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Segarra-Queralt M, Crump K, Pascuet-Fontanet A, Gantenbein B, Noailly J. The interplay between biochemical mediators and mechanotransduction in chondrocytes: Unravelling the differential responses in primary knee osteoarthritis. Phys Life Rev 2024; 48:205-221. [PMID: 38377727 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
In primary or idiopathic osteoarthritis (OA), it is unclear which factors trigger the shift of articular chondrocyte activity from pro-anabolic to pro-catabolic. In fact, there is a controversy about the aetiology of primary OA, either mechanical or inflammatory. Chondrocytes are mechanosensitive cells, that integrate mechanical stimuli into cellular responses in a process known as mechanotransduction. Mechanotransduction occurs thanks to the activation of mechanosensors, a set of specialized proteins that convert physical cues into intracellular signalling cascades. Moderate levels of mechanical loads maintain normal tissue function and have anti-inflammatory effects. In contrast, mechanical over- or under-loading might lead to cartilage destruction and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Simultaneously, mechanotransduction processes can regulate and be regulated by pro- and anti-inflammatory soluble mediators, both local (cells of the same joint, i.e., the chondrocytes themselves, infiltrating macrophages, fibroblasts or osteoclasts) and systemic (from other tissues, e.g., adipokines). Thus, the complex process of mechanotransduction might be altered in OA, so that cartilage-preserving chondrocytes adopt a different sensitivity to mechanical signals, and mechanic stimuli positively transduced in the healthy cartilage may become deleterious under OA conditions. This review aims to provide an overview of how the biochemical exposome of chondrocytes can alter important mechanotransduction processes in these cells. Four principal mechanosensors, i.e., integrins, Ca2+ channels, primary cilium and Wnt signalling (canonical and non-canonical) were targeted. For each of these mechanosensors, a brief summary of the response to mechanical loads under healthy or OA conditions is followed by a concise overview of published works that focus on the further regulation of the mechanotransduction pathways by biochemical factors. In conclusion, this paper discusses and explores how biological mediators influence the differential behaviour of chondrocytes under mechanical loads in healthy and primary OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Segarra-Queralt
- BCN MedTech, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ de la Mercè, 12, Barcelona, 08002, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Katherine Crump
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics & Mechanobiology, Bone & Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreu Pascuet-Fontanet
- BCN MedTech, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ de la Mercè, 12, Barcelona, 08002, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Benjamin Gantenbein
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics & Mechanobiology, Bone & Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Traumatology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Noailly
- BCN MedTech, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ de la Mercè, 12, Barcelona, 08002, Catalonia, Spain.
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Guo H, Lan M, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Chen W. [Piezo1 Mediates the Regulation of Substrate Stiffness on Primary Cilia in Chondrocytes]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2024; 55:67-73. [PMID: 38322536 PMCID: PMC10839480 DOI: 10.12182/20240160502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Objective To investigate how substrate stiffness regulates the morphology of primary cilia in chondrocytes and to illustrate how Piezo1 mediates the morphology regulation of primary cilia by substrate stiffness. Methods Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) curing agent and the main agent (Dow Corning, Beijing, China) were mixed at the ratio of 1∶10 (stiff), 1∶50 (medium stiffness), and 1∶70 (soft), respectively, to prepare substrate films with the thickness of 1 mm at different levels of stiffness, including stiff substrate of (2.21±0.12) MPa, medium-stiffness substrate of (54.47±6.06) kPa, and soft substrate of (2.13±0.10) kPa. Chondrocytes were cultured with the substrates of three different levels of stiffness. Then, the cells were treated with Tubastatin A (Tub A) to inhibit histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), Piezo1 activator Yoda1, and inhibitor GsMTx4, respectively. The effects of HDAC6, Yoda1, and GsMTx4 on chondrocyte morphology and the length of primary cilia were analyzed through immunofluorescence staining. Results The stiff substrate increased the spread area of the chondrocytes. Immunofluorescence assays showed that the cytoskeleton and the nuclear area of the cells on the stiff substrate were significantly increased (P<0.05) and the primary cilia were significantly extended (P<0.05) compared with those on the medium-stiffness and soft substrates. However, the presence rate of primary cilia was not affected. The HDAC6 activity of chondrocytes increased with the decrease in substrate stiffness. When the activity of HDAC6 was inhibited, the cytoskeletal area, the nuclei area, and the primary cilium length were increased more significantly on the stiff substrate (P<0.05). Further testing showed that Piezo1 activator and inhibitor could regulate the activity of HDAC6 in chondrocytes, and that the length of primary cilia was significantly increased after treatment with the activator Yoda1 (P<0.05). On the other hand, the length of primary cilia was significantly shortened on the stiff substrate after treatment with the inhibitor GsMTx4 (P<0.05). Conclusion Both substrate stiffness and Piezo1 may affect the morphology of chondrocyte primary cilia by regulating HDAC6 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqing Guo
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Minhua Lan
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- ( 030009) Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030009, China
| | - Quanyou Zhang
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- ( 030009) Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030009, China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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Zheng W, Ziemssen F, Suesskind D, Voykov B, Schnichels S. TRPP2 is located in the primary cilia of human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 262:93-102. [PMID: 37378878 PMCID: PMC10806040 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06150-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mechanosensitive channels (MSCs) and primary cilium possess a possible relevance for the sensation of intraocular pressure (IOP). However, there is only limited data on their expression and localization in the ciliary body epithelium (CBE). The purpose of this study was to characterize the expression and localization of TRPP2 in a human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (HNPCE) line. METHODS The expression of the TRPP2 was studied by quantitative (q)RT-PCR and in situ hybridization in rat and human tissue. Protein expression and distribution were studied by western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, and immunoelectron microscopy. Cellular location of TRPP2 was determined in rat and human CBE by immunofluorescence and immunoblot analysis. Electron microscopy studies were conducted to evaluate where and with substructure TRPP2 is localized in the HNPCE cell line. RESULTS The expression of TRPP2 in rat and human non-pigmented ciliary epithelium was detected. TRPP2 was mainly located in nuclei, but also showed a punctate distribution pattern in the cytoplasm of HNPCE of the tissue and the cell line. In HNPCE cell culture, primary cilia did exhibit different length following serum starvation and hydrostatic pressure. TRPP2 was found to be colocalized with these cilia in HNPCE cells. CONCLUSION The expression of TRPP2 and the primary cilium in the CB may indicate a possible role, such as the sensing of hydrostatic pressure, for the regulation of IOP. Functional studies via patch clamp or pharmacological intervention have yet to clarify the relevance for the physiological situation or aqueous humor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxu Zheng
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Focke Ziemssen
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- University Eye Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Liebigstr. 10-14, 72072, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Daniela Suesskind
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bogomil Voykov
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sven Schnichels
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Quadri N, Upadhyai P. Primary cilia in skeletal development and disease. Exp Cell Res 2023; 431:113751. [PMID: 37574037 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile, microtubule-based sensory organelle present in most vertebrate cells with a fundamental role in the modulation of organismal development, morphogenesis, and repair. Here we focus on the role of primary cilia in embryonic and postnatal skeletal development. We examine evidence supporting its involvement in physiochemical and developmental signaling that regulates proliferation, patterning, differentiation and homeostasis of osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and their progenitor cells in the skeleton. We discuss how signaling effectors in mechanotransduction and bone development, such as Hedgehog, Wnt, Fibroblast growth factor and second messenger pathways operate at least in part at the primary cilium. The relevance of primary cilia in bone formation and maintenance is underscored by a growing list of rare genetic skeletal ciliopathies. We collate these findings and summarize the current understanding of molecular factors and mechanisms governing primary ciliogenesis and ciliary function in skeletal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Quadri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Priyanka Upadhyai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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Zhou E, Zhou J, Bi C, Zhang Z. Cx43 Facilitates Mesenchymal Transition of Endothelial Cells Induced by Shear Stress. J Vasc Res 2023; 60:204-212. [PMID: 37673049 PMCID: PMC10614473 DOI: 10.1159/000533320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the function of Cx43 in the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) process of endothelial cells (ECs) and to explore the potential signaling pathways underlying these functions. METHODS ECs were extracted from rat aorta. ECs were transfected with Cx43 cDNA and Cx43 siRNA and then exposed to 5 or 12 dyne/cm2. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of SM22α, Cx43, and acetylated α-tubulin in ECs. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of α-SMA, CD31, Cx43, H1-calponin, Ift88, and p-smad3 in ECs. RESULTS The expression of αSMA, SM22α, and Cx43 was significantly increased, and CD31 was markedly decreased in ECs treated with laminar shear stress at 5 dyn/cm2. The Cx43 cDNA transfection could induce the expression of SM22α or H1-calponin and attenuate CD31 expression in ECs. Also, Cx43 overexpression harms cilia formation in ECs exposed to 5 dyn/cm2, accompanied with the regulated Ift88 and smad signaling. CONCLUSIONS This study found that laminar shear stress at 5 dyn/cm2 would increase the expression of Cx43 to facilitate the EndMT process of ECs, associated with morphological changes in primary cilia and the decreased expression of Ift88 in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changlong Bi
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongqi Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Zhang Y, Tawiah GK, Wu X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wei X, Qiao X, Zhang Q. Primary cilium-mediated mechanotransduction in cartilage chondrocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:1279-1287. [PMID: 37897221 PMCID: PMC10625344 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231199079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent joint disorders associated with the degradation of articular cartilage and an abnormal mechanical microenvironment. Mechanical stimuli, including compression, shear stress, stretching strain, osmotic challenge, and the physical properties of the matrix microenvironment, play pivotal roles in the tissue homeostasis of articular cartilage. The primary cilium, as a mechanosensory and chemosensory organelle, is important for detecting and transmitting both mechanical and biochemical signals in chondrocytes within the matrix microenvironment. Growing evidence indicates that primary cilia are critical for chondrocytes signaling transduction and the matrix homeostasis of articular cartilage. Furthermore, the ability of primary cilium to regulate cellular signaling is dynamic and dependent on the cellular matrix microenvironment. In the current review, we aim to elucidate the key mechanisms by which primary cilia mediate chondrocytes sensing and responding to the matrix mechanical microenvironment. This might have potential therapeutic applications in injuries and OA-associated degeneration of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030604, Shanxi, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Godfred K Tawiah
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoan Wu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaohong Qiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030604, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lvliang Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Lvliang 033099, Shanxi, China
| | - Quanyou Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
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7
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Pinto-Cardoso R, Bessa-Andrês C, Correia-de-Sá P, Bernardo Noronha-Matos J. Could hypoxia rehabilitate the osteochondral diseased interface? Lessons from the interplay of hypoxia and purinergic signals elsewhere. Biochem Pharmacol 2023:115646. [PMID: 37321413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The osteochondral unit comprises the articular cartilage (90%), subchondral bone (5%) and calcified cartilage (5%). All cells present at the osteochondral unit that is ultimately responsible for matrix production and osteochondral homeostasis, such as chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes, can release adenine and/or uracil nucleotides to the local microenvironment. Nucleotides are released by these cells either constitutively or upon plasma membrane damage, mechanical stress or hypoxia conditions. Once in the extracellular space, endogenously released nucleotides can activate membrane-bound purinoceptors. Activation of these receptors is fine-tuning regulated by nucleotides' breakdown by enzymes of the ecto-nucleotidase cascade. Depending on the pathophysiological conditions, both the avascular cartilage and the subchondral bone subsist to significant changes in oxygen tension, which has a tremendous impact on tissue homeostasis. Cell stress due to hypoxic conditions directly influences the expression and activity of several purinergic signalling players, namely nucleotide release channels (e.g. Cx43), NTPDase enzymes and purinoceptors. This review gathers experimental evidence concerning the interplay between hypoxia and the purinergic signalling cascade contributing to osteochondral unit homeostasis. Reporting deviations to this relationship resulting from pathological alterations of articular joints may ultimately unravel novel therapeutic targets for osteochondral rehabilitation. At this point, one can only hypothesize how hypoxia mimetic conditions can be beneficial to the ex vivo expansion and differentiation of osteo- and chondro-progenitors for auto-transplantation and tissue regenerative purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pinto-Cardoso
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP)
| | - Catarina Bessa-Andrês
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP)
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP)
| | - José Bernardo Noronha-Matos
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia; Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP).
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8
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Donnenfield JI, Karamchedu NP, Proffen BL, Molino J, Fleming BC, Murray MM. Transcriptomic changes in porcine articular cartilage one year following disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284777. [PMID: 37134114 PMCID: PMC10156018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the transcriptomic changes seen in early- to mid-stage posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) development, 72 Yucatan minipigs underwent transection of the anterior cruciate ligament. Subjects were randomized to no further intervention, ligament reconstruction, or ligament repair, followed by articular cartilage harvesting and RNA-sequencing at three different postoperative timepoints (1, 4, and 52 weeks). Six additional subjects received no ligament transection and provided cartilage tissue to serve as controls. Differential gene expression analysis between post-transection cartilage and healthy cartilage revealed an initial increase in transcriptomic differences at 1 and 4 weeks followed by a stark reduction in transcriptomic differences at 52 weeks. This analysis also showed how different treatments genetically modulate the course of PTOA following ligament disruption. Specific genes (e.g., MMP1, POSTN, IGF1, PTGFR, HK1) were identified as being upregulated in the cartilage of injured subjects across all timepoints regardless of treatment. At the 52-week timepoint, 4 genes (e.g., A4GALT, EFS, NPTXR, ABCA3) that-as far as we know-have yet to be associated with PTOA were identified as being concordantly differentially expressed across all treatment groups when compared to controls. Functional pathway analysis of injured subject cartilage compared to control cartilage revealed overarching patterns of cellular proliferation at 1 week, angiogenesis, ECM interaction, focal adhesion, and cellular migration at 4 weeks, and calcium signaling, immune system activation, GABA signaling, and HIF-1 signaling at 52 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah I. Donnenfield
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Naga Padmini Karamchedu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Benedikt L. Proffen
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Janine Molino
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Braden C. Fleming
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Martha M. Murray
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Meng H, Fu S, Ferreira MB, Hou Y, Pearce OM, Gavara N, Knight MM. YAP activation inhibits inflammatory signalling and cartilage breakdown associated with reduced primary cilia expression. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2023; 31:600-612. [PMID: 36368426 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the role of YAP in modulating cartilage inflammation and degradation and the involvement of primary cilia and associated intraflagellar transport (IFT). METHODS Isolated primary chondrocytes were cultured on substrates of different stiffness (6-1000 kPa) or treated with YAP agonist lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) or YAP antagonist verteporfin (VP), or genetically modified by YAP siRNA, all ± IL1β. Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release were measured to monitor IL1β response. YAP activity was quantified by YAP nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and percentage of YAP-positive cells. Mechanical properties of cartilage explants were tested to confirm cartilage degradation. The involvement of primary cilia and IFT was analysed using IFT88 siRNA and ORPK cells with hypomorphic mutation of IFT88. RESULTS Treatment with LPA, or increasing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate stiffness, activated YAP nuclear expression and inhibited IL1β-induced release of NO and PGE2, in isolated chondrocytes. Treatment with LPA also inhibited IL1β-mediated inflammatory signalling in cartilage explants and prevented matrix degradation and the loss of cartilage biomechanics. YAP activation reduced expression of primary cilia, knockdown of YAP in the absence of functional cilia/IFT failed to induce an inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that both pharmaceutical and mechanical activation of YAP blocks pro-inflammatory signalling induced by IL1β and prevents cartilage breakdown and the loss of biomechanical functionality. This is associated with reduced expression of primary cilia revealing a potential anti-inflammatory mechanism with novel therapeutic targets for treatment of osteoarthritis (OA).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Meng
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - S Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - M B Ferreira
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Y Hou
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Centre for Predictive in Vitro Models, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - O M Pearce
- Barts Cancer Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - N Gavara
- Serra-Hunter Program, Biophysics and Bioengineering Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M M Knight
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Centre for Predictive in Vitro Models, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Stevenson NL. The factory, the antenna and the scaffold: the three-way interplay between the Golgi, cilium and extracellular matrix underlying tissue function. Biol Open 2023; 12:287059. [PMID: 36802341 PMCID: PMC9986613 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth and development of healthy tissues is dependent on the construction of a highly specialised extracellular matrix (ECM) to provide support for cell growth and migration and to determine the biomechanical properties of the tissue. These scaffolds are composed of extensively glycosylated proteins which are secreted and assembled into well-ordered structures that can hydrate, mineralise, and store growth factors as required. The proteolytic processing and glycosylation of ECM components is vital to their function. These modifications are under the control of the Golgi apparatus, an intracellular factory hosting spatially organised, protein-modifying enzymes. Regulation also requires a cellular antenna, the cilium, which integrates extracellular growth signals and mechanical cues to inform ECM production. Consequently, mutations in either Golgi or ciliary genes frequently lead to connective tissue disorders. The individual importance of each of these organelles to ECM function is well-studied. However, emerging evidence points towards a more tightly linked system of interdependence between the Golgi, cilium and ECM. This review examines how the interplay between all three compartments underpins healthy tissue. As an example, it will look at several members of the golgin family of Golgi-resident proteins whose loss is detrimental to connective tissue function. This perspective will be important for many future studies looking to dissect the cause and effect of mutations impacting tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Stevenson
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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11
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Meng H, Thompson CL, Coveney CR, Wann AK, Knight MM. Techniques for Visualization and Quantification of Primary Cilia in Chondrocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2598:157-176. [PMID: 36355291 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2839-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia regulate and coordinate a variety of cell signaling pathways important in chondrocyte physiology and cartilage development, health, and disease. Despite this, the chondrocyte primary cilium and its associated role in cartilage biology remains poorly understood. Key to elucidating primary cilia structure and function in chondrocytes is the ability to visualize this unique structure. Here we describe materials and methods for immunofluorescence labeling, microscopy, and measurement of chondrocyte primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Meng
- Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Clare L Thompson
- Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Centre for Predictive in vitro Models, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Clarissa R Coveney
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Angus K Wann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin M Knight
- Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- Centre for Predictive in vitro Models, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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12
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Zheng J, Wyse Jackson T, Fortier LA, Bonassar LJ, Delco ML, Cohen I. STRAINS: A big data method for classifying cellular response to stimuli at the tissue scale. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278626. [PMID: 36480531 PMCID: PMC9731430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular response to stimulation governs tissue scale processes ranging from growth and development to maintaining tissue health and initiating disease. To determine how cells coordinate their response to such stimuli, it is necessary to simultaneously track and measure the spatiotemporal distribution of their behaviors throughout the tissue. Here, we report on a novel SpatioTemporal Response Analysis IN Situ (STRAINS) tool that uses fluorescent micrographs, cell tracking, and machine learning to measure such behavioral distributions. STRAINS is broadly applicable to any tissue where fluorescence can be used to indicate changes in cell behavior. For illustration, we use STRAINS to simultaneously analyze the mechanotransduction response of 5000 chondrocytes-over 20 million data points-in cartilage during the 50 ms to 4 hours after the tissue was subjected to local mechanical injury, known to initiate osteoarthritis. We find that chondrocytes exhibit a range of mechanobiological responses indicating activation of distinct biochemical pathways with clear spatial patterns related to the induced local strains during impact. These results illustrate the power of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Zheng
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Wyse Jackson
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Lisa A. Fortier
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Lawrence J. Bonassar
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Delco
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Itai Cohen
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
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13
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Melena I, Hughes JW. Islet cilia and glucose homeostasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1082193. [PMID: 36531945 PMCID: PMC9751591 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1082193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a growing pandemic affecting over ten percent of the U.S. population. Individuals with all types of diabetes exhibit glucose dysregulation due to altered function and coordination of pancreatic islets. Within the critical intercellular space in pancreatic islets, the primary cilium emerges as an important physical structure mediating cell-cell crosstalk and signal transduction. Many events leading to hormone secretion, including GPCR and second-messenger signaling, are spatiotemporally regulated at the level of the cilium. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of cilia action in islet hormone regulation and glucose homeostasis, focusing on newly implicated ciliary pathways that regulate insulin exocytosis and intercellular communication. We present evidence of key signaling proteins on islet cilia and discuss ways in which cilia might functionally connect islet endocrine cells with the non-endocrine compartments. These discussions aim to stimulate conversations regarding the extent of cilia-controlled glucose homeostasis in health and in metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing W. Hughes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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14
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Primary Cilia: A Cellular Regulator of Articular Cartilage Degeneration. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:2560441. [PMID: 36193252 PMCID: PMC9525753 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2560441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease that can cause pain and disability in adults. The main pathological characteristic of OA is cartilage degeneration, which is caused by chondrocyte apoptosis, cartilage matrix degradation, and inflammatory factor destruction. The current treatment for patients with OA focuses on delaying its progression, such as oral anti-inflammatory analgesics or injection of sodium gluconate into the joint cavity. Primary cilia are an important structure involved in cellular signal transduction. Thus, they are very sensitive to mechanical and physicochemical stimuli. It is reported that the primary cilia may play an important role in the development of OA. Here, we review the correlation between the morphology (location, length, incidence, and orientation) of chondrocyte primary cilia and OA and summarize the relevant signaling pathways in chondrocytes that could regulate the OA process through primary cilia, including Hedgehog, Wnt, and inflammation-related signaling pathways. These data provide new ideas for OA treatment.
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15
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Wang Z, Sa G, Zheng L, Wei Z, Zhang Z, Hu Y, Yang X. Intraflagellar transport protein 88 interacts with polycystin 2 to regulate mechanosensitive hedgehog signaling in mandibular condylar chondrocytes. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 143:105548. [PMID: 36155344 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore whether intraflagellar transport protein 88 (IFT88) was associated with polycystin 2 during mechanotransduction of mandibular condylar chondrocytes. METHODS Rat mandibular condylar chondrocytes isolated from the condylar bone-cartilage junction were subjected to cyclic tensile strain (0.1 Hz, 10% elongation). Overexpression of IFT88 was achieved by lentiviral vector-mediated transfection. Knockdown of IFT88 and polycystin 2 was achieved by small interfering RNA (siRNA). The prevalence and length of cilia were reflected by immunofluorescence staining. The activities of hedgehog signaling were evaluated by western blot analysis. The interaction between polycystin 2 and IFT88 was evaluated by conducting a co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay. RESULTS Overexpression of IFT88 increased the length of cilia. Protein levels of polycystin 2, Indian hedgehog (Ihh), Patched 1 (Ptch1), Smoothened (Smo), and Glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli1) were elevated in IFT88-overexpressing mandibular condylar chondrocytes under cyclic tensile strain. Knockdown of the protein level of IFT88 reduced the prevalence and length of cilia, and protein levels of polycystin 2, Ihh, Ptch1, Smo, and Gli1. A co-IP assay showed that IFT88 formed a complex with polycystin 2 under cyclic tensile strain. Knockdown of polycystin 2 decreased the protein levels of IFT88, Ihh, Ptch1, Smo, and Gli1 in mandibular condylar chondrocytes following cyclic tensile strain. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the vital role of an interaction between IFT88 and polycystin 2 in mechanosensitive hedgehog signaling in mandibular condylar chondrocytes following cyclic tensile strain, which suggest that therapies regulating polycystin 2 may be considered for the disorders of temporomandibular joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoliang Sa
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liwu Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zequan Wei
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuoyu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Hu
- Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical Collage, Xiamen, China
| | - Xuewen Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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16
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The Role of Mitochondrial Metabolism, AMPK-SIRT Mediated Pathway, LncRNA and MicroRNA in Osteoarthritis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071477. [PMID: 35884782 PMCID: PMC9312479 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage and causes severe joint pain, physical disability, and impaired quality of life. Recently, it was found that mitochondria not only act as a powerhouse of cells that provide energy for cellular metabolism, but are also involved in crucial pathways responsible for maintaining chondrocyte physiology. Therefore, a growing amount of evidence emphasizes that impairment of mitochondrial function is associated with OA pathogenesis; however, the exact mechanism is not well known. Moreover, the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)–Sirtuin (SIRT) signaling pathway, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and microRNA (miRNA) are important for regulating the physiological and pathological processes of chondrocytes, indicating that these may be targets for OA treatment. In this review, we first focus on the importance of mitochondria metabolic dysregulation related to OA. Then, we show recent evidence on the AMPK-SIRT mediated pathway associated with OA pathogenesis and potential treatment options. Finally, we discuss current research into the effects of lncRNA and miRNA on OA progression or inhibition.
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17
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Hedgehog Morphogens Act as Growth Factors Critical to Pre- and Postnatal Cardiac Development and Maturation: How Primary Cilia Mediate Their Signal Transduction. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121879. [PMID: 35741008 PMCID: PMC9221318 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are crucial for normal cardiac organogenesis via the formation of cyto-architectural, anatomical, and physiological boundaries in the developing heart and outflow tract. These tiny, plasma membrane-bound organelles function in a sensory-integrative capacity, interpreting both the intra- and extra-cellular environments and directing changes in gene expression responses to promote, prevent, and modify cellular proliferation and differentiation. One distinct feature of this organelle is its involvement in the propagation of a variety of signaling cascades, most notably, the Hedgehog cascade. Three ligands, Sonic, Indian, and Desert hedgehog, function as growth factors that are most commonly dependent on the presence of intact primary cilia, where the Hedgehog receptors Patched-1 and Smoothened localize directly within or at the base of the ciliary axoneme. Hedgehog signaling functions to mediate many cell behaviors that are critical for normal embryonic tissue/organ development. However, inappropriate activation and/or upregulation of Hedgehog signaling in postnatal and adult tissue is known to initiate oncogenesis, as well as the pathogenesis of other diseases. The focus of this review is to provide an overview describing the role of Hedgehog signaling and its dependence upon the primary cilium in the cell types that are most essential for mammalian heart development. We outline the breadth of developmental defects and the consequential pathologies resulting from inappropriate changes to Hedgehog signaling, as it pertains to congenital heart disease and general cardiac pathophysiology.
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18
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Willantarra I, Leung S, Choi YS, Chhana A, McGlashan SR. Chondrocyte-specific response to stiffness-mediated primary cilia formation and centriole positioning. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C236-C247. [PMID: 35649254 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00135.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stress and the stiffness of the extracellular matrix are key drivers of tissue development and homeostasis. Aberrant mechanosensation is associated with a wide range of pathologies, including osteoarthritis. Matrix (or substrate) stiffness plays a major role in cell spreading, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. However, how specific cells sense substrate stiffness still remains unclude. The primary cilium is an essential cellular organelle that senses and integrates mechanical and chemical signals from the extracellular environment. We hypothesised that the primary cilium dynamically alters its length and position to fine-tune cell mechanosignalling based on substrate stiffness alone. We used a hydrogel system of varying substrate stiffness to examine the role of stiffness on cilia frequency, length and centriole position as well as cell and nuclei area over time. Contrary to other cell types, we show that chondrocyte primary cilia shorten on softer substrates demonstrating tissue-specific mechanosensing which is aligned with the tissue stiffness the cells originate from. We further show that stiffness determines centriole positioning to either the basal or apical membrane during attachment and spreading, with centriole positioned towards the basal membrane on stiffer substrates. These phenomena are mediated by force generation actin-myosin stress fibres in a time-dependent manner. Finally we show on stiff substrates, that primary cilia are involved in tension-mediated cell spreading. We propose that substrate stiffness plays a role in cilia positioning, regulating cellular responses to external forces, and may be a key driver of mechanosignalling-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Willantarra
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sophia Leung
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yu Suk Choi
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ashika Chhana
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sue R McGlashan
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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19
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Coveney CR, Samvelyan HJ, Miotla-Zarebska J, Carnegie J, Chang E, Corrin CJ, Coveney T, Stott B, Parisi I, Duarte C, Vincent TL, Staines KA, Wann AK. Ciliary IFT88 Protects Coordinated Adolescent Growth Plate Ossification From Disruptive Physiological Mechanical Forces. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1081-1096. [PMID: 35038201 PMCID: PMC9304194 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Compared with our understanding of endochondral ossification, much less is known about the coordinated arrest of growth defined by the narrowing and fusion of the cartilaginous growth plate. Throughout the musculoskeletal system, appropriate cell and tissue responses to mechanical force delineate morphogenesis and ensure lifelong health. It remains unclear how mechanical cues are integrated into many biological programs, including those coordinating the ossification of the adolescent growth plate at the cessation of growth. Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles tuning a range of cell activities, including signaling cascades activated or modulated by extracellular biophysical cues. Cilia have been proposed to directly facilitate cell mechanotransduction. To explore the influence of primary cilia in the mouse adolescent limb, we conditionally targeted the ciliary gene Intraflagellar transport protein 88 (Ift88fl/fl ) in the juvenile and adolescent skeleton using a cartilage-specific, inducible Cre (AggrecanCreERT2 Ift88fl/fl ). Deletion of IFT88 in cartilage, which reduced ciliation in the growth plate, disrupted chondrocyte differentiation, cartilage resorption, and mineralization. These effects were largely restricted to peripheral tibial regions beneath the load-bearing compartments of the knee. These regions were typified by an enlarged population of hypertrophic chondrocytes. Although normal patterns of hedgehog signaling were maintained, targeting IFT88 inhibited hypertrophic chondrocyte VEGF expression and downstream vascular recruitment, osteoclastic activity, and the replacement of cartilage with bone. In control mice, increases to physiological loading also impair ossification in the peripheral growth plate, mimicking the effects of IFT88 deletion. Limb immobilization inhibited changes to VEGF expression and epiphyseal morphology in Ift88cKO mice, indicating the effects of depletion of IFT88 in the adolescent growth plate are mechano-dependent. We propose that during this pivotal phase in adolescent skeletal maturation, ciliary IFT88 protects uniform, coordinated ossification of the growth plate from an otherwise disruptive heterogeneity of physiological mechanical forces. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa R Coveney
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hasmik J Samvelyan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Jadwiga Miotla-Zarebska
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Josephine Carnegie
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emer Chang
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Jonty Corrin
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Trystan Coveney
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bryony Stott
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ida Parisi
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claudia Duarte
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tonia L Vincent
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine A Staines
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Angus Kt Wann
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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20
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Vincent TL, McClurg O, Troeberg L. The Extracellular Matrix of Articular Cartilage Controls the Bioavailability of Pericellular Matrix-Bound Growth Factors to Drive Tissue Homeostasis and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6003. [PMID: 35682681 PMCID: PMC9181404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) has long been regarded as a packing material; supporting cells within the tissue and providing tensile strength and protection from mechanical stress. There is little surprise when one considers the dynamic nature of many of the individual proteins that contribute to the ECM, that we are beginning to appreciate a more nuanced role for the ECM in tissue homeostasis and disease. Articular cartilage is adapted to be able to perceive and respond to mechanical load. Indeed, physiological loads are essential to maintain cartilage thickness in a healthy joint and excessive mechanical stress is associated with the breakdown of the matrix that is seen in osteoarthritis (OA). Although the trigger by which increased mechanical stress drives catabolic pathways remains unknown, one mechanism by which cartilage responds to increased compressive load is by the release of growth factors that are sequestered in the pericellular matrix. These are heparan sulfate-bound growth factors that appear to be largely chondroprotective and displaced by an aggrecan-dependent sodium flux. Emerging evidence suggests that the released growth factors act in a coordinated fashion to drive cartilage repair. Thus, we are beginning to appreciate that the ECM is the key mechano-sensor and mechano-effector in cartilage, responsible for directing subsequent cellular events of relevance to joint health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia L. Vincent
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Oliver McClurg
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (O.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (O.M.); (L.T.)
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21
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Hung CT, Racine-Avila J, Pellicore MJ, Aaron R. Biophysical Modulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation in the Context of Skeletal Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073919. [PMID: 35409277 PMCID: PMC8998876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A prominent feature of the skeleton is its ability to remodel in response to biophysical stimuli and to repair under varied biophysical conditions. This allows the skeleton considerable adaptation to meet its physiological roles of stability and movement. Skeletal cells and their mesenchymal precursors exist in a native environment rich with biophysical signals, and they sense and respond to those signals to meet organismal demands of the skeleton. While mechanical strain is the most recognized of the skeletal biophysical stimuli, signaling phenomena also include fluid flow, hydrostatic pressure, shear stress, and ion-movement-related electrokinetic phenomena including, prominently, streaming potentials. Because of the complex interactions of these electromechanical signals, it is difficult to isolate the significance of each. The application of external electrical and electromagnetic fields allows an exploration of the effects of these stimuli on cell differentiation and extra-cellular matrix formation in the absence of mechanical strain. This review takes a distinctly translational approach to mechanistic and preclinical studies of differentiation and skeletal lineage commitment of mesenchymal cells under biophysical stimulation. In vitro studies facilitate the examination of isolated cellular responses while in vivo studies permit the observation of cell differentiation and extracellular matrix synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark T. Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (C.T.H.); (M.J.P.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jennifer Racine-Avila
- Department of Orthopedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA;
| | - Matthew J. Pellicore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (C.T.H.); (M.J.P.)
| | - Roy Aaron
- Department of Orthopedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-401-274-9660
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22
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Salinas EY, Donahue RP, Herrera JM, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. The functionality and translatability of neocartilage constructs are improved with the combination of fluid-induced shear stress and bioactive factors. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22225. [PMID: 35224777 PMCID: PMC9045489 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101699r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neocartilage tissue engineering aims to address the shortcomings of current clinical treatments for articular cartilage indications. However, advancement is required toward neocartilage functionality (mechanical and biochemical properties) and translatability (construct size, gross morphology, passage number, cell source, and cell type). Using fluid-induced shear (FIS) stress, a potent mechanical stimulus, over four phases, this work investigates FIS stress' efficacy toward creating large neocartilage derived from highly passaged minipig costal chondrocytes, a species relevant to the preclinical regulatory process. In Phase I, FIS stress application timing was investigated in bovine articular chondrocytes and found to improve the aggregate modulus of neocartilage by 151% over unstimulated controls when stimulated during the maturation stage. In Phase II, FIS stress stimulation was translated from bovine articular chondrocytes to expanded minipig costal chondrocytes, yielding a 46% improvement in aggregate modulus over nonstimulated controls. In Phase III, bioactive factors were combined with FIS stress to improve the shear modulus by 115% over bioactive factor-only controls. The translatability of neocartilage was improved in Phase IV by utilizing highly passaged cells to form constructs more than 9-times larger in the area (11 × 17 mm), yielding an improved aggregate modulus by 134% and a flat morphology compared to free-floating, bioactive factor-only controls. Overall, this study represents a significant step toward generating mechanically robust, large constructs necessary for animal studies, and eventually, human clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelia Y Salinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ryan P Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jessica M Herrera
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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23
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Boos MA, Lamandé SR, Stok KS. Multiscale Strain Transfer in Cartilage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:795522. [PMID: 35186920 PMCID: PMC8855033 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.795522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transfer of stress and strain signals between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cells is crucial for biochemical and biomechanical cues that are required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation, growth, and homeostasis. In cartilage tissue, the heterogeneity in spatial variation of ECM molecules leads to a depth-dependent non-uniform strain transfer and alters the magnitude of forces sensed by cells in articular and fibrocartilage, influencing chondrocyte metabolism and biochemical response. It is not fully established how these nonuniform forces ultimately influence cartilage health, maintenance, and integrity. To comprehend tissue remodelling in health and disease, it is fundamental to investigate how these forces, the ECM, and cells interrelate. However, not much is known about the relationship between applied mechanical stimulus and resulting spatial variations in magnitude and sense of mechanical stimuli within the chondrocyte’s microenvironment. Investigating multiscale strain transfer and hierarchical structure-function relationships in cartilage is key to unravelling how cells receive signals and how they are transformed into biosynthetic responses. Therefore, this article first reviews different cartilage types and chondrocyte mechanosensing. Following this, multiscale strain transfer through cartilage tissue and the involvement of individual ECM components are discussed. Finally, insights to further understand multiscale strain transfer in cartilage are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela A. Boos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shireen R. Lamandé
- Musculoskeletal Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn S. Stok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kathryn S. Stok,
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24
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Zhang Y, Lu W, Zhao Q, Chen J, Wang T, Ji J. The role of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 in ossification. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:748-758. [PMID: 34962674 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SHP2, encoded by the PTPN11 gene, participates in multiple cell functions including cell proliferation, movement, and differentiation. PTPN11 loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations are both associated with diseases, such as Noonan syndrome, whose manifestations include bone defects, suggesting a crucial role for SHP2 in the skeleton. However, the exact mechanisms by which SHP2 regulates bone development remain unclear. This review focuses on the current understanding of the regulation of SHP2 and highlights the vital roles of SHP2 in skeletal development, especially its roles in ossification. Overall, a better understanding of the functions of SHP2 in ossification will provide a new avenue to treat-related skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiancong Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ji
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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25
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Mechanosignalling in cartilage: an emerging target for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 18:67-84. [PMID: 34934171 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00724-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli have fundamental roles in articular cartilage during health and disease. Chondrocytes respond to the physical properties of the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) and the mechanical forces exerted on them during joint loading. In osteoarthritis (OA), catabolic processes degrade the functional ECM and the composition and viscoelastic properties of the ECM produced by chondrocytes are altered. The abnormal loading environment created by these alterations propagates cell dysfunction and inflammation. Chondrocytes sense their physical environment via an array of mechanosensitive receptors and channels that activate a complex network of downstream signalling pathways to regulate several cell processes central to OA pathology. Advances in understanding the complex roles of specific mechanosignalling mechanisms in healthy and OA cartilage have highlighted molecular processes that can be therapeutically targeted to interrupt pathological feedback loops. The potential for combining these mechanosignalling targets with the rapidly expanding field of smart mechanoresponsive biomaterials and delivery systems is an emerging paradigm in OA treatment. The continued advances in this field have the potential to enable restoration of healthy mechanical microenvironments and signalling through the development of precision therapeutics, mechanoregulated biomaterials and drug systems in the near future.
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26
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Ki SM, Jeong HS, Lee JE. Primary Cilia in Glial Cells: An Oasis in the Journey to Overcoming Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:736888. [PMID: 34658775 PMCID: PMC8514955 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.736888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases have been associated with defects in primary cilia, which are cellular organelles involved in diverse cellular processes and homeostasis. Several types of glial cells in both the central and peripheral nervous systems not only support the development and function of neurons but also play significant roles in the mechanisms of neurological disease. Nevertheless, most studies have focused on investigating the role of primary cilia in neurons. Accordingly, the interest of recent studies has expanded to elucidate the role of primary cilia in glial cells. Correspondingly, several reports have added to the growing evidence that most glial cells have primary cilia and that impairment of cilia leads to neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we aimed to understand the regulatory mechanisms of cilia formation and the disease-related functions of cilia, which are common or specific to each glial cell. Moreover, we have paid close attention to the signal transduction and pathological mechanisms mediated by glia cilia in representative neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we expect that this field of research will clarify the mechanisms involved in the formation and function of glial cilia to provide novel insights and ideas for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Mi Ki
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hui Su Jeong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
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27
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Abraham SP, Nita A, Krejci P, Bosakova M. Cilia kinases in skeletal development and homeostasis. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:577-608. [PMID: 34582081 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are dynamic compartments that regulate multiple aspects of cellular signaling. The production, maintenance, and function of cilia involve more than 1000 genes in mammals, and their mutations disrupt the ciliary signaling which manifests in a plethora of pathological conditions-the ciliopathies. Skeletal ciliopathies are genetic disorders affecting the development and homeostasis of the skeleton, and encompass a broad spectrum of pathologies ranging from isolated polydactyly to lethal syndromic dysplasias. The recent advances in forward genetics allowed for the identification of novel regulators of skeletogenesis, and revealed a growing list of ciliary proteins that are critical for signaling pathways implicated in bone physiology. Among these, a group of protein kinases involved in cilia assembly, maintenance, signaling, and disassembly has emerged. In this review, we summarize the functions of cilia kinases in skeletal development and disease, and discuss the available and upcoming treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P Abraham
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandru Nita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Bosakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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28
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Coveney CR, Zhu L, Miotla-Zarebska J, Stott B, Parisi I, Batchelor V, Duarte C, Chang E, McSorley E, Vincent TL, Wann AK. The ciliary protein IFT88 controls post-natal cartilage thickness and influences development of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 74:49-59. [PMID: 34105311 DOI: 10.1002/art.41894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mechanical and biological cues drive cellular signalling in cartilage development, health, and disease. Proteins of the primary cilium, implicated in transduction of biophysiochemical signals, control cartilage formation during skeletal development, but their influence in post-natal cartilage remains unknown. METHODS Ift88fl/fl and AggrecanCreERT2 mice were crossed to create a cartilage-specific, inducible knockout mouse AggrecanCreERT2 ;Ift88fl/fl . Tibial articular cartilage (AC) thickness was assessed, through adolescence and adulthood, by histomorphometry and integrity by OARSI score. In situ mechanisms were investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC), RNA scope and qPCR of micro-dissected cartilage. OA was induced by surgical destabilisation (DMM). Mice voluntarily exercised using wheels. RESULTS Deletion of IFT88 resulted in progressive reductions in medial AC thickness during adolescence, and marked atrophy in adulthood. At 34 weeks of age, medial thickness was reduced from 104.00μm, [100.30-110.50, 95% CI] in Ift88fl/fl to 89.42μm [84.00-93.49, 95% CI] in AggrecanCreERT2 ;Ift88fl/fl (p<0.0001), associated with reductions in calcified cartilage. Occasionally, atrophy was associated with complete, spontaneous, medial cartilage degradation. Following DMM, AggrecanCreERT2 ;Ift88fl/fl mice had increased OA scores. Atrophy in mature AC was not associated with obvious increases in aggrecanase-mediated destruction or chondrocyte hypertrophy. Of 44 candidate genes analysed, only Tcf7l2 correlated with Ift88 expression in micro-dissected cartilage. However, RNA scope revealed increased hedgehog (Hh) signalling (Gli1), associated with reductions in Ift88, in AggrecanCreERT2 ;Ift88fl/fl cartilage. Wheel exercise restored both AC thickness and levels of Hh signalling in AggrecanCreERT2 ;Ift88fl/fl . CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that IFT88 is chondroprotective, regulating AC thickness, potentially by thresholding a Hh response to physiological loading that controls cartilage calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa R Coveney
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Linyi Zhu
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Jadwiga Miotla-Zarebska
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Bryony Stott
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ida Parisi
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Vicky Batchelor
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Claudia Duarte
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Emer Chang
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Eleanor McSorley
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Tonia L Vincent
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Angus Kt Wann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, NDORMS, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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29
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Statham P, Jones E, Jennings LM, Fermor HL. Reproducing the Biomechanical Environment of the Chondrocyte for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:405-420. [PMID: 33726527 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the biomechanical and tribological performance of articular cartilage is inextricably linked to its extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and zonal heterogeneity. Furthermore, it is understood that the presence of native ECM components, such as collagen II and aggrecan, promote healthy homeostasis in the resident chondrocytes. What is less frequently discussed is how chondrocyte metabolism is related to the extracellular mechanical environment, at both the macro and microscale. The chondrocyte is in immediate contact with the pericellular matrix of the chondron, which acts as a mechanocoupler, transmitting external applied loads from the ECM to the chondrocyte. Therefore, components of the pericellular matrix also play essential roles in chondrocyte mechanotransduction and metabolism. Recreating the biomechanical environment through tuning material properties of a scaffold and/or the use of external cyclic loading can induce biosynthetic responses in chondrocytes. Decellularized scaffolds, which retain the native tissue macro- and microstructure also represent an effective means of recapitulating such an environment. The use of such techniques in tissue engineering applications can ensure the regeneration of skeletally mature articular cartilage with appropriate biomechanical and tribological properties to restore joint function. Despite the pivotal role in graft maturation and performance, biomechanical and tribological properties of such interventions is often underrepresented. This review outlines the role of biomechanics in relation to native cartilage performance and chondrocyte metabolism, and how application of this theory can enhance the future development and successful translation of biomechanically relevant tissue engineering interventions. Impact statement Physiological cartilage function is a key criterion in the success of a cartilage tissue engineering solution. The in situ performance is dependent on the initial scaffold design as well as extracellular matrix deposition by endogenous or exogenous cells. Both biological and biomechanical stimuli serve as key regulators of cartilage homeostasis and maturation of the resulting tissue-engineered graft. An improved understanding of the influence of biomechanics on cellular function and consideration of the final biomechanical and tribological performance will help in the successful development and translation of tissue-engineered grafts to restore natural joint function postcartilage trauma or osteoarthritic degeneration, delaying the requirement for prosthetic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Statham
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Jones
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Disease, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Louise M Jennings
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel L Fermor
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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30
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Sun Y, Yuan Y, Wu W, Lei L, Zhang L. The effects of locomotion on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell fate: insight into mechanical regulation and bone formation. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:88. [PMID: 34001272 PMCID: PMC8130302 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) refer to a heterogeneous population of cells with the capacity for self-renewal. BMSCs have multi-directional differentiation potential and can differentiate into chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes under specific microenvironment or mechanical regulation. The activities of BMSCs are closely related to bone quality. Previous studies have shown that BMSCs and their lineage-differentiated progeny (for example, osteoblasts), and osteocytes are mechanosensitive in bone. Thus, a goal of this review is to discuss how these ubiquious signals arising from mechanical stimulation are perceived by BMSCs and then how the cells respond to them. Studies in recent years reported a significant effect of locomotion on the migration, proliferation and differentiation of BMSCs, thus, contributing to our bone mass. This regulation is realized by the various intersecting signaling pathways including RhoA/Rock, IFG, BMP and Wnt signalling. The mechanoresponse of BMSCs also provides guidance for maintaining bone health by taking appropriate exercises. This review will summarize the regulatory effects of locomotion/mechanical loading on BMSCs activities. Besides, a number of signalling pathways govern MSC fate towards osteogenic or adipocytic differentiation will be discussed. The understanding of mechanoresponse of BMSCs makes the foundation for translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiu Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Sport and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, 510500, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Wu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Le Lei
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, 55 Zhongshan Road West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China.
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31
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Jiang W, Liu H, Wan R, Wu Y, Shi Z, Huang W. Mechanisms linking mitochondrial mechanotransduction and chondrocyte biology in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101315. [PMID: 33684550 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical loading is essential for chondrocyte health. Chondrocytes can sense and respond to various extracellular mechanical signals through an integrated set of mechanisms. Recently, it has been found that mitochondria, acting as critical mechanotransducers, are at the intersection between extracellular mechanical signals and chondrocyte biology. Much attention has been focused on identifying how mechanical loading-induced mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. In contrast, little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying functional alterations in mitochondria induced by mechanical stimulation. In this review, we describe how chondrocytes perceive environmental mechanical signals. We discuss how mechanical load induces mitochondrial functional alterations and highlight the major unanswered questions in this field. We speculate that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master regulator of energy homeostasis, may play an important role in coupling force transmission to mitochondrial health and intracellular biological responses.
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32
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Thompson CL, McFie M, Chapple JP, Beales P, Knight MM. Polycystin-2 Is Required for Chondrocyte Mechanotransduction and Traffics to the Primary Cilium in Response to Mechanical Stimulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4313. [PMID: 33919210 PMCID: PMC8122406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia and associated intraflagellar transport are essential for skeletal development, joint homeostasis, and the response to mechanical stimuli, although the mechanisms remain unclear. Polycystin-2 (PC2) is a member of the transient receptor potential polycystic (TRPP) family of cation channels, and together with Polycystin-1 (PC1), it has been implicated in cilia-mediated mechanotransduction in epithelial cells. The current study investigates the effect of mechanical stimulation on the localization of ciliary polycystins in chondrocytes and tests the hypothesis that they are required in chondrocyte mechanosignaling. Isolated chondrocytes were subjected to mechanical stimulation in the form of uniaxial cyclic tensile strain (CTS) in order to examine the effects on PC2 ciliary localization and matrix gene expression. In the absence of strain, PC2 localizes to the chondrocyte ciliary membrane and neither PC1 nor PC2 are required for ciliogenesis. Cartilage matrix gene expression (Acan, Col2a) is increased in response to 10% CTS. This response is inhibited by siRNA-mediated loss of PC1 or PC2 expression. PC2 ciliary localization requires PC1 and is increased in response to CTS. Increased PC2 cilia trafficking is dependent on the activation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) activation. Together, these findings demonstrate for the first time that polycystins are required for chondrocyte mechanotransduction and highlight the mechanosensitive cilia trafficking of PC2 as an important component of cilia-mediated mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L. Thompson
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.K.)
| | - Megan McFie
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.K.)
| | - J. Paul Chapple
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Philip Beales
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
| | - Martin M. Knight
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.K.)
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33
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Bornstein B, Konstantin N, Alessandro C, Tresch MC, Zelzer E. More than movement: the proprioceptive system as a new regulator of musculoskeletal biology. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Luesma MJ, Cantarero I, Sánchez‐Cano AI, Rodellar C, Junquera C. Ultrastructural evidence for telocytes in equine tendon. J Anat 2021; 238:527-535. [PMID: 33070316 PMCID: PMC7855077 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional ultrastructure of the tendon is complex. Two main cell types are classically supported: elongated tenocytes and ovoid tenoblasts. The existence of resident stem/progenitor cells in human and equine tendons has been demonstrated, but their location and relationship to tenoblasts and tenocytes remain unclear. Hence, in this work, we carried out an ultrastructural study of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon. Although the fine structure of tendons has been previously studied using electron microscopy, the presence of telocytes, a specific type of interstitial cell, has not been described thus far. We show the presence of telocytes in the equine inter-fascicular tendon matrix near blood vessels. These telocytes have characteristic telopodes, which are composed of alternating dilated portions (podoms) and thin segments (podomers). Additionally, we demonstrate the presence of the primary cilium in telocytes and its ability to release exosomes. The location of telocytes is similar to that of tendon stem cells. The telocyte-blood vessel proximity, the presence of primary immotile cilia and the release of exosomes could have special significance for tendon homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J. Luesma
- Department of Human Anatomy and HistologyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | - Irene Cantarero
- Morphological Sciences DepartmentUniversity of CórdobaCórdobaSpain
| | | | - Clementina Rodellar
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics (Lagenbio)University of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | - Concepción Junquera
- Department of Human Anatomy and HistologyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
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Saghati S, Nasrabadi HT, Khoshfetrat AB, Moharamzadeh K, Hassani A, Mohammadi SM, Rahbarghazi R, Fathi Karkan S. Tissue Engineering Strategies to Increase Osteochondral Regeneration of Stem Cells; a Close Look at Different Modalities. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1294-1311. [PMID: 33547591 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The homeostasis of osteochondral tissue is tightly controlled by articular cartilage chondrocytes and underlying subchondral bone osteoblasts via different internal and external clues. As a correlate, the osteochondral region is frequently exposed to physical forces and mechanical pressure. On this basis, distinct sets of substrates and physicochemical properties of the surrounding matrix affect the regeneration capacity of chondrocytes and osteoblasts. Stem cells are touted as an alternative cell source for the alleviation of osteochondral diseases. These cells appropriately respond to the physicochemical properties of different biomaterials. This review aimed to address some of the essential factors which participate in the chondrogenic and osteogenic capacity of stem cells. Elements consisted of biomechanical forces, electrical fields, and biochemical and physical properties of the extracellular matrix are the major determinant of stem cell differentiation capacity. It is suggested that an additional certain mechanism related to signal-transduction pathways could also mediate the chondro-osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. The discovery of these clues can enable us to modulate the regeneration capacity of stem cells in osteochondral injuries and lead to the improvement of more operative approaches using tissue engineering modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Saghati
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Tayefi Nasrabadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Ali Baradar Khoshfetrat
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Keyvan Moharamzadeh
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ayla Hassani
- Chemical Engineering Faculty, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, 51335-1996, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Momeneh Mohammadi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Sonia Fathi Karkan
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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36
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Fu S, Meng H, Inamdar S, Das B, Gupta H, Wang W, Thompson CL, Knight MM. Activation of TRPV4 by mechanical, osmotic or pharmaceutical stimulation is anti-inflammatory blocking IL-1β mediated articular cartilage matrix destruction. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2021; 29:89-99. [PMID: 33395574 PMCID: PMC7799379 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cartilage health is maintained in response to a range of mechanical stimuli including compressive, shear and tensile strains and associated alterations in osmolality. The osmotic-sensitive ion channel Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is required for mechanotransduction. Mechanical stimuli inhibit interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mediated inflammatory signalling, however the mechanism is unclear. This study aims to clarify the role of TRPV4 in this response. DESIGN TRPV4 activity was modulated glycogen synthase kinase (GSK205 antagonist or GSK1016790 A (GSK101) agonist) in articular chondrocytes and cartilage explants in the presence or absence of IL-1β, mechanical (10% cyclic tensile strain (CTS), 0.33 Hz, 24hrs) or osmotic loading (200mOsm, 24hrs). Nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) release and cartilage biomechanics were analysed. Alterations in post-translational tubulin modifications and primary cilia length regulation were examined. RESULTS In isolated chondrocytes, mechanical loading inhibited IL-1β mediated NO and PGE2 release. This response was inhibited by GSK205. Similarly, osmotic loading was anti-inflammatory in cells and explants, this response was abrogated by TRPV4 inhibition. In explants, GSK101 inhibited IL-1β mediated NO release and prevented cartilage degradation and loss of mechanical properties. Upon activation, TRPV4 cilia localisation was increased resulting in histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6)-dependent modulation of soluble tubulin and altered cilia length regulation. CONCLUSION Mechanical, osmotic or pharmaceutical activation of TRPV4 regulates HDAC6-dependent modulation of ciliary tubulin and is anti-inflammatory. This study reveals for the first time, the potential of TRPV4 manipulation as a novel therapeutic mechanism to supress pro-inflammatory signalling and cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fu
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - H Meng
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - S Inamdar
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - B Das
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - H Gupta
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - W Wang
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - C L Thompson
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - M M Knight
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
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37
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Li YH, Zhu D, Yang T, Cheng L, Sun J, Tan L. Crosstalk between the COX2-PGE2-EP4 signaling pathway and primary cilia in osteoblasts after mechanical stimulation. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:4764-4777. [PMID: 33275302 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia have been found to function as mechanosensors in low-magnitude high-frequency vibration (LMHFV)-induced osteogenesis. The PGE2 also regulates bone homeostasis and mechanical osteogenesis through its receptor EP4 signaling, but its involvement in LMHFV-induced or in primary cilia-induced osteogenesis has not been investigated. We hypothesized that LMHFV stimulates osteoblast (OB) differentiation by activating the COX2-PGE2-EP pathway in a manner dependent on primary cilia and that primary cilia are also affected by the PGE2 pathway. In this study, through western blot analysis, RNA interference, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and cytochemical staining, we observed that COX2, mPGES-1, and PGE2 levels were markedly elevated in cells treated with LMHFV and were greatly decreased in LMHFV-treated cells following IFT88 silencing. EP4 expression was significantly increased in OBs following LMHFV treatment, but IFT88 silencing significantly blocked this increase. EP4 localized to the bases of primary cilia. LMHFV reduced the length and abundance of primary cilia, but the cells could self-repair their primary cilia after mechanical damage. EP4 antagonism significantly blocked the LMHFV-induced increase in IFT88 expression and blocked the recovery of primary cilia length and the proportion of cells with primary cilia. In addition, COX2 or EP4 antagonism disrupted LMHFV-induced osteogenesis. These results demonstrate the integration of and crosstalk between primary cilia and the COX2-PGE2-EP4 signaling pathway under mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hui Li
- Department of Cardiology and Echocardiography, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianye Yang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Long Cheng
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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38
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Fang F, Schwartz AG, Moore ER, Sup ME, Thomopoulos S. Primary cilia as the nexus of biophysical and hedgehog signaling at the tendon enthesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/44/eabc1799. [PMID: 33127677 PMCID: PMC7608799 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The tendon enthesis is a fibrocartilaginous tissue critical for transfer of muscle forces to bone. Enthesis pathologies are common, and surgical repair of tendon to bone is plagued by high failure rates. At the root of these failures is a gap in knowledge of how the tendon enthesis is formed and maintained. We tested the hypothesis that the primary cilium is a hub for transducing biophysical and hedgehog (Hh) signals to regulate tendon enthesis formation and adaptation to loading. Primary cilia were necessary for enthesis development, and cilia assembly was coincident with Hh signaling and enthesis mineralization. Cilia responded inversely to loading; increased loading led to decreased cilia and decreased loading led to increased cilia. Enthesis responses to loading were dependent on Hh signaling through cilia. Results imply a role for tendon enthesis primary cilia as mechanical responders and Hh signal transducers, providing a therapeutic target for tendon enthesis pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Andrea G Schwartz
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Emily R Moore
- School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - McKenzie E Sup
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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39
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Gratal P, Lamuedra A, Medina JP, Bermejo-Álvarez I, Largo R, Herrero-Beaumont G, Mediero A. Purinergic System Signaling in Metainflammation-Associated Osteoarthritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:506. [PMID: 32984382 PMCID: PMC7485330 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation triggered by metabolic imbalance, also called metainflammation, is low-grade inflammation caused by the components involved in metabolic syndrome (MetS), including central obesity and impaired glucose tolerance. This phenomenon is mainly due to excess nutrients and energy, and it contributes to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). OA is characterized by the progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, which suffers erosion and progressively becomes thinner. Purinergic signaling is involved in several physiological and pathological processes, such as cell proliferation in development and tissue regeneration, neurotransmission and inflammation. Adenosine and ATP receptors, and other members of the signaling pathway, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), are involved in obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and OA progression. In this review, we focus on purinergic regulation in osteoarthritic cartilage and how different components of MetS, such as obesity and T2D, modulate the purinergic system in OA. In that regard, we describe the critical role in this disease of receptors, such as adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) and ATP P2X7 receptor. Finally, we also assess how nucleotides regulate the inflammasome in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Gratal
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Lamuedra
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Medina
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Largo
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Aránzazu Mediero
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
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40
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Salinas EY, Aryaei A, Paschos N, Berson E, Kwon H, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Shear stress induced by fluid flow produces improvements in tissue-engineered cartilage. Biofabrication 2020; 12:045010. [PMID: 32640430 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aba412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering aims to create implantable biomaterials for the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues. In vitro tissue engineering is generally based on static culture, which limits access to nutrients and lacks mechanical signaling. Using shear stress is controversial because in some cases it can lead to cell death while in others it promotes tissue regeneration. To understand how shear stress works and how it may be used to improve neotissue function, a series of studies were performed. First, a tunable device was designed to determine optimal levels of shear stress for neotissue formation. Then, computational fluid dynamics modeling showed the device applies fluid-induced shear (FIS) stress spanning three orders of magnitude on tissue-engineered cartilage (neocartilage). A beneficial window of FIS stress was subsequently identified, resulting in up to 3.6-fold improvements in mechanical properties of neocartilage in vitro. In vivo, neocartilage matured as evidenced by the doubling of collagen content toward native values. Translation of FIS stress to human derived neocartilage was then demonstrated, yielding analogous improvements in mechanical properties, such as 168% increase in tensile modulus. To gain an understanding of the beneficial roles of FIS stress, a mechanistic study was performed revealing a mechanically gated complex on the primary cilia of chondrocytes that is activated by FIS stress. This series of studies places FIS stress into the arena as a meaningful mechanical stimulation strategy for creating robust and translatable neotissues, and demonstrates the ease of incorporating FIS stress in tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Salinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 3131 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America. Authors contributed equally to this work
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Mc Fie M, Koneva L, Collins I, Coveney CR, Clube AM, Chanalaris A, Vincent TL, Bezbradica JS, Sansom SN, Wann AKT. Ciliary proteins specify the cell inflammatory response by tuning NFκB signalling, independently of primary cilia. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.239871. [PMID: 32503942 PMCID: PMC7358134 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex inflammatory signalling cascades define the response to tissue injury but also control development and homeostasis, limiting the potential for these pathways to be targeted therapeutically. Primary cilia are subcellular regulators of cellular signalling, controlling how signalling is organized, encoded and, in some instances, driving or influencing pathogenesis. Our previous research revealed that disruption of ciliary intraflagellar transport (IFT), altered the cell response to IL-1β, supporting a putative link emerging between cilia and inflammation. Here, we show that IFT88 depletion affects specific cytokine-regulated behaviours, changing cytosolic NFκB translocation dynamics but leaving MAPK signalling unaffected. RNA-seq analysis indicates that IFT88 regulates one third of the genome-wide targets, including the pro-inflammatory genes Nos2, Il6 and Tnf. Through microscopy, we find altered NFκB dynamics are independent of assembly of a ciliary axoneme. Indeed, depletion of IFT88 inhibits inflammatory responses in the non-ciliated macrophage. We propose that ciliary proteins, including IFT88, KIF3A, TTBK2 and NPHP4, act outside of the ciliary axoneme to tune cytoplasmic NFκB signalling and specify the downstream cell response. This is thus a non-canonical function for ciliary proteins in shaping cellular inflammation. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Ciliary proteins, acting independently of the ciliary axoneme, regulate the dynamics of cytosolic NFκB, but not other signalling pathways, defining an important subset of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Mc Fie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Research, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK.,School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Lada Koneva
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Research, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Isabella Collins
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Research, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Clarissa R Coveney
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Research, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Aisling M Clube
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Research, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Anastasios Chanalaris
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Research, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Tonia L Vincent
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Research, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Jelena S Bezbradica
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Research, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Stephen N Sansom
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Research, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Angus K T Wann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Research, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
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Jiang H, Liang S, He K, Hu J, Xu E, Lin T, Meng Y, Zhao J, Ma J, Gao R, Wang C, Yang F, Zhou X. Exome sequencing analysis identifies frequent oligogenic involvement and FLNB variants in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Med Genet 2020; 57:405-413. [PMID: 32381728 PMCID: PMC7279190 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a genetically heterogeneous disease characterised by three-dimensional deformity of the spine in the absence of a congenital spinal anomaly or neurological musculoskeletal disorder. The clinical variability and incomplete penetrance of some genes linked with AIS indicate that this disease constitutes an oligogenic trait. Objective We aimed to explore the oligogenic nature of this disease and identify novel AIS genes. Methods We analysed rare damaging variants within AIS-associated genes by using exome sequencing in 40 AIS trios and 183 sporadic patients. Results Multiple variants within AIS-associated genes were identified in eight AIS trios, and five individuals harboured rare damaging variants in the FLNB gene. The patients showed more frequent oligogenicity than the controls. In the gene-based burden test, the top signal resided in FLNB. In functional studies, we found that the AIS-associated FLNB variants altered the protein’s conformation and subcellular localisation and its interaction with other proteins (TTC26 and OFD1) involved in AIS. The most compelling evidence of an oligogenic basis was that the number of rare damaging variants was recognised as an independent prognostic factor for curve progression in Cox regression analysis. Conclusion Our data indicate that AIS is an oligogenic disease and identify FLNB as a susceptibility gene for AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shulun Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jinghua Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Enjie Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichen Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianquan Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ce Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Second Military Medical University, Shangahi, China.,Department of Cell Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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43
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Chau AL, Rosas J, Degen GD, Månsson LK, Chen J, Valois E, Pitenis AA. Aqueous surface gels as low friction interfaces to mitigate implant-associated inflammation. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:6782-6791. [PMID: 32364211 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00582g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous surface gels are fragile yet resilient biopolymer-based networks capable of sustaining extremely low friction coefficients despite tribologically-challenging environments. These superficial networks are ubiquitous in natural sliding interfaces and protect mechanosensitive cells from excessive contact pressures and frictional shear stresses from cell-fluid, cell-cell, or cell-solid interactions. Understanding these complex lubrication mechanisms may aid in the development of materials-based strategies for increasing biocompatibility in medical devices and implants. Equally as important is characterizing the interplay between soft and passive yet mobile implant materials and cellular reactions in response to direct contact and frictional shear stresses. Physically interrogating living biological systems without rupturing them in the process is nontrivial. To this end, custom biotribometers have been designed to precisely modulate contact pressures against living human telomerase-immortalized corneal epithelial (hTCEpi) cell layers using soft polyacrylamide membrane probes. Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain-reaction (RT-qPCR) indicated that increased duration and, to a much greater extent, the magnitude of frictional shear stress lead to increased production of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, MMP9) and pro-apoptotic (DDIT3, FAS) genes, which in clinical studies are linked to pathological pain. The hierarchical structure often found in biological systems has also been investigated through the fabrication of high-water content (polyacrylamide) hydrogels through free-radical polymerization inhibition. Nanoindentation experiments and friction coefficient measurements indicate that these "gradient surface gels" reduce contact pressures and frictional shear stresses at the surface of the material while still maintaining stiffness within the bulk. Reducing frictional shear stresses through informed materials and surface design may concomitantly increase lubricity and quiet the immune response, and thus provide bio-inspired routes to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Chau
- Materials Department University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Jonah Rosas
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering Department University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - George D Degen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Lisa K Månsson
- Department of Physics Chalmers, University of Technology, 412 58 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Eric Valois
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Angela A Pitenis
- Materials Department University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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44
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Sussman CR, Wang X, Chebib FT, Torres VE. Modulation of polycystic kidney disease by G-protein coupled receptors and cyclic AMP signaling. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109649. [PMID: 32335259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is a systemic disorder associated with polycystic liver disease (PLD) and other extrarenal manifestations, the most common monogenic cause of end-stage kidney disease, and a major burden for public health. Many studies have shown that alterations in G-protein and cAMP signaling play a central role in its pathogenesis. As for many other diseases (35% of all approved drugs target G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) or proteins functioning upstream or downstream from GPCRs), treatments targeting GPCR have shown effectiveness in slowing the rate of progression of ADPKD. Tolvaptan, a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist is the first drug approved by regulatory agencies to treat rapidly progressive ADPKD. Long-acting somatostatin analogs have also been effective in slowing the rates of growth of polycystic kidneys and liver. Although no treatment has so far been able to prevent the development or stop the progression of the disease, these encouraging advances point to G-protein and cAMP signaling as a promising avenue of investigation that may lead to more effective and safe treatments. This will require a better understanding of the relevant GPCRs, G-proteins, cAMP effectors, and of the enzymes and A-kinase anchoring proteins controlling the compartmentalization of cAMP signaling. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of general GPCR signaling; the function of polycystin-1 (PC1) as a putative atypical adhesion GPCR (aGPCR); the roles of PC1, polycystin-2 (PC2) and the PC1-PC2 complex in the regulation of calcium and cAMP signaling; the cross-talk of calcium and cAMP signaling in PKD; and GPCRs, adenylyl cyclases, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, and protein kinase A as therapeutic targets in ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Sussman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Fouad T Chebib
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Vicente E Torres
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
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45
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Singh S, Adam M, Matkar PN, Bugyei-Twum A, Desjardins JF, Chen HH, Nguyen H, Bazinet H, Michels D, Liu Z, Mebrahtu E, Esene L, Joseph J, Ehsan M, Qadura M, Connelly KA, Leong-Poi H, Singh KK. Endothelial-specific Loss of IFT88 Promotes Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Exacerbates Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4466. [PMID: 32161282 PMCID: PMC7066128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport protein 88 (Ift88) is required for ciliogenesis and shear stress-induced dissolution of cilia in embryonic endothelial cells coincides with endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in the developing heart. EndMT is also suggested to underlie heart and lung fibrosis, however, the mechanism linking endothelial Ift88, its effect on EndMT and organ fibrosis remains mainly unexplored. We silenced Ift88 in endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro and generated endothelial cell-specific Ift88-knockout mice (Ift88endo) in vivo to evaluate EndMT and its contribution towards organ fibrosis, respectively. Ift88-silencing in ECs led to mesenchymal cells-like changes in endothelial cells. The expression level of the endothelial markers (CD31, Tie-2 and VE-cadherin) were significantly reduced with a concomitant increase in the expression level of mesenchymal markers (αSMA, N-Cadherin and FSP-1) in Ift88-silenced ECs. Increased EndMT was associated with increased expression of profibrotic Collagen I expression and increased proliferation in Ift88-silenced ECs. Loss of Ift88 in ECs was further associated with increased expression of Sonic Hedgehog signaling effectors. In vivo, endothelial cells isolated from the heart and lung of Ift88endo mice demonstrated loss of Ift88 expression in the endothelium. The Ift88endo mice were born in expected Mendelian ratios without any adverse cardiac phenotypes at baseline. Cardiac and pulmonary endothelial cells isolated from the Ift88endo mice demonstrated signs of EndMT and bleomycin treatment exacerbated pulmonary fibrosis in Ift88endo mice. Pressure overload stress in the form of aortic banding did not reveal a significant difference in cardiac fibrosis between Ift88endo mice and control mice. Our findings demonstrate a novel association between endothelial cilia with EndMT and cell proliferation and also show that loss of endothelial cilia-associated increase in EndMT contributes specifically towards pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mohamed Adam
- Division of Cardiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Pratiek N Matkar
- Division of Cardiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Antoinette Bugyei-Twum
- Division of Cardiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jean-Francois Desjardins
- Division of Cardiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Hao H Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Hien Nguyen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.,Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Hannah Bazinet
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - David Michels
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Zongyi Liu
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Mebrahtu
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Lillian Esene
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Jameela Joseph
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mehroz Ehsan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mohammad Qadura
- Vascular Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Kim A Connelly
- Division of Cardiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Howard Leong-Poi
- Division of Cardiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Krishna K Singh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada. .,Vascular Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada. .,Departments of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada. .,Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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46
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Hafsia N, Forien M, Renaudin F, Delacour D, Reboul P, Van Lent P, Cohen-Solal M, Lioté F, Poirier F, Ea HK. Galectin 3 Deficiency Alters Chondrocyte Primary Cilium Formation and Exacerbates Cartilage Destruction via Mitochondrial Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041486. [PMID: 32098291 PMCID: PMC7073077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical overload and aging are the main risk factors of osteoarthritis (OA). Galectin 3 (GAL3) is important in the formation of primary cilia, organelles that are able to sense mechanical stress. The objectives were to evaluate the role of GAL3 in chondrocyte primary cilium formation and in OA in mice. Chondrocyte primary cilium was detected in vitro by confocal microscopy. OA was induced by aging and partial meniscectomy of wild-type (WT) and Gal3-null 129SvEV mice (Gal3−/−). Primary chondrocytes were isolated from joints of new-born mice. Chondrocyte apoptosis was assessed by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), caspase 3 activity and cytochrome c release. Gene expression was assessed by qRT-PCR. GAL3 was localized at the basal body of the chondrocyte primary cilium. Primary cilia of Gal3−/− chondrocytes were frequently abnormal and misshapen. Deletion of Gal3 triggered premature OA during aging and exacerbated joint instability-induced OA. In both aging and surgery-induced OA cartilage, levels of chondrocyte catabolism and hypertrophy markers and apoptosis were more severe in Gal3−/− than WT samples. In vitro, Gal3 knockout favored chondrocyte apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. GAL3 is a key regulator of cartilage homeostasis and chondrocyte primary cilium formation in mice. Gal3 deletion promotes OA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjès Hafsia
- Université de Paris, BIOSCAR UMR 1132, Inserm, F-75010 Paris, France; (N.H.); (M.F.); (F.R.); (M.C.-S.); (F.L.)
| | - Marine Forien
- Université de Paris, BIOSCAR UMR 1132, Inserm, F-75010 Paris, France; (N.H.); (M.F.); (F.R.); (M.C.-S.); (F.L.)
| | - Félix Renaudin
- Université de Paris, BIOSCAR UMR 1132, Inserm, F-75010 Paris, France; (N.H.); (M.F.); (F.R.); (M.C.-S.); (F.L.)
| | - Delphine Delacour
- UMR 7592 CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France; (D.D.); (F.P.)
| | - Pascal Reboul
- UMR 7365, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, IMoPA, F-54000 Vandœuvre-lés-Nancy, France;
| | - Peter Van Lent
- Rheumatology Research and Advanced Therapeutics, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Martine Cohen-Solal
- Université de Paris, BIOSCAR UMR 1132, Inserm, F-75010 Paris, France; (N.H.); (M.F.); (F.R.); (M.C.-S.); (F.L.)
- Service de Rhumatologie, Centre Viggo Petersen, AP-HP, hôpital Lariboisière, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Lioté
- Université de Paris, BIOSCAR UMR 1132, Inserm, F-75010 Paris, France; (N.H.); (M.F.); (F.R.); (M.C.-S.); (F.L.)
- Service de Rhumatologie, Centre Viggo Petersen, AP-HP, hôpital Lariboisière, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Poirier
- UMR 7592 CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France; (D.D.); (F.P.)
| | - Hang Korng Ea
- Université de Paris, BIOSCAR UMR 1132, Inserm, F-75010 Paris, France; (N.H.); (M.F.); (F.R.); (M.C.-S.); (F.L.)
- Service de Rhumatologie, Centre Viggo Petersen, AP-HP, hôpital Lariboisière, F-75010 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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47
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Tao F, Jiang T, Tao H, Cao H, Xiang W. Primary cilia: Versatile regulator in cartilage development. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12765. [PMID: 32034931 PMCID: PMC7106963 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage is a connective tissue in the skeletal system and has limited regeneration ability and unique biomechanical reactivity. The growth and development of cartilage can be affected by different physical, chemical and biological factors, such as mechanical stress, inflammation, osmotic pressure, hypoxia and signalling transduction. Primary cilia are multifunctional sensory organelles that regulate diverse signalling transduction and cell activities. They are crucial for the regulation of cartilage development and act in a variety of ways, such as react to mechanical stress, mediate signalling transduction, regulate cartilage‐related diseases progression and affect cartilage tumorigenesis. Therefore, research on primary cilia‐mediated cartilage growth and development is currently extremely popular. This review outlines the role of primary cilia in cartilage development in recent years and elaborates on the potential regulatory mechanisms from different aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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48
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Regulation of the Extracellular Matrix by Ciliary Machinery. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020278. [PMID: 31979260 PMCID: PMC7072529 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is an organelle involved in cellular signalling. Mutations affecting proteins involved in cilia assembly or function result in diseases known as ciliopathies, which cause a wide variety of phenotypes across multiple tissues. These mutations disrupt various cellular processes, including regulation of the extracellular matrix. The matrix is important for maintaining tissue homeostasis through influencing cell behaviour and providing structural support; therefore, the matrix changes observed in ciliopathies have been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Whilst many studies have associated the cilium with processes that regulate the matrix, exactly how these matrix changes arise is not well characterised. This review aims to bring together the direct and indirect evidence for ciliary regulation of matrix, in order to summarise the possible mechanisms by which the ciliary machinery could regulate the composition, secretion, remodelling and organisation of the matrix.
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49
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Primary human chondrocytes respond to compression with phosphoproteomic signatures that include microtubule activation. J Biomech 2019; 97:109367. [PMID: 31607375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocytes are responsible for maintaining the cartilage that helps joints bear load and move smoothly. These cells typically respond to physiological compression with pathways consistent with matrix synthesis, and chondrocyte mechanotransduction is essential for homeostasis. In osteoarthritis (OA), chondrocyte mechanotransduction appears to be dysregulated, yet the mechanisms remain poorly understood. The objective of this study is to document the phosphoproteomic responses of primary osteoarthritic chondrocytes to physiological sinusoidal compression. We show that OA chondrocytes respond to physiological compression by first activating proteins consistent with cytoskeletal remodeling and decreased transcription, and then later activating proteins for transcription. These results show that several microtubule-related proteins respond to compression. Our results demonstrate that compression is a relevant physiological stimulus for osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Future analyses may build on these results to find differences in compression-induced phosphoproteins between normal and OA cells that lead to druggable targets to restore homeostasis to diseased joints.
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50
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Matsubara S, Onodera T, Maeda E, Momma D, Matsuoka M, Homan K, Ohashi T, Iwasaki N. Depletion of glycosphingolipids induces excessive response of chondrocytes under mechanical stress. J Biomech 2019; 94:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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