1
|
Melrose J. Hippo cell signaling and HS-proteoglycans regulate tissue form and function, age-dependent maturation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and repair. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C810-C828. [PMID: 38223931 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00683.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
This review examined how Hippo cell signaling and heparan sulfate (HS)-proteoglycans (HSPGs) regulate tissue form and function. Despite being a nonweight-bearing tissue, the brain is regulated by Hippo mechanoresponsive cell signaling pathways during embryonic development. HS-proteoglycans interact with growth factors, morphogens, and extracellular matrix components to regulate development and pathology. Pikachurin and Eyes shut (Eys) interact with dystroglycan to stabilize the photoreceptor axoneme primary cilium and ribbon synapse facilitating phototransduction and neurotransduction with bipolar retinal neuronal networks in ocular vision, the primary human sense. Another HSPG, Neurexin interacts with structural and adaptor proteins to stabilize synapses and ensure specificity of neural interactions, and aids in synaptic potentiation and plasticity in neurotransduction. HSPGs also stabilize the blood-brain barrier and motor neuron basal structures in the neuromuscular junction. Agrin and perlecan localize acetylcholinesterase and its receptors in the neuromuscular junction essential for neuromuscular control. The primary cilium is a mechanosensory hub on neurons, utilized by YES associated protein (YAP)-transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) Hippo, Hh, Wnt, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/bone matrix protein (BMP) receptor tyrosine kinase cell signaling. Members of the glypican HSPG proteoglycan family interact with Smoothened and Patched G-protein coupled receptors on the cilium to regulate Hh and Wnt signaling during neuronal development. Control of glycosyl sulfotransferases and endogenous protease expression by Hippo TAZ YAP represents a mechanism whereby the fine structure of HS-proteoglycans can be potentially modulated spatiotemporally to regulate tissue morphogenesis in a similar manner to how Hippo signaling controls sialyltransferase expression and mediation of cell-cell recognition, dysfunctional sialic acid expression is a feature of many tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School-Northern, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bačenková D, Trebuňová M, Demeterová J, Živčák J. Human Chondrocytes, Metabolism of Articular Cartilage, and Strategies for Application to Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17096. [PMID: 38069417 PMCID: PMC10707713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaline cartilage, which is characterized by the absence of vascularization and innervation, has minimal self-repair potential in case of damage and defect formation in the chondral layer. Chondrocytes are specialized cells that ensure the synthesis of extracellular matrix components, namely type II collagen and aggregen. On their surface, they express integrins CD44, α1β1, α3β1, α5β1, α10β1, αVβ1, αVβ3, and αVβ5, which are also collagen-binding components of the extracellular matrix. This article aims to contribute to solving the problem of the possible repair of chondral defects through unique methods of tissue engineering, as well as the process of pathological events in articular cartilage. In vitro cell culture models used for hyaline cartilage repair could bring about advanced possibilities. Currently, there are several variants of the combination of natural and synthetic polymers and chondrocytes. In a three-dimensional environment, chondrocytes retain their production capacity. In the case of mesenchymal stromal cells, their favorable ability is to differentiate into a chondrogenic lineage in a three-dimensional culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darina Bačenková
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Measurement, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Košice, Letná 9, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia; (M.T.); (J.D.); (J.Ž.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paul S, Schrobback K, Tran PA, Meinert C, Davern JW, Weekes A, Nedunchezhiyan U, Klein TJ. GelMA-glycol chitosan hydrogels for cartilage regeneration: The role of uniaxial mechanical stimulation in enhancing mechanical, adhesive, and biochemical properties. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:036114. [PMID: 37692373 PMCID: PMC10492648 DOI: 10.1063/5.0160472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Untreated osteochondral defects are a leading cause of osteoarthritis, a condition that places a heavy burden on both patients and orthopedic surgeons. Although tissue engineering has shown promise for creating mechanically similar cartilage-like constructs, their integration with cartilage remains elusive. Therefore, a formulation of biodegradable, biocompatible biomaterial with sufficient mechanical and adhesive properties for cartilage repair is required. To accomplish this, we prepared biocompatible, photo-curable, mechanically robust, and highly adhesive GelMA-glycol chitosan (GelMA-GC) hydrogels. GelMA-GC hydrogels had a modulus of 283 kPa and provided a biocompatible environment (>70% viability of embedded chondrocytes) in long-term culture within a bovine cartilage ring. The adhesive strength of bovine chondrocyte-laden GelMA-GC hydrogel to bovine cartilage increased from 38 to 52 kPa over four weeks of culture. Moreover, intermittent uniaxial mechanical stimulation enhanced the adhesive strength to ∼60 kPa, indicating that the cartilage-hydrogel integration could remain secure and functional under dynamic loading conditions. Furthermore, gene expression data and immunofluorescence staining revealed the capacity of chondrocytes in GelMA-GC hydrogel to synthesize chondrogenic markers (COL2A1 and ACAN), suggesting the potential for tissue regeneration. The promising in vitro results of this work motivate further exploration of the potential of photo-curable GelMA-GC bioadhesive hydrogels for cartilage repair and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karsten Schrobback
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dienes B, Bazsó T, Szabó L, Csernoch L. The Role of the Piezo1 Mechanosensitive Channel in the Musculoskeletal System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076513. [PMID: 37047487 PMCID: PMC10095409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the recent discovery of the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels, many studies have addressed the role of the channel in various physiological or even pathological processes of different organs. Although the number of studies on their effects on the musculoskeletal system is constantly increasing, we are still far from a precise understanding. In this review, the knowledge available so far regarding the musculoskeletal system is summarized, reviewing the results achieved in the field of skeletal muscles, bones, joints and cartilage, tendons and ligaments, as well as intervertebral discs.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wei L, Qin S, Ye Y, Hu J, Luo D, Li Y, Gao Y, Jiang L, Zhou Q, Xie X, Li N. Chondrogenic potential of manganese-loaded composite scaffold combined with chondrocytes for articular cartilage defect. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2022; 33:74. [PMID: 36219265 PMCID: PMC9553786 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-022-06695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage is an alymphatic, avascular and non-innervated tissue. Lack of potential regenerative capacity to reconstruct chondral defect has accelerated investigation and development of new strategy for cartilage repair. We prepared a manganese ion-incorporated natupolymer-based scaffold with chitosan-gelatin by freeze-drying procedure. The scaffold was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, compressive testing, and analysis of porosity and flexibility. Live/dead assay confirmed the good cytocompatibility of prepared scaffold on rat articular chondrocytes after 10 days and 4 weeks of culture. The manganese-loaded composite scaffold upregulated the expression of chondrogenic-related markers (Sox9, integrin, and Col II) in chondrocytes. Western blot analysis of proteins extracted from chondrocytes grown on scaffolds indicated the signaling pathways of p-Akt and p-ERK1/2 played a key role. Histological analysis following implantation of current composite scaffold loaded with chondrocytes into a rat articular cartilage defect model showed that the scaffolds promoted the formation of collagen II and cartilage repair. These findings suggested the potential of manganese-loaded scaffold to promote new cartilage formation and a promising strategy for articular cartilage engineering application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wei
- Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Qin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulin Ye
- Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Hu
- Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danyang Luo
- Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yusi Li
- Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Gao
- Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liting Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xianfei Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Stomatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Volz M, Wyse-Sookoo KR, Travascio F, Huang CY, Best TM. MECHANOBIOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR STIMULATING CHONDROGENESIS OF STEM CELLS. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:460-487. [PMID: 35615879 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenesis is the process of differentiation of stem cells into mature chondrocytes. Such a process consists of chemical, functional, and structural changes which are initiated and mediated by the host environment of the cells. To date, the mechanobiology of chondrogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Hence, experimental activity is focused on recreating specific environmental conditions for stimulating chondrogenesis, and to look for a mechanistic interpretation of the mechanobiological response of cells in the cartilaginous tissues. There are a large number of studies on the topic that vary considerably in their experimental protocols used for providing environmental cues to cells for differentiation, making generalizable conclusions difficult to ascertain. The main objective of this contribution is to review the mechanobiological stimulation of stem cell chondrogenesis and methodological approaches utilized to date to promote chondrogenesis of stem cells in-vitro. In-vivo models will also be explored, but this area is currently limited. An overview of the experimental approaches used by different research groups may help the development of unified testing methods that could be used to overcome existing knowledge gaps, leading to an accelerated translation of experimental findings to clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Volz
- University of Miami, 5452, Biomedical Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, United States;
| | | | - Francesco Travascio
- University of Miami, 5452, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 1251 Memorial Drive, MEB 217B, Coral Gables, Florida, United States, 33146;
| | - Chun-Yuh Huang
- University of Miami, 5452, Biomedical Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, United States;
| | - Thomas M Best
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 12235, School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mahajan A, Singh A, Datta D, Katti DS. Bioinspired Injectable Hydrogels Dynamically Stiffen and Contract to Promote Mechanosensing-Mediated Chondrogenic Commitment of Stem Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:7531-7550. [PMID: 35119254 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing stiff and resilient injectable hydrogels that can mechanically support load-bearing joints while enabling chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells is a major challenge in the field of cartilage tissue engineering. In the present work, a triple-network injectable hydrogel system was engineered using Bombyx mori silk fibroin, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and gelatin. The developed hydrogel demonstrated a simultaneous increase in both stiffness and contraction over time, thereby imparting a four-dimensional (4D) evolving niche to the cells. While resilience was provided by CMC, the dynamic alterations in the hydrogel matrix were attributed to the formation of β-sheets in silk. The engineered contraction facilitated condensation of cells that mimicked an important step during cartilage development. Subsequently, this led to downregulation of YAP signaling and enhanced chondrogenic commitment of stem cells. More importantly, the in vivo study showed that the ectopically regenerated cartilage was mature and closely resembled native articular cartilage. Overall, this strategy of engineering mechanotransduction that promotes chondrogenesis by contraction-mediated condensation is a promising and translatable approach for cartilage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aman Mahajan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology─Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
- The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology─Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akhilesh Singh
- Cancer Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipak Datta
- Cancer Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dhirendra S Katti
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology─Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
- The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology─Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cooper SM, Rainbow RS. The Developing Field of Scaffold-Free Tissue Engineering for Articular Cartilage Repair. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2021; 28:995-1006. [PMID: 34605669 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is critical for proper joint mobility as it provides a smooth and lubricated surface between articulating bones and allows for transmission of load to underlying bones. Extended wear or injury of this tissue can result in osteoarthritis, a degenerative disease affecting millions across the globe. Because of its low regenerative capacity, articular cartilage cannot heal on its own and effective treatments for injured joint restoration remain a challenge. Strategies in tissue engineering have been demonstrated as potential therapeutic approaches to regenerate and repair damaged articular cartilage. Although many of these strategies rely on the use of an exogenous three-dimensional scaffolds to regenerate cartilage, scaffold-free tissue engineering provides numerous advantages over scaffold-based methods. This review highlights the latest advancements in scaffold-free tissue engineering for cartilage and the potential for clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Cooper
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Roshni S Rainbow
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Impact of perlecan, a core component of basement membrane, on regeneration of cartilaginous tissues. Acta Biomater 2021; 135:13-26. [PMID: 34454085 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As an indispensable component of the extracellular matrix, perlecan (Pln) plays an essential role in cartilaginous tissue function. Although there exist studies suggesting that Pln expressed by cartilaginous tissues is critical for chondrogenesis, few papers have discussed the potential impact Pln may have on cartilage regeneration. In this review, we delineate Pln structure, biomechanical properties, and interactive ligands-which together contribute to the effect Pln has on cartilaginous tissue development. We also review how the signaling pathways of Pln affect cartilage development and scrutinize the potential application of Pln to divisions of cartilage regeneration, spanning vascularization, stem cell differentiation, and biomaterial improvement. The aim of this review is to deepen our understanding of the spatial and temporal interactions that occur between Pln and cartilaginous tissue and ultimately apply Pln in scaffold design to improve cell-based cartilage engineering and regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: As a key component of the basement membrane, Pln plays a critical role in tissue development and repair. Recent findings suggest that Pln existing in the pericellular matrix surrounding mature chondrocytes is actively involved in cartilage regeneration and functionality. We propose that Pln is essential to developing an in vitro matrix niche within biological scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering.
Collapse
|
10
|
Qin L, He T, Chen S, Yang D, Yi W, Cao H, Xiao G. Roles of mechanosensitive channel Piezo1/2 proteins in skeleton and other tissues. Bone Res 2021; 9:44. [PMID: 34667178 PMCID: PMC8526690 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction is a fundamental ability that allows living organisms to receive and respond to physical signals from both the external and internal environments. The mechanotransduction process requires a range of special proteins termed mechanotransducers to convert mechanical forces into biochemical signals in cells. The Piezo proteins are mechanically activated nonselective cation channels and the largest plasma membrane ion channels reported thus far. The regulation of two family members, Piezo1 and Piezo2, has been reported to have essential functions in mechanosensation and transduction in different organs and tissues. Recently, the predominant contributions of the Piezo family were reported to occur in the skeletal system, especially in bone development and mechano-stimulated bone homeostasis. Here we review current studies focused on the tissue-specific functions of Piezo1 and Piezo2 in various backgrounds with special highlights on their importance in regulating skeletal cell mechanotransduction. In this review, we emphasize the diverse functions of Piezo1 and Piezo2 and related signaling pathways in osteoblast lineage cells and chondrocytes. We also summarize our current understanding of Piezo channel structures and the key findings about PIEZO gene mutations in human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tailin He
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dazhi Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Weihong Yi
- Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Huiling Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen J, Chen L, Hua J, Song W. Long-term dynamic compression enhancement TGF-β3-induced chondrogenesis in bovine stem cells: a gene expression analysis. BMC Genom Data 2021; 22:13. [PMID: 33743603 PMCID: PMC7981793 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-021-00967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bioengineering has demonstrated the potential of utilising mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), growth factors, and mechanical stimuli to treat cartilage defects. However, the underlying genes and pathways are largely unclear. This is the first study on screening and identifying the hub genes involved in mechanically enhanced chondrogenesis and their potential molecular mechanisms. Methods The datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and contain six transforming growth factor-beta-3 (TGF-β3) induced bovine bone marrow-derived MSCs specimens and six TGF-β3/dynamic-compression-induced specimens at day 42. Screening differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was performed and then analysed via bioinformatics methods. The Database for Annotation, Visualisation, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) online analysis was utilised to obtain the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the DEGs was constructed based on data from the STRING database and visualised through the Cytoscape software. The functional modules were extracted from the PPI network for further analysis. Results The top 10 hub genes ranked by their connection degrees were IL6, UBE2C, TOP2A, MCM4, PLK2, SMC2, BMP2, LMO7, TRIM36, and MAPK8. Multiple signalling pathways (including the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway, the toll-like receptor signalling pathway, the TNF signalling pathway, and the MAPK pathway) may impact the sensation, transduction, and reaction of external mechanical stimuli. Conclusions This study provides a theoretical finding showing that gene UBE2C, IL6, and MAPK8, and multiple signalling pathways may play pivotal roles in dynamic compression-enhanced chondrogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jishizhan Chen
- UCL Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Lidan Chen
- UCL Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK.,Centre of Maxillofacial Surgery and Digital Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Hua
- UCL Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, Stanmore, London, HA7 4AP, UK.,The Griffin Institute (Northwick Park Institute for Medical Research), Harrow, London, HA1 3UJ, UK.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Wenhui Song
- UCL Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tao F, Jiang T, Tao H, Cao H, Xiang W. Primary cilia: Versatile regulator in cartilage development. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12765. [PMID: 32034931 PMCID: PMC7106963 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage is a connective tissue in the skeletal system and has limited regeneration ability and unique biomechanical reactivity. The growth and development of cartilage can be affected by different physical, chemical and biological factors, such as mechanical stress, inflammation, osmotic pressure, hypoxia and signalling transduction. Primary cilia are multifunctional sensory organelles that regulate diverse signalling transduction and cell activities. They are crucial for the regulation of cartilage development and act in a variety of ways, such as react to mechanical stress, mediate signalling transduction, regulate cartilage‐related diseases progression and affect cartilage tumorigenesis. Therefore, research on primary cilia‐mediated cartilage growth and development is currently extremely popular. This review outlines the role of primary cilia in cartilage development in recent years and elaborates on the potential regulatory mechanisms from different aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Du G, Li L, Zhang X, Liu J, Hao J, Zhu J, Wu H, Chen W, Zhang Q. Roles of TRPV4 and piezo channels in stretch-evoked Ca 2+ response in chondrocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:180-189. [PMID: 31791130 PMCID: PMC7045327 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219892601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrocyte mechanotransduction is not well understood, but recently, it has been proposed that mechanically activated ion channels such as transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), Piezo1, and Piezo2 are of functional importance in chondrocyte mechanotransduction. The aim of this study was to distinguish the potential contributions of TRPV4, Piezo1, and Piezo2 in transducing different intensities of repetitive mechanical stimulus in chondrocytes. To study this, TRPV4-, Piezo1-, or Piezo2-specific siRNAs were transfected into cultured primary chondrocytes to knock down (KD) TRPV4, Piezo1, or Piezo2 expression, designated TRPV4-KD, Piezo1-KD, or Piezo2-KD cells. Then we used Flexcell® Tension System to apply cyclic tensile strains (CTS) of 3% to 18% at 0.5 Hz for 8 h to the knockdown and control siRNA-treated cells. Finally, using a Ca2+ imaging system, stretch-evoked intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i ) influx in chondrocytes was examined to investigate the roles of TRPV4, Piezo1, and Piezo2 in Ca2+ signaling in response to different intensities of repetitive mechanical stretch stimulation. The characteristics of [Ca2+]i in chondrocytes evoked by stretch stimulation were stretch intensity dependent when comparing unstretched cells. In addition, stretch-evoked [Ca2+]i changes were significantly suppressed in TRPV4-KD, Piezo1-KD, or Piezo2-KD cells compared with control siRNA-treated cells, indicating that any channel essential for Ca2+ signaling induced by stretch stimulation in chondrocytes. Of note, they played different roles in calcium oscillation induced by different intensities of stretch stimulation. More specifically, TRPV4-mediated Ca2+ signaling played a central role in the response of chondrocytes to physiologic levels of strain (3% and 8% of strain), while Piezo2-mediated Ca2+ signaling played a central role in the response of chondrocytes to injurious levels of strain (18% of strain). These results provide a basis for further examination of mechanotransduction in cartilage and raise a possibility of therapeutically targeting Piezo2-mediated mechanotransduction for the treatment of cartilage disease induced by repetitive mechanical forces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genlai Du
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xinwang Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Jianbing Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Jianqing Hao
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Jianjun Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Quanyou Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan 030001, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Finite element analysis reveals an important role for cell morphology in response to mechanical compression. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:1155-1164. [PMID: 31838604 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical loading naturally controls cell phenotype, development, motility and various other biological functions; however, prolonged or substantial loading can cause cell damage and eventual death. Loading-induced mechanobiological and mechanostructural responses of different cell types affect their morphology and the internal architecture and the mechanics of the cellular components. Using single, mesenchymal stem cells, we have developed a cell-specific three-dimensional finite-element model; cell models were developed from phase-contrast microscopy images. This allowed us to evaluate the mechanostructural response of the naturally occurring variety of cell morphologies to increase sustained compressive loading. We focus on the morphology of the cytoplasm and the nucleus, as the main mechanically responsive elements, and evaluate formation of tensional strains and area changes in cells undergoing increasing uniaxial compressions. Here, we study mesenchymal stem cells as a model, due to their important role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine; the method and findings are, however, applicable to any cell type. We observe variability in the cell responses to compression, which correlate directly with the morphology of the cells. Specifically, in cells with or without elongated protrusions (i.e., lamellipodia) tensional strains were, respectively, distributed mostly in the thin extensions or concentrated around the stiff nucleus. Thus, through cell-specific computational modeling of mechanical loading we have identified an underlying cause for stiffening (by actin recruitment) along the length of lamellipodia as well as a role for cell morphology in inducing cell-to-cell variability in mechanostructural response to loading.
Collapse
|
15
|
Thielen NGM, van der Kraan PM, van Caam APM. TGFβ/BMP Signaling Pathway in Cartilage Homeostasis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090969. [PMID: 31450621 PMCID: PMC6769927 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage homeostasis is governed by articular chondrocytes via their ability to modulate extracellular matrix production and degradation. In turn, chondrocyte activity is regulated by growth factors such as those of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family. Members of this family include the TGFβs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs). Signaling by this protein family uniquely activates SMAD-dependent signaling and transcription but also activates SMAD-independent signaling via MAPKs such as ERK and TAK1. This review will address the pivotal role of the TGFβ family in cartilage biology by listing several TGFβ family members and describing their signaling and importance for cartilage maintenance. In addition, it is discussed how (pathological) processes such as aging, mechanical stress, and inflammation contribute to altered TGFβ family signaling, leading to disturbed cartilage metabolism and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie G M Thielen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan P M van Caam
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Qu P, Qi J, Han Y, Zhou L, Xie D, Song H, Geng C, Zhang K, Wang G. Effects of Rolling-Sliding Mechanical Stimulation on Cartilage Preserved In Vitro. Cell Mol Bioeng 2019; 12:301-310. [PMID: 31719916 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-019-00584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mechanical stimulation is important for maintaining cartilage function. We used a loading device to exert rolling-sliding mechanical stimulation on cartilage preserved in vitro to investigate cartilage viability and the involved mechanisms. Methods Osteochondral grafts from pig knees were randomly classified into loading and control groups. The loading group cartilage was subjected to cycles of mechanical stimulation with specified frequency/time/pressure combinations every 3 days; Then the DMEM was refreshed, and the cartilage was preserved in vitro. The control group cartilage was preserved in DMEM throughout the process and was changed every 3 days. On days 14 and 28, the chondrocyte survival rate, histology, and Young's modulus of the cartilage were measured. Western blots were performed after 2 h of loading to evaluate the protein expression. Results The loading group showed a significantly higher chondrocyte survival rate, proteoglycan and type II collagen content, and Young's modulus than did the control group on day 14, but no statistically significant differences were found on day 28. After two hours of the loading, the phosphorylation levels of MEK and ERK1/2 increased, and the expression of caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3 and bax decreased. Conclusion These results suggest that periodic rolling-sliding mechanical stimulation can increase cartilage vitality in 2 weeks; a possible mechanism is that mechanical stimulation activates the MEK/ERK signalling pathway, thus inhibiting apoptotic protein expression. This loading preservation scheme could be used by cartilage tissue banks to improve cartilage preservation in vitro and enhance the quality of cartilage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Qu
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 Shandong China
| | - Jianhong Qi
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 Shandong China
| | - Yunning Han
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 Shandong China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 Shandong China
| | - Di Xie
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 Shandong China
| | - Hongqiang Song
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 Shandong China
| | - Caiyun Geng
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 Shandong China
| | - Kaihong Zhang
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Science, 619 Changcheng Road, Taian, 271016 Shandong China
| | - Guozhu Wang
- College of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University&Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, 271016 Shandong China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Brown WE, DuRaine GD, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Structure-function relationships of fetal ovine articular cartilage. Acta Biomater 2019; 87:235-244. [PMID: 30716555 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is crucial that the properties of engineered neocartilage match healthy native cartilage to promote the functional restoration of damaged cartilage. To accurately assess the quality of neocartilage and the degree of biomimicry achieved, its properties must be evaluated against native cartilage and tissue from which the cells for neocartilage formation were sourced. Fetal ovine cartilage is a promising and translationally relevant cell source with which to engineer neocartilage, yet, it is largely non-characterized. The influence of biomechanics during cartilage development, as well as their potential impact on structure-function relationships in utero motivates additional study of fetal cartilage. Toward providing tissue engineering design criteria and elucidating structure-function relationships, 11 locations across four regions of the fetal ovine stifle were characterized. Locational and regional differences were found to exist. Although differences in GAG content were observed, compressive stiffness did not vary or correlate with any biochemical component. Patellar cartilage tensile stiffness and strength were significantly greater than those of the medial condyle. Tensile modulus and UTS significantly correlated with pyridinoline content. More advanced zonal organization, more intense collagen II staining, and greater collagen and pyridinoline contents in the trochlear groove and patella suggest these regions exhibit a more advanced maturational state than others. Regional differences in functional properties and their correlations suggest that structure-function relationships emerge in utero. These data address the dearth of information of the fetal ovine stifle, may serve as a repository of information for cartilage engineering strategies, and may help elucidate functional adaptation in fetal articular cartilage. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Engineered neocartilage must be evaluated against healthy native cartilage and cell source tissue to determine its quality and degree of biomimicry. While fetal ovine cartilage has emerged as a promising and translationally relevant cell source with which to engineer neocartilage, it is largely non-characterized. Therefore, 11 locations across four regions (medial condyle, lateral condyle, trochlear groove, and patella) of the fetal ovine stifle were characterized. Importantly, locational and regional differences in functional properties were observed, and significant correlations of tensile properties to collagen and crosslink contents were detected, suggesting that functional adaptation begins in utero. This study provides a repository of quantitative information, clarifies the developmental order of cartilage functional properties, and informs future cartilage engineering efforts.
Collapse
|
18
|
Pan YL, Ma Y, Guo Y, Tu J, Guo GP, Ma SM, Zheng SY, Tu PC, Yu BB, Huang GC. Effects of Clematis chinensis Osbeck mediated by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling in rabbit articular chondrocytes. J Med Ultrason (2001) 2019; 46:177-186. [DOI: 10.1007/s10396-018-0920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
19
|
Xiang W, Jiang T, Hao X, Wang R, Yao X, Sun K, Guo F, Xu T. Primary cilia and autophagy interaction is involved in mechanical stress mediated cartilage development via ERK/mTOR axis. Life Sci 2019; 218:308-313. [PMID: 30610869 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Biomechanical reactivity is a special property of chondrocytes and mechanical stress can affect the development of cartilage. Primary cilia have been proved a cellular sensory which can detect physical and chemical stimuli extracellular and initiate multiple signaling transduction. Autophagy is an important environmental adaptive mechanism for cells maintenance of homeostasis. The aims of this study were to detect whether there is an interaction between primary cilia and autophagy in the regulation of mechanical stress-mediated cartilage development and to explore the underlying mechanism. MAIN METHODS In this study, chondrocytes were treated with cyclic tensile strain (CTS) by the four-point bending system. Chondrocytes viability, proliferation and differentiation capacities were analyzed by western blot and live/dead assays after CTS of different intensities. Meanwhile, primary cilia incidence and length changes, and autophagy expression were detected by immunofluorescence staining. The primary cilia and autophagy interaction regulation and the underlying mechanism were detected by immunofluorescence double staining and western blot. KEY FINDINGS Mechanical stress could affect chondrocytes proliferation, phenotype and viability in an intensity dependent manner. The incidence and length of primary cilia as well as autophagy expression could be regulated by CTS. The integrity of primary cilia structure is vital for mechanical stress regulated ERK/mTOR signaling transduction and autophagy expression in chondrocyte. SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicate that mechanical stress could affect the interaction between primary cilia and autophagy and help to reveal the underlying mechanism of stress regulated cartilage development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaoxia Hao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xudong Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Fengjing Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Graceffa V, Vinatier C, Guicheux J, Stoddart M, Alini M, Zeugolis DI. Chasing Chimeras - The elusive stable chondrogenic phenotype. Biomaterials 2018; 192:199-225. [PMID: 30453216 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The choice of the best-suited cell population for the regeneration of damaged or diseased cartilage depends on the effectiveness of culture conditions (e.g. media supplements, three-dimensional scaffolds, mechanical stimulation, oxygen tension, co-culture systems) to induce stable chondrogenic phenotype. Herein, advances and shortfalls in in vitro, preclinical and clinical setting of various in vitro microenvironment modulators on maintaining chondrocyte phenotype or directing stem cells towards chondrogenic lineage are critically discussed. Chondrocytes possess low isolation efficiency, limited proliferative potential and rapid phenotypic drift in culture. Mesenchymal stem cells are relatively readily available, possess high proliferation potential, exhibit great chondrogenic differentiation capacity, but they tend to acquire a hypertrophic phenotype when exposed to chondrogenic stimuli. Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, despite their promising in vitro and preclinical data, are still under-investigated. Although a stable chondrogenic phenotype remains elusive, recent advances in in vitro microenvironment modulators are likely to develop clinically- and commercially-relevant therapies in the years to come.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Graceffa
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Claire Vinatier
- INSERMU1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), University of Nantes, UFR Odontologie & CHU Nantes, PHU 4 OTONN, 44042 Nantes, France
| | - Jerome Guicheux
- INSERMU1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), University of Nantes, UFR Odontologie & CHU Nantes, PHU 4 OTONN, 44042 Nantes, France
| | - Martin Stoddart
- AO Research Institute, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ort C, Dayekh K, Xing M, Mequanint K. Emerging Strategies for Stem Cell Lineage Commitment in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3644-3657. [PMID: 33429592 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have transformed the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, and their potential to further advance these fields cannot be overstated. The stem cell niche is a dynamic microenvironment that determines cell fate during development and tissue repair following an injury. Classically, stem cells were studied in isolation of their microenvironment; however, contemporary research has produced a myriad of evidence that shows the importance of multiple aspects of the stem cell niche in regulating their processes. In the context of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine studies, the niche is an artificial environment provided by culture conditions. In vitro culture conditions may involve coculturing with other cell types, developing specific biomaterials, and applying relevant forces to promote the desired lineage commitment. Considerable advance has been made over the past few years toward directed stem cell differentiation; however, the unspecific differentiation of stem cells yielding a mixed population of cells has been a challenge. In this review, we provide a systematic review of the emerging strategies used for lineage commitment within the context of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. These strategies include scaffold pore-size and pore-shape gradients, stress relaxation, sonic and electromagnetic effects, and magnetic forces. Finally, we provide insights and perspectives into future directions focusing on signaling pathways activated during lineage commitment using external stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Malcolm Xing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, 66 Chancellors Circle, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
G. Bisson D, Lama P, Abduljabbar F, Rosenzweig DH, Saran N, Ouellet JA, Haglund L. Facet joint degeneration in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. JOR Spine 2018; 1:e1016. [PMID: 31463443 PMCID: PMC6686828 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a poorly understood deformity of the thoracolumbar spine which affects the intervertebral discs (IVDs) and the articular facet joints. The knowledge concerning facet joints in this context is very limited, although facet joint degeneration is a known contributor of back pain. In this study, a comprehensive investigation was performed to characterize the facet joint chondrocytes and extracellular matrix within the scoliotic spine. Surgically removed articular facet joint tissues were collected from patients undergoing spinal corrective surgery for AIS deformities, while non-scoliotic articular facet joint tissues were obtained from cadaveric organ donors. Alterations in cartilage tissue structure were evaluated histologically with safranin-O fast green and a modified OARSI grading scale. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix-degrading proteases, and fragmented matrix molecules associated with cartilage degradation were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Safranin-O fast green staining revealed that young scoliotic facet joints show clear signs of degeneration with substantial proteoglycan loss, similar to osteoarthritis (OA). The proteoglycan levels were significantly lower than in healthy asymptomatic non-scoliotic control individuals. In comparison to controls, scoliotic articular facets showed increased cell density, increased expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67, and higher expression of MMP-3, MMP-13, and IL-1β. Expression and fragmentation of the small leucine-rich proteins (SLRPs) chondroadherin, decorin, biglycan, lumican, and fibromodulin were analyzed with western blot. Chondroadherin and decorin were fragmented in cartilage from patients with a curve greater than 70°, whereas biglycan and fibromodulin did not show curve-related fragmentation. AIS facet joint cartilage shows hallmarks of OA including proteoglycan loss, overexpression of pro-inflammatory mediators, increased synthesis of matrix-degrading proteases and fragmentation of SLRPs. As with patients with age-related OA, the premature joint degeneration seen in scoliotic patients is likely to contribute to the pain perceived in some individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Bisson
- Orthopaedic Research LaboratoryShriners Hospital for ChildrenMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Polly Lama
- Orthopaedic Research LaboratoryShriners Hospital for ChildrenMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Fahad Abduljabbar
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Neil Saran
- Orthopaedic Research LaboratoryShriners Hospital for ChildrenMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Jean A. Ouellet
- Orthopaedic Research LaboratoryShriners Hospital for ChildrenMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Lisbet Haglund
- Orthopaedic Research LaboratoryShriners Hospital for ChildrenMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Salinas EY, Hu JC, Athanasiou K. A Guide for Using Mechanical Stimulation to Enhance Tissue-Engineered Articular Cartilage Properties. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2018; 24:345-358. [PMID: 29562835 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2018.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of tissue-engineered articular cartilage (TEAC) constructs has the potential to become a powerful treatment option for cartilage lesions resulting from trauma or early stages of pathology. Although fundamental tissue-engineering strategies based on the use of scaffolds, cells, and signals have been developed, techniques that lead to biomimetic AC constructs that can be translated to in vivo use are yet to be fully confirmed. Mechanical stimulation during tissue culture can be an effective strategy to enhance the mechanical, structural, and cellular properties of tissue-engineered constructs toward mimicking those of native AC. This review focuses on the use of mechanical stimulation to attain and enhance the properties of AC constructs needed to translate these implants to the clinic. In vivo, mechanical loading at maximal and supramaximal physiological levels has been shown to be detrimental to AC through the development of degenerative changes. In contrast, multiple studies have revealed that during culture, mechanical stimulation within narrow ranges of magnitude and duration can produce anisotropic, mechanically robust AC constructs with high cellular viability. Significant progress has been made in evaluating a variety of mechanical stimulation techniques on TEAC, either alone or in combination with other stimuli. These advancements include determining and optimizing efficacious loading parameters (e.g., duration and frequency) to yield improvements in construct design criteria, such as collagen II content, compressive stiffness, cell viability, and fiber organization. With the advancement of mechanical stimulation as a potent strategy in AC tissue engineering, a compendium detailing the results achievable by various stimulus regimens would be of great use for researchers in academia and industry. The objective is to list the qualitative and quantitative effects that can be attained when direct compression, hydrostatic pressure, shear, and tensile loading are used to tissue-engineer AC. Our goal is to provide a practical guide to their use and optimization of loading parameters. For each loading condition, we will also present and discuss benefits and limitations of bioreactor configurations that have been used. The intent is for this review to serve as a reference for including mechanical stimulation strategies as part of AC construct culture regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelia Y Salinas
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California , Irvine, California
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California , Irvine, California
| | - Kyriacos Athanasiou
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California , Irvine, California
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Canadas RF, Marques AP, Reis RL, Oliveira JM. Bioreactors and Microfluidics for Osteochondral Interface Maturation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1059:395-420. [PMID: 29736584 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76735-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cell culture techniques are in the base of any biology-based science. The standard techniques are commonly static platforms as Petri dishes, tissue culture well plates, T-flasks, or well plates designed for spheroids formation. These systems faced a paradigm change from 2D to 3D over the current decade driven by the tissue engineering (TE) field. However, 3D static culture approaches usually suffer from several issues as poor homogenization of the formed tissues and development of a necrotic center which limits the size of in vitro tissues to hundreds of micrometers. Furthermore, for complex tissues as osteochondral (OC), more than recovering a 3D environment, an interface needs to be replicated. Although 3D cell culture is already the reality adopted by a newborn market, a technological revolution on cell culture devices needs a further step from static to dynamic already considering 3D interfaces with dramatic importance for broad fields such as biomedical, TE, and drug development. In this book chapter, we revised the existing approaches for dynamic 3D cell culture, focusing on bioreactors and microfluidic systems, and the future directions and challenges to be faced were discussed. Basic principles, advantages, and challenges of each technology were described. The reported systems for OC 3D TE were focused herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël F Canadas
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Alexandra P Marques
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. .,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - J Miguel Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bicho D, Pina S, Oliveira JM, Reis RL. In Vitro Mimetic Models for the Bone-Cartilage Interface Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1059:373-394. [PMID: 29736583 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76735-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In embryonic development, pure cartilage structures are in the basis of bone-cartilage interfaces. Despite this fact, the mature bone and cartilage structures can vary greatly in composition and function. Nevertheless, they collaborate in the osteochondral region to create a smooth transition zone that supports the movements and forces resulting from the daily activities. In this sense, all the hierarchical organization is involved in the maintenance and reestablishment of the equilibrium in case of damage. Therefore, this interface has attracted a great deal of interest in order to understand the mechanisms of regeneration or disease progression in osteoarthritis. With that purpose, in vitro tissue models (either static or dynamic) have been studied. Static in vitro tissue models include monocultures, co-cultures, 3D cultures, and ex vivo cultures, mostly cultivated in flat surfaces, while dynamic models involve the use of bioreactors and microfluidic systems. The latter have emerged as alternatives to study the cellular interactions in a more authentic manner over some disadvantages of the static models. The current alternatives of in vitro mimetic models for bone-cartilage interface regeneration are overviewed and discussed herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bicho
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Sandra Pina
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - J Miguel Oliveira
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Parate D, Franco-Obregón A, Fröhlich J, Beyer C, Abbas AA, Kamarul T, Hui JHP, Yang Z. Enhancement of mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis with short-term low intensity pulsed electromagnetic fields. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9421. [PMID: 28842627 PMCID: PMC5572790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09892-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulse electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) have been shown to recruit calcium-signaling cascades common to chondrogenesis. Here we document the effects of specified PEMF parameters over mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) chondrogenic differentiation. MSCs undergoing chondrogenesis are preferentially responsive to an electromagnetic efficacy window defined by field amplitude, duration and frequency of exposure. Contrary to conventional practice of administering prolonged and repetitive exposures to PEMFs, optimal chondrogenic outcome is achieved in response to brief (10 minutes), low intensity (2 mT) exposure to 6 ms bursts of magnetic pulses, at 15 Hz, administered only once at the onset of chondrogenic induction. By contrast, repeated exposures diminished chondrogenic outcome and could be attributed to calcium entry after the initial induction. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels appear to mediate these aspects of PEMF stimulation, serving as a conduit for extracellular calcium. Preventing calcium entry during the repeated PEMF exposure with the co-administration of EGTA or TRP channel antagonists precluded the inhibition of differentiation. This study highlights the intricacies of calcium homeostasis during early chondrogenesis and the constraints that are placed on PEMF-based therapeutic strategies aimed at promoting MSC chondrogenesis. The demonstrated efficacy of our optimized PEMF regimens has clear clinical implications for future regenerative strategies for cartilage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Parate
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119288, Singapore
| | - Alfredo Franco-Obregón
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, IE Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore. .,BioIonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory, BICEPS, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 medical Drive, #14-01, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
| | - Jürg Fröhlich
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 8, IE Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.,Institute for Electromagnetic Fields, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Rämistrasse 101, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Beyer
- Institute for Electromagnetic Fields, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Rämistrasse 101, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Azlina A Abbas
- Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Pantai Valley, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Tunku Kamarul
- Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), National Orthopaedic Centre of Excellence for Research and Learning (NOCERAL), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Pantai Valley, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - James H P Hui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119288, Singapore. .,Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, DSO (Kent Ridge) Building, #04-01, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117510, Singapore.
| | - Zheng Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119288, Singapore. .,Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, DSO (Kent Ridge) Building, #04-01, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117510, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lee JK, Huwe LW, Paschos N, Aryaei A, Gegg CA, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Tension stimulation drives tissue formation in scaffold-free systems. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 16:864-873. [PMID: 28604717 PMCID: PMC5532069 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Scaffold-free systems have emerged as viable approaches for engineering load-bearing tissues. However, the tensile properties of engineered tissues have remained far below the values for native tissue. Here, by using self-assembled articular cartilage as a model to examine the effects of intermittent and continuous tension stimulation on tissue formation, we show that the application of tension alone, or in combination with matrix remodelling and synthesis agents, leads to neocartilage with tensile properties approaching those of native tissue. Implantation of tension-stimulated tissues results in neotissues that are morphologically reminiscent of native cartilage. We also show that tension stimulation can be translated to a human cell source to generate anisotropic human neocartilage with enhanced tensile properties. Tension stimulation, which results in nearly sixfold improvements in tensile properties over unstimulated controls, may allow the engineering of mechanically robust biological replacements of native tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Le W. Huwe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Nikolaos Paschos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ashkan Aryaei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Courtney A. Gegg
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Jerry C. Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kyriacos A. Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed to: KA Athanasiou, Tel.: (530) 754-6645, Fax: (530) 754-5739, , Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Snuderl M, Zhang G, Wu P, Jennings TS, Shroff S, Ortenzi V, Jain R, Cohen B, Reidy JJ, Dushay MS, Wisoff JH, Harter DH, Karajannis MA, Fenyo D, Neubert TA, Zagzag D. Endothelium-Independent Primitive Myxoid Vascularization Creates Invertebrate-Like Channels to Maintain Blood Supply in Optic Gliomas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1867-1878. [PMID: 28606795 PMCID: PMC5530906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Optic gliomas are brain tumors characterized by slow growth, progressive loss of vision, and limited therapeutic options. Optic gliomas contain various amounts of myxoid matrix, which can represent most of the tumor mass. We sought to investigate biological function and protein structure of the myxoid matrix in optic gliomas to identify novel therapeutic targets. We reviewed histological features and clinical imaging properties, analyzed vasculature by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, and performed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry on optic gliomas, which varied in the amount of myxoid matrix. We found that although subtypes of optic gliomas are indistinguishable on imaging, the microvascular network of pilomyxoid astrocytoma, a subtype of optic glioma with abundant myxoid matrix, is characterized by the presence of endothelium-free channels in the myxoid matrix. These tumors show normal perfusion by clinical imaging and lack histological evidence of hemorrhage organization or thrombosis. The myxoid matrix is composed predominantly of the proteoglycan versican and its linking protein, a vertebrate hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1. We propose that pediatric optic gliomas can maintain blood supply without endothelial cells by using invertebrate-like channels, which we termed primitive myxoid vascularization. Enzymatic targeting of the proteoglycan versican/hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 rich myxoid matrix, which is in direct contact with circulating blood, can provide novel therapeutic avenues for optic gliomas of childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matija Snuderl
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York; Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Guoan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Pamela Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Institute of Systems Genetics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Tara S Jennings
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Seema Shroff
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Valerio Ortenzi
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Rajan Jain
- Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Benjamin Cohen
- Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Jason J Reidy
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Jeffrey H Wisoff
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York
| | - David H Harter
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Matthias A Karajannis
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Otolaryngology, New York University Langone Medical Center and Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David Fenyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Institute of Systems Genetics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - David Zagzag
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York; Microvascular and Molecular Neurooncology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li K, Zhang C, Qiu L, Gao L, Zhang X. Advances in Application of Mechanical Stimuli in Bioreactors for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2017; 23:399-411. [PMID: 28463576 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) is the weight-bearing tissue in diarthroses. It lacks the capacity for self-healing once there are injuries or diseases due to its avascularity. With the development of tissue engineering, repairing cartilage defects through transplantation of engineered cartilage that closely matches properties of native cartilage has become a new option for curing cartilage diseases. The main hurdle for clinical application of engineered cartilage is how to develop functional cartilage constructs for mass production in a credible way. Recently, impressive hyaline cartilage that may have the potential to provide capabilities for treating large cartilage lesions in the future has been produced in laboratories. The key to functional cartilage construction in vitro is to identify appropriate mechanical stimuli. First, they should ensure the function of metabolism because mechanical stimuli play the role of blood vessels in the metabolism of AC, for example, acquiring nutrition and removing wastes. Second, they should mimic the movement of synovial joints and produce phenotypically correct tissues to achieve the adaptive development between the micro- and macrostructure and function. In this article, we divide mechanical stimuli into three types according to forces transmitted by different media in bioreactors, namely forces transmitted through the liquid medium, solid medium, or other media, then we review and summarize the research status of bioreactors for cartilage tissue engineering (CTE), mainly focusing on the effects of diverse mechanical stimuli on engineered cartilage. Based on current researches, there are several motion patterns in knee joints; but compression, tension, shear, fluid shear, or hydrostatic pressure each only partially reflects the mechanical condition in vivo. In this study, we propose that rolling-sliding-compression load consists of various stimuli that will represent better mechanical environment in CTE. In addition, engineers often ignore the importance of biochemical factors to the growth and development of engineered cartilage. In our point of view, only by fully considering synergistic effects of mechanical and biochemical factors can we find appropriate culture conditions for functional cartilage constructs. Once again, rolling-sliding-compression load under appropriate biochemical conditions may be conductive to realize the adaptive development between the structure and function of engineered cartilage in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology , Tianjin, China
| | - Chunqiu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology , Tianjin, China
| | - Lulu Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology , Tianjin, China
| | - Lilan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology , Tianjin, China
| | - Xizheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Design and Intelligent Control of the Advanced Mechatronical System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology , Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen S, Fu P, Wu H, Pei M. Meniscus, articular cartilage and nucleus pulposus: a comparative review of cartilage-like tissues in anatomy, development and function. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 370:53-70. [PMID: 28413859 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of cartilage in the human body is impacted by aging, disease, genetic predisposition and continued insults resulting from daily activity. The burden of cartilage defects (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, intervertebral disc damage, knee replacement surgeries, etc.) is daunting in light of substantial economic and social stresses. This review strives to broaden the scope of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering approaches used for cartilage repair by comparing and contrasting the anatomical and functional nature of the meniscus, articular cartilage (AC) and nucleus pulposus (NP). Many review papers have provided detailed evaluations of these cartilages and cartilage-like tissues individually but none have comprehensively examined the parallels and inconsistencies in signaling, genetic expression and extracellular matrix composition between tissues. For the first time, this review outlines the importance of understanding these three tissues as unique entities, providing a comparative analysis of anatomy, ultrastructure, biochemistry and function for each tissue. This novel approach highlights the similarities and differences between tissues, progressing research toward an understanding of what defines each tissue as distinctive. The goal of this paper is to provide researchers with the fundamental knowledge to correctly engineer the meniscus, AC and NP without inadvertently developing the wrong tissue function or biochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9196, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9196, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiliang Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Haishan Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, PO Box 9196, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9196, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
McKee C, Hong Y, Yao D, Chaudhry GR. Compression Induced Chondrogenic Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells in Three-Dimensional Polydimethylsiloxane Scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:426-435. [PMID: 28103756 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are an ideal source for chondrogenic progenitors for the repair of damaged cartilage tissue. It is currently difficult to induce uniform and scalable ESC differentiation in vitro, a process required for stem cell therapy. This is partly because stem cell fate is determined by complex interactions with the native microenvironment and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix. Mechanical signaling is considered to be one of the major factors regulating the proliferation and differentiation of chondrogenic cells both in vitro and in vivo. We used biocompatible and elastic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) scaffolds, capable of transducing mechanical signals, including compressive stress in vitro. ESCs seeded into the PDMS scaffolds and subjected to mechanical loading resulted in induction of differentiation. Differentiated ESC derivatives in three-dimensional (3-D) PDMS scaffolds exhibited elongated single cell rather than round clonal ESC morphology. They expressed chondrogenic marker, Col2, with concomitant reduction in the expression of pluripotent marker, Oct4. Immunocytochemical analysis also showed that the expression of COL2 protein was significantly higher in ESCs in 3-D scaffolds subjected to compressive stress. Further analysis showed that compressive stress also resulted in expression of early chondrogenic makers, Sox9 and Acan, but not hypertrophic chondrogenic markers, Runx2, Col10, and Mmp13. Compressive stress induced differentiation caused a reduction in the expression of β-Catenin and an increase in the expression of genes, Rhoa, Yap, and Taz, which are known to be affected by mechanosignaling. The chondroinductive role of RhoA was confirmed by its downregulation with simultaneous decrease in the transcriptional and translational expression of early chondrogenic markers, SOX9, COL2, and ACAN, when ESCs in PDMS scaffolds were subjected to compressive stress and treated with RhoA inhibitor, CCG-1432. Based on these observations, a model for compression induced chondrogenic differentiation of ESCs in 3-D scaffolds was proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina McKee
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University , Rochester, Michigan.,2 OU-WB Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine , Rochester, Michigan
| | - Yifeng Hong
- 3 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Donggang Yao
- 3 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - G Rasul Chaudhry
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University , Rochester, Michigan.,2 OU-WB Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine , Rochester, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy promotes chondrogenesis in cartilage tissue engineering: A hypothesis based on previous evidence. Med Hypotheses 2016; 91:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
33
|
Chen C, Wei X, Lv Z, Sun X, Wang S, Zhang Y, Jiao Q, Wang X, Li Y, Wei L. Cyclic Equibiaxial Tensile Strain Alters Gene Expression of Chondrocytes via Histone Deacetylase 4 Shuttling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154951. [PMID: 27149270 PMCID: PMC4858146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This paper aims to investigate whether equibiaxial tensile strain alters chondrocyte gene expression via controlling subcellular localization of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4). Materials and Methods Murine chondrocytes transfected with GFP-HDAC4 were subjected to 3 h cyclic equibiaxial tensile strain (CTS, 6% strain at 0.25 Hz) by a Flexcell® FX-5000™ Tension System. Fluorescence microscope and western blot were used to observe subcellular location of HDAC4. The gene expression was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. The concentration of Glycosaminoglycans in culture medium was quantified by bimethylmethylene blue dye; Collagen II protein was evaluated by western blot. Cells phenotype was identified by immunohistochemistry. Cell viability was evaluated by live-dead cell detect kit. Okadaic acid, an inhibitor of HDAC4 nuclear relocation, was used to further validate whether HDAC4 nuclear relocation plays a role in gene expression in response to tension stimulation. Results 87.5% of HDAC4 was located in the cytoplasm in chondrocytes under no loading condition, but it was relocated to the nucleus after CTS. RT-PCR analysis showed that levels of mRNA for aggrecan, collagen II, LK1 and SOX9 were all increased in chondrocytes subjected to CTS as compared to no loading control chondrocytes; in contrast, the levels of type X collagen, MMP-13, IHH and Runx2 gene expression were decreased in the chondrocytes subjected to CTS as compared to control chondrocytes. Meanwhile, CTS contributed to elevation of glycosaminoglycans and collagen II protein, but did not change collagen I production. When Okadaic acid blocked HDAC4 relocation from the cytoplasm to nucleus, the changes of the chondrocytes induced by CTS were abrogated. There was no chondrocyte dead detected in this study in response to CTS. Conclusions CTS is able to induce HDAC4 relocation from cytoplasm to nucleus. Thus, CTS alters chondrocytes gene expression in association with the relocation of HDAC4 induced by CTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongwei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhi Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaojuan Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hosptal, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hosptal, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Qiang Jiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yongping Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hosptal, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bone and cartilage changes in rabbit mandibular condyles after 1 injection of botulinum toxin. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2016; 148:999-1009. [PMID: 26672706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Temporary paralysis of the masseter muscle caused by botulinum toxin is a common treatment for temporomandibular disorders, bruxism, and muscle hypertrophy. Loss of masseter force is associated with decreased mandibular mineral density. Our objectives were (1) to establish whether bone loss at the mandibular condyle is regionally specific and (2) to ascertain whether the treatment affects the condylar cartilage. METHODS Young adult female rabbits received a unilateral masseter injection of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A, n = 31), saline solution (n = 19), or no injection (n = 3) and were also injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), a replication marker. The rabbits were killed at 4 or 12 weeks after treatment. The condyles were processed for paraffin histology. Cortical thickness, cartilage thickness, and trabecular bone areal density were measured, and replicating cells were counted after BrdU reaction. RESULTS The BoNT/A rabbits exhibited a high frequency of defects in the condylar bone surface, occurring equally on the injected and uninjected sides. Bone loss was seen only on the side of the BoNT/A injection. Cortical as well as trabecular bone was severely affected. The midcondylar region lost the most bone. Recovery at 12 weeks was insignificant. Condylar cartilage thickness showed no treatment effect but did increase with time. The numbers of proliferating cells were similar in the treatment groups, but the BoNT/A animals showed more side asymmetry associated with the condylar defects. CONCLUSIONS Bone loss may be a risk factor for the use of botulinum toxin in jaw muscles.
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen C, Wei X, Wang S, Jiao Q, Zhang Y, Du G, Wang X, Wei F, Zhang J, Wei L. Compression regulates gene expression of chondrocytes through HDAC4 nuclear relocation via PP2A-dependent HDAC4 dephosphorylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1633-42. [PMID: 27106144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanics plays a critical role in the modulation of chondrocyte function. The mechanisms by which mechanical loading is transduced into intracellular signals that regulate chondrocyte gene expression remain largely unknown. Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) is specifically expressed in chondrocytes. Mice lacking HDAC4 display chondrocyte hypertrophy, ectopic and premature ossification, and die early during the perinatal period. HDAC4 has a remarkable ability to translocate between the cell's cytoplasm and nucleus. It has been established that subcellular relocation of HDAC4 plays a critical role in chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation. However, it remains unclear whether subcellular relocation of HDAC4 in chondrocytes can be induced by mechanical loading. In this study, we first report that compressive loading induces HDAC4 relocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of chondrocytes via stimulation of Ser/Thr-phosphoprotein phosphatases 2A (PP2A) activity, which results in dephosphorylation of HDAC4. Dephosphorylated HDAC4 relocates to the nucleus to achieve transcriptional repression of Runx2 and regulates chondrocyte gene expression in response to compression. Our results elucidate the mechanism by which mechanical compression regulates chondrocyte gene expression through HDAC4 relocation from the cell's cytoplasm to the nucleus via PP2A-dependent HDAC4 dephosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongwei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan 030001, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Qiang Jiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan 030001, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Guoqing Du
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Fangyuan Wei
- Foot and Ankle Orthopaedic Surgery Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Foot and Ankle Orthopaedic Surgery Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan 030001, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ageing is associated with reduction of mechanically-induced activation of Smad2/3P signaling in articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:146-57. [PMID: 26247611 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mechanical signals control key cellular processes in articular cartilage. Previously we have shown that mechanical compression is an important ALK5/Smad2/3P activator in cartilage explants. However, age-related changes in the cartilage are known to affect tissue mechanosensitivity and also ALK5/Smad2/3P signaling. We have investigated whether ageing of cartilage is associated with an altered response to mechanical compression. DESIGN Articular cartilage explants of two different age groups (young-6-36 months old, aged-6 - 13 years old) were subjected to dynamic mechanical compression with 3 MPa (physiological) or 12 MPa (excessive) load. Subsequently, essential cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) components and tissue growth factors gene expression was measured in young and aged cartilage by QPCR. Furthermore, the ability of young and aged cartilage, to activate the Smad2/3P signaling in response to compression was analyzed and compared. This was done by immunohistochemical (IH) Smad2P detection and Smad3-responsive gene expression analysis. RESULTS Aged cartilage showed a highly reduced capacity for mechanically-mediated activation of Smad2/3P signaling when compared to young cartilage. Compression of aged cartilage, induced collagen type II (Col2a1) and fibronectin (Fn1) expression to a far lesser extent than in young cartilage. Additionally, in aged cartilage no mechanically mediated up-regulation of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2) and connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf) was observed. CONCLUSIONS We identified age-related changes in cellular responses to mechanical stimulation of articular cartilage. We propose that these changes might be associated with age-related alterations in cartilage functioning and can underlie mechanisms for development of age-related cartilage diseases like osteoarthritis (OA).
Collapse
|
37
|
MacBarb RF, Paschos NK, Abeug R, Makris EA, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Passive strain-induced matrix synthesis and organization in shape-specific, cartilaginous neotissues. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 20:3290-302. [PMID: 24918268 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered musculoskeletal soft tissues typically lack the appropriate mechanical robustness of their native counterparts, hindering their clinical applicability. With structure and function being intimately linked, efforts to capture the anatomical shape and matrix organization of native tissues are imperative to engineer functionally robust and anisotropic tissues capable of withstanding the biomechanically complex in vivo joint environment. The present study sought to tailor the use of passive axial compressive loading to drive matrix synthesis and reorganization within self-assembled, shape-specific fibrocartilaginous constructs, with the goal of developing functionally anisotropic neotissues. Specifically, shape-specific fibrocartilaginous neotissues were subjected to 0, 0.01, 0.05, or 0.1 N axial loads early during tissue culture. Results found the 0.1-N load to significantly increase both collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis by 27% and 67%, respectively, and to concurrently reorganize the matrix by promoting greater matrix alignment, compaction, and collagen crosslinking compared with all other loading levels. These structural enhancements translated into improved functional properties, with the 0.1-N load significantly increasing both the relaxation modulus and Young's modulus by 96% and 255%, respectively, over controls. Finite element analysis further revealed the 0.1-N uniaxial load to induce multiaxial tensile and compressive strain gradients within the shape-specific neotissues, with maxima of 10.1%, 18.3%, and -21.8% in the XX-, YY-, and ZZ-directions, respectively. This indicates that strains created in different directions in response to a single axis load drove the observed anisotropic functional properties. Together, results of this study suggest that strain thresholds exist within each axis to promote matrix synthesis, alignment, and compaction within the shape-specific neotissues. Tailoring of passive axial loading, thus, presents as a simple, yet effective way to drive in vitro matrix development in shape-specific neotissues toward more closely achieving native structural and functional properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina F MacBarb
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, Davis, California
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Suchorska WM, Lach MS, Richter M, Kaczmarczyk J, Trzeciak T. Bioimaging: An Useful Tool to Monitor Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Chondrocytes. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 44:1845-59. [PMID: 26354117 PMCID: PMC4837225 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1443-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To improve the recovery of damaged cartilage tissue, pluripotent stem cell-based therapies are being intensively explored. A number of techniques exist that enable monitoring of stem cell differentiation, including immunofluorescence staining. This simple and fast method enables changes to be observed during the differentiation process. Here, two protocols for the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into chondrocytes were used (monolayer cell culture and embryoid body formation). Cells were labeled for markers expressed during the differentiation process at different time points (pluripotent: NANOG, SOX2, OCT3/4, E-cadherin; prochondrogenic: SOX6, SOX9, Collagen type II; extracellular matrix components: chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate; beta-catenin, CXCR4, and Brachyury). Comparison of the signal intensity of differentiated cells to control cell populations (articular cartilage chondrocytes and human embryonic stem cells) showed decreased signal intensities of pluripotent markers, E-cadherin and beta-catenin. Increased signal intensities of prochondrogenic markers and extracellular matrix components were observed. The changes during chondrogenic differentiation monitored by evaluation of pluripotent and chondrogenic markers signal intensity were described. The changes were similar to several studies over chondrogenesis. These results were confirmed by semi-quantitative analysis of IF signals. In this research we indicate a bioimaging as a useful tool to monitor and semi-quantify the IF pictures during the differentiation of hES into chondrocyte-like.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria M Suchorska
- Radiobiology Lab, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15th Street, 61-866, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał S Lach
- Radiobiology Lab, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15th Street, 61-866, Poznan, Poland. .,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw University of Medical Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Richter
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Trzeciak
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Comparing effects of perfusion and hydrostatic pressure on gene profiles of human chondrocyte. J Biotechnol 2015; 210:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.06.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
40
|
Soft tissue ossification and condylar cartilage degeneration following TMJ disc perforation in a rabbit pilot study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:629-39. [PMID: 25573797 PMCID: PMC4368469 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are limited clinical treatments for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathologies, including degenerative disease, disc perforation and heterotopic ossification (HO). One barrier hindering the development of new therapies is that animal models recapitulating TMJ diseases are poorly established. The objective of this study was to develop an animal model for TMJ cartilage degeneration and disc pathology, including disc perforation and soft tissue HO. METHODS New Zealand white rabbits (n = 9 rabbits) underwent unilateral TMJ disc perforation surgery and sham surgery on the contralateral side. A 2.5 mm defect was created using a punch biopsy in rabbit TMJ disc. The TMJ condyles and discs were evaluated macroscopically and histologically after 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Condyles were blindly scored by four independent observers using OARSI recommendations for macroscopic and histopathological scoring of osteoarthritis (OA) in rabbit tissues. RESULTS Histological evidence of TMJ condylar cartilage degeneration was apparent in experimental condyles following disc perforation relative to sham controls after 4 and 8 weeks, including surface fissures and loss of Safranin O staining. At 12 weeks, OARSI scores indicated experimental condylar cartilage erosion into the subchondral bone. Most strikingly, HO occurred within the TMJ disc upon perforation injury in six rabbits after 8 and 12 weeks. CONCLUSION We report for the first time a rabbit TMJ injury model that demonstrates condylar cartilage degeneration and disc ossification, which is indispensible for testing the efficacy of potential TMJ therapies.
Collapse
|
41
|
Foster NC, Henstock JR, Reinwald Y, El Haj AJ. Dynamic 3D culture: models of chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:19-33. [PMID: 25777047 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The formation of cartilage from stem cells during development is a complex process which is regulated by both local growth factors and biomechanical cues, and results in the differentiation of chondrocytes into a range of subtypes in specific regions of the tissue. In fetal development cartilage also acts as a precursor scaffold for many bones, and mineralization of this cartilaginous bone precursor occurs through the process of endochondral ossification. In the endochondral formation of bones during fetal development the interplay between cell signalling, growth factors, and biomechanics regulates the formation of load bearing bone, in addition to the joint capsule containing articular cartilage and synovium, generating complex, functional joints from a single precursor anlagen. These joint tissues are subsequently prone to degeneration in adult life and have poor regenerative capabilities, and so understanding how they are created during development may provide useful insights into therapies for diseases, such as osteoarthritis, and restoring bone and cartilage lost in adulthood. Of particular interest is how these tissues regenerate in the mechanically dynamic environment of a living joint, and so experiments performed using 3D models of cartilage development and endochondral ossification are proving insightful. In this review, we discuss some of the interesting models of cartilage development, such as the chick femur which can be observed in ovo, or isolated at a specific developmental stage and cultured organotypically in vitro. Biomaterial and hydrogel-based strategies which have emerged from regenerative medicine are also covered, allowing researchers to make informed choices on the characteristics of the materials used for both original research and clinical translation. In all of these models, we illustrate the essential importance of mechanical forces and mechanotransduction as a regulator of cell behavior and ultimate structural function in cartilage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola C Foster
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Guy Hilton Research Centre University of Keele, ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Athanasiou KA, Responte DJ, Brown WE, Hu JC. Harnessing biomechanics to develop cartilage regeneration strategies. J Biomech Eng 2015; 137:020901. [PMID: 25322349 DOI: 10.1115/1.4028825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As this review was prepared specifically for the American Society of Mechanical Engineers H.R. Lissner Medal, it primarily discusses work toward cartilage regeneration performed in Dr. Kyriacos A. Athanasiou's laboratory over the past 25 years. The prevalence and severity of degeneration of articular cartilage, a tissue whose main function is largely biomechanical, have motivated the development of cartilage tissue engineering approaches informed by biomechanics. This article provides a review of important steps toward regeneration of articular cartilage with suitable biomechanical properties. As a first step, biomechanical and biochemical characterization studies at the tissue level were used to provide design criteria for engineering neotissues. Extending this work to the single cell and subcellular levels has helped to develop biochemical and mechanical stimuli for tissue engineering studies. This strong mechanobiological foundation guided studies on regenerating hyaline articular cartilage, the knee meniscus, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) fibrocartilage. Initial tissue engineering efforts centered on developing biodegradable scaffolds for cartilage regeneration. After many years of studying scaffold-based cartilage engineering, scaffoldless approaches were developed to address deficiencies of scaffold-based systems, resulting in the self-assembling process. This process was further improved by employing exogenous stimuli, such as hydrostatic pressure, growth factors, and matrix-modifying and catabolic agents, both singly and in synergistic combination to enhance neocartilage functional properties. Due to the high cell needs for tissue engineering and the limited supply of native articular chondrocytes, costochondral cells are emerging as a suitable cell source. Looking forward, additional cell sources are investigated to render these technologies more translatable. For example, dermis isolated adult stem (DIAS) cells show potential as a source of chondrogenic cells. The challenging problem of enhanced integration of engineered cartilage with native cartilage is approached with both familiar and novel methods, such as lysyl oxidase (LOX). These diverse tissue engineering strategies all aim to build upon thorough biomechanical characterizations to produce functional neotissue that ultimately will help combat the pressing problem of cartilage degeneration. As our prior research is reviewed, we look to establish new pathways to comprehensively and effectively address the complex problems of musculoskeletal cartilage regeneration.
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhang T, Wen F, Wu Y, Goh GSH, Ge Z, Tan LP, Hui JHP, Yang Z. Cross-talk between TGF-beta/SMAD and integrin signaling pathways in regulating hypertrophy of mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis under deferral dynamic compression. Biomaterials 2014; 38:72-85. [PMID: 25453975 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of mechanotransduction in regulating mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) chondrogenesis are not fully understood and represent an area of growing investigation. In this study, human MSC was subjected to chondrogenic differentiation in chitosan-coated poly L-lactide-co-ɛ-caprolactone scaffolds under free swelling or deferral dynamic compression conditions. The effect of deferral dynamic compression to MSC chondrogenesis and late stage hypertrophy development was investigated, and the involvement of TGF-β/SMAD pathway and integrin β1 signaling was analyzed. Deferral dynamic compression enhanced cartilage formation and suppressed chondrocyte hypertrophy. Differential cell morphology and cytoskeletal organization were induced under dynamic compression, together with the activation of TGF-β/Activin/Nodal and suppression of the BMP/GDP signaling. This was accompanied by the repression of integrin/FAK/ERK signaling in the non-hypertrophic cells when compared to the free swelling samples. Inhibition studies blocking TGF-β/Activin/Nodal signaling heightened hypertrophy, activate BMP/SMAD1/5/8 and integrin signaling, while inhibition of integrin-ECM interaction suppressed hypertrophy and activate TGF-β/SMAD2/3 in the free-swelling samples. This study demonstrates the roles of TGF-β/SMAD and integrin signaling, and suggests cross-talk between these two signaling pathways, in regulating the compression-driven hypertrophy development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianting Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119288, Singapore
| | - Feng Wen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yingnan Wu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Graham Seow Hng Goh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119288, Singapore
| | - Zigang Ge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Lay Poh Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - James Hoi Po Hui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119288, Singapore; Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, DSO (Kent Ridge) Building, #04-01, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore.
| | - Zheng Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119288, Singapore; Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, DSO (Kent Ridge) Building, #04-01, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Emergence of scaffold-free approaches for tissue engineering musculoskeletal cartilages. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:543-54. [PMID: 25331099 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This review explores scaffold-free methods as an additional paradigm for tissue engineering. Musculoskeletal cartilages-for example articular cartilage, meniscus, temporomandibular joint disc, and intervertebral disc-are characterized by low vascularity and cellularity, and are amenable to scaffold-free tissue engineering approaches. Scaffold-free approaches, particularly the self-assembling process, mimic elements of developmental processes underlying these tissues. Discussed are various scaffold-free approaches for musculoskeletal cartilage tissue engineering, such as cell sheet engineering, aggregation, and the self-assembling process, as well as the availability and variety of cells used. Immunological considerations are of particular importance as engineered tissues are frequently of allogeneic, if not xenogeneic, origin. Factors that enhance the matrix production and mechanical properties of these engineered cartilages are also reviewed, as the fabrication of biomimetically suitable tissues is necessary to replicate function and ensure graft survival in vivo. The concept of combining scaffold-free and scaffold-based tissue engineering methods to address clinical needs is also discussed. Inasmuch as scaffold-based musculoskeletal tissue engineering approaches have been employed as a paradigm to generate engineered cartilages with appropriate functional properties, scaffold-free approaches are emerging as promising elements of a translational pathway not only for musculoskeletal cartilages but for other tissues as well.
Collapse
|
45
|
Alexander PG, Gottardi R, Lin H, Lozito TP, Tuan RS. Three-dimensional osteogenic and chondrogenic systems to model osteochondral physiology and degenerative joint diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1080-95. [PMID: 24994814 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214539232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineered constructs have the potential to function as in vitro pre-clinical models of normal tissue function and disease pathogenesis for drug screening and toxicity assessment. Effective high throughput assays demand minimal systems with clearly defined performance parameters. These systems must accurately model the structure and function of the human organs and their physiological response to different stimuli. Musculoskeletal tissues present unique challenges in this respect, as they are load-bearing, matrix-rich tissues whose functionality is intimately connected to the extracellular matrix and its organization. Of particular clinical importance is the osteochondral junction, the target tissue affected in degenerative joint diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA), which consists of hyaline articular cartilage in close interaction with subchondral bone. In this review, we present an overview of currently available in vitro three-dimensional systems for bone and cartilage tissue engineering that mimic native physiology, and the utility and limitations of these systems. Specifically, we address the need to combine bone, cartilage and other tissues to form an interactive microphysiological system (MPS) to fully capture the biological complexity and mechanical functions of the osteochondral junction of the articular joint. The potential applications of three-dimensional MPSs for musculoskeletal biology and medicine are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Alexander
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15219 USA
| | - Riccardo Gottardi
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15219 USA Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo, I-90133 Italy
| | - Hang Lin
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15219 USA
| | - Thomas P Lozito
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15219 USA
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15219 USA Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Impact of hip anatomical variations on the cartilage stress: a finite element analysis towards the biomechanical exploration of the factors that may explain primary hip arthritis in morphologically normal subjects. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2014; 29:444-50. [PMID: 24530154 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hip arthritis is a pathology linked to hip-cartilage degeneration. Although the etiology of this disease is not well defined, it is known that age is a determinant risk factor. However, hip arthritis in young patients could be largely promoted by biomechanical factors. The objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of some normal anatomical variations on the cartilage stress distributions numerically predicted at the hip joint during walking. METHODS A three-dimensional finite element model of the femur and the pelvis with the most relevant axial components of muscle forces was used to simulate normal walking activity. The hip anatomical condition was defined by: neck shaft angle, femoral anteversion angle, and acetabular anteversion angle with a range of 110-130°, 0-20°, and 0-20°, respectively. The direct boundary method was used to simulate the hip contact. FINDINGS The hydrostatic stress found at the cartilage and labrum showed that a ±10° variation with respect to the reference brings significant differences between the anatomic models. Acetabular anteversion angle of 0° and femoral anteversion angle of 0° were the most affected anatomical conditions with values of hydrostatic stress in the cartilage near 5MPa under compression. INTERPRETATION Cartilage stresses and contact areas were equivalent to the results found in literature and the most critical anatomical regions in terms of tissue loads were in a good accordance with clinical evidence. Altogether, results showed that decreasing femoral or acetabular anteversion angles isolatedly causes a dramatic increase in cartilage loads.
Collapse
|
47
|
Paschos NK, Brown WE, Eswaramoorthy R, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Advances in tissue engineering through stem cell-based co-culture. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 9:488-503. [PMID: 24493315 DOI: 10.1002/term.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are the future in tissue engineering and regeneration. In a co-culture, stem cells not only provide a target cell source with multipotent differentiation capacity, but can also act as assisting cells that promote tissue homeostasis, metabolism, growth and repair. Their incorporation into co-culture systems seems to be important in the creation of complex tissues or organs. In this review, critical aspects of stem cell use in co-culture systems are discussed. Direct and indirect co-culture methodologies used in tissue engineering are described, along with various characteristics of cellular interactions in these systems. Direct cell-cell contact, cell-extracellular matrix interaction and signalling via soluble factors are presented. The advantages of stem cell co-culture strategies and their applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are portrayed through specific examples for several tissues, including orthopaedic soft tissues, bone, heart, vasculature, lung, kidney, liver and nerve. A concise review of the progress and the lessons learned are provided, with a focus on recent developments and their implications. It is hoped that knowledge developed from one tissue can be translated to other tissues. Finally, we address challenges in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine that can potentially be overcome via employing strategies for stem cell co-culture use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos K Paschos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopedic Surgery, University of California at Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kreuz PC, Gentili C, Samans B, Martinelli D, Krüger JP, Mittelmeier W, Endres M, Cancedda R, Kaps C. Scaffold-assisted cartilage tissue engineering using infant chondrocytes from human hip cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:1997-2005. [PMID: 24096178 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies about cartilage repair in the hip and infant chondrocytes are rare. The aim of our study was to evaluate the use of infant articular hip chondrocytes for tissue engineering of scaffold-assisted cartilage grafts. METHOD Hip cartilage was obtained from five human donors (age 1-10 years). Expanded chondrocytes were cultured in polyglycolic acid (PGA)-fibrin scaffolds. De- and re-differentiation of chondrocytes were assessed by histological staining and gene expression analysis of typical chondrocytic marker genes. In vivo, cartilage matrix formation was assessed by histology after subcutaneous transplantation of chondrocyte-seeded PGA-fibrin scaffolds in immunocompromised mice. RESULTS The donor tissue was heterogenous showing differentiated articular cartilage and non-differentiated tissue and considerable expression of type I and II collagens. Gene expression analysis showed repression of typical chondrocyte and/or mesenchymal marker genes during cell expansion, while markers were re-induced when expanded cells were cultured in PGA-fibrin scaffolds. Cartilage formation after subcutaneous transplantation of chondrocyte loaded PGA-fibrin scaffolds in nude mice was variable, with grafts showing resorption and host cell infiltration or formation of hyaline cartilage rich in type II collagen. Addition of human platelet rich plasma (PRP) to cartilage grafts resulted robustly in formation of hyaline-like cartilage that showed type II collagen and regions with type X collagen. CONCLUSION These results suggest that culture of expanded and/or de-differentiated infant hip cartilage cells in PGA-fibrin scaffolds initiates chondrocyte re-differentiation. The heterogenous donor tissue containing immature chondrocytes bears the risk of cartilage repair failure in vivo, which may be possibly overcome by the addition of PRP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P C Kreuz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Rostock, Doberanerstrasse 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hamamura K, Zhang P, Zhao L, Shim JW, Chen A, Dodge TR, Wan Q, Shih H, Na S, Lin CC, Sun HB, Yokota H. Knee loading reduces MMP13 activity in the mouse cartilage. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013; 14:312. [PMID: 24180431 PMCID: PMC3924329 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Moderate loads with knee loading enhance bone formation, but its effects on the maintenance of the knee are not well understood. In this study, we examined the effects of knee loading on the activity of matrix metalloproteinase13 (MMP13) and evaluated the role of p38 MAPK and Rac1 GTPase in the regulation of MMP13. Methods Knee loading (0.5–3 N for 5 min) was applied to the right knee of surgically-induced osteoarthritis (OA) mice as well as normal (non-OA) mice, and MMP13 activity in the femoral cartilage was examined. The sham-loaded knee was used as a non-loading control. We also employed primary non-OA and OA human chondrocytes as well as C28/I2 chondrocyte cells, and examined MMP13 activity and molecular signaling in response to shear at 2–20 dyn/cm2. Results Daily knee loading at 1 N for 2 weeks suppressed cartilage destruction in the knee of OA mice. Induction of OA elevated MMP13 activity and knee loading at 1 N suppressed this elevation. MMP13 activity was also increased in primary OA chondrocytes, and this increase was attenuated by applying shear at 10 dyn/cm2. Load-driven reduction in MMP13 was associated with a decrease in the phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK (p-p38) and NFκB (p-NFκB). Molecular imaging using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique showed that Rac1 activity was reduced by shear at 10 dyn/cm2 and elevated by it at 20 dyn/cm2. Silencing Rac1 GTPase significantly reduced MMP13 expression and p-p38 but not p-NFκB. Transfection of a constitutively active Rac1 GTPase mutant increased MMP13 activity, while a dominant negative mutant decreased it. Conclusions Knee loading reduces MMP13 activity at least in part through Rac1-mediated p38 MAPK signaling. This study suggests the possibility of knee loading as a therapy not only for strengthening bone but also preventing tissue degradation of the femoral cartilage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, SL220C, 723 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
De Ceuninck F, Fradin A, Pastoureau P. Bearing arms against osteoarthritis and sarcopenia: when cartilage and skeletal muscle find common interest in talking together. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:305-11. [PMID: 23973339 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis, a disease characterized by cartilage degradation, abnormal subchondral bone remodelling and some grade of inflammation, and sarcopenia, a condition of pathological muscle weakness associated with altered muscle mass, strength, and function, are prevalent disorders in elderly people. There is increasing evidence that decline in lower limb muscle strength is associated with knee or hip osteoarthritis in a context of pain, altered joint stability, maladapted postures and defective neuromuscular communication. At the cellular and molecular levels, chondrocytes and myoblasts share common pathological targets and pathways, and the close anatomical location of both cell types suggest a possibility of paracrine communication. In this review, we examine the relationship between osteoarthritis and sarcopenia in the musculoskeletal field, and discuss the potential advantage of concomitant therapies, or how each disorder may benefit from treatment of the other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric De Ceuninck
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Department of Rheumatology, 11 rue des Moulineaux, Suresnes 92150, France.
| | - Armel Fradin
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Department of Rheumatology, 11 rue des Moulineaux, Suresnes 92150, France
| | - Philippe Pastoureau
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Department of Rheumatology, 11 rue des Moulineaux, Suresnes 92150, France
| |
Collapse
|