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Marín-Castejón A, Marco-Bonilla M, Terencio MC, Arasa J, Carceller MC, Ferrandiz ML, Noguera MA, Andrés-Ejarque R, Montesinos MC. Adenosine A 2B receptor agonist improves epidermal barrier integrity in a murine model of epidermal hyperplasia. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116401. [PMID: 38460363 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Adenosine regulates multiple physiological processes through the activation of four receptor subtypes, of which the A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR) has the lowest affinity for adenosine. Being the adenosine receptor subtype most prominently expressed in epidermis, we recently described the antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effect of the selective A2BAR agonist BAY60-6583 (BAY) in human keratinocytes stimulated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), so we sought to establish the effect of topical application of BAY in a model of murine epidermal hyperplasia. Topical application of BAY (1 or 10 μg/site) prevented the inflammatory reaction and skin lesions induced by TPA, minimizing hyperproliferation and acanthosis, as well as the expression of specific markers of proliferative keratinocytes. On the other hand, pre-treatment with the selective A2BAR antagonist, PSB-1115 (PSB, 5 or 50 μg/site) reversed these beneficial effects. Additionally, BAY application normalized the expression of epidermal barrier proteins, whose integrity is altered in inflammatory skin diseases, while treatment with the antagonist alone worsened it. Our results, besides confirming the anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects of the A2BAR agonist, further demonstrate a role of A2BAR activation to preserve the epidermal barrier. Therefore, the activation of A2BAR may constitute a possible new pharmacological target for the treatment of skin inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asunción Marín-Castejón
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain; Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), University of Valencia, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Av. Vicent A. Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Marco-Bonilla
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Carmen Terencio
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain; Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), University of Valencia, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Av. Vicent A. Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Arasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain; Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), University of Valencia, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Av. Vicent A. Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Carmen Carceller
- Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), University of Valencia, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Av. Vicent A. Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Luisa Ferrandiz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain; Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), University of Valencia, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Av. Vicent A. Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Antonia Noguera
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED) Universitat de València, Av. Vicent A. Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Andrés-Ejarque
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - M Carmen Montesinos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain; Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), University of Valencia, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Av. Vicent A. Estellés s/n, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain.
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Kaur H, Yerra VG, Batchu SN, Tran DT, Kabir MDG, Liu Y, Advani SL, Sedrak P, Geldenhuys L, Tennankore KK, Poyah P, Siddiqi FS, Advani A. Single cell G-protein coupled receptor profiling of activated kidney fibroblasts expressing transcription factor 21. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2898-2915. [PMID: 37115600 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Activated fibroblasts deposit fibrotic matrix in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most druggable therapeutic targets. Here, we set out to establish a transcriptional profile that identifies activated kidney fibroblasts and the GPCRs that they express. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH RNA sequencing and single cell qRT-PCR were performed on mouse kidneys after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Candidate expression was evaluated in mice with UUO or diabetes or injected with adriamycin or folic acid. Intervention studies were conducted in mice with diabetes or UUO. Correlative histology was performed in human kidney tissue. KEY RESULTS Transcription factor 21 (Tcf21)+ cells that expressed 2 or 3 of Postn, Acta2 and Pdgfra were highly enriched for fibrogenic genes and were defined as activated kidney fibroblasts. Tcf21+ α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)+ interstitial cells accumulated in kidneys of mice with UUO or diabetes or injected with adriamycin or folic acid, whereas renin-angiotensin system blockade attenuated increases in Tcf21 in diabetic mice. Fifty-six GPCRs were up-regulated in single Tcf21+ kidney fibroblasts, the most up-regulated being Adgra2 and S1pr3. Adenosine receptors, Adora2a/2b, were up-regulated in Tcf21+ fibroblasts and the adenosine receptor antagonist, caffeine decreased Tcf21 upregulation and kidney fibrosis in UUO mice. TCF21, ADGRA2, S1PR3 and ADORA2A/2B were each detectable in α-SMA+ interstitial cells in human kidney samples. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Tcf21 is a marker of kidney fibroblasts that are enriched for fibrogenic genes in CKD. Further analysis of the GPCRs expressed by these cells may identify new targets for treating CKD. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Translational Advances in Fibrosis as a Therapeutic Target. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.22/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmandeep Kaur
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Veera Ganesh Yerra
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sri Nagarjun Batchu
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Duc Tin Tran
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M D Golam Kabir
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Youan Liu
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suzanne L Advani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Phelopater Sedrak
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Penelope Poyah
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ferhan S Siddiqi
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Andrew Advani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Sieben CJ, Harris PC. Experimental Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease: Applications and Therapeutic Testing. KIDNEY360 2023; 4:1155-1173. [PMID: 37418622 PMCID: PMC10476690 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic kidney diseases (PKDs) are genetic disorders characterized by the formation and expansion of numerous fluid-filled renal cysts, damaging normal parenchyma and often leading to kidney failure. Although PKDs comprise a broad range of different diseases, with substantial genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, an association with primary cilia represents a common theme. Great strides have been made in the identification of causative genes, furthering our understanding of the genetic complexity and disease mechanisms, but only one therapy so far has shown success in clinical trials and advanced to US Food and Drug Administration approval. A key step in understanding disease pathogenesis and testing potential therapeutics is developing orthologous experimental models that accurately recapitulate the human phenotype. This has been particularly important for PKDs because cellular models have been of limited value; however, the advent of organoid usage has expanded capabilities in this area but does not negate the need for whole-organism models where renal function can be assessed. Animal model generation is further complicated in the most common disease type, autosomal dominant PKD, by homozygous lethality and a very limited cystic phenotype in heterozygotes while for autosomal recessive PKD, mouse models have a delayed and modest kidney disease, in contrast to humans. However, for autosomal dominant PKD, the use of conditional/inducible and dosage models have resulted in some of the best disease models in nephrology. These have been used to help understand pathogenesis, to facilitate genetic interaction studies, and to perform preclinical testing. Whereas for autosomal recessive PKD, using alternative species and digenic models has partially overcome these deficiencies. Here, we review the experimental models that are currently available and most valuable for therapeutic testing in PKD, their applications, success in preclinical trials, advantages and limitations, and where further improvements are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J Sieben
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Kang W, Choi D, Roh J, Jung Y, Ha Y, Yang S, Park T. The Role of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) in Modulating Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling and Its Implications on Glucocorticoid-Related Collagen Loss. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10180. [PMID: 37373328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) play a pivotal role in the stress response of the body, but overactivation can disrupt normal physiological functions. This study explores the role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in GR activation and the associated mechanisms. We initially used the human embryonic kidney 293 cell line (HEK293) and found that cAMP enhancement, using forskolin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), did not alter glucocorticoid signaling under normal conditions, as evidenced by glucocorticoid response element (GRE) activity and the translocation of GR. However, in stressful conditions induced by dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, cAMP was found to lessen glucocorticoid signaling within a short time frame but amplify it over an extended period in HEK293 cells. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that cAMP upregulation triggers the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, which influences GR translocation and ultimately regulates its activity. This stress-modulating function of cAMP was also investigated in the Hs68 dermal fibroblast line, known for its susceptibility to glucocorticoids. We found that cAMP enhancement via forskolin reduces GRE activity and reverses collagen loss in Hs68 cells exposed to dexamethasone. These findings underline the context-specific role of cAMP signaling in managing glucocorticoid signaling and its potential therapeutic application in treating stress-related pathological conditions like skin aging characterized by collagen reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesuk Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Dabin Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Roh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yearim Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoojeong Ha
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhjin Yang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesun Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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Kolaric TO, Kuna L, Covic M, Roguljic H, Matic A, Sikora R, Hefer M, Petrovic A, Mihaljevic V, Smolic R, Bilic-Curcic I, Vcev A, Smolic M. Preclinical Models and Promising Pharmacotherapeutic Strategies in Liver Fibrosis: An Update. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4246-4260. [PMID: 37232739 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis represents one of the greatest challenges in medicine. The fact that it develops with the progression of numerous diseases with high prevalence (NAFLD, viral hepatitis, etc.) makes liver fibrosis an even greater global health problem. Accordingly, it has received much attention from numerous researchers who have developed various in vitro and in vivo models to better understand the mechanisms underlying fibrosis development. All these efforts led to the discovery of numerous agents with antifibrotic properties, with hepatic stellate cells and the extracellular matrix at the center of these pharmacotherapeutic strategies. This review focuses on the current data on numerous in vivo and in vitro models of liver fibrosis and on various pharmacotherapeutic targets in the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Omanovic Kolaric
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Lucija Kuna
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marina Covic
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Roguljic
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Matic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pathophysiology and Physiology with Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Renata Sikora
- Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marija Hefer
- Department of Physics, Biophysics, and Chemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Petrovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vjera Mihaljevic
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Robert Smolic
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Bilic-Curcic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Vcev
- Department of Pathophysiology and Physiology with Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Smolic
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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Sayegh MN, Cooney KA, Han WM, Cicka M, Strobel F, Wang L, García AJ, Levit RD. Hydrogel delivery of purinergic enzymes improves cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2023; 176:98-109. [PMID: 36764383 PMCID: PMC10006353 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The innate immune response contributes to cardiac injury in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R). Neutrophils are an important early part of the innate immune response to MI/R. Adenosine, an endogenous purine, is a known innate immune modulator and inhibitor of neutrophil activation. However, its delivery to the heart is limited by its short half-life (<30 s) and off-target side effects. CD39 and CD73 are anti-inflammatory homeostatic enzymes that can generate adenosine from phosphorylated adenosine substrate such as ATP released from injured tissue. OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that hydrogel-delivered CD39 and CD73 target the local early innate immune response, reduce neutrophil activation, and preserve cardiac function in MI/R injury. METHODS AND RESULTS We engineered a poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) hydrogel loaded with the adenosine-generating enzymes CD39 and CD73. We incubated the hydrogels with neutrophils in vitro and showed a reduction in hydrogen peroxide production using Amplex Red. We demonstrated availability of substrate for the enzymes in the myocardium in MI/R by LC/MS, and tested release kinetics from the hydrogel. On echocardiography, global longitudinal strain (GLS) was preserved in MI/R hearts treated with the loaded hydrogel. Delivery of purinergic enzymes via this synthetic hydrogel resulted in lower innate immune infiltration into the myocardium post-MI/R, decreased markers of macrophage and neutrophil activation (NETosis), and decreased leukocyte-platelet complexes in circulation. CONCLUSIONS In a rat model of MI/R injury, CD39 and CD73 delivered via a hydrogel preserve cardiac function by modulating the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Sayegh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Kimberly A Cooney
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Woojin M Han
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Markus Cicka
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Frederick Strobel
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Lanfang Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Andrés J García
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Rebecca D Levit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
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Herman-de-Sousa C, Costa MA, Silva RP, Ferreirinha F, Ribeiro S, Correia-de-Sá P. A2A receptor-induced overexpression of pannexin-1 channels indirectly mediates adenosine fibrogenic actions by favouring ATP release from human subcutaneous fibroblasts. Life Sci 2022; 310:121080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Adenosine and Adenosine Receptors: Advances in Atrial Fibrillation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112963. [PMID: 36428533 PMCID: PMC9687155 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in the world. Because the key to developing innovative therapies that limit the onset and the progression of AF is to fully understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of AF, the aim of the present narrative review is to report the most recent advances in the potential role of the adenosinergic system in the pathophysiology of AF. After a comprehensive approach describing adenosinergic system signaling and the mechanisms of the initiation and maintenance of AF, we address the interactions of the adenosinergic system's signaling with AF. Indeed, adenosine release can activate four G-coupled membrane receptors, named A1, A2A, A2B and A3. Activation of the A2A receptors can promote the occurrence of delayed depolarization, while activation of the A1 receptors can shorten the action potential's duration and induce the resting membrane's potential hyperpolarization, which promote pulmonary vein firing, stabilize the AF rotors and allow for functional reentry. Moreover, the A2B receptors have been associated with atrial fibrosis homeostasis. Finally, the adenosinergic system can modulate the autonomous nervous system and is associated with AF risk factors. A question remains regarding adenosine release and the adenosine receptors' activation and whether this would be a cause or consequence of AF.
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Activation of cAMP Signaling in Response to α-Phellandrene Promotes Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels and Proliferation in Human Dermal Papilla Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168959. [PMID: 36012223 PMCID: PMC9409021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermal papilla cells (DPCs) are growth factor reservoirs that are specialized for hair morphogenesis and regeneration. Due to their essential role in hair growth, DPCs are commonly used as an in vitro model to investigate the effects of hair growth-regulating compounds and their molecular mechanisms of action. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), an intracellular second messenger, is currently employed as a growth-promoting target molecule. In a pilot test, we found that α-phellandrene, a naturally occurring phytochemical, increased cAMP levels in DPCs. Therefore, we sought to determine whether α-phellandrene increases growth factors and proliferation in human DPCs and to identify the underlying mechanisms. We demonstrated that α-phellandrene promotes cell proliferation concentration-dependently. In addition, it increases the cAMP downstream effectors, such as protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PKA Cα) and phosphorylated cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB). Also, among the CREB-dependent growth factor candidates, we identified that α-phellandrene selectively upregulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA expression in DPCs. Notably, the beneficial effects of α-phellandrene were nullified by a cAMP inhibitor. This study demonstrated the cAMP-mediated growth effects in DPCs and the therapeutic potential of α-phellandrene for preventing hair loss.
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Trinh PNH, Baltos JA, Hellyer SD, May LT, Gregory KJ. Adenosine receptor signalling in Alzheimer’s disease. Purinergic Signal 2022; 18:359-381. [PMID: 35870032 PMCID: PMC9391555 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09883-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common dementia in the elderly and its increasing prevalence presents treatment challenges. Despite a better understanding of the disease, the current mainstay of treatment cannot modify pathogenesis or effectively address the associated cognitive and memory deficits. Emerging evidence suggests adenosine G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are promising therapeutic targets for Alzheimer’s disease. The adenosine A1 and A2A receptors are expressed in the human brain and have a proposed involvement in the pathogenesis of dementia. Targeting these receptors preclinically can mitigate pathogenic β-amyloid and tau neurotoxicity whilst improving cognition and memory. In this review, we provide an accessible summary of the literature on Alzheimer’s disease and the therapeutic potential of A1 and A2A receptors. Although there are no available medicines targeting these receptors approved for treating dementia, we provide insights into some novel strategies, including allosterism and the targeting of oligomers, which may increase drug discovery success and enhance the therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc N. H. Trinh
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Jo-Anne Baltos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Shane D. Hellyer
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Lauren T. May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Karen J. Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, 3052 Australia
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11
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Höppner J, Bruni C, Distler O, Robson SC, Burmester GR, Siegert E, Distler JHW. Purinergic signaling in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:2770-2782. [PMID: 34849624 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune rheumatic disease that involves numerous organs and presents major management challenges. The histopathologic hallmarks of SSc include vasculopathy, fibrosis and autoimmune phenomena involving both innate and adaptive immune systems. Purinergic signalling is a pathway that may be implicated in the pathophysiology of several of these disease manifestations. Extracellular purines are potent signalling mediators, which have been shown to be dysregulated in SSc. As examples, purines can exacerbate vasculopathy and provoke platelet dysfunction; as well as contributing to immune dysregulation. Elements of purinergic signalling further promote organ and tissue fibrosis in several disease models. Here, we provide an overview of extracellular purine metabolism in purinergic signalling and link disorders of these to the molecular pathology of SSc. We also discuss targeting the purinergic signalling and explore the translational applications for new therapeutic options in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Höppner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cosimo Bruni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Distler
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon C Robson
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerd R Burmester
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elise Siegert
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg H W Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Sadgrove NJ, Oblong JE, Simmonds MSJ. Inspired by vitamin A for anti‐ageing: Searching for plant‐derived functional retinoid analogues. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2021; 1:e36. [PMID: 35663133 PMCID: PMC9060083 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. J. Sadgrove
- Jodrell Science Laboratory Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond UK
| | - J. E. Oblong
- Mason Business Center The Procter & Gamble Company Mason Ohio USA
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13
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Sadgrove NJ, Simmonds MSJ. Topical and nutricosmetic products for healthy hair and dermal antiaging using "dual-acting" (2 for 1) plant-based peptides, hormones, and cannabinoids. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:601-610. [PMID: 34377956 PMCID: PMC8332470 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the side effects of oral antiaging retinoids is increased hair shedding. Retinoids promote the expression of TGF-β2 from fibroblasts, which stimulate collagen expression but silences keratinocytes. Since keratinocytes normally influence differentiation of dermal papilla cells at the base of the hair follicle, retinoids feasibly inhibit hair growth via the increased expression of TGF-β2, which inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Fortunately, the plant kingdom provides an array of alternatives as dual-acting nutricosmetics and topicals that work independently of TGF-β2 to confer dermal antiaging and hair health effects. These alternatives include "plant hormones" such as cytokinins and phytoestrogens. Many cytokinins are agonists of the G-coupled adenosine receptors. Partial agonism of adenosine receptors promotes collagen synthesis independently of TGF-β2 signaling. Adenosine expression is potentially also the mechanism of minoxidil in promotion of scalp hair growth. Because of crosstalk between adenosine and cannabinoid receptors it makes sense to try combinations of specific CB2 agonists and cytokinins (or phytoestrogens). However, dual-acting cosmetics including peptides with high numbers of positively charged amino acids, such as lysine or arginine, offer real potential as they can be processed from multiple botanical candidates, including almond, fenugreek, pea sprouts, soy, and seaweeds. The current review summarizes much of what is known about retinoid alternatives in the plant kingdom and identifies potentially fruitful new areas of research.
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14
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Boknik P, Eskandar J, Hofmann B, Zimmermann N, Neumann J, Gergs U. Role of Cardiac A 2A Receptors Under Normal and Pathophysiological Conditions. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:627838. [PMID: 33574762 PMCID: PMC7871008 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.627838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents an overview of cardiac A2A-adenosine receptors The localization of A2A-AR in the various cell types that encompass the heart and the role they play in force regulation in various mammalian species are depicted. The putative signal transduction systems of A2A-AR in cells in the living heart, as well as the known interactions of A2A-AR with membrane-bound receptors, will be addressed. The possible role that the receptors play in some relevant cardiac pathologies, such as persistent or transient ischemia, hypoxia, sepsis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and arrhythmias, will be reviewed. Moreover, the cardiac utility of A2A-AR as therapeutic targets for agonistic and antagonistic drugs will be discussed. Gaps in our knowledge about the cardiac function of A2A-AR and future research needs will be identified and formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Boknik
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - J. Eskandar
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - B. Hofmann
- Cardiac Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - N. Zimmermann
- Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, Bonn, Germany
| | - J. Neumann
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - U. Gergs
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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15
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Friedman B, Corciulo C, Castro CM, Cronstein BN. Adenosine A2A receptor signaling promotes FoxO associated autophagy in chondrocytes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:968. [PMID: 33441836 PMCID: PMC7806643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80244-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a homeostatic pathway upregulated during cellular stress, is decreased in osteoarthritic chondrocytes and this reduction in autophagy is thought to contribute to the development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). The adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) is a potent anti-inflammatory receptor and deficiency of this receptor leads to the development of OA in mice. Moreover, treatment using liposomally conjugated adenosine or a specific A2AR agonist improved joint scores significantly in both rats with post-traumatic OA (PTOA) and mice subjected to a high fat diet obesity induced OA. Importantly, A2AR ligation is beneficial for mitochondrial health and metabolism in vitro in primary and the TC28a2 human cell line. An additional set of metabolic, stress-responsive, and homeostatic mediators include the Forkhead box O transcription factors (FoxOs). Data has shown that mouse FoxO knockouts develop early OA with reduced cartilage autophagy, indicating that FoxO-induced homeostasis is important for articular cartilage. Given the apparent similarities between A2AR and FoxO signaling, we tested the hypothesis that A2AR stimulation improves cartilage function through activation of the FoxO proteins leading to increased autophagy in chondrocytes. We analyzed the signaling pathway in the human TC28a2 cell line and corroborated these findings in vivo in a metabolically relevant obesity-induced OA mouse model. We found that A2AR stimulation increases activation and nuclear localization of FoxO1 and FoxO3, promotes an increase in autophagic flux, improves metabolic function in chondrocytes, and reduces markers of apoptosis in vitro and reduced apoptosis by TUNEL assay in vivo. A2AR ligation additionally enhances in vivo activation of FoxO1 and FoxO3 with evidence of enhanced autophagic flux upon injection of the liposome-associated A2AR agonist in a mouse obesity-induced OA model. These findings offer further evidence that A2AR may be an excellent target for promoting chondrocyte and cartilage homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Friedman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Carmen Corciulo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Cristina M Castro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Bruce N Cronstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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16
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Belmontesi M. Polydeoxyribonucleotide for the improvement of a hypertrophic retracting scar-An interesting case report. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 19:2982-2986. [PMID: 32892437 PMCID: PMC7693169 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Post‐surgery disabling scars are frequent after surgical interventions. Aim We evaluated a new strategy for scars management. Methods A woman with a postsurgery disabling scar, consequent to an accident that needed surgical intervention, had serious difficulties to walk and perform normal daily activities. A few months after the intervention, she was treated with a combined therapy consisting of polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) vials 5.625 mg/3 mL (administered subcutaneously as a biostimulant treatment through the scars and throughout the whole atrophic area), associated with nucleotide administered topically and as a food supplement. The patient was treated with an additional topical nighttime treatment cream based on nucleotides, hyaluronic acid, Allium cepa extract, and vitamin E, plus a daily treatment with a cream containing nucleotides, and a nutraceutical systemic treatment with 25 mg/cps of nucleotides and 5 mg/cps of Q10‐coenzyme (1 cps/d). Results This reasonably cheap treatment was effective and safe for this disabling scar at the right foot. One year after starting treatment, the patient confirmed her complete satisfaction. This is the first case report describing an unexpectedly successful outcome while using this combination therapy on a woman with a postsurgery disabling scar.
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17
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Intraarticular injection of liposomal adenosine reduces cartilage damage in established murine and rat models of osteoarthritis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13477. [PMID: 32778777 PMCID: PMC7418027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68302-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) affects nearly 10% of the population of the United States and other industrialized countries and, at present, short of surgical joint replacement, there is no therapy available that can reverse the progression of the disease. Adenosine, acting at its A2A receptor (A2AR), is a critical autocrine factor for maintenance of cartilage homeostasis and here we report that injection of liposomal suspensions of either adenosine or a selective A2AR agonist, CGS21680, significantly reduced OA cartilage damage in a murine model of obesity-induced OA. The same treatment also improved swelling and preserved cartilage in the affected knees in a rat model of established post-traumatic OA (PTOA). Differential expression analysis of mRNA from chondrocytes harvested from knees of rats with PTOA treated with liposomal A2AR agonist revealed downregulation of genes associated with matrix degradation and upregulation of genes associated with cell proliferation as compared to liposomes alone. Studies in vitro and in affected joints demonstrated that A2AR ligation increased the nuclear P-SMAD2/3/P-SMAD1/5/8 ratio, a change associated with repression of terminal chondrocyte differentiation. These results strongly suggest that targeting the A2AR is an effective approach to treat OA.
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18
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Colangelo MT, Galli C, Guizzardi S. The effects of polydeoxyribonucleotide on wound healing and tissue regeneration: a systematic review of the literature. Regen Med 2020; 15:1801-1821. [PMID: 32757710 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2019-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study evaluated the effects of polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) on tissue regeneration, paying special attention to the molecular mechanisms that underlie its tissue remodeling actions to better identify its effective therapeutic potential in wound healing. Materials & methods: Strategic searches were conducted through MEDLINE/PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, from their earliest available dates to March 2020. The studies were included with the following eligibility criteria: studies evaluating tissue regeneration, and being an in vitro, in vivo and clinical study. Results: Out of more than 90 articles, 34 fulfilled the eligibility criteria. All data obtained proved the ability of PDRN in promoting a physiological tissue repair through salvage pathway and adenosine A2A receptor activation. Conclusion: Up to date PDRN has proved promising results in term of wound regeneration, healing time and absence of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Colangelo
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Histology & Embryology Lab, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Galli
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Guizzardi
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Histology & Embryology Lab, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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19
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Hu G, Cheng P, Pan J, Wang S, Ding Q, Jiang Z, Cheng L, Shao X, Huang L, Huang J. An IL6-Adenosine Positive Feedback Loop between CD73 + γδTregs and CAFs Promotes Tumor Progression in Human Breast Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:1273-1286. [PMID: 32847938 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment induces immunosuppression via recruiting and expanding suppressive immune cells such as regulatory T cells (Treg) to promote cancer progression. In this study, we documented that tumor-infiltrating CD73+ γδTregs were the predominant Tregs in human breast cancer and exerted more potent immunosuppressive activity than CD4+ or CD8+ Tregs. We further demonstrated that cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-derived IL6, rather than TGFβ1, induced CD73+ γδTreg differentiation from paired normal breast tissues via the IL6/STAT3 pathway to produce more adenosine and become potent immunosuppressive T cells. CD73+ γδTregs could in turn promote IL6 secretion by CAFs through adenosine/A2BR/p38MAPK signaling, thereby forming an IL6-adenosine positive feedback loop. CD73+ γδTreg infiltration also impaired the tumoricidal functions of CD8+ T cells and significantly correlated with worse prognosis of patients. The data indicate that the IL6-adenosine loop between CD73+ γδTregs and CAFs is important to promote immunosuppression and tumor progression in human breast cancer, which may be critical for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoming Hu
- Department of General Surgery (Breast and Thyroid Surgery), Shaoxing People's Hospital; Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Pu Cheng
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education; Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Pan
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education; Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shimin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shaoxing People's Hospital; Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiannan Ding
- Medical Research Center, Shaoxing People's Hospital; Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhou Jiang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education; Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Shao
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education; Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liming Huang
- Department of General Surgery (Breast and Thyroid Surgery), Shaoxing People's Hospital; Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian Huang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education; Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, China
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20
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Decanal Protects against UVB-Induced Photoaging in Human Dermal Fibroblasts via the cAMP Pathway. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051214. [PMID: 32344925 PMCID: PMC7282267 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the primary factor of cutaneous aging, resulting in coarse wrinkles and dryness. In this study, we aimed to test whether decanal, an aromatic compound found mainly in citrus fruits, inhibits UVB-mediated photoaging in human dermal fibroblasts and to explore whether its anti-photoaging effect occurs via cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling. We found that decanal promotes collagen production dose-dependently. Meanwhile, it also increased the intracellular cAMP levels and decreased the number of molecules involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/activator protein 1 (AP-1) pathway, downregulating the collagen genes and upregulating the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes in UVB-exposed dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, it enhanced hyaluronic acid levels and hyaluronic acid synthase mRNA expression. Notably, the beneficial effects of decanal were lost in the presence of a cAMP inhibitor. Our results revealed the potential of decanal for preventing photoaging and suggested that its effects are cAMP-mediated in human dermal fibroblasts.
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21
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Opposing Effects of Adenosine and Inosine in Human Subcutaneous Fibroblasts May Be Regulated by Third Party ADA Cell Providers. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030651. [PMID: 32156055 PMCID: PMC7140481 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human subcutaneous fibroblasts (HSCF) challenged with inflammatory mediators release huge amounts of ATP, which rapidly generates adenosine. Given the nucleoside’s putative relevance in wound healing, dermal fibrosis, and myofascial pain, we investigated the role of its precursor, AMP, and of its metabolite, inosine, in HSCF cells growth and collagen production. AMP (30 µM) was rapidly (t½ 3 ± 1 min) dephosphorylated into adenosine by CD73/ecto-5′-nucleotidase. Adenosine accumulation (t½ 158 ± 17 min) in the extracellular fluid reflected very low cellular adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity. HSCF stained positively against A2A and A3 receptors but were A1 and A2B negative. AMP and the A2A receptor agonist, CGS21680C, increased collagen production without affecting cells growth. The A2A receptor antagonist, SCH442416, prevented the effects of AMP and CGS21680C. Inosine and the A3 receptor agonist, 2Cl-IB-MECA, decreased HSCF growth and collagen production in a MRS1191-sensitive manner, implicating the A3 receptor in the anti-proliferative action of inosine. Incubation with ADA reproduced the inosine effect. In conclusion, adenosine originated from extracellular ATP hydrolysis favors normal collagen production by HSCF via A2A receptors. Inhibition of unpredicted inosine formation by third party ADA cell providers (e.g., inflammatory cells) may be a novel therapeutic target to prevent inappropriate dermal remodeling via A3 receptors activation.
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22
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Sandoval-Talamantes AK, Gómez-González BA, Uriarte-Mayorga DF, Martínez-Guzman MA, Wheber-Hidalgo KA, Alvarado-Navarro A. Neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and their receptors interact with immune response in healthy and psoriatic skin. Neuropeptides 2020; 79:102004. [PMID: 31902596 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a multifactorial origin that affects the skin. It is characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation, which results in erythemato-squamous plaques. Just as the immune system plays a fundamental role in psoriasis physiopathology, the nervous system maintains the inflammatory process through the neuropeptides and neurotransmitters synthesis, as histamine, serotonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, nerve growth factor, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, adenosine, glucagon-like peptide, somatostatin and pituitary adenylate cyclase polypeptide. In patients with psoriasis, the systemic or in situ expression of these chemical mediators and their receptors are altered, which affects the clinical activity of patients due to its link to the immune system, provoking neurogenic inflammation. It is important to establish the role of the nervous system since it could represent a therapeutic alternative for psoriasis patients. The aim of this review is to offer a detailed review of the current literature about the neuropeptides and neurotransmitters involved in the physiopathology of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karen Sandoval-Talamantes
- Centro de Reabilitación Infantil Teletón de Occidente, Copal 4575, Col. Arboledas del Sur, 44980 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - B A Gómez-González
- Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco "Dr. José Barba Rubio", Av. Federalismo Norte 3102, Col. Atemajac del Valle, 45190 Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - D F Uriarte-Mayorga
- Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco "Dr. José Barba Rubio", Av. Federalismo Norte 3102, Col. Atemajac del Valle, 45190 Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - M A Martínez-Guzman
- Unima Diagnósticos de México, Paseo de los Mosqueteros 4181, Col. Villa Universitaria, 45110 Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Katia Alejandra Wheber-Hidalgo
- Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco "Dr. José Barba Rubio", Av. Federalismo Norte 3102, Col. Atemajac del Valle, 45190 Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Anabell Alvarado-Navarro
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y dermatología, Universidad de Guadalajara, México, Sierra Mojada 950, Col. Independencia, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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23
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Antonioli L, Blandizzi C, Pacher P, Haskó G. The Purinergic System as a Pharmacological Target for the Treatment of Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:345-382. [PMID: 31235653 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) encompass a wide range of seemingly unrelated conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Despite differing etiologies, these diseases share common inflammatory pathways, which lead to damage in primary target organs and frequently to a plethora of systemic effects as well. The purinergic signaling complex comprising extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides and their receptors, the P2 and P1 purinergic receptors, respectively, as well as catabolic enzymes and nucleoside transporters is a major regulatory system in the body. The purinergic signaling complex can regulate the development and course of IMIDs. Here we provide a comprehensive review on the role of purinergic signaling in controlling immunity, inflammation, and organ function in IMIDs. In addition, we discuss the possible therapeutic applications of drugs acting on purinergic pathways, which have been entering clinical development, to manage patients suffering from IMIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (L.A., C.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York (G.H.)
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (L.A., C.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York (G.H.)
| | - Pál Pacher
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (L.A., C.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York (G.H.)
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (L.A., C.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York (G.H.)
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24
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Kang W, Choi D, Park T. Dietary Suberic Acid Protects Against UVB-Induced Skin Photoaging in Hairless Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122948. [PMID: 31817085 PMCID: PMC6950119 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major cause of skin photoaging, which is mainly characterized by dryness and wrinkle formation. In the current study, we investigated the anti-photoaging effects of dietary suberic acid, a naturally occurring photochemical, using UVB-irradiated hairless mice. Mice were exposed to UVB three times weekly and fed diets containing three different suberic acid concentrations (0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2%) for 10 weeks. It was found that suberic acid inhibited UVB-induced skin dryness, wrinkle formation, and epidermal thickness in hairless mice. In parallel with phenotypic changes, suberic acid attenuated UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes (MMP1a, MMP1b, MMP3, and MMP9), while accelerating collagen genes including collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1), COL1A2, and COL3A1 and hyaluronic acid synthases genes (HAS1, HAS2 and HAS3). We further demonstrated that suberic acid upregulated the molecules involved in the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/SMAD pathway, but downregulated the molecules participating in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/activator protein 1 (AP-1) signaling in UVB-irritated hairless mice. Collectively, we propose that suberic acid may be a promising agent for treating skin photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Taesun Park
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2123-3123; Fax: +82-2-365-3118
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25
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Pang Q, Wang Y, Xu M, Xu J, Xu S, Shen Y, Xu J, Lei R. MicroRNA-152-5p inhibits proliferation and migration and promotes apoptosis by regulating expression of Smad3 in human keloid fibroblasts. BMB Rep 2019. [PMID: 30638178 PMCID: PMC6476487 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.3.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Keloids are the most common pathological form of trauma healing, with features that seriously affect appearance and body function, are difficult to treat and have a high recurrence rate. Emerging evidence suggests that miRNAs are involved in a variety of pathological processes and play an important role in the process of fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the function and regulatory network of miR-152-5p in keloids. The miRNA miR-152-5p is frequently downregulated in keloid tissue and primary cells compared to normal skin tissue and fibroblasts. In addition, the downregulation of miR-152-5p is significantly associated with the proliferation, migration and apoptosis of keloid cells. Overexpression of miR-152-5p significantly inhibits the progression of fibrosis in keloids. Smad3 is a direct target of miR-152-5p, and knockdown of Smad3 also inhibits fibrosis progression, consistent with the overexpression of miR-152-5p. The interaction between miR-152-5p and Smad3 occurs through the Erk1/2 and Akt pathways and regulates collagen3 production. In summary, our study demonstrates that miR-152-5p/Smad3 regulatory pathways involved in fibrotic progression may be a potential therapeutic target of keloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Pang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Mingyuan Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jiachao Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haiyan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxin 314300, China
| | - Shengquan Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery and Microsurgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yichen Shen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jinghong Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Rui Lei
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Borhani S, Corciulo C, Larranaga-Vera A, Cronstein BN. Adenosine A 2A receptor (A2AR) activation triggers Akt signaling and enhances nuclear localization of β-catenin in osteoblasts. FASEB J 2019; 33:7555-7562. [PMID: 30866652 PMCID: PMC8793836 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900014r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Osteoblast differentiation and proliferation are regulated by several modulators, among which are adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) and Wingless/Integrated-β-catenin pathways. Cytosolic β-catenin stabilization promotes its nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity. In the present study, we seek to determine whether there is a connection between A2AR stimulation and cellular β-catenin levels in osteoblasts. Osteoblast precursor cell line (MC3T3-E1) and primary murine osteoblasts were treated with CGS21680, a highly selective A2AR agonist. We analyzed cellular content and nuclear translocation of phosphorylated (p)-serine 552 (S552) β-catenin in response to A2AR stimulation in MC3T3-E1 cells, in both wild-type and A2AR knockout (A2AKO) mice. Moreover, we measured cellular β-catenin levels in MC3T3-E1 cells transfected with scrambled or protein kinase B (Akt) small interfering RNA following A2AR activation. CGS21680 (1 μM) stimulated an increase in both the cellular content and nuclear translocation of p-S552 β-catenin after 15 min of incubation. A2AR activation had no tangible effect on the cellular β-catenin level either in A2AKO mice or in osteoblasts with diminished Akt content. Our findings demonstrate an interaction between A2AR, β-catenin, and Akt signaling in osteoblasts. The existence of such a crosstalk has significant repercussions in the development of novel therapeutic approaches targeting medical conditions associated with reduced bone density.-Borhani, S., Corciulo, C., Larranaga-Vera, A., Cronstein, B. N. Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) activation triggers Akt signaling and enhances nuclear localization of β-catenin in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Borhani
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Illinois College of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Carmen Corciulo
- Department of MedicineNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Ane Larranaga-Vera
- Department of MedicineNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Bruce N. Cronstein
- Department of MedicineNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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27
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Varano F, Catarzi D, Falsini M, Dal Ben D, Buccioni M, Marucci G, Volpini R, Colotta V. Novel human adenosine receptor antagonists based on the 7-amino-thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine scaffold. Structural investigations at the 2-, 5- and 7-positions to enhance affinity and tune selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 29:563-569. [PMID: 30638876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of novel 7-amino-thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidines bearing different substituents at positions 2, 5 and 7 of the thiazolopyrimidine scaffold. The synthesized compounds 2-27 were evaluated in radioligand binding (A1, A2A and A3) and adenylyl cyclase activity (A2B and A2A) assays, in order to evaluate their affinity and potency at human adenosine receptor subtypes. The current study allowed us to support that affinity and selectivity of 7-amino-thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives towards the adenosine receptor subtypes can be modulated by the nature of the groups attached at positions 2, 5 and 7 of the bicyclic scaffold. To rationalize the hypothetical binding mode of the newly synthesized compounds, we also performed docking calculations in human A2A, A1 and A3 structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Varano
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Daniela Catarzi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Matteo Falsini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Michela Buccioni
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Gabriella Marucci
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Vittoria Colotta
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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28
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Cerrone M, van Opbergen CJM, Malkani K, Irrera N, Zhang M, Van Veen TAB, Cronstein B, Delmar M. Blockade of the Adenosine 2A Receptor Mitigates the Cardiomyopathy Induced by Loss of Plakophilin-2 Expression. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1750. [PMID: 30568602 PMCID: PMC6290386 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mutations in plakophilin-2 (PKP2) are the most common cause of familial Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy, a disease characterized by ventricular arrhythmias, sudden death, and progressive fibrofatty cardiomyopathy. The relation between loss of PKP2 expression and structural cardiomyopathy remains under study, though paracrine activation of pro-fibrotic intracellular signaling cascades is a likely event. Previous studies have indicated that ATP release into the intracellular space, and activation of adenosine receptors, can regulate fibrosis in various tissues. However, the role of this mechanism in the heart, and in the specific case of a PKP2-initiated cardiomyopathy, remains unexplored. Objectives: To investigate the role of ATP/adenosine in the progression of a PKP2-associated cardiomyopathy. Methods: HL1 cells were used to study PKP2- and Connexin43 (Cx43)-dependent ATP release. A cardiac-specific, tamoxifen-activated PKP2 knock-out murine model (PKP2cKO) was used to define the effect of adenosine receptor blockade on the progression of a PKP2-dependent cardiomyopathy. Results: HL1 cells silenced for PKP2 showed increased ATP release compared to control. Knockout of Cx43 in the same cells blunted the effect. PKP2cKO transcriptomic data revealed overexpression of genes involved in adenosine-receptor cascades. Istradefylline (an adenosine 2A receptor blocker) tempered the progression of fibrosis and mechanical failure observed in PKP2cKO mice. In contrast, PSB115, a blocker of the 2B adenosine receptor, showed opposite effects. Conclusion: Paracrine adenosine 2A receptor activation contributes to the progression of fibrosis and impaired cardiac function in animals deficient in PKP2. Given the limitations of the animal model, translation to the case of patients with PKP2 deficiency needs to be done with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cerrone
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chantal J M van Opbergen
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kabir Malkani
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Division of Translational Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Toon A B Van Veen
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bruce Cronstein
- Division of Translational Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mario Delmar
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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29
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Karmouty-Quintana H, Molina JG, Philip K, Bellocchi C, Gudenkauf B, Wu M, Chen NY, Collum SD, Ko J, Agarwal SK, Assassi S, Zhong H, Blackburn MR, Weng T. The Antifibrotic Effect of A 2B Adenosine Receptor Antagonism in a Mouse Model of Dermal Fibrosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:1673-1684. [PMID: 29771006 PMCID: PMC10077881 DOI: 10.1002/art.40554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) is a chronic disease that affects the skin and various internal organs. Dermal fibrosis is a major component of this disease. The mechanisms that promote dermal fibrosis remain elusive. Elevations in tissue adenosine levels and the subsequent engagement of the profibrotic A2B adenosine receptor (ADORA2B) have been shown to regulate fibrosis in multiple organs including the lung, kidney, and penis; however, the role of ADORA2B in dermal fibrosis has not been investigated. We undertook this study to test our hypothesis that elevated expression of ADORA2B in the skin drives the development of dermal fibrosis. METHODS We assessed the involvement of ADORA2B in the regulation of dermal fibrosis using a well-established mouse model of dermal fibrosis. Using an orally active ADORA2B antagonist, we demonstrated how inhibition of ADORA2B results in reduced dermal fibrosis in 2 distinct experimental models. Finally, using human dermal fibroblasts, we characterized the expression of adenosine receptors. RESULTS We demonstrated that levels of ADORA2B were significantly elevated in dermal fibrosis and that the therapeutic blockade of this receptor in vivo using an ADORA2B antagonist could reduce the production of profibrotic mediators in the skin and attenuate dermal fibrosis. Antagonism of ADORA2B resulted in reduced numbers of arginase-expressing macrophages and myofibroblasts and in reduced levels of the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin, collagen, and hyaluronan. CONCLUSION These findings identify ADORA2B as a potential profibrotic regulator in dermal fibrosis and suggest that ADORA2B antagonism may be a useful approach for the treatment of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chiara Bellocchi
- McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Brent Gudenkauf
- McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock
| | | | | | | | - Junsuk Ko
- McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
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30
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The human lymph node microenvironment unilaterally regulates T-cell activation and differentiation. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005046. [PMID: 30180168 PMCID: PMC6122729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment of lymphoid organs can aid healthy immune function through provision of both structural and molecular support. In mice, fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) create an essential T-cell support structure within lymph nodes, while human FRCs are largely unstudied. Here, we show that FRCs create a regulatory checkpoint in human peripheral T-cell activation through 4 mechanisms simultaneously utilised. Human tonsil and lymph node–derived FRCs constrained the proliferation of both naïve and pre-activated T cells, skewing their differentiation away from a central memory T-cell phenotype. FRCs acted unilaterally without requiring T-cell feedback, imposing suppression via indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, adenosine 2A Receptor, prostaglandin E2, and transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGFβR). Each mechanistic pathway was druggable, and a cocktail of inhibitors, targeting all 4 mechanisms, entirely reversed the suppressive effect of FRCs. T cells were not permanently anergised by FRCs, and studies using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells showed that immunotherapeutic T cells retained effector functions in the presence of FRCs. Since mice were not suitable as a proof-of-concept model, we instead developed a novel human tissue–based in situ assay. Human T cells stimulated using standard methods within fresh tonsil slices did not proliferate except in the presence of inhibitors described above. Collectively, we define a 4-part molecular mechanism by which FRCs regulate the T-cell response to strongly activating events in secondary lymphoid organs while permitting activated and CAR T cells to utilise effector functions. Our results define 4 feasible strategies, used alone or in combinations, to boost primary T-cell responses to infection or cancer by pharmacologically targeting FRCs. The lymph node microenvironment contains an abundance of immune cells that interact with and within an intricate structural framework created by fibroblastic reticular cells. In mice, fibroblastic reticular cells are known to regulate T-cell activation, proliferation, and function, but in humans, they are poorly understood. We investigated interactions between human T cells and human fibroblastic reticular cells from tonsils and lymph nodes. When T cells were activated in the presence of human fibroblastic reticular cells, their proliferation and differentiation were reduced, without altering effector T-cell function, shown through cytokine production. We identified 4 molecular mechanisms that were responsible, concurrently used by all human fibroblast donors tested, and reversible upon addition of specific inhibitors to the cocultures. To establish the relevance of this finding outside of in vitro coculture, we showed that T-cell proliferation was increased in live human tonsil tissue slices when the fibroblastic reticular cell inhibitors were added. This work demonstrates that human fibroblastic reticular cells regulate T-cell activation and provides new information on the mechanisms used, which may be useful to design clinical strategies that improve T-cell responses.
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31
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Identification of novel thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives as human A1 and A2A adenosine receptor antagonists/inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3688-3695. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Abstract
Extracellular adenosine nucleoside is a potent, endogenous mediator that signals through specific G protein-coupled receptors, and exerts pleiotropic effects on liver physiology, in health and disease. Particularly, adenosinergic or adenosine-mediated signaling pathways impact the progression of hepatic fibrosis, a common feature of chronic liver diseases, through regulation of matrix deposition by liver myofibroblasts. This review examines the current lines of evidence on adenosinergic regulation of liver fibrosis and myofibroblasts, identifies unanswered research questions, and proposes important future areas of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Fausther
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas
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33
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Remes Lenicov F, Paletta AL, Gonzalez Prinz M, Varese A, Pavillet CE, Lopez Malizia Á, Sabatté J, Geffner JR, Ceballos A. Prostaglandin E2 Antagonizes TGF-β Actions During the Differentiation of Monocytes Into Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1441. [PMID: 29988364 PMCID: PMC6023975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory dendritic cells (DCs) are a distinct subset of DCs that derive from circulating monocytes infiltrating injured tissues. Monocytes can differentiate into DCs with different functional signatures, depending on the presence of environment stimuli. Among these stimuli, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) have been shown to modulate the differentiation of monocytes into DCs with different phenotypes and functional profiles. In fact, both mediators lead to contrasting outcomes regarding the production of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Previously, we have shown that human semen, which contains high concentrations of PGE2, promoted the differentiation of DCs into a tolerogenic profile through a mechanism dependent on signaling by E-prostanoid receptors 2 and 4. Notably, this effect was induced despite the huge concentration of TGF-β present in semen, suggesting that PGE2 overrides the influence exerted by TGF-β. No previous studies have analyzed the joint actions induced by PGE2 and TGF-β on the function of monocytes or DCs. Here, we analyzed the phenotype and functional profile of monocyte-derived DCs differentiated in the presence of TGF-β and PGE2. DC differentiation guided by TGF-β alone enhanced the expression of CD1a and abrogated LPS-induced expression of IL-10, while differentiation in the presence of PGE2 impaired CD1a expression, preserved CD14 expression, abrogated IL-12 and IL-23 production, stimulated IL-10 production, and promoted the expansion of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. Interestingly, DCs differentiated in the presence of TGF-β and PGE2 showed a phenotype and functional profile closely resembling those induced by PGE2 alone. Finally, we found that PGE2 inhibited TGF-β signaling through an action exerted by EP2 and EP4 receptors coupled to cyclic AMP increase and protein kinase A activity. These results indicate that PGE2 suppresses the influence exerted by TGF-β during DC differentiation, imprinting a tolerogenic signature. High concentrations of TGF-β and PGE2 are usually found in infectious, autoimmune, and neoplastic diseases. Our observations suggest that in these scenarios PGE2 might play a mandatory role in the acquisition of a regulatory profile by DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Remes Lenicov
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Luz Paletta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melina Gonzalez Prinz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Augusto Varese
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Clara E Pavillet
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Álvaro Lopez Malizia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Sabatté
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Raul Geffner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Ceballos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Gentile D, Lazzerini PE, Gamberucci A, Natale M, Selvi E, Vanni F, Alì A, Taddeucci P, Del-Ry S, Cabiati M, Della-Latta V, Abraham DJ, Morales MA, Fulceri R, Laghi-Pasini F, Capecchi PL. Searching Novel Therapeutic Targets for Scleroderma: P2X7-Receptor Is Up-regulated and Promotes a Fibrogenic Phenotype in Systemic Sclerosis Fibroblasts. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:638. [PMID: 28955239 PMCID: PMC5602350 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disorder presenting fibrosis of the skin and internal organs, for which no effective treatments are currently available. Increasing evidence indicates that the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), a nucleotide-gated ionotropic channel primarily involved in the inflammatory response, may also have a key role in the development of tissue fibrosis in different body districts. This study was aimed at investigating P2X7R expression and function in promoting a fibrogenic phenotype in dermal fibroblasts from SSc patients, also analyzing putative underlying mechanistic pathways. Methods: Fibroblasts were isolated by skin biopsy from 9 SSc patients and 8 healthy controls. P2X7R expression, and function (cytosolic free Ca2+ fluxes, α-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA] expression, cell migration, and collagen release) were studied. Moreover, the role of cytokine (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) production, and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) activation in mediating P2X7R-dependent pro-fibrotic effects in SSc fibroblasts was evaluated. Results: P2X7R expression and Ca2+ permeability induced by the selective P2X7R agonist 2'-3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)ATP (BzATP) were markedly higher in SSc than control fibroblasts. Moreover, increased αSMA expression, cell migration, CTGF, and collagen release were observed in lipopolysaccharides-primed SSc fibroblasts after BzATP stimulation. While P2X7-induced cytokine changes did not affect collagen production, it was completely abrogated by inhibition of the ERK pathway. Conclusion: In SSc fibroblasts, P2X7R is overexpressed and its stimulation induces Ca2+-signaling activation and a fibrogenic phenotype characterized by increased migration and collagen production. These data point to the P2X7R as a potential, novel therapeutic target for controlling exaggerated collagen deposition and tissue fibrosis in patients with SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gentile
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Pietro E Lazzerini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gamberucci
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mariarita Natale
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Enrico Selvi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Vanni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Alì
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Taddeucci
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | - David J Abraham
- Division of Medicine, Department of Inflammation, Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rosella Fulceri
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Franco Laghi-Pasini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Pier L Capecchi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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35
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Zhang J, Corciulo C, Liu H, Wilder T, Ito M, Cronstein B. Adenosine A 2a Receptor Blockade Diminishes Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in a Murine Model of Bleomycin-Induced Dermal Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1935-1944. [PMID: 28667836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) stimulation promotes the synthesis of collagens I and III, and we have recently demonstrated that there is crosstalk between the A2aR and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway. In in vitro studies, A2aR signaling for collagen III expression was mediated by WNT/β-catenin signaling in human dermal fibroblasts; we further verified whether the crosstalk between A2aR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling was involved in diffuse dermal fibrosis in vivo. Wnt-signaling reporter mice (Tcf/Lef:H2B-GFP) were challenged with bleomycin and treated with the selective A2aR antagonist istradefylline (KW6002) or vehicle. Dermal fibrosis was quantitated and nuclear translocation of β-catenin in fibroblasts was assessed by double-staining for Green fluorescent protein or dephosphorylated β-catenin or β-catenin phosphorylated at Ser552, and vimentin. KW6002 significantly reduced skin thickness, skinfold thickness, breaking tension, dermal hydroxyproline content, myofibroblast accumulation, and collagen alignment in bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis. Also, there was increased expression of Tcf/Lef:H2B-GFP reporter in bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis, an effect that was diminished by treatment with KW6002. Moreover, KW6002 significantly inhibited nuclear translocation of Tcf/Lef:H2B-GFP reporter, as well as dephosphorylated β-catenin and β-catenin phosphorylated at Ser552. Our work supports the hypothesis that pharmacologic blockade of A2aR inhibits the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, contributing to its capacity to inhibit dermal fibrosis in diseases such as scleroderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Lihuili Hospital, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Carmen Corciulo
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Hailing Liu
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Tuere Wilder
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Mayumi Ito
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Bruce Cronstein
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
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Vecchio EA, White PJ, May LT. Targeting Adenosine Receptors for the Treatment of Cardiac Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:243. [PMID: 28529484 PMCID: PMC5418340 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous molecule with key regulatory and cytoprotective mechanisms at times of metabolic imbalance in the body. Among a plethora of physiological actions, adenosine has an important role in attenuating ischaemia-reperfusion injury and modulating the ensuing fibrosis and tissue remodeling following myocardial damage. Adenosine exerts these actions through interaction with four adenosine G protein-coupled receptors expressed in the heart. The adenosine A2B receptor (A2BAR) is the most abundant adenosine receptor (AR) in cardiac fibroblasts and is largely responsible for the influence of adenosine on cardiac fibrosis. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that acute A2BAR stimulation can decrease fibrosis through the inhibition of fibroblast proliferation and reduction in collagen synthesis. However, in contrast, there is also evidence that chronic A2BAR antagonism reduces tissue fibrosis. This review explores the opposing pro- and anti-fibrotic activity attributed to the activation of cardiac ARs and investigates the therapeutic potential of targeting ARs for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Vecchio
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, ParkvilleVIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
| | - Paul J White
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, ParkvilleVIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
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Martínez-Ramírez AS, Díaz-Muñoz M, Butanda-Ochoa A, Vázquez-Cuevas FG. Nucleotides and nucleoside signaling in the regulation of the epithelium to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:1-12. [PMID: 27900516 PMCID: PMC5334205 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9550-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelium-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important process of cell plasticity, consisting in the loss of epithelial identity and the gain of mesenchymal characteristics through the coordinated activity of a highly regulated informational program. Although it was originally described in the embryonic development, an important body of information supports its role in pathology, mainly in cancerous and fibrotic processes. The purinergic system of inter-cellular communication, mainly based in ATP and adenosine acting throughout their specific receptors, has emerged as a potent regulator of the EMT in several pathological entities. In this context, cellular signaling associated to purines is opening the understanding of a new element in the complex regulatory network of this phenotypical differentiation process. In this review, we have summarized recent information about the role of ATP and adenosine in EMT, as a growing field with high therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Martínez-Ramírez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular. Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla, 3001, CP 76230, Juriquilla Querétaro, Mexico
| | - M Díaz-Muñoz
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular. Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla, 3001, CP 76230, Juriquilla Querétaro, Mexico
| | - A Butanda-Ochoa
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo. Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - F G Vázquez-Cuevas
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular. Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla, 3001, CP 76230, Juriquilla Querétaro, Mexico.
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Adenosine A2A and A2B Receptors Differentially Modulate Keratinocyte Proliferation: Possible Deregulation in Psoriatic Epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:123-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Varano F, Catarzi D, Vincenzi F, Betti M, Falsini M, Ravani A, Borea PA, Colotta V, Varani K. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Characterization of 2-(2-Furanyl)thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine-5,7-diamine Derivatives: New Highly Potent A 2A Adenosine Receptor Inverse Agonists with Antinociceptive Activity. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10564-10576. [PMID: 27933962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the design and synthesis of new N5-substituted-2-(2-furanyl) thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine-5,7-diamines (2-18) and their pharmacological characterization as A2A adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists by using in vitro and in vivo assays. In competition binding experiments two derivatives (13 and 14) emerged as outstanding ligands showing two different affinity values (KH and KL) for the hA2A receptor with the high affinity KH value in the femtomolar range. The in vitro functional activity assays, performed by using cyclic AMP experiments, assessed that they behave as potent inverse agonists at the hA2A AR. Compounds 13 and 14 were evaluated for their antinociceptive activity in acute experimental models of pain showing an effect equal to or greater than that of morphine. Overall, these novel inverse agonists might represent potential drug candidates for an alternative approach to the management of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Varano
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze , via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Daniela Catarzi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze , via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara , via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Betti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze , via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Matteo Falsini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze , via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ravani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara , via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara , via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vittoria Colotta
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze , via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara , via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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Shaikh G, Zhang J, Perez-Aso M, Mediero A, Cronstein B. Adenosine A 2A receptor promotes collagen type III synthesis via β-catenin activation in human dermal fibroblasts. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:3279-3291. [PMID: 27595240 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adenosine A2A receptor stimulation promotes the synthesis of collagen type I and type III (Col1 and Col3), mediators of fibrosis and scarring. The A2A receptor modulates collagen balance via cAMP/PKA/p38-MAPK/Akt pathways. Wnt signalling is important in fibrosis and the cAMP and Wnt pathways converge. Because the A2A receptor is Gs-linked and increases cAMP, we determined whether A2A receptors and Wnt signalling interact. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Total β-catenin, de-phosphorylated β-catenin (canonical activation, de-phospho β-catenin) and phosphorylated β-catenin at Ser552 (non-canonical activation, p-Ser552 β-catenin) levels were determined in primary human dermal fibroblasts, cytosol and nucleus, by western blot analysis and fluorescence microscopy, before and after stimulation by A2A receptor-selective agonist CGS21680, with/without A2A receptor-selective antagonist (SCH56261) pretreatment. β-Catenin was knocked down by transfection with scrambled-siRNA or specific-siRNA, and Col1 and Col3 levels determined by western blots. KEY RESULTS CGS21680 stimulation rapidly (15 min) increased cellular β-catenin levels. Both de-phospho β-catenin and p-Ser552 β-catenin levels were also increased. CGS21680 stimulated the translocation of total de-phospho and p-Ser552 β-catenin to the nucleus. A2A receptor-stimulation increased Col1 synthesis similarly in β-catenin knockeddown and scrambled cells. However, β-catenin knockdown abolished the increase in Col3 synthesis induced in A2A receptor-stimulated fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS A2A receptor stimulation promotes Col3 synthesis via the activation of canonical and non-canonical β-catenin, consistent with a role for A2A receptors in dermal fibrosis and scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibran Shaikh
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, LiHuili Hospital, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Miguel Perez-Aso
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aranzazu Mediero
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Bone and Joint Research Unit IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Bruce Cronstein
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Ferrari D, Bianchi N, Eltzschig HK, Gambari R. MicroRNAs Modulate the Purinergic Signaling Network. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:905-918. [PMID: 27623176 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules capable of silencing mRNA targets. miRNA dysregulation has been linked to cancer development, cardiovascular and neurological diseases, lipid metabolism, and impaired immunity. Therefore, miRNAs are gaining interest as putative novel disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Recent studies have shown that purinergic surface receptors activated by extracellular nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP), and by nucleosides such as adenosine (ADO), are subject to miRNA regulation. This opens a new and previously unrecognized opportunity to modulate the purinergic network with the aim of avoiding abnormal activation of specific receptor subtypes. miRNA technology will hopefully contribute strategies to prevent purinergic-mediated tissue damage in conditions of neurodegeneration, atherosclerosis, transplantation, and even neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Bianchi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Montesinos MC, Desai-Merchant A, Cronstein BN. Promotion of Wound Healing by an Agonist of Adenosine A2A Receptor Is Dependent on Tissue Plasminogen Activator. Inflammation 2016; 38:2036-41. [PMID: 25991438 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impaired wound healing, as it occurs in diabetes mellitus or long-term corticoid treatment, is commonly associated with disability, diminished quality of life, and high economic costs. Selective agonists of the A2A receptor subtype of adenosine, an endogenous regulator of inflammation, promote tissue repair in animal models, both healthy and with impaired healing. Plasmin-mediated proteolysis of fibrin and other matrix proteins is essential for cell migration at sites of injury. Since adenosine A2A receptor activation increases plasminogen activator release from macrophages and mast cells, we studied the effect of a selective agonist, CGS-21680, on full-thickness excisional wound closure in wild-type, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)-deficient, and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-deficient mice. Wound closure was impaired in tPA- and uPA-deficient mice as compared with wild-type mice, and topical application of CGS-21680 significantly increased the rate at which wounds closed in wild-type mice and uPA-deficient mice, but not in tPA-deficient mice. Immunostaining of tissue sections showed that tPA was present in endothelial cells and histiocytes by day 3 post-wound and also by day 6. In contrast, uPA was more prominent in these cell types only by day 6 post-wound. Our results confirm that plasminogen activation contributes to wound repair and are consistent with the hypothesis that adenosine A2A receptor activation promotes wound closure by a mechanism that depends upon tPA, but not uPA. Moreover, our results suggest that topical adenosine A2A receptor agonists may be useful in promotion of wound closure in patients with impaired wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Montesinos
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MSB251, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Instituto de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Centro Mixto Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,Department de Farmacologia, Universitat de València, Ave. Vicent Andrès Estellès s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Avani Desai-Merchant
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MSB251, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Bruce N Cronstein
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MSB251, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Gessi S, Merighi S, Borea PA. Targeting adenosine receptors to prevent inflammatory skin diseases. Exp Dermatol 2016; 23:553-4. [PMID: 24961687 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine mediates its effects through activation of a family of four G-protein-coupled receptors, named A1 , A2A , A2B and A3 . This nucleoside plays an important role in immunity and inflammation, and the A2A adenosine receptor subtype has a key role in the inhibition of inflammatory processes besides promoting wound healing. In this issue of Experimental Dermatology, Arasa et al. show that the topical application of a selective A2A agonist, CGS 21680, to mouse skin reduced epidermal hyperplasia as well as skin inflammation, similarly to topical corticoids, without side effects like skin atrophy. Rigorously following up this work is important for the development of novel treatment strategies for chronic hyperproliferative inflammatory dermatoses, such as targeting the A2A adenosine receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Science, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Shaikh G, Cronstein B. Signaling pathways involving adenosine A2A and A2B receptors in wound healing and fibrosis. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:191-7. [PMID: 26847815 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen and matrix deposition by fibroblasts is an essential part of wound healing but also contributes to pathologic remodeling of organs leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. Adenosine, a small molecule generated extracellularly from adenine nucleotides as a result of direct stimulation, hypoxia, or injury, acts via a family of classical seven-pass G protein-coupled protein receptors, A2A and A2B, leading to generation of cAMP and activation of downstream targets such as PKA and Epac. These effectors, in turn, lead to fibroblast activation and collagen synthesis. The regulatory actions of these receptors likely involve multiple interconnected pathways, and one of the more interesting aspects of this regulation is opposing effects at different levels of cAMP generated. Additionally, adenosine signaling contributes to fibrosis in organ-specific ways and may have opposite effects in different organs. The development of drugs that selectively target these receptors and their signaling pathways will disrupt the pathogenesis of fibrosis and slow or arrest the progression of the important diseases they underlie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibran Shaikh
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 227 East 30th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Bruce Cronstein
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 227 East 30th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Ferrari D, Gambari R, Idzko M, Müller T, Albanesi C, Pastore S, La Manna G, Robson SC, Cronstein B. Purinergic signaling in scarring. FASEB J 2016; 30:3-12. [PMID: 26333425 PMCID: PMC4684510 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-274563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine (ADO) and nucleotides such as ATP, ADP, and uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP), among others, may serve as extracellular signaling molecules. These mediators activate specific cell-surface receptors-namely, purinergic 1 and 2 (P1 and P2)-to modulate crucial pathophysiological responses. Regulation of this process is maintained by nucleoside and nucleotide transporters, as well as the ectonucleotidases ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase [ENTPD; cluster of differentiation (CD)39] and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT; CD73), among others. Cells involved in tissue repair, healing, and scarring respond to both ADO and ATP. Our recent investigations have shown that modulation of purinergic signaling regulates matrix deposition during tissue repair and fibrosis in several organs. Cells release adenine nucleotides into the extracellular space, where these mediators are converted by CD39 and CD73 into ADO, which is anti-inflammatory in the short term but may also promote dermal, heart, liver, and lung fibrosis with repetitive signaling under defined circumstances. Extracellular ATP stimulates cardiac fibroblast proliferation, lung inflammation, and fibrosis. P2Y2 (UTP/ATP) and P2Y6 [ADP/UTP/uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)] have been shown to have profibrotic effects, as well. Modulation of purinergic signaling represents a novel approach to preventing or diminishing fibrosis. We provide an overview of the current understanding of purinergic signaling in scarring and discuss its potential to prevent or decrease fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Roberto Gambari
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marco Idzko
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tobias Müller
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cristina Albanesi
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Saveria Pastore
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gaetano La Manna
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bruce Cronstein
- *Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Pneumology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Immunology and Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Cutaneous Physiopathology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Department of Specialized, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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Yang Y, Yang F, Wu X, Lv X, Li J. EPAC activation inhibits acetaldehyde-induced activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cell via Rap1. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 94:498-507. [PMID: 26854595 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation represents an essential event during alcoholic liver fibrosis (ALF). Previous studies have demonstrated that the rat HSCs could be significantly activated after exposure to 200 μmol/L acetaldehyde for 48 h, and the cAMP/PKA signaling pathways were also dramatically upregulated in activated HSCs isolated from alcoholic fibrotic rat liver. Exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC) is a family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for the small Ras-like GTPases Rap, and is being considered as a vital mediator of cAMP signaling in parallel with the principal cAMP target protein kinase A (PKA). Our data showed that both cAMP/PKA and cAMP/EPAC signaling pathways were involved in acetaldehyde-induced HSCs. Acetaldehyde could reduce the expression of EPAC1 while enhancing the expression of EPAC2. The cAMP analog Me-cAMP, which stimulates the EPAC/Rap1 pathway, could significantly decrease the proliferation and collagen synthesis of acetaldehyde-induced HSCs. Furthermore, depletion of EPAC2, but not EPAC1, prevented the activation of HSC measured as the production of α-SMA and collagen type I and III, indicating that EPAC1 appears to have protective effects on acetaldehyde-induced HSCs. Curiously, activation of PKA or EPAC perhaps has opposite effects on the synthesis of collagen and α-SMA: EPAC activation by Me-cAMP increased the levels of GTP-bound (activated) Rap1 while PKA activation by Phe-cAMP had no significant effects on such binding. These results suggested that EPAC activation could inhibit the activation and proliferation of acetaldehyde-induced HSCs via Rap1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- a School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China.,b Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
| | - Feng Yang
- a School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China.,b Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wu
- a School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China.,b Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
| | - Xiongwen Lv
- a School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China.,b Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
| | - Jun Li
- a School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China.,b Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
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Perez-Aso M, Mediero A, Low YC, Levine J, Cronstein BN. Adenosine A2A receptor plays an important role in radiation-induced dermal injury. FASEB J 2015; 30:457-65. [PMID: 26415936 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-280388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is a common therapeutic modality and following irradiation dermal changes, including fibrosis and atrophy, may lead to permanent changes. We have previously demonstrated that occupancy of A2A receptor (A2AR) stimulates collagen production, so we determined whether blockade or deletion of A2AR could prevent radiation-induced fibrosis. After targeted irradiation (40 Gy) of the skin of wild-type (WT) or A2AR knockout (A2ARKO) mice, the A2AR antagonist ZM241385 was applied daily for 28 d. In irradiated WT mice treated with the A2AR antagonist, there was a marked reduction in collagen content and skin thickness, and ZM241385 treatment reduced the number of myofibroblasts and angiogenesis. After irradiation, there is an increase in loosely packed collagen fibrils, which is significantly diminished by ZM241385. Irradiation also induced an increase in epidermal thickness, prevented by ZM241385, by increasing the number of proliferating keratinocytes. Similarly, in A2ARKO mice, the changes in collagen alignment, skin thickness, myofibroblast content, angiogenesis, and epidermal hyperplasia were markedly reduced following irradiation. Radiation-induced changes in the dermis and epidermis were accompanied by an infiltrate of T cells, which was prevented in both ZM241385-treated and A2ARKO mice. Radiation therapy is administered to a significant number of patients with cancer, and radiation reactions may limit this therapeutic modality. Our findings suggest that topical application of an A2AR antagonist prevents radiation dermatitis and may be useful in the prevention or amelioration of radiation changes in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Perez-Aso
- *Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, and New York University Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aránzazu Mediero
- *Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, and New York University Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yee Cheng Low
- *Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, and New York University Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jamie Levine
- *Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, and New York University Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bruce N Cronstein
- *Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, and New York University Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Kiely M, Kiely PA. PP2A: The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing? Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:648-69. [PMID: 25867001 PMCID: PMC4491676 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7020648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a major serine/threonine phosphatase in cells. It consists of a catalytic subunit (C), a structural subunit (A), and a regulatory/variable B-type subunit. PP2A has a critical role to play in homeostasis where its predominant function is as a phosphatase that regulates the major cell signaling pathways in cells. Changes in the assembly, activity and substrate specificity of the PP2A holoenzyme have a direct role in disease and are a major contributor to the maintenance of the transformed phenotype in cancer. We have learned a lot about how PP2A functions from specific mutations that disrupt the core assembly of PP2A and from viral proteins that target PP2A and inhibit its effect as a phosphatase. This prompted various studies revealing that restoration of PP2A activity benefits some cancer patients. However, our understanding of the mechanism of action of this is limited because of the complex nature of PP2A holoenzyme assembly and because it acts through a wide variety of signaling pathways. Information on PP2A is also conflicting as there are situations whereby inactivation of PP2A induces apoptosis in many cancer cells. In this review we discuss this relationship and we also address many of the pertinent and topical questions that relate to novel therapeutic strategies aimed at altering PP2A activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve Kiely
- Department of Life Sciences, and Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick 78666, Ireland.
| | - Patrick A Kiely
- Department of Life Sciences, and Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick 78666, Ireland.
- Stokes Institute, University of Limerick 78666, Limerick, Ireland.
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Preti D, Baraldi PG, Moorman AR, Borea PA, Varani K. History and perspectives of A2A adenosine receptor antagonists as potential therapeutic agents. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:790-848. [PMID: 25821194 DOI: 10.1002/med.21344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence emphasizes that the purine nucleoside adenosine plays an active role as a local regulator in different pathologies. Adenosine is a ubiquitous nucleoside involved in various physiological and pathological functions by stimulating A1 , A2A , A2B , and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). At the present time, the role of A2A ARs is well known in physiological conditions and in a variety of pathologies, including inflammatory tissue damage and neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, the use of selective A2A antagonists has been reported to be potentially useful in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, A2A AR signal transduction pathways, together with an analysis of the structure-activity relationships of A2A antagonists, and their corresponding pharmacological roles and therapeutic potential have been presented. The initial results from an emerging polypharmacological approach are also analyzed. This approach is based on the optimization of the affinity and/or functional activity of the examined compounds toward multiple targets, such as A1 /A2A ARs and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), both closely implicated in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Preti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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Sussman CR, Ward CJ, Leightner AC, Smith JL, Agarwal R, Harris PC, Torres VE. Phosphodiesterase 1A modulates cystogenesis in zebrafish. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2222-30. [PMID: 24700876 PMCID: PMC4178429 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013040421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates the importance of elevated cAMP in polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Accumulation of cAMP in cystic tissues may be, in part, caused by enhanced adenylyl cyclase activity, but inhibition of cAMP degradation by phosphodiesterases (PDE) likely has an important role, because cAMP is inactivated much faster than it is synthesized. PDE1 is the only PDE family activated by Ca(2+), which is reduced in PKD cells. To assess the contribution of the PDE1A subfamily to renal cyst formation, we examined the expression and function of PDE1A in zebrafish. We identified two splice isoforms with alternative starts corresponding to human PDE1A1 and PDE1A4. Expression of the two isoforms varied in embryos and adult tissues, and both isoforms hydrolyzed cAMP with Ca(2+)/calmodulin dependence. Depletion of PDE1A in zebrafish embryos using splice- and translation-blocking morpholinos (MOs) caused pronephric cysts, hydrocephalus, and body curvature. Human PDE1A RNA and the PKA inhibitors, H89 and Rp-cAMPS, partially rescued phenotypes of pde1a morphants. Additionally, MO depletion of PDE1A aggravated phenotypes in pkd2 morphants, causing more severe body curvature, and human PDE1A RNA partially rescued pkd2 morphant phenotypes, pronephric cysts, hydrocephalus, and body curvature. Together, these data indicate the integral role of PDE1A and cAMP signaling in renal development and cystogenesis, imply that PDE1A activity is altered downstream of polycystin-2, and suggest that PDE1A is a viable drug target for PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Sussman
- Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Christopher J Ward
- Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amanda C Leightner
- Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jordan L Smith
- Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Reema Agarwal
- Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Peter C Harris
- Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Vicente E Torres
- Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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