
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | | | - Manu Rangachari
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Hitoshi Okada
- Department of Biochemistry, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Tak Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Meromit Singer
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Data Sciences, DFCI, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Koch Institute and Ludwig Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Vijay Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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4
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Liu Y, Chen P, Wang H, Wu S, Zhao S, He Y, Zhou C, Hirsch FR. The landscape of immune checkpoints expression in non-small cell lung cancer: a narrative review. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:1029-1038. [PMID: 33718041 PMCID: PMC7947413 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing clinical potential of tumor immunotherapy, more and more clinical trials are undergoing with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Immune checkpoints (ICs) have been identified as crucial regulators of the immune response and have improved ICIs-inhibitor therapeutic strategies. The most important ICs in lung cancer include programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3), and Galectin-9 (GAL-9), OX-40, OX40L. However, the expression and prognostic value of these ICs are still controversial. Among them, high expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells (>50%) predicts a better therapeutic effect of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody compared to patients with low PD-L1 expression. However, only 20–30% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients seem to get benefit from immunotherapy. In order to improve the immunotherapy outcomes, more and more attention is paid to combination immunotherapy. Analyzing the co-expression of ICs can give us a more comprehensive basis for combination immunotherapy. This review article summarized our comprehensive expression of ICs based on our previous research, and analyzed their correlation with prognosis in NSCLC patients. We also provided suggestions for potentially personalized combination immunotherapy in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peixin Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengyu Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sha Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Fred R Hirsch
- Center for Thoracic Oncology, Mount Sinai Cancer, New York, NY, USA
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5
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Chen DP, Wen YH, Wang PN, Hour AL, Lin WT, Hsu FP, Wang WT. The adverse events of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation are associated with gene polymorphism within human leukocyte antigen region. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1475. [PMID: 33446692 PMCID: PMC7809291 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79369-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse reactions may still occur in some patients after receiving haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), even when choosing a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched donor. The adverse reactions of transplantation include disease relapse, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), mortality and CMV infection. However, only the relapse was discussed in our previous study. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the correlation between the gene polymorphisms within the HLA region and the adverse reactions of post-HSCT in patients with acute leukaemia (n = 176), where 72 patients were diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) and 104 were acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). The candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms were divided into three models: donor, recipient, and donor-recipient pairs and the data of ALL and AML were analysed individually. Based on the results, we found 16 SNPs associated with the survival rates, the risk of CMV infection, or the grade of GVHD in either donor, recipient, or donor-recipient matching models. In the ALL group, the rs209132 of TRIM27 in the donor group was related to CMV infection (p = 0.021), the rs213210 of RING1 in the recipient group was associated with serious GVHD (p = 0.003), and the rs2227956 of HSPA1L in the recipient group correlated with CMV infection (p = 0.001). In the AML group, the rs3130048 of BAG6 in the donor-recipient pairs group was associated with serious GVHD (p = 0.048). Moreover, these SNPs were further associated with the duration time of survival after transplantation. These results could be applied to select the best donor in HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Ping Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Hao Wen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Nan Wang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Ling Hour
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tzu Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Ping Hsu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
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6
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Nikfarjam S, Rezaie J, Kashanchi F, Jafari R. Dexosomes as a cell-free vaccine for cancer immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:258. [PMID: 33228747 PMCID: PMC7686678 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01781-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) secrete vast quantities of exosomes termed as dexosomes. Dexosomes are symmetric nanoscale heat-stable vesicles that consist of a lipid bilayer displaying a characteristic series of lipid and protein molecules. They include tetraspanins and all established proteins for presenting antigenic material such as the major histocompatibility complex class I/II (MHC I/II) and CD1a, b, c, d proteins and CD86 costimulatory molecule. Dexosomes contribute to antigen-specific cellular immune responses by incorporating the MHC proteins with antigen molecules and transferring the antigen-MHC complexes and other associated molecules to naïve DCs. A variety of ex vivo and in vivo studies demonstrated that antigen-loaded dexosomes were able to initiate potent antitumor immunity. Human dexosomes can be easily prepared using monocyte-derived DCs isolated by leukapheresis of peripheral blood and treated ex vivo by cytokines and other factors. The feasibility of implementing dexosomes as therapeutic antitumor vaccines has been verified in two phase I and one phase II clinical trials in malignant melanoma and non small cell lung carcinoma patients. These studies proved the safety of dexosome administration and showed that dexosome vaccines have the capacity to trigger both the adaptive (T lymphocytes) and the innate (natural killer cells) immune cell recalls. In the current review, we will focus on the perspective of utilizing dexosome vaccines in the context of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Nikfarjam
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1138, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., 57147, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- School of Systems Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Discovery Hall Room 182, 10900 University Blvd., VA, 20110, Manassas, USA.
| | - Reza Jafari
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1138, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., 57147, Urmia, Iran. .,Department of Immunology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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7
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Mediani L, Galli V, Carrà AD, Bigi I, Vinet J, Ganassi M, Antoniani F, Tiago T, Cimino M, Mateju D, Cereda C, Pansarasa O, Alberti S, Mandrioli J, Carra S. BAG3 and BAG6 differentially affect the dynamics of stress granules by targeting distinct subsets of defective polypeptides released from ribosomes. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:1045-1058. [PMID: 32696179 PMCID: PMC7591658 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01141-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are dynamic ribonucleoprotein granules induced by environmental stresses. They play an important role in the stress response by integrating mRNA stability, translation, and signaling pathways. Recent work has connected SG dysfunction to neurodegenerative diseases. In these diseases, SG dynamics are impaired because of mutations in SG proteins or protein quality control factors. Impaired SG dynamics and delayed SG dissolution have also been observed for SGs that accumulate misfolding-prone defective ribosomal products (DRiPs). DRiP accumulation inside SGs is controlled by a surveillance system referred to as granulostasis and encompasses the molecular chaperones VCP and the HSPB8-BAG3-HSP70 complex. BAG3 is a member of the BAG family of proteins, which includes five additional members. One of these proteins, BAG6, is functionally related to BAG3 and able to assist degradation of DRiPs. However, whether BAG6 is involved in granulostasis is unknown. We report that BAG6 is not recruited into SGs induced by different types of stress, nor does it affect SG dynamics. BAG6 also does not replace BAG3's function in SG granulostasis. We show that BAG3 and BAG6 target different subsets of DRiPs, and BAG3 binding to DRiPs is mediated by HSPB8 and HSP70. Our data support the idea that SGs are sensitive to BAG3-HSP70-bound DRiPs but not to BAG6-bound DRiPs. Additionally, only BAG3 is strongly upregulated in the stress recovery phase, when SGs dissolve. These data exclude a role for BAG6 in granulostasis and point to a more specialized function in the clearance of a specific subset of DRiPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mediani
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Veronica Galli
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Arianna Dorotea Carrà
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bigi
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jonathan Vinet
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Ganassi
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Antoniani
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Tatiana Tiago
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Cimino
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniel Mateju
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Genomic and post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Orietta Pansarasa
- Genomic and post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simon Alberti
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jessica Mandrioli
- Department of Neuroscience, St. Agostino Estense Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Serena Carra
- Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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8
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Mariotto E, Viola G, Zanon C, Aveic S. A BAG's life: Every connection matters in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 209:107498. [PMID: 32001313 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The members of the BCL-2 associated athanogene (BAG) family participate in the regulation of a variety of interrelated physiological processes, such as autophagy, apoptosis, and protein homeostasis. Under normal circumstances, the six BAG members described in mammals (BAG1-6) principally assist the 70 kDa heat-shock protein (HSP70) in protein folding; however, their role as oncogenes is becoming increasingly evident. Deregulation of the BAG multigene family has been associated with cell transformation, tumor recurrence, and drug resistance. In addition to BAG overexpression, BAG members are also involved in many oncogenic protein-protein interactions (PPIs). As such, either the inhibition of overloading BAGs or of specific BAG-client protein interactions could have paramount therapeutic value. In this review, we will examine the role of each BAG family member in different malignancies, focusing on their modular structure, which enables interaction with a variety of proteins to exert their pro-tumorigenic role. Lastly, critical remarks on the unmet needs for proposing effective BAG inhibitors will be pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mariotto
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35127 Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35128 Padova, Italy.
| | - Giampietro Viola
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35127 Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Zanon
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Sanja Aveic
- Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35128 Padova, Italy
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9
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Temme S, Temme N, Koch N. Assembly, Intracellular Transport, and Release of MHC Class II Peptide Receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1988:297-314. [PMID: 31147949 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9450-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
MHC class II molecules play a pivotal role for the induction and maintenance of immune responses against pathogens, but are also implicated in pathological conditions like autoimmune diseases or rejection of transplanted organs. Human antigen-presenting cells express three human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II isotypes (DR, DP, and DQ), which are, with the exception of DRα, composed of highly polymorphic α and β subunits. The combination of α- and β-chains results in a multitude of MHC-II αβ-heterodimers of the same isotype, but also isotype-mixed MHC class II molecules have been identified. Invariant chain chaperones the assembly of MHC-II molecules within the endoplasmatic reticulum and also facilitates the intracellular transport to MHC class II loading compartments (MIICs). MHC-II molecules are loaded with antigenic peptides and shuttled to the cell surface for inspection by CD4 T-cells. Alternatively, class-II molecules enriched on intraluminal vesicles can be released via exosomes into the extracellular space. Since some of the αβ-combinations may yield mismatched nonfunctional heterodimers, it is not entirely clear which type of HLA class II peptide receptors are transported to MIICs and found on the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells. We present techniques to inspect assembly, intracellular transport, cell surface expression, and exosomal release of MHC class II heterodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Temme
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Nadine Temme
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Norbert Koch
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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10
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Dörsam B, Reiners KS, von Strandmann EP. Cancer-derived extracellular vesicles: friend and foe of tumour immunosurveillance. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2016.0481. [PMID: 29158311 PMCID: PMC5717436 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important players of intercellular signalling mechanisms, including communication with and among immune cells. EVs can affect the surrounding tissue as well as peripheral cells. Recently, EVs have been identified to be involved in the aetiology of several diseases, including cancer. Tumour cell-released EVs or exosomes have been shown to promote a tumour-supporting environment in non-malignant tissue and, thus, benefit metastasis. The underlying mechanisms are numerous: loss of antigen expression, direct suppression of immune effector cells, exchange of nucleic acids, alteration of the recipient cells' transcription and direct suppression of immune cells. Consequently, tumour cells can subvert the host's immune detection as well as suppress the immune system. On the contrary, recent studies reported the existence of EVs able to activate immune cells, thus promoting the tumour-directed immune response. In this article, the immunosuppressive capabilities of EVs, on the one hand, and their potential use in immunoactivation and therapeutic potential, on the other hand, are discussed. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue ‘Extracellular vesicles and the tumour microenvironment’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Dörsam
- Experimental Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Street 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin S Reiners
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Biomedical Center, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Street 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Experimental Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Street 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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11
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He Y, Rozeboom L, Rivard CJ, Ellison K, Dziadziuszko R, Yu H, Zhou C, Hirsch FR. MHC class II expression in lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2017; 112:75-80. [PMID: 29191604 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy is an exciting development in lung cancer research. In this study we described major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II protein expression in lung cancer cell lines and patient tissues. METHODS We studied MHC Class II (DP, DQ, DR) (CR3/43, Abcam) protein expression in 55 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, 42 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines and 278 lung cancer patient tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS Seven (12.7%) NSCLC cell lines were positive for MHC Class II. No SCLC cell lines were found to be MHC Class II positive. We assessed 139 lung cancer samples available in the Hirsch Lab for MHC Class II. There was no positive MHC Class II staining on SCLC tumor cells. MHC Class II expression on TILs in SCLC was significantly lower than that on TILs in NSCLC (P<0.001). MHC Class II was also assessed in an additional 139 NSCLC tumor tissues from Medical University of Gdansk, Poland. Patients with positive staining of MHC Class II on TILs had longer regression-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) than those whose TILs were MHC Class II negative (2.980 years, 95% CI 1.628-4.332 vs. 1.050 years, 95% CI 0.556-1.554, P=0.028) (3.230 years, 95% CI 2.617-3.843 vs. 1.390 years, 95% CI 0.629-2.151, P=0.014). CONCLUSIONS MHC Class II was expressed both in NSCLC cell lines and tissues. However, MHC Class II was not detected in SCLC cell lines or tissue tumor cells. MHC Class II expression was lower on SCLC TILs than on NSCLC TILs. Loss of expression of MHC Class II on SCLC tumor cells and reduced expression on SCLC TILs may be a means of escaping anti-cancer immunity. Higher MHC Class II expression on TILs was correlated with better prognosis in patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayi He
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Leslie Rozeboom
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Christopher J Rivard
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Kim Ellison
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Rafal Dziadziuszko
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Hui Yu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fred R Hirsch
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.
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12
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Woo HJ, Yu C, Reifman J. Collective Genetic Interaction Effects and the Role of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169918. [PMID: 28081217 PMCID: PMC5231276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases occur when immune cells fail to develop or lose their tolerance toward self and destroy body's own tissues. Both insufficient negative selection of self-reactive T cells and impaired development of regulatory T cells preventing effector cell activation are believed to contribute to autoimmunity. Genetic predispositions center around the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II loci involved in antigen presentation, the key determinant of CD4+ T cell activation. Recent studies suggested that variants in the MHC region also exhibit significant non-additive interaction effects. However, collective interactions involving large numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) contributing to such effects are yet to be characterized. In addition, relatively little is known about the cell-type-specificity of such interactions in the context of cellular pathways. Here, we analyzed type 1 diabetes (T1D) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) genome-wide association data sets via large-scale, high-performance computations and inferred collective interaction effects involving MHC SNPs using the discrete discriminant analysis. Despite considerable differences in the details of SNP interactions in T1D and RA data, the enrichment pattern of interacting pairs in reference epigenomes was remarkably similar: statistically significant interactions were epigenetically active in cell-type combinations connecting B cells to T cells and intestinal epithelial cells, with both helper and regulatory T cells showing strong disease-associated interactions with B cells. Our results provide direct genetic evidence pointing to the important roles B cells play as antigen-presenting cells toward CD4+ T cells in the context of central and peripheral tolerance. In addition, they are consistent with recent experimental studies suggesting that the repertoire of B cell-specific self-antigens in the thymus are critical to the effective control of corresponding autoimmune activation in peripheral tissues.
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MESH Headings
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/cytology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Area Under Curve
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Epigenomics
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Humans
- Linkage Disequilibrium
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- ROC Curve
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jun Woo
- Biotechnology High-Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HJW); (JR)
| | - Chenggang Yu
- Biotechnology High-Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jaques Reifman
- Biotechnology High-Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HJW); (JR)
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13
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Pitt JM, André F, Amigorena S, Soria JC, Eggermont A, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L. Dendritic cell-derived exosomes for cancer therapy. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1224-32. [PMID: 27035813 DOI: 10.1172/jci81137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DC-derived exosomes (Dex) are nanometer-sized membrane vesicles that are secreted by the sentinel antigen-presenting cells of the immune system: DCs. Like DCs, the molecular composition of Dex includes surface expression of functional MHC-peptide complexes, costimulatory molecules, and other components that interact with immune cells. Dex have the potential to facilitate immune cell-dependent tumor rejection and have distinct advantages over cell-based immunotherapies involving DCs. Accordingly, Dex-based phase I and II clinical trials have been conducted in advanced malignancies, showing the feasibility and safety of the approach, as well as the propensity of these nanovesicles to mediate T and NK cell-based immune responses in patients. This Review will evaluate the interactions of Dex with immune cells, their clinical progress, and the future of Dex immunotherapy for cancer.
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14
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Bitzer A, Basler M, Groettrup M. Chaperone BAG6 is dispensable for MHC class I antigen processing and presentation. Mol Immunol 2015; 69:99-105. [PMID: 26598275 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antigen processing for direct presentation on MHC class I molecules is a multistep process requiring the concerted activity of several cellular complexes. The essential steps at the beginning of this pathway, namely protein synthesis at the ribosome and degradation via the proteasome, have been known for years. Nevertheless, there is a considerable lack of factors identified to function between protein synthesis and degradation during antigen processing. Here, we analyzed the impact of the chaperone BAG6 on MHC class I cell surface expression and presentation of virus-derived peptides. Although an essential role of BAG6 in antigen processing has been proposed previously, we found BAG6 to be dispensable in this pathway. Still, interaction of BAG6 and the model antigen tyrosinase was enhanced during proteasome inhibition pointing towards a role of BAG6 in antigen degradation. Redundant chaperone pathways potentially mask the contribution of BAG6 to antigen processing and presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Bitzer
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael Basler
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany; Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Groettrup
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany; Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.
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15
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De Kock J, Meuleman P, Raicevic G, Rodrigues RM, Branson S, Meganathan K, De Boe V, Sachinidis A, Leroux-Roels G, Vanhaecke T, Lagneaux L, Rogiers V, Najar M. Human skin-derived precursor cells are poorly immunogenic and modulate the allogeneic immune response. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2215-28. [PMID: 24585677 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human skin-derived precursors (hSKPs) are multipotent somatic stem cells that persist within the dermis throughout adulthood and harbor potential clinical applicability. In this study, we investigated their immunogenicity and immunosuppressive features, both in vitro and in vivo. As such, this study provides a solid basis for developing their future clinical applications. We found that hSKPs express HLA-ABC molecules, but not HLA-DR, rendering them poorly immunogenic. Using a coculture set-up, we could further demonstrate that hSKPs inhibit the proliferation of allogeneic activated T cells and alter their cytokine secretion profile, in a dose-dependent manner. Cotransplantation of hSKP and human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) into severe combined immune-deficient mice also showed a significant impairment of the graft-versus-host response 1 week post-transplantation and a drastic increase in survival time of 60%. From a mechanistic point of view, we found that hSKPs require cell contact as well as secretion of soluble inhibitory factors in order to modulate the immune response. The expression/secretion levels of these factors further increases upon inflammation or in the presence of activated T cells. As such, we believe that these features could be beneficial in a later allogeneic clinical setting, because rejection of engrafted allogeneic hSKP might be delayed or even avoided due to their own promotion of a tolerogenic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joery De Kock
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Besse B, Charrier M, Lapierre V, Dansin E, Lantz O, Planchard D, Le Chevalier T, Livartoski A, Barlesi F, Laplanche A, Ploix S, Vimond N, Peguillet I, Théry C, Lacroix L, Zoernig I, Dhodapkar K, Dhodapkar M, Viaud S, Soria JC, Reiners KS, Pogge von Strandmann E, Vély F, Rusakiewicz S, Eggermont A, Pitt JM, Zitvogel L, Chaput N. Dendritic cell-derived exosomes as maintenance immunotherapy after first line chemotherapy in NSCLC. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1071008. [PMID: 27141373 PMCID: PMC4839329 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1071008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell-derived exosomes (Dex) are small extracellular vesicles secreted by viable dendritic cells. In the two phase-I trials that we conducted using the first generation of Dex (IFN-γ-free) in end-stage cancer, we reported that Dex exerted natural killer (NK) cell effector functions in patients. A second generation of Dex (IFN-γ-Dex) was manufactured with the aim of boosting NK and T cell immune responses. We carried out a phase II clinical trial testing the clinical benefit of IFN-γ-Dex loaded with MHC class I- and class II-restricted cancer antigens as maintenance immunotherapy after induction chemotherapy in patients bearing inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without tumor progression. The primary endpoint was to observe at least 50% of patients with progression-free survival (PFS) at 4 mo after chemotherapy cessation. Twenty-two patients received IFN-γ-Dex. One patient exhibited a grade three hepatotoxicity. The median time to progression was 2.2 mo and median overall survival (OS) was 15 mo. Seven patients (32%) experienced stabilization of >4 mo. The primary endpoint was not reached. An increase in NKp30-dependent NK cell functions were evidenced in a fraction of these NSCLC patients presenting with defective NKp30 expression. Importantly, MHC class II expression levels of the final IFN-γ-Dex product correlated with expression levels of the NKp30 ligand BAG6 on Dex, and with NKp30-dependent NK functions, the latter being associated with longer progression-free survival. This phase II trial confirmed the capacity of Dex to boost the NK cell arm of antitumor immunity in patients with advanced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Besse
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Département de Médecine Oncologique (Unité thorax), Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Mélinda Charrier
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, UMS 3655 CNRS / US 23 INSERM Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Biothérapies (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
| | - Valérie Lapierre
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Laboratoire de Thérapie Cellulaire, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Dansin
- Département d'oncologie générale, CLCC Oscar Lambret , Lille, France
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Biothérapies (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Inserm U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - David Planchard
- Département de Médecine Oncologique (Unité thorax), Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus , Villejuif, France
| | - Thierry Le Chevalier
- Département de Médecine Oncologique (Unité thorax), Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus , Villejuif, France
| | - Alain Livartoski
- Institut Curie, Département de médecine oncologique , Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Barlesi
- Service d'Oncologie Multidisciplinaire & Innovations Thérapeutiques, Université Aix Marseille, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille , Marseille, France
| | - Agnès Laplanche
- Département de Biostatistique et d'épidémiologie, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus , Villejuif, France
| | - Stéphanie Ploix
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Biothérapies (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
| | - Nadège Vimond
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, UMS 3655 CNRS / US 23 INSERM Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Biothérapies (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Peguillet
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Biothérapies (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique, Institut Curie, Paris, France; Inserm U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Clotilde Théry
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Biothérapies (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France; Inserm U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Lacroix
- Département de biologie et pathologie médicale, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Laboratoire de Recherche Translationnelle, UMS 3655 CNRS / US 23 INSERM Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Inka Zoernig
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kavita Dhodapkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Madhav Dhodapkar
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sophie Viaud
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Charles Soria
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM, U981, Villejuif, France; Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Katrin S Reiners
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Cologne , Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Frédéric Vély
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Case 906, France; INSERM, U1104, Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR7280, Marseille, France; Laboratoire d'immunologie- Hôpital de la Conception, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Rusakiewicz
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Biothérapies (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France; INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France
| | - Alexander Eggermont
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France
| | - Jonathan M Pitt
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Faculté de médecine, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Biothérapies (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France; INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Chaput
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, UMS 3655 CNRS / US 23 INSERM Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Biothérapies (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France; Laboratoire de Thérapie Cellulaire, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
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17
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Ma N, Zhou LW, Li LJ, Li Z, Feng BS. Role of HLA-B associated transcript 3 in immune diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:2761-2767. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i17.2761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HLA-B associated transcript 3 (BAT3/Scythe/BAG6) is a member of the BAG protein family which can regulate the cell cycle. Recently, BAT3 has also been identified to have immunoregulatory function through kinds of mechanisms. First, BAT3 can promote the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), the activity of macrophages and the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-Ⅱ on antigen presenting cells (APCs) to regulate chronic inflammation. Second, BAT3 can suppress T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3)-mediated cell death and exhaustion of T helper cell type 1 (Th1) to exacerbate autoimmune diseases. Finally, BAT3 can regulate the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells (NKs) in a NKp30-dependent manner to play a part in tumor immune evasion and tumor rejection. Further details about BAT3 and its involvement in immunity and immunity-associated diseases will benefit the novel strategy for treatment of immune diseases.
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18
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Etokebe GE, Zienolddiny S, Kupanovac Z, Enersen M, Balen S, Flego V, Bulat-Kardum L, Radojčić-Badovinac A, Skaug V, Bakke P, Haugen A, Dembic Z. Association of the FAM46A gene VNTRs and BAG6 rs3117582 SNP with non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in Croatian and Norwegian populations. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122651. [PMID: 25884493 PMCID: PMC4401550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed for associations between a variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the Family with sequence similarity 46, member A (FAM46A) gene and a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs3117582) in the BCL2-Associated Athanogene 6 (BAG6) with non small cell lung cancer in Croatian and Norwegian subjects. A total of 503 (262 Croatian and 241Norwegian) non small cell lung cancer patients and 897 controls (568 Croatian and 329 Norwegian) were analyzed. We found that the frequency of allele b (three VNTR repeats) of FAM46A gene was significantly increased in the patients compared to the healthy controls in the Croatian and the combined Croatian and Norwegian subjects. Genotype frequencies of cd (four and five VNTR repeats) and cc (four VNTR repeats homozygote) of the FAM46A gene were significantly decreased in the patients compared to the healthy controls in the Croatian and Norwegian subjects, respectively. Logistic regression analyses revealed FAM46A genotype cc to be an independent predictive factor for non small cell lung cancer risk in the Norwegian subjects after adjustment for age, gender and smoking status. This is the first study to suggest an association between the FAM46A gene VNTR polymorphisms and non small cell lung cancer. We found also that BAG6 rs3117582 SNP was associated with non small cell lung cancer in the Norwegian subjects and the combined Croatian-Norwegian subjects corroborating the earlier finding that BAG6 rs3117582 SNP was associated with lung cancer in Europeans. Logistic regression analyses revealed that genotypes and alleles of BAG6 were independent predictive factor for non small cell lung cancer risk in the Norwegian and combined Croatian-Norwegian subjects, after adjustment for age and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Essien Etokebe
- Institute for Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Shanbeh Zienolddiny
- Department of Chemical and Biological Working Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zeljko Kupanovac
- Institute for Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Pulmology, Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Morten Enersen
- Institute for Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sanja Balen
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Veljko Flego
- Section of Pulmology, Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Bulat-Kardum
- Section of Pulmology, Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Vidar Skaug
- Department of Chemical and Biological Working Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Bakke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aage Haugen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Working Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zlatko Dembic
- Institute for Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Bag6 complex contains a minimal tail-anchor-targeting module and a mock BAG domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:106-11. [PMID: 25535373 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402745112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BCL2-associated athanogene cochaperone 6 (Bag6) plays a central role in cellular homeostasis in a diverse array of processes and is part of the heterotrimeric Bag6 complex, which also includes ubiquitin-like 4A (Ubl4A) and transmembrane domain recognition complex 35 (TRC35). This complex recently has been shown to be important in the TRC pathway, the mislocalized protein degradation pathway, and the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway. Here we define the architecture of the Bag6 complex, demonstrating that both TRC35 and Ubl4A have distinct C-terminal binding sites on Bag6 defining a minimal Bag6 complex. A crystal structure of the Bag6-Ubl4A dimer demonstrates that Bag6-BAG is not a canonical BAG domain, and this finding is substantiated biochemically. Remarkably, the minimal Bag6 complex defined here facilitates tail-anchored substrate transfer from small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein α to TRC40. These findings provide structural insight into the complex network of proteins coordinated by Bag6.
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20
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Piras IS, Angius A, Andreani M, Testi M, Lucarelli G, Floris M, Marktel S, Ciceri F, La Nasa G, Fleischhauer K, Roncarolo MG, Bulfone A, Gregori S, Bacchetta R. BAT2 and BAT3 polymorphisms as novel genetic risk factors for rejection after HLA-related SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant 2014; 49:1400-1404. [PMID: 25111513 PMCID: PMC4222814 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2014.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The genetic background of donor and recipient is an important factor determining the outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic SCT (allo-HSCT). We applied whole-genome analysis to investigate genetic variants-other than HLA class I and II-associated with negative outcome after HLA-identical sibling allo-HSCT in a cohort of 110 β-Thalassemic patients. We identified two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in BAT2 (A/G) and BAT3 (T/C) genes, SNP rs11538264 and SNP rs10484558, both located in the HLA class III region, in strong linkage disequilibrium between each other (R(2)=0.92). When considered as single SNP, none of them reached a significant association with graft rejection (nominal P<0.00001 for BAT2 SNP rs11538264, and P<0.0001 for BAT3 SNP rs10484558), whereas the BAT2/BAT3 A/C haplotype was present at significantly higher frequency in patients who rejected as compared to those with functional graft (30.0% vs 2.6%, nominal P=1.15 × 10(-8); and adjusted P=0.0071). The BAT2/BAT3 polymorphisms and specifically the A/C haplotype may represent a novel immunogenetic factor associated with graft rejection in patients undergoing allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Angius
- Crs4, Biomedicine, Pula (CA), Italy
- IRGB, CNR, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Marco Andreani
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology, IME Foundation, Polyclinic of Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Testi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology, IME Foundation, Polyclinic of Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Lucarelli
- International Center for Transplantation in Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia, IME Foundation, Polyclinic of Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sarah Marktel
- Pediatric Immuno-Hematology Unit and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, Ospedale San Raffaele IRCCS, Milan
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Pediatric Immuno-Hematology Unit and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, Ospedale San Raffaele IRCCS, Milan
| | - Giorgio La Nasa
- Centro Trapianti di Midollo Osseo, P.O. “R. Binaghi”, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Hematology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Katharina Fleischhauer
- Unit of Molecular and Functional Immunogenetics, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSRTIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Universita’ Vita-Salute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Gregori
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSRTIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Bacchetta
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSRTIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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21
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Piras IS, Angius A, Andreani M, Testi M, Lucarelli G, Floris M, Marktel S, Ciceri F, La Nasa G, Fleischhauer K, Roncarolo MG, Bulfone A, Gregori S, Bacchetta R. BAT2 and BAT3 polymorphisms as novel genetic risk factors for rejection after HLA-related SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant 2014. [PMID: 25111513 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2014.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The genetic background of donor and recipient is an important factor determining the outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic SCT (allo-HSCT). We applied whole-genome analysis to investigate genetic variants-other than HLA class I and II-associated with negative outcome after HLA-identical sibling allo-HSCT in a cohort of 110 β-Thalassemic patients. We identified two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in BAT2 (A/G) and BAT3 (T/C) genes, SNP rs11538264 and SNP rs10484558, both located in the HLA class III region, in strong linkage disequilibrium between each other (R(2)=0.92). When considered as single SNP, none of them reached a significant association with graft rejection (nominal P<0.00001 for BAT2 SNP rs11538264, and P<0.0001 for BAT3 SNP rs10484558), whereas the BAT2/BAT3 A/C haplotype was present at significantly higher frequency in patients who rejected as compared to those with functional graft (30.0% vs 2.6%, nominal P=1.15 × 10(-8); and adjusted P=0.0071). The BAT2/BAT3 polymorphisms and specifically the A/C haplotype may represent a novel immunogenetic factor associated with graft rejection in patients undergoing allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Angius
- Crs4, Biomedicine, Pula (CA), Italy.,IRGB, CNR, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Marco Andreani
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology, IME Foundation, Polyclinic of Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Testi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Transplant Biology, IME Foundation, Polyclinic of Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Lucarelli
- International Center for Transplantation in Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia, IME Foundation, Polyclinic of Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sarah Marktel
- Pediatric Immuno-Hematology Unit and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, Ospedale San Raffaele IRCCS, Milan
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Pediatric Immuno-Hematology Unit and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, Ospedale San Raffaele IRCCS, Milan
| | - Giorgio La Nasa
- Centro Trapianti di Midollo Osseo, P.O. "R. Binaghi", Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Hematology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Katharina Fleischhauer
- Unit of Molecular and Functional Immunogenetics, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSRTIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Universita' Vita-Salute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Gregori
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSRTIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Bacchetta
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSRTIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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22
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Binici J, Koch J. BAG-6, a jack of all trades in health and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1829-37. [PMID: 24305946 PMCID: PMC11114047 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1522-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BCL2-associated athanogene 6 (BAG-6) (also Bat-3/Scythe) was discovered as a gene product of the major histocompatibility complex class III locus. The Xenopus ortholog Scythe was first identified to act as an anti-apoptotic protein. Subsequent studies unraveled that the large BAG-6 protein contributes to a number of cellular processes, including apoptosis, gene regulation, protein synthesis, protein quality control, and protein degradation. In this context, BAG-6 acts as a multifunctional chaperone, which interacts with its target proteins for shuttling to distinct destinations. Nonetheless, as anticipated from its genomic localization, BAG-6 is involved in a variety of immunological pathways such as macrophage function and TH1 response. Most recently, BAG-6 was identified on the plasma membrane of dendritic cells and malignantly transformed cells where it serves as cellular ligand for the activating natural killer (NK) cell receptor NKp30 triggering NK cell cytotoxicity. Moreover, target cells were found to secrete soluble variants of BAG-6 and release BAG-6 on the surface of exosomes, which inhibit or activate NK cell cytotoxicity, respectively. These data suggest that the BAG-6 antigen is an important target to shape a directed immune response or to overcome tumor-immune escape strategies established by soluble BAG-6. This review summarizes the currently known functions of BAG-6, a fascinating multicompetent protein, in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Binici
- NK Cell Biology, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42–44, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim Koch
- NK Cell Biology, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 42–44, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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23
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Antón LC, Yewdell JW. Translating DRiPs: MHC class I immunosurveillance of pathogens and tumors. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 95:551-62. [PMID: 24532645 PMCID: PMC3958739 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1113599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC class I molecules display oligopeptides on the cell surface to enable T cell immunosurveillance of intracellular pathogens and tumors. Speed is of the essence in detecting viruses, which can complete a full replication cycle in just hours, whereas tumor detection is typically a finding-the-needle-in-the-haystack exercise. We review current evidence supporting a nonrandom, compartmentalized selection of peptidogenic substrates that focuses on rapidly degraded translation products as a main source of peptide precursors to optimize immunosurveillance of pathogens and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis C Antón
- 1.NIAID, NIH, Bldg. 33, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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24
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Marchesi M, Andersson E, Villabona L, Seliger B, Lundqvist A, Kiessling R, Masucci GV. HLA-dependent tumour development: a role for tumour associate macrophages? J Transl Med 2013; 11:247. [PMID: 24093459 PMCID: PMC3856519 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HLA abnormalities on tumour cells for immune escape have been widely described. In addition, cellular components of the tumour microenvironment, in particular myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and alternatively activated M2 tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), are involved in tumour promotion, progression, angiogenesis and suppression of anti-tumour immunity. However, the role of HLA in these activities is poorly understood. This review details MHC class I characteristics and describes MHC class I receptors functions. This analysis established the basis for a reflection about the crosstalk among the tumour cells, the TAMs and the cells mediating an immune response.The tumour cells and TAMs exploit MHC class I molecules to modulate the surrounding immune cells. HLA A, B, C and G molecules down-regulate the macrophage myeloid activation through the interaction with the inhibitory LILRB receptors. HLA A, B, C are able to engage inhibitory KIR receptors negatively regulating the Natural Killer and cytotoxic T lymphocytes function while HLA-G induces the secretion of pro-angiogenic cytokines and chemokine thanks to an activator KIR receptor expressed by a minority of peripheral NK cells. The open conformer of classical MHC-I is able to interact with LILRA receptors described as being associated to the Th2-type cytokine response, triggering a condition for the M2 like TAM polarization. In addition, HLA-E antigens on the surface of the TAMs bind the inhibitory receptor CD94/NKG2A expressed by a subset of NK cells and activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes protecting from the cytolysis.Furthermore MHC class II expression by antigen presenting cells is finely regulated by factors provided with immunological capacities. Tumour-associated macrophages show an epigenetically controlled down-regulation of the MHC class II expression induced by the decoy receptor DcR3, a member of the TNFR, which further enhances the M2-like polarization. BAT3, a positive regulator of MHC class II expression in normal macrophages, seems to be secreted by TAMs, consequently lacking its intracellular function, it looks like acting as an immunosuppressive factor.In conclusion HLA could cover a considerable role in tumour-development orchestrated by tumour-associated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Marchesi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Roche Pharma, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emilia Andersson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa Villabona
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Andreas Lundqvist
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf Kiessling
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe V Masucci
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Lam RA, Chwee JY, Le Bert N, Sauer M, Pogge von Strandmann E, Gasser S. Regulation of self-ligands for activating natural killer cell receptors. Ann Med 2013; 45:384-94. [PMID: 23701136 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2013.792495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are able to lyse infected and tumor cells while sparing healthy cells. Recognition of diseased cells by NK cells is governed by several activating and inhibitory receptors. We review numerous pathways that have been implicated in the regulation of self-ligands for activating receptors, including NKG2D, DNAM-1, LFA-1, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, NKp65, and NKp80 found on NK cells and some T cells. Understanding how the regulation of self-encoded ligand expression is regulated may provide novel avenues for future therapeutic approaches to infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runyi A Lam
- Immunology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore
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Lee JG, Ye Y. Bag6/Bat3/Scythe: a novel chaperone activity with diverse regulatory functions in protein biogenesis and degradation. Bioessays 2013; 35:377-85. [PMID: 23417671 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Upon emerging from the ribosome exiting tunnel, polypeptide folding occurs immediately with the assistance of both ribosome-associated and free chaperones. While many chaperones known to date are dedicated folding catalysts, recent studies have revealed a novel chaperoning system that functions at the interface of protein biogenesis and quality control by using a special "holdase" activity in order to sort and channel client proteins to distinct destinations. The key component, Bag6/Bat3/Scythe, can effectively shield long hydrophobic segments exposed on the surface of a polypeptide, preventing aggregation or inappropriate interactions before a triaging decision is made. The biological consequences of Bag6-mediated chaperoning are divergent for different substrates, ranging from membrane integration to proteasome targeting and destruction. Accordingly, Bag6 can act in various cellular contexts in order to execute many essential cellular functions, while dysfunctions in the Bag6 system can cause severe cellular abnormalities that may be associated with some pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Gu Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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27
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Assembly of matched alpha/beta subunits to HLA class II peptide receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2013. [PMID: 23329505 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-218-6_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Human antigen presenting cells express three human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II isotypes (DR, DP, and DQ), which are composed of polymorphic α and β subunits. The combination of polymorphic α- and β-chains results in cis (encoded on the same chromosome) or trans (encoded on different chromosomes) combinations. Since some of the α-β combinations may yield mismatched non-functional α-β heterodimers, it is not entirely clear which type of HLA class II peptide receptors are found on the cell surface of antigen presenting cells. We have developed a combination of biochemical techniques for inspection of the assembly and intracellular transport of isotype matched and mismatched class II heterodimers.
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Kawahara H, Minami R, Yokota N. BAG6/BAT3: emerging roles in quality control for nascent polypeptides. J Biochem 2012; 153:147-60. [PMID: 23275523 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BAG6 (also known as BAT3/Scythe) is a ubiquitin-like protein that is thought to participate in a variety of seemingly unrelated physiological and pathological processes, such as apoptosis, antigen presentation and the T-cell response. Recent studies have shown that BAG6 is essential for the quality control of aggregation-prone polypeptide biogenesis. It forms part of a complex that determines the fate of newly synthesized client proteins for membrane insertion, ubiquitin-mediated degradation and/or aggregate formation. A biologically relevant transmembrane protein family has recently been shown to be a major client of BAG6, suggesting that many of the known diverse BAG6 functions can be interpreted by BAG6-mediated control of membrane protein biogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the physiological roles of BAG6 with a particular focus on quality control for nascent chain polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kawahara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.
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29
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Kämper N, Kessler J, Temme S, Wegscheid C, Winkler J, Koch N. A novel BAT3 sequence generated by alternative RNA splicing of exon 11B displays cell type-specific expression and impacts on subcellular localization. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35972. [PMID: 22558287 PMCID: PMC3338477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) encoded BAT3/BAG6 recently attracted interest as a regulator of protein targeting and degradation, a function that could be exerted in the cytosol and in the nucleus. The BAT3 gene was described to consist of 25 exons. Diversity of transcripts can be generated by alternative RNA splicing, which may control subcellular distribution of BAT3. Methodology/Principal Findings By cDNA sequencing we identified a novel alternatively spliced sequence of the BAT3 gene located between exons 11 and 12, which was designated as exon 11B. Using PCR and colony hybridization we identified six cDNA variants, which were produced by RNA splicing of BAT3 exons 5, 11B and 24. In four examined cell types the content of BAT3 splice variants was examined. Most of the cDNA clones from monocyte-derived dendritic cells contain exon 11B, whereas this sequence was almost absent in the B lymphoma Raji. Exon 5 was detected in most and exon 24 in approximately half of the cDNA clones. The subcellular distribution of endogenous BAT3 largely correlates with a cell type specific splicing pattern. In cells transfected with BAT3 variants, full-length and Δ24 BAT3 displayed nearly exclusive nuclear staining, whereas variants deleted of exon 11B showed substantial cytosolic expression. We show here that BAT3 is mainly expressed in the cytosol of Raji cells, while other cell types displayed both cytosolic and nuclear staining. Export of BAT3 from the nucleus to the cytosol is inhibited by treatment with leptomycin B, indicating that the Crm1 pathway is involved. Nuclear expression of BAT3 containing exon 11B suggests that this sequence plays a role for nuclear retention of the protein. Conclusions/Significance Cell type-specific subcellular expression of BAT3 suggests distinct functions in the cytosol and in the nucleus. Differential expression of BAT3 variants may reconcile the multiple roles described for BAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kämper
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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