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Swain T, Pflueger C, Freytag S, Poppe D, Pflueger J, Nguyen T, Li J, Lister R. A modular dCas9-based recruitment platform for combinatorial epigenome editing. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:474-491. [PMID: 38000387 PMCID: PMC10783489 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted epigenome editing tools allow precise manipulation and investigation of genome modifications, however they often display high context dependency and variable efficacy between target genes and cell types. While systems that simultaneously recruit multiple distinct 'effector' chromatin regulators can improve efficacy, they generally lack control over effector composition and spatial organisation. To overcome this we have created a modular combinatorial epigenome editing platform, called SSSavi. This system is an interchangeable and reconfigurable docking platform fused to dCas9 that enables simultaneous recruitment of up to four different effectors, allowing precise control of effector composition and spatial ordering. We demonstrate the activity and specificity of the SSSavi system and, by testing it against existing multi-effector targeting systems, demonstrate its comparable efficacy. Furthermore, we demonstrate the importance of the spatial ordering of the recruited effectors for effective transcriptional regulation. Together, the SSSavi system enables exploration of combinatorial effector co-recruitment to enhance manipulation of chromatin contexts previously resistant to targeted editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Swain
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Christian Pflueger
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Saskia Freytag
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Daniel Poppe
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Jahnvi Pflueger
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Trung Viet Nguyen
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Ji Kevin Li
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Ryan Lister
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Lee JC, Hsieh TH, Kao YC, Tsai CF, Huang HY, Shih CY, Song HL, Oda Y, Chih-Hsueh Chen P, Pan CC, Sittampalam K, Petersson F, Konishi E, Chiu WY, Chen CF, Carpenter TO, Lu TP, Chang CD, Huang SC, Folpe AL. Klotho Overexpression Is Frequently Associated With Upstream Rearrangements in Fusion-Negative Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumors of Bone and Sinonasal Tract. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100336. [PMID: 37742927 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors (PMT) are uncommon neoplasms that cause hypophosphatemia/osteomalacia mainly by secreting fibroblast growth factor 23. We previously identified FN1::FGFR1/FGF1 fusions in nearly half of the PMTs and frequent KL (Klotho or α-Klotho) overexpression in only those with no known fusion. Here, we studied a larger cohort of PMTs for KL expression and alterations. By FN1 break-apart fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and reappraisal of previous RNA sequencing data, 6 tumors previously considered "fusion-negative" (defined by negative results of FISH for FN1::FGFR1 fusion and FGF1 break-apart and/or of RNA sequencing) were reclassified as fusion-positive PMTs, including 1 containing a novel FN1::ZACN fusion. The final cohort of fusion-negative PMTs included 33 tumors from 32 patients, which occurred in the bone (n = 18), soft tissue (n = 10), sinonasal tract (n = 4), and brain (n = 1). In combination with previous work, RNA sequencing, RNA in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry showed largely concordant results and demonstrated KL/α-Klotho overexpression in 17 of the 28 fusion-negative and none of the 10 fusion-positive PMTs studied. Prompted by a patient in this cohort harboring germline KL upstream translocation with systemic α-Klotho overexpression and multifocal PMTs, FISH was performed and revealed KL rearrangement in 16 of the 33 fusion-negative PMTs (one also with amplification), including 14 of the 17 cases with KL/α-Klotho overexpression and none of the 11 KL/α-Klotho-low fusion-negative and 11 fusion-positive cases studied. Whole genomic sequencing confirmed translocation and inversion in 2 FISH-positive cases involving the KL upstream region, warranting further investigation into the mechanism whereby these rearrangements may lead to KL upregulation. Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation and sequencing suggested no major role of promoter methylation in KL regulation in PMT. Interestingly, KL-high/-rearranged cases seemed to form a clinicopathologically homogeneous group, showing a predilection for skeletal/sinonasal locations and typically matrix-poor, cellular solitary fibrous tumor-like morphology. Importantly, FGFR1 signaling pathways were upregulated in fusion-negative PMTs regardless of the KL status compared with non-PMT mesenchymal tumors by gene set enrichment analysis, perhaps justifying FGFR1 inhibition in treating this subset of PMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chieh Lee
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-Han Hsieh
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chien Kao
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Medical University Hospital and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fong Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Ying Huang
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Shih
- Institute of Health Data Analytics and Statistics, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Lin Song
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Zhubei City, Taiwan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Paul Chih-Hsueh Chen
- Department of Pathology, National Yang Ming University and Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chen Pan
- Department of Pathology, National Yang Ming University and Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Fredrik Petersson
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eiichi Konishi
- Department of Pathology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wei-Yih Chiu
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thomas O Carpenter
- Department of Pediatrics (Endocrinology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tzu-Pin Lu
- Institute of Health Data Analytics and Statistics, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Di Chang
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chiang Huang
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Andrew L Folpe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Li SS, Sheng MJ, Sun ZY, Liang Y, Yu LX, Liu QF. Upstream and downstream regulators of Klotho expression in chronic kidney disease. Metabolism 2023; 142:155530. [PMID: 36868370 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Klotho is a critical protein that protects the kidney. Klotho is severely downregulated in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and its deficiency is implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of CKD. Conversely, an increase in Klotho levels results in improved kidney function and delays CKD progression, supporting the notion that modulating Klotho levels could represent a possible therapeutic strategy for CKD treatment. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the loss of Klotho remain elusive. Previous studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress, inflammation, and epigenetic modifications can modulate Klotho levels. These mechanisms result in a decrease in Klotho mRNA transcript levels and reduced translation, thus can be grouped together as upstream regulatory mechanisms. However, therapeutic strategies that aim to rescue Klotho levels by targeting these upstream mechanisms do not always result in increased Klotho, indicating the involvement of other regulatory mechanisms. Emerging evidence has shown that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the unfolded protein response, and ER-associated degradation also affect the modification, translocation, and degradation of Klotho, and thus are proposed to be downstream regulatory mechanisms. Here, we discuss the current understanding of upstream and downstream regulatory mechanisms of Klotho and examine potential therapeutic strategies to upregulate Klotho expression for CKD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha Li
- Clinical Research & Lab Centre, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, 91 Qianjin West Road, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Ming-Jie Sheng
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, 91 Qianjin West Road, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Zhuo-Yi Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, 91 Qianjin West Road, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, 91 Qianjin West Road, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Li-Xia Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, 91 Qianjin West Road, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China.
| | - Qi-Feng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, 91 Qianjin West Road, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China; Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, 91 Qianjin West Road, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China.
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Donate-Correa J, Matos-Perdomo E, González-Luis A, Martín-Olivera A, Ortiz A, Mora-Fernández C, Navarro-González JF. The Value of Klotho in Kidney Transplantation. Transplantation 2023; 107:616-627. [PMID: 36253904 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Kidney transplant recipients have better survival rates and improved quality of life than long-term dialysis patients. However, delayed graft function, immunosuppressive therapy nephrotoxicity, and rejection episodes may compromise graft and patient survival. The KL gene is highly expressed in kidney tubular cells and encodes the antiaging and kidney-protective protein Klotho, which has membrane-anchored and soluble forms and regulates mineral metabolism. Klotho expression decreases during acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease, and human chronic kidney disease shares features of accelerated aging with murine Klotho deficiency. In this work, we review clinical studies on the relationship between Klotho and kidney transplantation. Specifically, we address the dynamics of serum and kidney Klotho levels in donors and kidney transplant recipients, the role of Klotho as a marker of current graft function and graft outcomes, and the potential impact of Klotho on kidney protection in the transplantation context. A better understanding of the potential biomarker and therapeutic utility of Klotho in kidney transplant recipients may provide new insights into the control of graft function and new therapeutic strategies to preserve allograft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Donate-Correa
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- GEENDIAB (Grupo Español para el estudio de la Nefropatía Diabética), Sociedad Española de Nefrología, Santander, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, University of La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Emiliano Matos-Perdomo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Doctoral and Graduate School, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ainhoa González-Luis
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, University of La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Doctoral and Graduate School, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alberto Martín-Olivera
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, University of La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Doctoral and Graduate School, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez-Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- RICORS2040 (Red de Investigación Renal-RD21/0005/0013), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Mora-Fernández
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- GEENDIAB (Grupo Español para el estudio de la Nefropatía Diabética), Sociedad Española de Nefrología, Santander, Spain
- RICORS2040 (Red de Investigación Renal-RD21/0005/0013), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F Navarro-González
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- GEENDIAB (Grupo Español para el estudio de la Nefropatía Diabética), Sociedad Española de Nefrología, Santander, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, University of La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- RICORS2040 (Red de Investigación Renal-RD21/0005/0013), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Abraham CR, Li A. Aging-suppressor Klotho: Prospects in diagnostics and therapeutics. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 82:101766. [PMID: 36283617 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The protein Klotho (KL) was first discovered in KL-deficient mice, which developed a syndrome similar to premature aging in humans. Since then, KL has been implicated in multiple molecular signaling pathways and diseases. KL has been shown to have anti-aging, healthspan and lifespan extending, cognitive enhancing, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. KL levels decrease with age and in many diseases. Therefore, it has been of great interest to develop a KL-boosting or restoring drug, or to supplement endogenous Klotho with exogenous Klotho genetic material or recombinant Klotho protein, and to use KL levels in the body as a marker for the efficacy of such drugs and as a biomarker for the diagnosis and management of diseases. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of KL levels across age groups in individuals who are healthy or have certain health conditions, using four sources: blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and whole biopsy/necropsy tissue. By doing so, baseline KL levels can be identified across the lifespan, in the absence or presence of disease. In turn, these findings can be used to guide the development of future KL-based therapeutics and biomarkers, which will heavily rely on an individual's baseline KL range to be efficacious. METHODS A total of 65 studies were collected primarily using the PubMed database. Research articles that were published up to April 2022 were included. Statistical analysis was conducted using RStudio. RESULTS Mean and median blood KL levels in healthy individuals, mean blood KL levels in individuals with renal conditions, and mean blood KL levels in individuals with metabolic or endocrine conditions were shown to decrease with age. Similarly, CSF KL levels in patients with AD also declined compared with age-matched controls. CONCLUSIONS The present study confirms the trend that KL levels in blood decrease with age in humans, among those who are healthy, and even further among those with renal and endocrine/metabolic illnesses. Further, by drawing this trend from multiple published works, we were able to provide a general idea of baseline KL ranges, specifically in blood in these populations. These data add to the current knowledge on normal KL levels in the body and how they change with time and in disease, and can potentially support efforts to create KL-based treatments and screening tools to better manage aging, renal, and metabolic/endocrine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela R Abraham
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Anne Li
- Division of Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zhou W, Chen MM, Liu HL, Si ZL, Wu WH, Jiang H, Wang LX, Vaziri ND, An XF, Su K, Chen C, Tan NH, Zhang ZH. Dihydroartemisinin suppresses renal fibrosis in mice by inhibiting DNA-methyltransferase 1 and increasing Klotho. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2609-2623. [PMID: 35347248 PMCID: PMC9525601 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is an unavoidable end result of all forms of progressive chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Discovery of efficacious drugs against renal fibrosis is in crucial need. In a preliminary study we found that a derivative of artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin (DHA), exerted strong renoprotection, and reversed renal fibrosis in adenine-induced CKD mouse model. In this study we investigated the anti-fibrotic mechanisms of DHA, particularly its specific target in renal cells. Renal fibrosis was induced in mice by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) or oral administration of adenine (80 mg · kg-1), the mice received DHA (30 mg · kg-1 · d-1, i.g.) for 14 or 21 days, respectively. We showed that DHA administration markedly attenuated the inflammation and fibrotic responses in the kidneys and significantly improved the renal function in both the renal fibrosis mouse models. In adenine-treated mice, DHA was more effective than 5-azacytidine against renal fibrosis. The anti-fibrotic effects of DHA were also observed in TGF-β1-treated HK-2 cells. In order to determine the target protein of DHA, we conducted pull-down technology coupled with shotgun proteomics using a small-molecule probe based on the structure of DHA (biotin-DHA). As a results, DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) was identified as the anti-fibrotic target of DHA in 3 different types of renal cell lines (HK-2, HEK293 and 3T3). We demonstrated that DHA directly bound to Asn 1529 and Thr 1528 of DNMT1 with a Kd value of 8.18 μM. In primary mouse renal tubular cells, we showed that DHA (10 μM) promoted DNMT1 degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. DHA-reduced DNMT1 expression effectively reversed Klotho promoter hypermethylation, which led to the reversal of Klotho protein loss in the kidney of UUO mice. This subsequently resulted in inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways and consequently conferred renoprotection in the animals. Knockdown of Klotho abolished the renoprotective effect of DHA in UUO mice. Our study reveals a novel pharmacological activity for DHA, i.e., renoprotection. DHA exhibits this effect by targeting DNMT1 to reverse Klotho repression. This study provides an evidence for the possible clinical application of DHA in the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Min-Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hui-Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zi-Lin Si
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wen-Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lin-Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xiao-Fei An
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ke Su
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ning-Hua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Zhi-Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Neidert MC, Zeitlberger AM, Leske H, Tschopp O, Sze L, Zwimpfer C, Wiesli P, Bellut D, Bernays RL, Rushing EJ, Schmid C. Association of pre- and postoperative αKlotho levels with long-term remission after pituitary surgery for acromegaly. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14765. [PMID: 36042253 PMCID: PMC9428163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble αKlotho (sKl) is a disease-specific biomarker that is elevated in patients with acromegaly and declines after surgery for pituitary adenoma. Approximately 25% of patients do not achieve remission after surgery, therefore a risk stratification for patients early in the course of their disease may allow for the identification of patients requiring adjuvant treatment. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) have been assessed as biomarker for disease activity, however the value of sKl as a predictive biomarker of surgical success has not been evaluated yet. In this study, we measured serum biomarkers before and after transsphenoidal pituitary surgery in 55 treatment-naïve patients. Based on biochemical findings at follow-up (7–16 years), we divided patients into three groups: (A) long-term cure (defined by normal IGF-1 and random low GH (< 1 μg/l) or a suppressed GH nadir (< 0.4/μg/l) on oral glucose testing); (B) initial remission with later disease activity; (C) persistent clinical and/or biochemical disease activity. sKl levels positively related to GH, IGF-1 levels and tumor volume. Interestingly, there was a statistically significant difference in pre- and postoperative levels of sKl between the long-term cure group and the group with persistent disease activity. This study provides first evidence that sKl may serve as an additional marker for surgical success, decreasing substantially in all patients with initial clinical remission while remaining high after surgery in patients with persistent disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Christoph Neidert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rohrschacher Strasse 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Anna Maria Zeitlberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, Rohrschacher Strasse 95, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Henning Leske
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Oliver Tschopp
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Sze
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Zwimpfer
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wiesli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kantonsspital Frauenfeld, Frauenfeld, Switzerland
| | - David Bellut
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Christoph Schmid
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Klotho expression in peripheral blood circulating cells is associated with vascular and systemic inflammation in atherosclerotic vascular disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8422. [PMID: 35590090 PMCID: PMC9120199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. New therapeutic strategies are aimed to modulate the athero-inflammatory process that partially orchestrates underlying vascular damage. Peripheral blood circulating cells include different immune cells with a central role in the development of the atherogenic inflammatory response. The anti-aging protein α-Klotho has been related to protective effects against CVD. KL is expressed in monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes where it exerts anti-inflammatory effects. In this work, we analyse the relationships of the levels of inflammatory markers with the expression of the KL gene in PBCCs and with the serum levels of soluble KL in atherosclerotic vascular disease. For this, we conducted a cross-sectional single-center case–control study including a study group of 76 CVD patients and a control group of 16 cadaveric organ donors without medical antecedent or study indicating CVD. Vascular artery fragments and whole blood and serum samples were obtained during elective or organ retrieval surgery. Serum levels of sKL, TNFα and IL10, and gene expression levels of KL, TNF, IL10, NFKB1, DNMT1, and DNMT3A in PBCCs were measured. In these cells, we also determined KL promoter methylation percentage. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were employed to visualize atherosclerotic lesions and to measure IL10 and TNFα levels in vascular fragments. Patients with CVD presented higher values of proinflammatory markers both at systemic and in the vasculature and in the PBCCs, compared to the control group. In PBCCs, CVD patients also presented lower gene expression levels of KL gene (56.4% difference, P < 0.001), higher gene expression levels of DNMT1 and DNMT3A (P < 0.0001, for both) and a higher methylation status of in the promoter region of KL (34.1 ± 4.1% vs. 14.6 ± 3.4%, P < 0.01). In PBCCs and vasculature, KL gene expression correlated inversely with pro-inflammatory markers and directly with anti-inflammatory markers. sKL serum levels presented similar associations with the expression levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers in PBCCs. The differences in KL expression levels in PBCCs and in serum sKL levels with respect to control group was even greater in those CVD patients with macroscopically observable atheromatous plaques. We conclude that promoter methylation-mediated downregulation of KL gene expression in PBCCs is associated with the pro-inflammatory status in atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Urine-Derived Stem Cell-Secreted Klotho Plays a Crucial Role in the HK-2 Fibrosis Model by Inhibiting the TGF-β Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095012. [PMID: 35563402 PMCID: PMC9105028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is an irreversible and progressive process that causes severe dysfunction in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The progression of CKD stages is highly associated with a gradual reduction in serum Klotho levels. We focused on Klotho protein as a key therapeutic factor against CKD. Urine-derived stem cells (UDSCs) have been identified as a novel stem cell source for kidney regeneration and CKD treatment because of their kidney tissue-specific origin. However, the relationship between UDSCs and Klotho in the kidneys is not yet known. In this study, we discovered that UDSCs were stem cells that expressed Klotho protein more strongly than other mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). UDSCs also suppressed fibrosis by inhibiting transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in HK-2 human renal proximal tubule cells in an in vitro model. Klotho siRNA silencing reduced the TGF-inhibiting ability of UDSCs. Here, we suggest an alternative cell source that can overcome the limitations of MSCs through the synergetic effect of the origin specificity of UDSCs and the anti-fibrotic effect of Klotho.
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10
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Liu Q, Li S, Yu L, Yin X, Liu X, Ye J, Lu G. CCL5 Suppresses Klotho Expression via p-STAT3/DNA Methyltransferase1-Mediated Promoter Hypermethylation. Front Physiol 2022; 13:856088. [PMID: 35299661 PMCID: PMC8922032 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.856088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enhanced inflammation and reduced Klotho are common features in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Inflammation induces DNA hypermethylation. This study assessed the performance of inflammatory marker C-C motif chemokine 5 (CCL5) in epigenetic regulation of Klotho expression. Methods Fifty CKD patients and 25 matched controls were enrolled, and serum CCL5 level, sKlotho level, and DNA methylation were evaluated in these subjects. A renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) model with CKD was induced in mice via unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in vivo and human proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells treated with CCL5 in vitro. 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor was given to UUO mice. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson trichrome staining were adopted to evaluate renal pathological changes. Methylation-specific PCR was performed to assess DNA methylation of Klotho promoter in the peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) from CKD patients and obstructive kidney from UUO mice. CCL5, Klotho, and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) were determined by ELISAs, immunofluorescence, or western blotting. HK-2 cells were exposed to CCL5 with or without 5-Aza and stattic, a p-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibitor, and expressions of p-STAT3, DNMT1, and Klotho were determined by western blotting. Results CCL5 upregulation concomitant with Klotho downregulation in serum and global DNA methylation in PBLs were observed in CKD samples. UUO contributed to severe renal interstitial fibrosis and enhanced expressions of fibrotic markers. Moreover, UUO increased the CCL5 level, induced Klotho promoter methylation, suppressed Klotho level, activated p-STAT3 signaling, and upregulated DNMT1 level. A similar observation was made in HK-2 cells treated with CCL5. More importantly, 5-Aza inhibited UUO-induced Klotho hypermethylation, reversed Klotho, downregulated p-STAT3 expressions, and ameliorated RIF in vivo. The consistent findings in vitro were also obtained in HK-2 cells exposed to 5-Aza and stattic. Conclusion The CCL5/p-STAT3/DNMT1 axis is implicated in epigenetic regulation of Klotho expression in CKD. This study provides novel therapeutic possibilities for reversal of Klotho suppression by CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- QiFeng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - ShaSha Li
- Clinical Research & Lab Centre, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - LiXia Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - XiaoYa Yin
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - JianMing Ye
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - GuoYuan Lu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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11
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Yuan Q, Ren Q, Li L, Tan H, Lu M, Tian Y, Huang L, Zhao B, Fu H, Hou FF, Zhou L, Liu Y. A Klotho-derived peptide protects against kidney fibrosis by targeting TGF-β signaling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:438. [PMID: 35064106 PMCID: PMC8782923 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28096-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of Klotho, an anti-aging protein, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney diseases. As Klotho is a large transmembrane protein, it is challenging to harness it as a therapeutic remedy. Here we report the discovery of a Klotho-derived peptide 1 (KP1) protecting kidneys by targeting TGF-β signaling. By screening a series of peptides derived from human Klotho protein, we identified KP1 that repressed fibroblast activation by binding to TGF-β receptor 2 (TβR2) and disrupting the TGF-β/TβR2 engagement. As such, KP1 blocked TGF-β-induced activation of Smad2/3 and mitogen-activated protein kinases. In mouse models of renal fibrosis, intravenous injection of KP1 resulted in its preferential accumulation in injured kidneys. KP1 preserved kidney function, repressed TGF-β signaling, ameliorated renal fibrosis and restored endogenous Klotho expression. Together, our findings suggest that KP1 recapitulates the anti-fibrotic action of Klotho and offers a potential remedy in the fight against fibrotic kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huishi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meizhi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Analysis and Test Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boxin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Fan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.
| | - Youhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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12
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Hu MC, Moe OW. Phosphate and Cellular Senescence. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1362:55-72. [PMID: 35288873 PMCID: PMC10513121 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91623-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is one type of permeant arrest of cell growth and one of increasingly recognized contributor to aging and age-associated disease. High phosphate and low Klotho individually and synergistically lead to age-related degeneration in multiple organs. Substantial evidence supports the causality of high phosphate in cellular senescence, and potential contribution to human aging, cancer, cardiovascular, kidney, neurodegenerative, and musculoskeletal diseases. Phosphate can induce cellular senescence both by direct phosphotoxicity, and indirectly through downregulation of Klotho and upregulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Restriction of dietary phosphate intake and blockage of intestinal absorption of phosphate help suppress cellular senescence. Supplementation of Klotho protein, cellular senescence inhibitor, and removal of senescent cells with senolytic agents are potential novel strategies to attenuate phosphate-induced cellular senescence, retard aging, and ameliorate age-associated, and phosphate-induced disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chang Hu
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Orson W Moe
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Departments of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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13
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Gao Q, Chen F, Zhang L, Wei A, Wang Y, Wu Z, Cao W. Inhibition of DNA methyltransferase aberrations reinstates antioxidant aging suppressors and ameliorates renal aging. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13526. [PMID: 34874096 PMCID: PMC8761007 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation alterations play mechanistic roles in aging; however, the epigenetic regulators/mediators causally involved in renal aging remain elusive. Here, we report that natural and D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging kidneys display marked suppression of antiaging factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2) and KLOTHO, accompanied by upregulations of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1/3a/3b and NRF2/KLOTHO gene promoter hypermethylations. Administration of a DNMT inhibitor SGI-1072 effectively hypomethylated the promoters, derepressed NRF2/KLOTHO, and mitigated the structural and functional alterations of renal aging in D-gal mice. Moreover, oleuropein (OLP), an olive-derived polyphenol, also displayed similar epigenetic modulation and antiaging effects. OLP inhibited the epigenetic NRF2/KLOTHO suppressions in a gain of DNMT-sensitive manner in cultured renal cells, demonstrating a strong DNA-demethylating capacity. In NRF2 knockout and KLOTHO knockdown D-gal mice, OLP exhibited reduced antiaging effects with KLOTHO displaying a prominent gene effect and effect size; consistently in KLOTHO knockdown mice, the antiaging effects of SGI-1027 were largely abrogated. Therefore, the KLOTHO recovery is critical for the antiaging effects of DNA demethylation. Collectively, our data indicate that aberrant DNMT1/3a/3b elevations and the resultant suppression of antiaging factors contribute significantly to epigenetic renal aging, which might be targeted for epigenetic intervention by synthetic or natural DNA-demethylating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular MedicineNanjing University Medical SchoolNorthern Jiangsu People's HospitalNanjingChina
| | - Fang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular MedicineNanjing University Medical SchoolNorthern Jiangsu People's HospitalNanjingChina
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular MedicineNanjing University Medical SchoolNorthern Jiangsu People's HospitalNanjingChina
| | - Ai Wei
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular MedicineNanjing University Medical SchoolNorthern Jiangsu People's HospitalNanjingChina
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular MedicineNanjing University Medical SchoolNorthern Jiangsu People's HospitalNanjingChina
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular MedicineNanjing University Medical SchoolNorthern Jiangsu People's HospitalNanjingChina
| | - Wangsen Cao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular MedicineNanjing University Medical SchoolNorthern Jiangsu People's HospitalNanjingChina
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14
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Franco ML, Beyerstedt S, Rangel ÉB. Klotho and Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Review on Cell and Gene Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease and Acute Kidney Disease. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:pharmaceutics14010011. [PMID: 35056905 PMCID: PMC8778857 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) are public health problems, and their prevalence rates have increased with the aging of the population. They are associated with the presence of comorbidities, in particular diabetes mellitus and hypertension, resulting in a high financial burden for the health system. Studies have indicated Klotho as a promising therapeutic approach for these conditions. Klotho reduces inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis and counter-regulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In CKD and AKI, Klotho expression is downregulated from early stages and correlates with disease progression. Therefore, the restoration of its levels, through exogenous or endogenous pathways, has renoprotective effects. An important strategy for administering Klotho is through mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In summary, this review comprises in vitro and in vivo studies on the therapeutic potential of Klotho for the treatment of CKD and AKI through the administration of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Liciani Franco
- Albert Einstein Research and Education Institute, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (M.L.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Stephany Beyerstedt
- Albert Einstein Research and Education Institute, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (M.L.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Érika Bevilaqua Rangel
- Albert Einstein Research and Education Institute, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (M.L.F.); (S.B.)
- Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 04038-901, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-2151-2148
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15
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Li M, Deng L, Xu G. METTL14 promotes glomerular endothelial cell injury and diabetic nephropathy via m6A modification of α-klotho. Mol Med 2021; 27:106. [PMID: 34503454 PMCID: PMC8427885 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) modification has been implicated in many bioprocesses. However, its functions in diabetic nephropathy (DN) have not been determined. Here, we investigated the role of METTL14, a key component of the m6A methyltransferase complex, in DN. Methods The expression of METTL14 was detected in DN patients and human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGECs). In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to explore the functions of METTL14 on high glocse-induced HRGECs and renal injury of DN mice. We also investigated whether METTL14 works by regulating α-klotho expression through m6A modification. Results METTL14 were highly expressed in kidneys of DN patients and high glocse-induced HRGECs both at the mRNA and protein level. Overexpression of METTL14 increased ROS, TNF-α and IL-6 levels and apoptosis in HRGECs. Conversely, METTL14 silence decreased the levels of ROS, TNF-α and IL-6 and cell apoptosis. We confirmed that METTL14 down-regulated α-klotho expression in an m6A-dependent manner. In addition, we also found that METTL14 aggravated renal injury and inflammation of db/db mice, which could partially rescued by α-klotho. Conclusion Our data revealed that METTL14 plays a vital role in high glucose-induced glomerular endothelial cells and diabetic nephropathy through m6A modification of α-klotho.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manna Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Le Deng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Gaosi Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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16
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Lee J, Ju KD, Kim HJ, Tsogbadrakh B, Ryu H, Kang E, Kang M, Yang J, Kang HG, Ahn C, Oh KH. Soluble α-klotho anchors TRPV5 to the distal tubular cell membrane independent of FGFR1 by binding TRPV5 and galectin-1 simultaneously. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F559-F568. [PMID: 33615893 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00044.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercalciuria is one of the early manifestations of diabetic nephropathy (DN). This is partially due to a decrease in the expression of renal transient receptor potential vanilloid type 5 (TRPV5), which is responsible for renal Ca2+ reabsorption. Soluble klotho has been previously determined to increase TRPV5 by cleaving sialic acid, causing TRPV5 to bind to membrane protein galectin-1. However, a recent study showed that soluble klotho binds to α2-3-sialyllactose, where sialic acid is located, on TRPV5, rather than cleave it. Here, we report that soluble klotho tethers TRPV5 on the membrane by binding both TRPV5 and galectin-1, thereby protecting membrane TRPV5 from diabetes-induced endocytosis. In the present study, we injected recombinant soluble α-klotho protein (rKL) into db/db and db/m mice for 8 wk and collected urine and kidneys. We administered rKL, AZD4547 [fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor type 1 inhibitor], and OTX008 (galectin-1 inhibitor) to cultured mouse distal tubular cells with or without 30 mM high-glucose (HG) exposure. db/db mice showed increased renal Ca2+ excretion and decreased renal TRPV5 expression. rKL treatment reversed this change. In vitro, TRPV5 expression in distal tubular cells decreased under HG conditions, and rKL successfully upregulated TRPV5 with or without FGF23. Also, immunofluorescence showed colocalization of klotho, TRPV5, and galectin-1 in distal tubule cells, suggesting that klotho binds to both TRPV5 and galectin-1. Moreover, when both FGF receptor type 1 and galectin-1 were inhibited, rKL failed to increase TRPV5 under HG conditions. Our results indicate that soluble klotho prevents TRPV5 from degradation and subsequent diabetes-induced endocytosis by anchoring TRPV5 through binding with both TRPV5 and galectin-1.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Soluble α-klotho anchors transient receptor potential vanilloid type 5 (TRPV5) on the apical membrane of the distal tubule by binding both TRPV5 and a membrane-abundant protein, galectin-1. This newly discovered mechanism works even when fibroblast growth factor (FGF)23 signaling is inhibited by treatment with FGF receptor type 1 inhibitor. Therefore, we identified how soluble α-klotho increases TRPV5 without FGF23. We confirmed this mechanism by observing that soluble α-klotho fails to enhance TRPV5 when both FGF receptor type 1 and galectin-1 are inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Lee
- Center of Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Don Ju
- Center of Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | | | - Hyunjin Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunjeong Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minjung Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeseok Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Gyung Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Kidney Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kook-Hwan Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Xia J, Cao W. Epigenetic modifications of Klotho expression in kidney diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:581-592. [PMID: 33547909 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Developments of many renal diseases are substantially influenced by epigenetic modifications of numerous genes, mainly mediated by DNA methylations, histone modifications, and microRNA interference; however, not all gene modifications causally affect the disease onset or progression. Klotho is a critical gene whose repressions in various pathological conditions reportedly involve epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. Klotho is almost unexceptionally repressed early after acute or chronic renal injuries and its levels inversely correlated with the disease progression and severity. Moreover, the strategies of Klotho derepression via epigenetic modulations beneficially change the pathological courses both in vitro and in vivo. Hence, Klotho is not only considered a biomarker of the renal disease but also a potential or even an ideal target of therapeutic epigenetic intervention. Here, we summarize and discuss studies that investigate the Klotho repression and intervention in renal diseases from an epigenetic point of view. These information might shed new sights into the effective therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat various renal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkun Xia
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling Research, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wangsen Cao
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling Research, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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Abstract
During the evolution of skeletons, vertebrates acquired the bone made of calcium phosphate. By keeping the extracellular fluid in a supersaturated condition regarding calcium and phosphate, vertebrates create the bone when and where they want simply by providing a cue for precipitation. To secure this strategy, a new endocrine system has evolved that strictly controls the extracellular phosphate concentration. In response to phosphate intake, fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) is secreted from the bone and acts on the kidney through binding to its receptor Klotho to increase urinary phosphate excretion and maintain phosphate homeostasis. The FGF23-Klotho endocrine system, when disrupted, results in hyperphosphatemia and ectopic precipitation of calcium phosphate in mice and humans. In addition to disturbed phosphate homeostasis, mice lacking Klotho suffer from premature aging. They exhibit multiple organ atrophy, arteriosclerosis characterized by vascular calcification, cardiac hypertrophy, sarcopenia, cognition impairment, frailty, and a shortened life span associated with chronic non-infectious inflammation. Restoration of the phosphate balance by placing Klotho- or FGF23-deficient mice on low phosphate diet rescued them from the aging-like phenotypes, indicating that phosphate was responsible for the accelerated aging. The similar pathophysiology is universally observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), rendering advanced CKD a clinical model of accelerated aging. CKD patients bear colloidal nanoparticles containing calcium phosphate in the blood, which are termed calciprotein particles (CPPs). CPPs have the ability to induce cell damage and inflammation, potentially contributing to accelerated aging. Terrestrial vertebrates with the bone made of calcium phosphate may be destined to age due to ectopic calcium phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kuro-O
- Division of Anti-Aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
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Buchanan S, Combet E, Stenvinkel P, Shiels PG. Klotho, Aging, and the Failing Kidney. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:560. [PMID: 32982966 PMCID: PMC7481361 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Klotho has been recognized as a gene involved in the aging process in mammals for over 30 years, where it regulates phosphate homeostasis and the activity of members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. The α-Klotho protein is the receptor for Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 (FGF23), regulating phosphate homeostasis and vitamin D metabolism. Phosphate toxicity is a hallmark of mammalian aging and correlates with diminution of Klotho levels with increasing age. As such, modulation of Klotho activity is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in the diseasome of aging; in particular for chronic kidney disease (CKD), where Klotho has been implicated directly in the pathophysiology. A range of senotherapeutic strategies have been developed to directly or indirectly influence Klotho expression, with varying degrees of success. These include administration of exogenous Klotho, synthetic and natural Klotho agonists and indirect approaches, via modulation of the foodome and the gut microbiota. All these approaches have significant potential to mitigate loss of physiological function and resilience accompanying old age and to improve outcomes within the diseasome of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Buchanan
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie Combet
- School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, Human Nutrition, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine M99, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul G. Shiels
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Wolf EJ, Logue MW, Zhao X, Daskalakis NP, Morrison FG, Escarfulleri S, Stone A, Schichman SA, McGlinchey RE, Milberg WP, Chen C, Abraham CR, Miller MW. PTSD and the klotho longevity gene: Evaluation of longitudinal effects on inflammation via DNA methylation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 117:104656. [PMID: 32438247 PMCID: PMC7293549 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Longevity gene klotho (KL) is associated with age-related phenotypes including lifespan, cardiometabolic disorders, cognition, and brain morphology, in part, by conferring protection against inflammation. We hypothesized that the KL/inflammation association might be altered in the presence of psychiatric stress and operate via epigenetic pathways. We examined KL polymorphisms, and their interaction with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, in association with KL DNA methylation in blood. We further examined KL DNA methylation as a predictor of longitudinal changes in a peripheral biomarker of inflammation (C-reactive protein; CRP). METHODS The sample comprised 309 white non-Hispanic military veterans (93.5 % male; mean age: 32 years, range: 19-65; 30 % PTSD per structured diagnostic interview); 111 were reassessed approximately two years later. RESULTS Analyses revealed a methylation quantitative trait locus at rs9527025 (C370S, previously implicated in numerous studies of aging) in association with a Cytosine-phosphate-Guanine site (cg00129557; B = -.65, p = 1.29 X 10-20), located within a DNase hypersensitivity site in the body of KL. There was also a rs9527025 x PTSD severity interaction (B = .004, p = .035) on methylation at this locus such that the minor allele was associated with reduced cg00129557 methylation in individuals with few or no PTSD symptoms while this effect was attenuated in those with elevated levels of PTSD. Path models revealed that methylation at cg00129557 was inversely associated with CRP over time (B = -.14, p = .005), controlling for baseline CRP. There was also an indirect effect of rs9527025 X PTSD on subsequent CRP via cg00129557 methylation (indirect B = -.002, p = .033). CONCLUSIONS Results contribute to our understanding of the epigenetic correlates of inflammation in PTSD and suggest that KL methylation may be a mechanism by which KL genotype confers risk vs. resilience to accelerated aging in those experiencing traumatic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika J. Wolf
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Mark W. Logue
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine,Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Xiang Zhao
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine
| | | | - Filomene G. Morrison
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine
| | | | - Annjanette Stone
- Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System
| | - Steven A. Schichman
- Pharmacogenomics Analysis Laboratory, Research Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System
| | - Regina E. McGlinchey
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center and Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders, VA Boston Healthcare System,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
| | - William P. Milberg
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center and Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders, VA Boston Healthcare System,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
| | - Cidi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Carmela R. Abraham
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Mark W. Miller
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine
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21
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Lacroix JS, Urena-Torres P. Potentielle application de l’axe fibroblast growth factor 23-Klotho dans la maladie rénale chronique. Nephrol Ther 2020; 16:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Yamamoto S, Koyama D, Igarashi R, Maki T, Mizuno H, Furukawa Y, Kuro-O M. Serum Endocrine Fibroblast Growth Factors as Potential Biomarkers for Chronic Kidney Disease and Various Metabolic Dysfunctions in Aged Patients. Intern Med 2020; 59:345-355. [PMID: 32009088 PMCID: PMC7028420 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.3597-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To prolong the health expectancy, it is important to prevent age-related diseases, such as osteoporosis and cerebrovascular disease, which are major causes of a bedridden state. Early predictable biomarkers for these diseases are urgently required in the clinical setting. Three members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family - FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 - are designated as endocrine FGFs and play crucial roles in various metabolic processes. We tried to clarify the clinical utility of endocrine FGFs as biomarkers for age-related diseases in elderly patients. Methods We examined the serum endocrine FGF levels and analyzed their association with various clinical parameters in 73 outpatients >60 years old as a single-center cross-sectional study. Results In a multivariable linear regression analysis, FGF19 was associated with ALT, a history of cardiovascular disease, and medication with active vitamin D3. FGF21 was associated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), triglyceride level, and hypertension. FGF23 was associated with the eGFR and the serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 and TRACP5b. In addition, a receiver operating characteristics analysis revealed that the measurement of FGF21 and FGF23 was useful for detecting chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its complications, including cardiovascular disease and metabolic bone disorder. Conclusion The measurement of FGF21 and FGF23 may be useful for evaluating CKD and its complications. Using serum endocrine FGFs as biomarkers for age-related conditions may help prevent elderly patients from entering a bedridden state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Yamamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fukushima Prefectural Miyashita Hospital, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fukushima Prefectural Miyashita Hospital, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Ryo Igarashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fukushima Prefectural Miyashita Hospital, Japan
| | - Takumi Maki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fukushima Prefectural Miyashita Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuno
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Yusuke Furukawa
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuro-O
- Division of Anti-aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Japan
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23
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Abstract
The Klotho proteins, αKlotho and βKlotho, are essential components of endocrine fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor complexes, as they are required for the high-affinity binding of FGF19, FGF21 and FGF23 to their cognate FGF receptors (FGFRs). Collectively, these proteins form a unique endocrine system that governs multiple metabolic processes in mammals. FGF19 is a satiety hormone that is secreted from the intestine on ingestion of food and binds the βKlotho-FGFR4 complex in hepatocytes to promote metabolic responses to feeding. By contrast, under fasting conditions, the liver secretes the starvation hormone FGF21, which induces metabolic responses to fasting and stress responses through the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system following binding to the βKlotho-FGFR1c complex in adipocytes and the suprachiasmatic nucleus, respectively. Finally, FGF23 is secreted by osteocytes in response to phosphate intake and binds to αKlotho-FGFR complexes, which are expressed most abundantly in renal tubules, to regulate mineral metabolism. Growing evidence suggests that the FGF-Klotho endocrine system also has a crucial role in the pathophysiology of ageing-related disorders, including diabetes, cancer, arteriosclerosis and chronic kidney disease. Therefore, targeting the FGF-Klotho endocrine axes might have therapeutic benefit in multiple systems; investigation of the crystal structures of FGF-Klotho-FGFR complexes is paving the way for the development of drugs that can regulate these axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kuro-O
- Division of Anti-aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan. .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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24
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Smith ER, Holt SG, Hewitson TD. αKlotho-FGF23 interactions and their role in kidney disease: a molecular insight. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4705-4724. [PMID: 31350618 PMCID: PMC11105488 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Following the serendipitous discovery of the ageing suppressor, αKlotho (αKl), several decades ago, a growing body of evidence has defined a pivotal role for its various forms in multiple aspects of vertebrate physiology and pathology. The transmembrane form of αKl serves as a co-receptor for the osteocyte-derived mineral regulator, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)23, principally in the renal tubules. However, compelling data also suggest that circulating soluble forms of αKl, derived from the same source, may have independent homeostatic functions either as a hormone, glycan-cleaving enzyme or lectin. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is of particular interest as disruption of the FGF23-αKl axis is an early and common feature of disease manifesting in markedly deficient αKl expression, but FGF23 excess. Here we critically discuss recent findings in αKl biology that conflict with the view that soluble αKl has substantive functions independent of FGF23 signalling. Although the issue of whether soluble αKl can act without FGF23 has yet to be resolved, we explore the potential significance of these contrary findings in the context of CKD and highlight how this endocrine pathway represents a promising target for novel anti-ageing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Smith
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
| | - Stephen G Holt
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Tim D Hewitson
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
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25
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Jiang W, Xiao T, Han W, Xiong J, He T, Liu Y, Huang Y, Yang K, Bi X, Xu X, Yu Y, Li Y, Gu J, Zhang J, Huang Y, Zhang B, Zhao J. Klotho inhibits PKCα/p66SHC-mediated podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 494:110490. [PMID: 31207271 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a progressive disease, the main pathogeny of which is podocyte injury. As a calcium-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase involved in podocyte injury, protein kinase C isoform α (PKCα) was reported to regulate the phosphorylation of p66SHC. However, the role of PKCα/p66SHC in DN remains unknown. Klotho, an anti-aging protein with critical roles in protecting kidney, is expressed predominantly in the kidney and secreted in the blood. Nonetheless, the mechanism underlying amelioration of podocyte injury by Klotho in DN remains unclear. Our data showed that Klotho was decreased in STZ-treated mice and was further declined in diabetic KL ± mice. As expected, Klotho deficiency aggravated diabetes-induced proteinuria and podocyte injury, accompanied by the activation of PKCα and p66SHC. In contrast, overexpression of Klotho partially ameliorated PKCα/p66SHC-mediated podocyte injury and proteinuria. In addition, in vitro experiments showed that activation of PKCα and subsequently increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was involved in podocytic apoptosis induced by high glucose (HG), which could be partially reversed by Klotho. Hence, we conclude that Klotho might inhibit PKCα/p66SHC-mediated podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tangli Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenhao Han
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiachuan Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting He
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinghui Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianjin Bi
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinli Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanlin Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunjian Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jinghong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology of Chongqing and Kidney Center of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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26
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Liu L, Zou J, Guan Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zhou X, Xiong C, Tolbert E, Zhao TC, Bayliss G, Zhuang S. Blocking the histone lysine 79 methyltransferase DOT1L alleviates renal fibrosis through inhibition of renal fibroblast activation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. FASEB J 2019; 33:11941-11958. [PMID: 31373855 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801861r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Disruptor of telomeric silencing-1 like (DOT1L) protein specifically catalyzes the methylation of histone H3 on Lys79 (H3K79) and is implicated in tumors. But its role in tissue fibrosis remains unclear. Here we demonstrated that injury to the kidney increased DOT1L expression and H3K79 dimethylation in renal tubular epithelial cells and myofibroblasts in a murine model of unilateral ureteral obstruction. Administration of EPZ5676, a highly selective inhibitor of DOT1L, attenuated renal fibrosis. Treatment with EPZ5676 or DOT1L small interfering RNA also inhibited TGF-β1 and serum-induced activation of renal interstitial fibroblasts and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro. Moreover, blocking DOT1L abrogated injury-induced epithelial G2/M arrest; reduced expression of Snail, Twist, and Notch1; and inactivated several profibrotic signaling molecules in the injured kidney, including Smad3, epidermal growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, protein kinase B, and NF-κB. Conversely, DOT1L inhibition increased expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog, a protein associated with dephosphorylation of tyrosine kinase receptors, and prevented decline in levels of Klotho and Smad7, 2 renoprotective factors. Thus, our data indicate that targeting DOT1L attenuates renal fibrosis through inhibition of renal fibroblasts and EMT by suppressing activation of multiple profibrotic signaling pathways while retaining expression of renoprotective factors.-Liu, L., Zou, J., Guan, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, W., Zhou, X., Xiong, C., Tolbert, E., Zhao, T. C., Bayliss, G., Zhuang, S. Blocking the histone lysine 79 methyltransferase DOT1L alleviates renal fibrosis through inhibition of renal fibroblast activation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Clinical Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jianan Zou
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Yingjie Guan
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Yunhe Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Xiaoxu Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Chongxiang Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Evelyn Tolbert
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ting C Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center-Boston University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - George Bayliss
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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27
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Lower levels of α-Klotho in serum are associated with decreased lung function in individuals with interstitial lung abnormalities. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10801. [PMID: 31346213 PMCID: PMC6658567 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA) represent aging-associated bilateral interstitial abnormalities in nondependent areas of the lung. However, the aging mechanisms associated with ILA remain uncertain. α-Klotho is an anti-aging molecule that decreases progressively with age, and abnormally low circulating levels of this protein have been revealed in several chronic-degenerative diseases. In this study, we evaluated α-Klotho serum concentrations in individuals with ILA, and examined whether its levels were associated with pulmonary function decline. α-Klotho was measured by ELISA in 50 respiratory asymptomatic adults with ILA and 150 healthy individuals over 60 years. Compared with controls, ILA subjects were predominantly older males, and showed lower lung diffusing capacity (DLCO), higher desaturation after exercise, and higher concentrations of serum matrix metalloprotease-7 (6.24 ± 4.1 versus 4.3 ± 1.7 ng/ml; p = 0.002). No differences were found in serum concentrations of α-Klotho. However, lower levels of this protein in ILA significantly correlated with lower values of forced vital capacity (Rho = 0.39; p = 0.005), forced expiratory volume in one second (Rho = 0.39; p = 0.005), and DLCO (Rho = 0.29, p = 0.04). These findings suggest that decreased concentrations of α-Klotho may be a predictive biomarker of accelerated decline of lung function in individuals with ILA.
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28
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Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with many of the same mineral metabolite abnormalities that are observed in chronic kidney disease. These include increased circulating levels of the osteocyte-derived, vitamin D-regulating hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and decreased renal expression of klotho, the co-receptor for FGF23. Recent data have indicated that increased FGF23 and decreased klotho levels in the blood and urine could serve as novel predictive biomarkers of incident AKI, or as novel prognostic biomarkers of adverse outcomes in patients with established AKI. In addition, because FGF23 and klotho exert numerous classic as well as off-target effects on a variety of organ systems, targeting their dysregulation in AKI may represent a unique opportunity for therapeutic intervention. We review the pathophysiology, kinetics, and regulation of FGF23 and klotho in animal and human studies of AKI, and we discuss the challenges and opportunities involved in targeting FGF23 and klotho therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Christov
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY.
| | - Javier A Neyra
- Division of Nephrology, Bone and Mineral Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - David E Leaf
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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29
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Qiu J, Zhang YN, Zheng X, Zhang P, Ma G, Tan H. Notch promotes DNMT-mediated hypermethylation of Klotho leads to COPD-related inflammation. Exp Lung Res 2019; 44:368-377. [PMID: 30686068 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2018.1556749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM Klotho expression significantly declines in alveolar macrophages and airway epithelial cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, and cigarette smoke extract dramatically inhibits the expression and secretion of α-Klotho. This suggests that the silencing of Klotho is the major factor promoting COPD related inflammatory responses. This study aims to investigate the mechanism of Klotho downregulation and its effect on the inflammatory cytokines secretion and cell apoptosis. METHODS Expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and Notch signaling activation were quantified in MH-S and 16HBE cells stimulated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) solution. Specific inhibitors of DNMTs or Notch pathway were added together with CSE into treated and control cells. Inflammatory cytokines, cell viability and cell death were determined to explore the effect of Klotho on COPD related inflammation. RESULTS CSE treatment statistically increased the level of DNMTs expression, Klotho promoter methylation, and activated the Notch signaling pathway. Notch signal activation played a critical role in the process of modification of Klotho promoter methylation. The inhibition of DNMTs and Notch pathway rescued Klotho levels and inhibited inflammation and cell apoptosis after CSE treatment. CONCLUSION Notch-mediated Klotho hypermethylation inhibited Klotho expression, which promoted inflammatory response and cell apoptosis that were associated with the development of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qiu
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , China
| | - Xiwei Zheng
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , China
| | - Peng Zhang
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , China
| | - Gang Ma
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , China
| | - Hai Tan
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , China
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30
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Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an inherently systemic disease that refers to a long-term loss of kidney function. The progression of CKD has repercussions for other organs, leading to many kinds of extrarenal complications. Intensive studies are now being undertaken to reveal the risk factors and pathophysiological mechanism of this disease. During the past 20 years, increasing evidence from clinical and basic studies has indicated that klotho, which was initially known as an anti-aging gene and is mainly expressed in the kidney, is significantly correlated with the development and progression of CKD and its complications. Here, we discuss in detail the role and pathophysiological implications of klotho in ion disorders, the inflammation response, vascular calcification, mineral bone disorders, and renal fibrosis in CKD. Based on the pathogenic mechanism of klotho deficiency and klotho decline in urine early in CKD stage 2 and even earlier in CKD stage 1, it is not difficult to understand that soluble klotho can serve as an early and sensitive marker of CKD. Moreover, the prevention of klotho decline by several mechanisms can attenuate renal injuries, retard CKD progression, ameliorate extrarenal complications, and improve renal function. In this review, we focus on the functions and pathophysiological implications of klotho in CKD and its extrarenal complications as well as its potential applications as a diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker for CKD and as a novel treatment strategy to improve and decrease the burden of comorbidity in CKD.
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31
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High-fidelity CRISPR/Cas9- based gene-specific hydroxymethylation rescues gene expression and attenuates renal fibrosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3509. [PMID: 30158531 PMCID: PMC6115451 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05766-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
While suppression of specific genes through aberrant promoter methylation contributes to different diseases including organ fibrosis, gene-specific reactivation technology is not yet available for therapy. TET enzymes catalyze hydroxymethylation of methylated DNA, reactivating gene expression. We here report generation of a high-fidelity CRISPR/Cas9-based gene-specific dioxygenase by fusing an endonuclease deactivated high-fidelity Cas9 (dHFCas9) to TET3 catalytic domain (TET3CD), targeted to specific genes by guiding RNAs (sgRNA). We demonstrate use of this technology in four different anti-fibrotic genes in different cell types in vitro, among them RASAL1 and Klotho, both hypermethylated in kidney fibrosis. Furthermore, in vivo lentiviral delivery of the Rasal1-targeted fusion protein to interstitial cells and of the Klotho-targeted fusion protein to tubular epithelial cells each results in specific gene reactivation and attenuation of fibrosis, providing gene-specific demethylating technology in a disease model. Suppression of gene expression due to aberrant promoter methylation contributes to organ fibrosis. Here, the authors couple a deactivated Cas9 to the TET3 catalytic domain to induce expression of four antifibrotic genes, and show that lentiviral-mediated delivery is effective in reducing kidney fibrosis in mouse models.
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32
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Chromatin dynamics at the core of kidney fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:194-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Takesue H, Hirota T, Tachimura M, Tokashiki A, Ieiri I. Nucleosome Positioning and Gene Regulation of the SGLT2 Gene in the Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:953-962. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.111807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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34
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Li Q, Li Y, Liang L, Li J, Luo D, Liu Q, Cai S, Li X. Klotho negatively regulated aerobic glycolysis in colorectal cancer via ERK/HIF1α axis. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:26. [PMID: 29884183 PMCID: PMC5994118 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Klotho (KL) was originally characterized as an aging suppressor gene, and has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene in a variety of cancers, including colorectal cancer. Recent years have witnessed the importance of metabolism transformation in cancer cell malignancies maintenance. Aberrant cancer cell metabolism is considered to be the hallmark of cancer. Our previous studies demonstrated that KL played negative roles in colon cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. However, its role in the cancer cell reprogramming has seldom been reported. The aim of this study was to examine the role of KL in aerobic glycolysis in colorectal cancer. Methods Combining maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), which was obtained preoperatively via a PET/CT scan, with immunohistochemistry staining, we analyzed the correlation between SUVmax and KL expression in colorectal cancer tissues. The impact of KL on glucose metabolism and its mechanisms were further validated in vitro and in vivo. Results Patients with lower KL expression exhibited higher 18F-FDG uptake (P < 0.05), indicating that KL might participate in aerobic glycolysis regulation. In vitro assay by using colon cancer cell lines further supported this observation. By overexpressing KL in HTC116 and SW480 cells, we observed that the glycolysis was inhibited and the mitochondrial respiration increased, indicating that KL was a negative regulator of aerobic glycolysis. To seek for the underlying mechanisms, we tried to dig out the relation between KL and HIF1α signaling pathway, and found that KL negatively regulated HIF1α protein level and transcriptional activity. Western blot analysis showed that KL overexpression negatively regulated ERK pathway, and KL regulated aerobic glycolysis in part through its regulation of ERK/ HIF1α axis. Conclusions Taken together, KL is a negative regulator of aerobic glycolysis and KL inhibited glucose metabolism transformation via the ERK/ HIF1α axis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-018-0241-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yaqi Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing Li
- Departments of CyberKnife, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dakui Luo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Sanjun Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xinxiang Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No.270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Kuro-o M. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Accelerated Aging by Defects in the FGF23-Klotho System. Int J Nephrol 2018; 2018:9679841. [PMID: 29951315 PMCID: PMC5987335 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9679841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic research of aging has been primarily focused on elucidating mechanisms of aging and longevity that are evolutionarily conserved from yeasts to primates. Such efforts have culminated in the notion that (1) senescence at the cellular level is associated with aging at the organismal level and that (2) calorie restriction and growth suppression decelerate aging. However, these important findings in the basic research have not necessarily been linked to improvement of daily medical practice in the aging society. It has become increasingly important to investigate mechanisms of aging unique to mammals or humans and apply the research fruits for the treatment of major age-related disorders to extend the health span. Seminal studies on the klotho mouse, a mutant exhibiting a premature aging syndrome, have identified phosphate as a proaging factor in mammals. In this review, mechanisms of phosphate-induced premature aging and potential therapeutic targets will be discussed, which may be directly applicable for developing novel strategies for the treatment of chronic kidney disease and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kuro-o
- Division of Anti-Aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Mineral Metabolism, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9072, USA
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36
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Klotho preservation by Rhein promotes toll-like receptor 4 proteolysis and attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:915-927. [PMID: 29730698 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Renal anti-aging protein Klotho exhibits impressive properties of anti-inflammation and renal protection, however is suppressed early after renal injury, making Klotho restoration an attractive strategy of treating renal inflammatory disorders. Here, we reported that Klotho is enriched in macrophages and Klotho preservation by Rhein, an anthraquinone derived from medicinal plant rhubarb, attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute inflammation essentially via promoting toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) degradation. LPS-induced pro-inflammatory NF-κB signaling and cytokine expressions coincided with Klotho repression and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) elevation in macrophages, renal epithelial cells, and acutely- inflamed kidney. Intriguingly, Rhein treatment effectively corrected the inverted alterations of Klotho and TLR4 and mitigated the TLR4 downstream inflammatory response in a Klotho restoration and TLR4 repression-dependent manner. Klotho inducibly associated with TLR4 after LPS stimulation and suppressed TLR4 protein abundance mainly via a proteolytic process sensitive to the inhibition of Klotho's putative β-glucuronidase activity. Consistently, Klotho knockdown by RNA interferences largely diminished the anti-inflammatory and renal protective effects of Rhein in a mouse model of acute kidney injury incurred by LPS. Thus, Klotho suppression of TLR4 via deglycosylation negatively controls TLR-associated inflammatory signaling and the endogenous Klotho preservation by Rhein or possibly other natural or synthetic compounds possesses promising potentials in the clinical treatment of renal inflammatory disorders. KEY MESSAGES • Klotho is highly expressed in macrophages and repressed by LPS in vitro and in vivo. • Klotho inhibits LPS-induced TLR4 accumulation and the downstream signaling. • Klotho decreases TLR4 via a deglycosylation-associated proteolytic process. • Rhein effectively prevents acute inflammation-incurred Klotho suppression. • Rhein reversal of Klotho attenuates LPS-induced acute inflammation and kidney injury.
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37
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Kimura T, Shiizaki K, Akimoto T, Shinzato T, Shimizu T, Kurosawa A, Kubo T, Nanmoku K, Kuro-O M, Yagisawa T. The impact of preserved Klotho gene expression on antioxidative stress activity in healthy kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F345-F352. [PMID: 29693450 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00486.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Klotho, which was originally identified as an antiaging gene, forms a complex with fibroblast growth factor 23 receptor in the kidney, with subsequent signaling that regulates mineral metabolism. Other biological activities of Klotho, including antiaging effects such as protection from various types of cellular stress, have been shown; however, the precise mechanism of these effects of Klotho gene in the healthy human kidney is not well understood. In this study, we examined the relationships of Klotho and antioxidative stress gene expression levels in zero-hour biopsy specimens from 44 donors in kidney transplantation and verified them in animal models whose Klotho gene expression levels were varied. The nitrotyrosine expression level in the kidney was evaluated in these animal models. Expression levels of Klotho gene were positively correlated with the p53 gene and antioxidant enzyme genes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), SOD2, peroxiredoxin 3 (PRDX3), and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) but not clinical parameters such as age and renal function or pathological features such as glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis tubular atrophy. The expression levels of all genes were significantly higher in mice with Klotho overexpression than in wild-type mice, and those except for catalase, PRDX3, and GPX1 were significantly lower in Klotho-deficient mice than in wild-type littermate mice. Nitrotyrosine-positive bands of various sizes were observed in kidney from Klotho-deficient mice only. The preservation of Klotho gene expression might induce the antioxidative stress mechanism for homeostasis of healthy human kidney independently of its general condition, including age, renal function, and histological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Kimura
- Division of Renal Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Urology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi , Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiizaki
- Division of Anti-aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi , Japan
| | - Tetsu Akimoto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi , Japan
| | - Takahiro Shinzato
- Division of Renal Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Urology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi , Japan
| | - Toshihiro Shimizu
- Division of Renal Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Urology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi , Japan
| | - Akira Kurosawa
- Division of Renal Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Urology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi , Japan
| | - Taro Kubo
- Division of Renal Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Urology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi , Japan
| | - Koji Nanmoku
- Division of Renal Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Urology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi , Japan
| | - Makoto Kuro-O
- Division of Anti-aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi , Japan
| | - Takashi Yagisawa
- Division of Renal Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Urology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi , Japan
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38
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Gazdhar A, Ravikumar P, Pastor J, Heller M, Ye J, Zhang J, Moe OW, Geiser T, Hsia CCW. Alpha-Klotho Enrichment in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Secretome Contributes to Antioxidative Protection in Acute Lung Injury. Stem Cells 2017; 36:616-625. [PMID: 29226550 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been reported to alleviate organ injury, although the mechanisms of action remain unclear and administration of intact cells faces many limitations. We hypothesized that cell-free conditioned media (CM) containing the secretome of iPSCs possess antioxidative constituents that can alleviate pulmonary oxidant stress damage. We derived iPSCs from human dermal fibroblasts and harvested the CM. Addition of iPSC CM to cultured human alveolar type-1 epithelial cells mitigated hyperoxia-induced depletion of endogenous total antioxidant capacity while tracheal instillation of iPSC CM into adult rat lungs enhanced hyperoxia-induced increase in TAC. In both the in vitro and in vivo models, iPSC CM ameliorated oxidative damage to DNA, lipid, and protein, and activated the nuclear factor (erythroid 2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) network of endogenous antioxidant proteins. Compared with control fibroblast-conditioned or cell-free media, iPSC CM is highly enriched with αKlotho at a concentration up to more than 10-fold of that in normal serum. αKlotho is an essential antioxidative cell maintenance and protective factor and an activator of the Nrf2 network. Immunodepletion of αKlotho reduced iPSC CM-mediated cytoprotection by ∼50%. Thus, the abundant αKlotho content significantly contributes to iPSC-mediated antioxidation and cytoprotection. Results uncover a major mechanism of iPSC action, suggest a fundamental role of αKlotho in iPSC maintenance, and support the translational potential of airway delivery of cell-free iPSC secretome for protection against lung injury. The targeted cell-free secretome-based approach may also be applicable to the amelioration of injury in other organs. Stem Cells 2018;36:616-625.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiq Gazdhar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Priya Ravikumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Charles and Jane Pak Center of Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Johanne Pastor
- Charles and Jane Pak Center of Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Manfred Heller
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jianfeng Ye
- Charles and Jane Pak Center of Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Charles and Jane Pak Center of Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Orson W Moe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Charles and Jane Pak Center of Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Connie C W Hsia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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39
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Mencke R, Olauson H, Hillebrands JL. Effects of Klotho on fibrosis and cancer: A renal focus on mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 121:85-100. [PMID: 28709936 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Klotho is a membrane-bound protein predominantly expressed in the kidney, where it acts as a permissive co-receptor for Fibroblast Growth Factor 23. In its shed form, Klotho exerts anti-fibrotic effects in several tissues. Klotho-deficient mice spontaneously develop fibrosis and Klotho deficiency exacerbates the disease progression in fibrotic animal models. Furthermore, Klotho overexpression or supplementation protects against fibrosis in various models of renal and cardiac fibrotic disease. These effects are mediated at least partially by the direct inhibitory effects of soluble Klotho on TGFβ1 signaling, Wnt signaling, and FGF2 signaling. Soluble Klotho, as present in the circulation, appears to be the primary mediator of anti-fibrotic effects. Similarly, through inhibition of the TGFβ1, Wnt, FGF2, and IGF1 signaling pathways, Klotho also inhibits tumorigenesis. The Klotho promoter gene is generally hypermethylated in cancer, and overexpression or supplementation of Klotho has been found to inhibit tumor growth in various animal models. This review focuses on the protective effects of soluble Klotho in inhibiting renal fibrosis and fibrosis in distant organs secondary to renal Klotho deficiency. We also discuss the structure-function relationships of Klotho domains and biological effects in the context of potential targeted treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Mencke
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (Division of Pathology), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hannes Olauson
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (Division of Renal Medicine), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (Division of Pathology), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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40
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Mencke R, Harms G, Moser J, van Meurs M, Diepstra A, Leuvenink HG, Hillebrands JL. Human alternative Klotho mRNA is a nonsense-mediated mRNA decay target inefficiently spliced in renal disease. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94375. [PMID: 29046474 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Klotho is a renal protein involved in phosphate homeostasis, which is downregulated in renal disease. It has long been considered an antiaging factor. Two Klotho gene transcripts are thought to encode membrane-bound and secreted Klotho. Indeed, soluble Klotho is detectable in bodily fluids, but the relative contributions of Klotho secretion and of membrane-bound Klotho shedding are unknown. Recent advances in RNA surveillance reveal that premature termination codons, as present in alternative Klotho mRNA (for secreted Klotho), prime mRNAs for degradation by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Disruption of NMD led to accumulation of alternative Klotho mRNA, indicative of normally continuous degradation. RNA IP for NMD core factor UPF1 resulted in enrichment for alternative Klotho mRNA, which was also not associated with polysomes, indicating no active protein translation. Alternative Klotho mRNA transcripts colocalized with some P bodies, where NMD transcripts are degraded. Moreover, we could not detect secreted Klotho in vitro. These results suggest that soluble Klotho is likely cleaved membrane-bound Klotho only. Furthermore, we found that, especially in acute kidney injury, splicing of the 2 mRNA transcripts is dysregulated, which was recapitulated by various noxious stimuli in vitro. This likely constitutes a novel mechanism resulting in the downregulation of membrane-bound Klotho.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Mencke
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (Division of Pathology), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands.,The NIGRAM consortium detailed in the Supplemental Acknowledgments
| | - Geert Harms
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (Division of Pathology), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands.,The NIGRAM consortium detailed in the Supplemental Acknowledgments
| | - Jill Moser
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (Division of Medical Biology), and
| | - Matijs van Meurs
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (Division of Medical Biology), and
| | - Arjan Diepstra
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (Division of Pathology), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henri G Leuvenink
- Department of Surgery (Division of Experimental Surgery), University of Groningen, UMCG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (Division of Pathology), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands.,The NIGRAM consortium detailed in the Supplemental Acknowledgments
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41
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Watanabe R, Fujita N, Sato Y, Kobayashi T, Morita M, Oike T, Miyamoto K, Kuro-O M, Michigami T, Fukumoto S, Tsuji T, Toyama Y, Nakamura M, Matsumoto M, Miyamoto T. Enpp1 is an anti-aging factor that regulates Klotho under phosphate overload conditions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7786. [PMID: 28798354 PMCID: PMC5552841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of phosphate metabolism is crucial to regulate aging in mammals. Klotho is a well-known anti-aging factor that regulates phosphate metabolism: mice mutant or deficient in Klotho exhibit phenotypes resembling human aging. Here we show that ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (Enpp1) is required for Klotho expression under phosphate overload conditions. Loss-of-function Enpp1ttw/ttw mice under phosphate overload conditions exhibited phenotypes resembling human aging and Klotho mutants, such as short life span, arteriosclerosis and osteoporosis, with elevated serum 1,25(OH)2D3 levels. Enpp1ttw/ttw mice also exhibited significantly reduced renal Klotho expression under phosphate overload conditions, and aging phenotypes in these mice were rescued by Klotho overexpression, a low vitamin D diet or vitamin D receptor knockout. These findings indicate that Enpp1 plays a crucial role in regulating aging via Klotho expression under phosphate overload conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Watanabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fujita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuiko Sato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Advanced Therapy for Musculoskeletal Disorders, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tami Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Musculoskeletal Reconstruction and Regeneration Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mayu Morita
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Oike
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kana Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuro-O
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
| | - Seiji Fukumoto
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Toyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. .,Department of Advanced Therapy for Musculoskeletal Disorders, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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42
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Olauson H, Mencke R, Hillebrands JL, Larsson TE. Tissue expression and source of circulating αKlotho. Bone 2017; 100:19-35. [PMID: 28323144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
αKlotho (Klotho), a type I transmembrane protein and a coreceptor for Fibroblast Growth Factor-23, was initially thought to be expressed only in a limited number of tissues, most importantly the kidney, parathyroid gland and choroid plexus. Emerging data may suggest a more ubiquitous Klotho expression pattern which has prompted reevaluation of the restricted Klotho paradigm. Herein we systematically review the evidence for Klotho expression in various tissues and cell types in humans and other mammals, and discuss potential reasons behind existing conflicting data. Based on current literature and tissue expression atlases, we propose a classification of tissues into high, intermediate and low/absent Klotho expression. The functional relevance of Klotho in organs with low expression levels remain uncertain and there is currently limited data on a role for membrane-bound Klotho outside the kidney. Finally, we review the evidence for the tissue source of soluble Klotho, and conclude that the kidney is likely to be the principal source of circulating Klotho in physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Olauson
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Rik Mencke
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias E Larsson
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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The relevance of α-KLOTHO to the central nervous system: Some key questions. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 36:137-148. [PMID: 28323064 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
α-Klotho is well described as an anti-aging protein, with critical roles in kidney function as a transmembrane co-receptor for FGF23, and as a soluble factor in serum. α-Klotho is also expressed in the choroid plexus, where it is released into the cerebrospinal fluid. Nonetheless, α-Klotho is also expressed in the brain parenchyma. Accumulating evidence indicates that this pool of α-Klotho, which we define as brain α-Klotho, may play important roles as a neuroprotective factor and in promoting myelination, thereby supporting healthy brain aging. Here we summarize what is known about brain α-Klotho before focusing on the outstanding scientific questions related to its function. We believe there is a need for in vitro studies designed to distinguish between brain α-Klotho and other pools of α-Klotho, and for a greater understanding of the basic function of soluble α-Klotho. The mechanism by which the human KL-VS variant affects cognition also requires further elucidation. To help address these questions we suggest some experimental approaches that other laboratories might consider. In short, we hope to stimulate fresh ideas and encourage new research approaches that will allow the importance of α-Klotho for the aging brain to become clear.
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44
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Neyra JA, Hu MC. Potential application of klotho in human chronic kidney disease. Bone 2017; 100:41-49. [PMID: 28115282 PMCID: PMC5474175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular domain of transmembrane alpha-Klotho (αKlotho, hereinafter simply called Klotho) is cleaved by secretases and released into the circulation as soluble Klotho. Soluble Klotho in the circulation starts to decline early in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 2 and urinary Klotho possibly even earlier in CKD stage 1. Therefore soluble Klotho could serve as an early and sensitive marker of kidney function decline. Moreover, preclinical animal data support Klotho deficiency is not just merely a biomarker, but a pathogenic factor for CKD progression and extrarenal CKD complications including cardiovascular disease and disturbed mineral metabolism. Prevention of Klotho decline, re-activation of endogenous Klotho production or supplementation of exogenous Klotho are all associated with attenuation of renal fibrosis, retardation of CKD progression, improvement of mineral metabolism, amelioration of cardiomyopathy, and alleviation of vascular calcification in CKD. Therefore Klotho is not only a diagnostic and/or prognostic marker for CKD, but the treatment of Klotho deficiency may be a promising strategy to prevent, retard, and decrease the burden of comorbidity in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Neyra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA; Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
| | - Ming Chang Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA; Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA.
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45
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Kota SK, Kota SB. Noncoding RNA and epigenetic gene regulation in renal diseases. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1112-1122. [PMID: 28487070 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kidneys have a major role in normal physiology and metabolic homeostasis. Loss or impairment of kidney function is a common occurrence in several metabolic disorders, including hypertension and diabetes. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affect nearly 10% of the population worldwide; ranks 18th in the list of causes of death; and contributes to a significant proportion of healthcare costs. The tissue repair and regenerative potential of kidneys are limited and they decline during aging. Recent studies have demonstrated a key role for epigenetic processes and players, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, noncoding (nc)RNA, and so on, in both kidney development and disease. In this review, we highlight these recent findings with an emphasis on aberrant epigenetic changes that accompany renal diseases, key targets, and their therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya K Kota
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Savithri B Kota
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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46
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Klotho preservation via histone deacetylase inhibition attenuates chronic kidney disease-associated bone injury in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46195. [PMID: 28387374 PMCID: PMC5384196 DOI: 10.1038/srep46195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone loss and increased fracture are the devastating outcomes of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) resulting from Klotho deficit-related mineral disturbance and hyperparathyroidism. Because Klotho down-regulation after renal injury is presumably affected by aberrant histone deacetylase (HDAC) activities, here we assess whether HDAC inhibition prevents Klotho loss and attenuates the CKD-associated bone complication in a mouse model of CKD-MBD. Mice fed adenine-containing diet developed the expected renal damage, a substantial Klotho loss and the deregulated key factors causally affecting bone remodeling, which were accompanied by a marked reduction of bone mineral density. Intriguingly, administration of a potent HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) impressively alleviated the Klotho deficit and the observed alterations of serum, kidney and bone. TSA prevented Klotho loss by increasing the promoter-associated histone acetylation, therefore increasing Klotho transcription. More importantly the mice lacking Klotho by siRNA interference largely abolished the TSA protections against the serum and renal abnormalities, and the deranged bone micro-architectures. Thus, our study identified Klotho loss as a key event linking HDAC deregulation to the renal and bone injuries in CKD-MBD mice and demonstrated the therapeutic potentials of endogenous Klotho restoration by HDAC inhibition in treating CKD and the associated extrarenal complications.
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47
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Yin S, Zhang Q, Yang J, Lin W, Li Y, Chen F, Cao W. TGFβ-incurred epigenetic aberrations of miRNA and DNA methyltransferase suppress Klotho and potentiate renal fibrosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1207-1216. [PMID: 28285987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a common pathological feature of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) and its development and progression are significantly affected by epigenetic modifications such as aberrant miRNA and DNA methylation. Klotho is an anti-aging and anti-fibrotic protein and its early decline after renal injury is reportedly associated with aberrant DNA methylation. However, the key upstream pathological mediators and the molecular cascade leading to epigenetic Klotho suppression are not exclusively established. Here we investigate the epigenetic mechanism of Klotho deficiency and its functional relevance in renal fibrogenesis. Fibrotic kidneys induced by unilateral ureteral occlusion (UUO) displayed marked Klotho suppression and the promoter hypermethylation. These abnormalities were likely due to deregulated transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) since TGFβ alone caused the similar epigenetic aberrations in cultured renal cells and TGFβ blockade prevented the alterations in UUO kidney. Further investigation revealed that TGFβ enhanced DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 and DNMT3a via inhibiting miR-152 and miR-30a in both renal cells and fibrotic kidneys. Accordingly the blockade of either TGFβ signaling or DNMT1/3a activities significantly recovered the Klotho loss and attenuated pro-fibrotic protein expression and renal fibrosis. Moreover, Klotho knockdown by RNA interferences abolished the anti-fibrotic effects of DNMT inhibition in both TGFβ-treated renal cell and UUO kidney, indicating that TGFβ-mediated miR-152/30a inhibitions, DNMT1/3a aberrations and subsequent Klotho loss constitute a critical regulatory loop that eliminates Klotho's anti-fibrotic activities and potentiates renal fibrogenesis. Thus, our study elaborates a novel epigenetic cascade of renal fibrogenesis and reveals the potential therapeutic targets for treating the renal fibrosis-associated kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Yin
- Nanjing University School of Medicine, Jiangsu, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Nanjing University School of Medicine, Jiangsu, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Nanjing University School of Medicine, Jiangsu, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wenjun Lin
- Nanjing University School of Medicine, Jiangsu, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yanning Li
- Nanjing University School of Medicine, Jiangsu, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Nanjing University School of Medicine, Jiangsu, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wangsen Cao
- Nanjing University School of Medicine, Jiangsu, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China.
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48
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The FGF23 and Klotho system beyond mineral metabolism. Clin Exp Nephrol 2016; 21:64-69. [PMID: 27838783 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-016-1357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
FGF23 is a bone-derived hormone that acts primarily on the kidney to induce phosphaturia and suppress synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The unique feature of FGF23 is that it requires Klotho as an obligate co-receptor. The FGF23-Klotho system has emerged as an endocrine axis indispensable for maintaining phosphate homeostasis. Mineral and bone disorders associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD-MBD) can be viewed as a series of events triggered by a compensatory response of the FGF23-Klotho system to excess phosphate intake relative to the residual nephron number. Furthermore, the fact that disruption of the FGF23-Klotho system causes phosphate retention and a syndrome resembling aging in mammals has led to the notion that phosphate accelerates aging. The aging-like pathology caused by phosphate, or phosphatopathy, may be unique to the higher organisms having the Klotho gene and provides new insights into the molecular mechanism of aging in humans.
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49
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Ruiz-Andres O, Sanchez-Niño MD, Moreno JA, Ruiz-Ortega M, Ramos AM, Sanz AB, Ortiz A. Downregulation of kidney protective factors by inflammation: role of transcription factors and epigenetic mechanisms. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F1329-F1340. [PMID: 27760772 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00487.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated to an increased risk of death, CKD progression, and acute kidney injury (AKI) even from early stages, when glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is preserved. The link between early CKD and these risks is unclear, since there is no accumulation of uremic toxins. However, pathological albuminuria and kidney inflammation are frequent features of early CKD, and the production of kidney protective factors may be decreased. Indeed, Klotho expression is already decreased in CKD category G1 (normal GFR). Klotho has anti-aging and nephroprotective properties, and decreased Klotho levels may contribute to increase the risk of death, CKD progression, and AKI. In this review, we discuss the downregulation by mediators of inflammation of molecules with systemic and/or renal local protective functions, exemplified by Klotho and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a transcription factor that promotes mitochondrial biogenesis. Cytokines such as TWEAK, TNF-α, or transforming growth factor -β1 produced locally during kidney injury or released from inflammatory sites at other organs may decrease kidney expression of Klotho and PGC-1α or lead to suboptimal recruitment of these nephroprotective proteins. Transcription factors (e.g., Smad3 and NF-κB) and epigenetic mechanisms (e.g., histone acetylation or methylation) contribute to downregulate the expression of Klotho and/or PGC-1α, while histone crotonylation promotes PGC-1α expression. NF-κBiz facilitates the repressive effect of NF-κB on Klotho expression. A detailed understanding of these mediators may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to prevent CKD progression and its negative impact on mortality and AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ruiz-Andres
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Juan Antonio Moreno
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Adrian Mario Ramos
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Ana Belen Sanz
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; .,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain; and.,Fundación Renal Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo-IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
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50
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Zhang Q, Yin S, Liu L, Liu Z, Cao W. Rhein reversal of DNA hypermethylation-associated Klotho suppression ameliorates renal fibrosis in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34597. [PMID: 27703201 PMCID: PMC5050540 DOI: 10.1038/srep34597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is the hallmark of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) and its development and progression are significantly affected by epigenetic modifications. Rhein, a plant-derived anthraquinone, displays strong anti-fibrosis properties, but its protective mode of action remains incompletely understood. Here we explore the mechanism of Rhein anti-renal fibrosis by investigating its regulation of Klotho, a known renal anti-fibrotic protein whose suppression after renal injury reportedly involves aberrant DNA methylation. We report that Rhein is an impressive up-regulator of Klotho and it markedly reversed Klotho down-regulation in unilateral ureteral occlusion-induced fibrotic kidney. Further examinations revealed that Klotho loss in fibrotic kidney is associated with Klotho promoter hypermethylation due to aberrant methyltransferase 1 and 3a expressions. However, Rhein significantly corrected all these epigenetic alterations and subsequently alleviated pro-fibrotic protein expression and renal fibrosis, whereas Klotho knockdown via RNA interferences largely abrogated the anti-renal fibrotic effects of Rhein, suggesting that Rhein epigenetic reversal of Klotho loss represents a critical mode of action that confers Rhein’s anti- renal fibrotic functions. Altogether our studies uncover a novel hypomethylating character of Rhein in preventing Klotho loss and renal fibrosis, and demonstrate the efficacy of Klotho-targeted epigenetic intervention in potential treatment of renal fibrosis-associated kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, 210016, China.,National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Shasha Yin
- The Key lab of Jiangsu molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Lin Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, 210016, China.,National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Wangsen Cao
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210016, China.,The Key lab of Jiangsu molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210093, China
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