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Zhu X, Dong Q, Zhang K, Zou Y, Zhang G, Du Y, Mo X, Wu A, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Wei Z, Qin Y, Pan Y, Huang W. Hunnivirus structural protein VP2 inhibits beta interferon production by targeting the IRF3 essential modulator. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110148. [PMID: 38851152 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Water buffalo Hunnivirus (BufHuV) belongs to the family Picornaviridae and is a newly discovered member of the Hunnivirus A genus. It causes intestinal diseases in cattle, mainly lead to subclinical infections, thereby seriously threatening the health of cattle herds. In addition, it can also bring about various clinical disease syndromes which results in severe economic losses to the cattle industry. To date, there have been no reports worldwide on the study of Hunnivirus virus infecting host cells and causing innate immune responses. In this study, we found that interferon treatment effectively blocked BufHuV replication and infection with the virus weakened the host antiviral responses. Inhibiting the transcription of IFN-β and ISGs induced by either Sendai virus (SeV) or poly(I:C) in MDBK and HCT-8 cells, were dependent on the IRF3 or NF-κB signaling pathways, and this inhibited the activation of IFN-β promoter by TBK1 and its upstream molecules, RIGI and MDA5. By constructing and screening five BufHuV proteins, we found that VP2, 2 C, 3 C and 3D inhibited the activation of IFN-β promoter induced by SeV. Subsequently, we showed that VP2 inhibited the activation of IRF3 induced by SeV or poly (I:C), and it inhibited IRF3 activation by inhibiting its phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. In addition, we confirmed that VP2 inhibited the activation of IFNβ induced by signaling molecules, MDA5 and TBKI. In summary, these findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of Hunnivirus and its mechanisms involved in evading host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qinting Dong
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yanlin Zou
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Guangxin Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yiyang Du
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaoke Mo
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Aoqi Wu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yifeng Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Yan Pan
- Guangxi Agricultural Vocational University, Nanning, China.
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China.
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Mao R, Zhu Z, Yang F, Sun D, Zhou X, Cao W, Qin X, Dang W, Liu H, Tian H, Zhang K, Wu Q, Liu X, Zheng H. Picornavirus VP3 protein induces autophagy through the TP53-BAD-BAX axis to promote viral replication. Autophagy 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38752369 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2350270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy and apoptosis are pivotal interconnected host cell responses to viral infection, including picornaviruses. Here, the VP3 proteins of picornaviruses were determined to trigger autophagy, with the autophagic flux being triggered by the TP53-BAD-BAX axis. Using foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) as a model system, we unraveled a novel mechanism of how picornavirus hijacks autophagy to bolster viral replication and enhance pathogenesis. FMDV infection induced both autophagy and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. FMDV VP3 protein facilitated the phosphorylation and translocation of TP53 from the nucleus into the mitochondria, resulting in BAD-mediated apoptosis and BECN1-mediated autophagy. The amino acid Gly129 in VP3 is essential for its interaction with TP53, and crucial for induction of autophagy and apoptosis. VP3-induced autophagy and apoptosis are both essential for FMDV replication, while, autophagy plays a more important role in VP3-mediated pathogenesis. Mutation of Gly129 to Ala129 in VP3 abrogated the autophagic regulatory function of VP3, which significantly decreased the viral replication and pathogenesis of FMDV. This suggested that VP3-induced autophagy benefits viral replication and pathogenesis. Importantly, this Gly is conserved and showed a common function in various picornaviruses. This study provides insight for developing broad-spectrum antivirals and genetic engineering attenuated vaccines against picornaviruses.Abbreviations: 3-MA, 3-methyladenine; ATG, autophagy related; BAD, BCL2 associated agonist of cell death; BAK1, BCL2 antagonist/killer 1; BAX, BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator; BBC3/PUMA, BCL2 binding component 3; BCL2, BCL2 apoptosis regulator; BID, BH3 interacting domain death agonist; BIP-V5, BAX inhibitor peptide V5; CFLAR/FLIP, CASP8 and FADD like apoptosis regulator; CPE, cytopathic effects; CQ, chloroquine; CV, coxsackievirus; DAPK, death associated protein kinase; DRAM, DNA damage regulated autophagy modulator; EV71, enterovirus 71; FMDV, foot-and-mouth disease virus; HAV, hepatitis A virus; KD, knockdown; MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MOI, multiplicity of infection; MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PML, promyelocytic leukemia; PV, poliovirus; SVA, Seneca Valley virus; TCID50, 50% tissue culture infectious doses; TOR, target of rapamycin. TP53/p53, tumor protein p53; WCL, whole-cell lysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqing Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dehui Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wen Dang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qingfeng Wu
- Analysis and Test Group, Center for Technical Development and Analysis Service, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Wu J, Yang W, Li L, Wu J, He J, Ru Y, Ren J, Wang Y, Zheng H, Shang Y, Li D. Plasminogen activator urokinase interacts with the fusion protein and antagonizes the growth of Peste des petits ruminants virus. J Virol 2024; 98:e0014624. [PMID: 38440983 PMCID: PMC11019896 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00146-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants is an acute and highly contagious disease caused by the Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). Host proteins play a crucial role in viral replication. However, the effect of fusion (F) protein-interacting partners on PPRV infection is poorly understood. In this study, we found that the expression of goat plasminogen activator urokinase (PLAU) gradually decreased in a time- and dose-dependent manner in PPRV-infected goat alveolar macrophages (GAMs). Goat PLAU was subsequently identified using co-immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy as an F protein binding partner. The overexpression of goat PLAU inhibited PPRV growth and replication, whereas silencing goat PLAU promoted viral growth and replication. Additionally, we confirmed that goat PLAU interacted with a virus-induced signaling adapter (VISA) to antagonize F-mediated VISA degradation, increasing the production of type I interferon. We also found that goat PLAU reduced the inhibition of PPRV replication in VISA-knockdown GAMs. Our results show that the host protein PLAU inhibits the growth and replication of PPRV by VISA-triggering RIG-I-like receptors and provides insight into the host protein that antagonizes PPRV immunosuppression.IMPORTANCEThe role of host proteins that interact with Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) fusion (F) protein in PPRV replication is poorly understood. This study confirmed that goat plasminogen activator urokinase (PLAU) interacts with the PPRV F protein. We further discovered that goat PLAU inhibited PPRV replication by enhancing virus-induced signaling adapter (VISA) expression and reducing the ability of the F protein to degrade VISA. These findings offer insights into host resistance to viral invasion and suggest new strategies and directions for developing PPR vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lingxia Li
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jingyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jijun He
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi Ru
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Youjun Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
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Mushtaq H, Shah SS, Zarlashat Y, Iqbal M, Abbas W. Cell Culture Adaptive Amino Acid Substitutions in FMDV Structural Proteins: A Key Mechanism for Altered Receptor Tropism. Viruses 2024; 16:512. [PMID: 38675855 PMCID: PMC11054764 DOI: 10.3390/v16040512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease virus is a highly contagious and economically devastating virus of cloven-hooved animals, including cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats, causing reduced animal productivity and posing international trade restrictions. For decades, chemically inactivated vaccines have been serving as the most effective strategy for the management of foot-and-mouth disease. Inactivated vaccines are commercially produced in cell culture systems, which require successful propagation and adaptation of field isolates, demanding a high cost and laborious time. Cell culture adaptation is chiefly indebted to amino acid substitutions in surface-exposed capsid proteins, altering the necessity of RGD-dependent receptors to heparan sulfate macromolecules for virus binding. Several amino acid substations in VP1, VP2, and VP3 capsid proteins of FMDV, both at structural and functional levels, have been characterized previously. This literature review combines frequently reported amino acid substitutions in virus capsid proteins, their critical roles in virus adaptation, and functional characterization of the substitutions. Furthermore, this data can facilitate molecular virologists to develop new vaccine strains against the foot-and-mouth disease virus, revolutionizing vaccinology via reverse genetic engineering and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mushtaq
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-C (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (H.M.); (M.I.)
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Syed Salman Shah
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | - Yusra Zarlashat
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-C (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (H.M.); (M.I.)
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Abbas
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-C (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (H.M.); (M.I.)
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
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Liu H, Xue Q, Yang F, Cao W, Liu P, Liu X, Zhu Z, Zheng H. Foot-and-mouth disease virus VP1 degrades YTHDF2 through autophagy to regulate IRF3 activity for viral replication. Autophagy 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38516932 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2330105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Many viruses, including foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), can promote the degradation of host proteins through macroautophagy/autophagy, thereby promoting viral replication. However, the regulatory mechanism between autophagy and innate immune responses is not fully understood during FMDV infection. Here, we found that the host GTPBP4/NOG1 (GTP binding protein 4) is a negative regulator of innate immune responses. GTPBP4 deficiency promotes the antiviral innate immune response, resulting in the ability of GTPBP4 to promote FMDV replication. Meanwhile, GTPBP4-deficient mice are more resistant to FMDV infection. To antagonize the host's antiviral immunity, FMDV structural protein VP1 promotes the expression of GTPBP4, and the 209th site of VP1 is responsible for this effect. Mechanically, FMDV VP1 promotes autophagy during virus infection and interacts with and degrades YTHDF2 (YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein F2) in an AKT-MTOR-dependent autophagy pathway, resulting in an increase in GTPBP4 mRNA and protein levels. Increased GTPBP4 inhibits IRF3 binding to the Ifnb/Ifn-β promoter, suppressing FMDV-induced type I interferon production. In conclusion, our study revealed an underlying mechanism of how VP1 negatively regulates innate immunity through the autophagy pathway, which would contribute to understanding the negative regulation of host innate immune responses and the function of GTPBP4 and YTHDF2 during FMDV infection.Abbreviation: 3-MA:3-methyladenine; ACTB: actin beta; ATG: autophagy related; ChIP:chromatin immunoprecipitation; CQ: chloroquine; DAPI:4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; dpi: days post-infection; EV71:enterovirus 71; FMDV: foot-and-mouth disease virus; GTPBP4/NOG1: GTPbinding protein 4; HIF1A: hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha;hpt:hours post-transfection; IFNB/IFN-β:interferon beta; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; MAP1LC3/LC3:microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAVS: mitochondriaantiviral signaling protein; MOI: multiplicity of infection; MTOR:mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; m6A: N(6)-methyladenosine;qPCR:quantitativePCR; SIRT3:sirtuin 3; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STING1: stimulator ofinterferon response cGAMP interactor 1; siRNA: small interfering RNA;TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TCID50:50% tissue culture infectious doses; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagyactivating kinase 1; UTR: untranslated region; WT: wild type; YTHDF2:YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein F2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huisheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Gong Q, Ren S, Dou Y, Tadele BA, Hu T, Zhou L, Wang T, Yao K, Xu J, Yin X, Sun Y. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Capsid Protein VP1 Antagonizes Type I Interferon Signaling via Degradation of Histone Deacetylase 5. Cells 2024; 13:539. [PMID: 38534383 PMCID: PMC10969541 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals that hampers trade and production. To ensure effective infection, the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) evades host antiviral pathways in different ways. Although the effect of histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) on the innate immune response has previously been documented, the precise molecular mechanism underlying HDAC5-mediated FMDV infection is not yet clearly understood. In this study, we found that silencing or knockout of HDAC5 promoted FMDV replication, whereas HDAC5 overexpression significantly inhibited FMDV propagation. IFN-β and IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) activity was strongly activated through the overexpression of HDAC5. The silencing and knockout of HDAC5 led to an increase in viral replication, which was evident by decreased IFN-β, ISG15, and ISG56 production, as well as a noticeable reduction in IRF3 phosphorylation. Moreover, the results showed that the FMDV capsid protein VP1 targets HDAC5 and facilitates its degradation via the proteasomal pathway. In conclusion, this study highlights that HDAC5 acts as a positive modulator of IFN-β production during viral infection, while FMDV capsid protein VP1 antagonizes the HDAC5-mediated antiviral immune response by degrading HDAC5 to facilitate viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (S.R.)
| | - Shanhui Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (S.R.)
| | - Yongxi Dou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (S.R.)
| | - Berihun Afera Tadele
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (S.R.)
| | - Tao Hu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Luoyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (S.R.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao 066600, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (S.R.)
- School of Dentistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kaishen Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (S.R.)
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (S.R.)
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (S.R.)
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (S.R.)
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Song J, Guo Y, Wang D, Quan R, Wang J, Liu J. Seneca Valley virus 3C pro antagonizes type I interferon response by targeting STAT1-STAT2-IRF9 and KPNA1 signals. J Virol 2023; 97:e0072723. [PMID: 37819133 PMCID: PMC10617416 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00727-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Type I interferon (IFN) signaling plays a principal role in host innate immune responses against invading viruses. Viruses have evolved diverse mechanisms that target the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway to modulate IFN response negatively. Seneca Valley virus (SVV), an emerging porcine picornavirus, has received great interest recently because it poses a great threat to the global pork industry. However, the molecular mechanism by which SVV evades host innate immunity remains incompletely clear. Our results revealed that SVV proteinase (3Cpro) antagonizes IFN signaling by degrading STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9, and cleaving STAT2 to escape host immunity. SVV 3Cpro also degrades karyopherin 1 to block IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 nuclear translocation. Our results reveal a novel molecular mechanism by which SVV 3Cpro antagonizes the type I IFN response pathway by targeting STAT1-STAT2-IRF9 and karyopherin α1 signals, which has important implications for our understanding of SVV-evaded host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yitong Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Quan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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8
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Xue Q, Zhu Z, Xue Z, Yang F, Cao W, Liu X, Liu H, Zheng H. NOG1 downregulates type I interferon production by targeting phosphorylated interferon regulatory factor 3. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011511. [PMID: 37410776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of the host's defense, and studying the mechanisms of the negative regulation of interferon (IFN) signaling is important for maintaining the balance of innate immune responses. Here, we found that the host GTP-binding protein 4 (NOG1) is a negative regulator of innate immune responses. Overexpression of NOG1 inhibited viral RNA- and DNA-mediated signaling pathways, and NOG1 deficiency promoted the antiviral innate immune response, resulting in the ability of NOG1 to promote viral replication. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection induced a higher level of IFN-β protein in NOG1 deficient mice. Meanwhile, NOG1-deficient mice were more resistant to VSV and HSV-1 infection. NOG1 inhibited type I IFN production by targeting IRF3. NOG1 was also found to interact with phosphorylated IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) to impair its DNA binding activity, thereby downregulating the transcription of IFN-β and downstream IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). The GTP binding domain of NOG1 is responsible for this process. In conclusion, our study reveals an underlying mechanism of how NOG1 negatively regulates IFN-β by targeting IRF3, which uncovers a novel role of NOG1 in host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhaoning Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huisheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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9
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Kang J, Huang M, Li J, Zhang K, Zhu C, Liu S, Zhou Z, Wang T, Wang Z. Enterovirus D68 VP3 Targets the Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 To Inhibit Type I Interferon Response. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0413822. [PMID: 37125923 PMCID: PMC10269600 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04138-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a globally emerging pathogen causing severe respiratory illnesses mainly in children. The protease from EV-D68 could impair type I interferon (IFN-I) production. However, the role of the EV-D68 structural protein in antagonizing host antiviral responses remains largely unknown. We showed that the EV-D68 structural protein VP3 interacted with IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), and this interaction suppressed the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF7 and then repressed the transcription of IFN. Furthermore, VP3 inhibited the TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6)-induced ubiquitination of IRF7 by competitive interaction with IRF7. IRF7Δ305-503 showed much weaker interaction ability to VP3, and VP3Δ41-50 performed weaker interaction ability with IRF7. The VP3 from enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) was also found to interact with the IRF7 protein. These results indicate that the enterovirus structural protein VP3 plays a pivotal role in subverting host innate immune responses and may be a potential target for antiviral drug research. IMPORTANCE EV-D68 is a globally emerging pathogen that causes severe respiratory illnesses. Here, we report that EV-D68 inhibits innate immune responses by targeting IRF7. Further investigations revealed that the structural protein VP3 inhibited the TRAF6-induced ubiquitination of IRF7 by competitive interaction with IRF7. These results indicate that the control of IRF7 by VP3 may be a mechanism by which EV-D68 represses IFN-I production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengqian Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Keke Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin, China
| | - Sihua Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenwei Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyun Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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10
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Yang P, Yuan Y, Sun Y, Lv B, Du H, Zhou Z, Yang Z, Liu X, Duan H, Shen C. The Host Protein CAD Regulates the Replication of FMDV through the Function of Pyrimidines' De Novo Synthesis. J Virol 2023; 97:e0036923. [PMID: 37162335 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00369-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a single-stranded picornavirus that causes economically devastating disease in even-hooved animals. There has been little research on the function of host cells during FMDV infection. We aimed to shed light on key host factors associated with FMDV replication during acute infection. We found that HDAC1 overexpression in host cells induced upregulation of FMDV RNA and protein levels. Activation of the AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway using bpV(HOpic) or SC79 also promoted FMDV replication. Furthermore, short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-induced suppression of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase (CAD), a transcription factor downstream of the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway, resulted in downregulation of FMDV RNA and protein levels. Coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that the ACTase domain of CAD could interact with the FMDV 2C protein, suggesting that the ACTase domain of CAD may be critical in FMDV replication. CAD proteins participate in de novo pyrimidine synthesis. Inhibition of FMDV replication by deletion of the ACTase domain of CAD in host cells could be reversed by supplementation with uracil. These results revealed that the contribution of the CAD ACTase domain to FMDV replication is dependent on de novo pyrimidine synthesis. Our research shows that HDAC1 promotes FMDV replication by regulating de novo pyrimidine synthesis from CAD via the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease virus is an animal virus of the Picornaviridae family that seriously harms the development of animal husbandry and foreign trade of related products, and there is still a lack of effective means to control its harm. Replication complexes would generate during FMDV replication to ensure efficient replication cycles. 2C is a common viral protein in the replication complex of Picornaviridae virus, which is thought to be an essential component of membrane rearrangement and viral replication complex formation. The host protein CAD is a key protein in the pyrimidines de novo synthesis. In our research, the interaction of CAD and FMDV 2C was demonstrated in FMDV-infected BHK-21 cells, and it colocalized with 2C in the replication complex. The inhibition of the expression of FMDV 3D protein through interference with CAD and supplementation with exogenous pyrimidines reversed this inhibition, suggesting that FMDV might recruit CAD through the 2C protein to ensure pyrimidine supply during replication. In addition, we also found that FMDV infection decreased the expression of the host protein HDAC1 and ultimately inhibited CAD activity through the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. These results revealed a unique means of counteracting the virus in BHK-21 cells lacking the interferon (IFN) signaling pathway. In conclusion, our study provides some potential targets for the development of drugs against FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuncong Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yidan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bonan Lv
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hang Du
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huimin Duan
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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11
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Sarry M, Caignard G, Dupré J, Zientara S, Vitour D, Bakkali Kassimi L, Blaise-Boisseau S. Host-Specific Interplay between Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus 3D Polymerase and the Type-I Interferon Pathway. Viruses 2023; 15:666. [PMID: 36992375 PMCID: PMC10054395 DOI: 10.3390/v15030666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals. One of the issues related to this disease is the persistence of its causative agent, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). While the mechanisms of FMDV persistence remain unclear, there are clues that it may be related to protein-protein interactions (PPI) between viral proteins and cellular proteins involved in the interferon (IFN) response. Since FMDV persistence has been described in cattle, sheep and goats but not in swine, we screened PPI involving FMDV proteins and sixteen major type-I IFN pathway proteins from these four species by nanoluciferase-2-hybrid complementation assay, in order to identify new PPI and determine their host specificity. As the results concerning the 3Dpol were the most interesting in view of the limited data concerning its role in immune escape, we decided to focus particularly on this protein. The identified PPI were confirmed by GST pull-down. We identified PPI between 3Dpol and seven IFN pathway proteins, namely, IKKα, IKKε, IRF3, IRF7, NEMO, MDA5 and MAVS. These PPI are conserved among the four studied species, with the exception of the one between 3Dpol and MAVS, which was only found with the swine protein. We also showed, using luciferase reporter assays, that 3Dpol could inhibit the induction phase of the IFN pathway. These results demonstrate, for the first time, a putative role for 3Dpol in FMDV innate immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Sarry
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (G.C.); (J.D.); (S.Z.); (D.V.); (L.B.K.)
- AgroParistech, 16 Rue Claude Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Grégory Caignard
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (G.C.); (J.D.); (S.Z.); (D.V.); (L.B.K.)
| | - Juliette Dupré
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (G.C.); (J.D.); (S.Z.); (D.V.); (L.B.K.)
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (G.C.); (J.D.); (S.Z.); (D.V.); (L.B.K.)
| | - Damien Vitour
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (G.C.); (J.D.); (S.Z.); (D.V.); (L.B.K.)
| | - Labib Bakkali Kassimi
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (G.C.); (J.D.); (S.Z.); (D.V.); (L.B.K.)
| | - Sandra Blaise-Boisseau
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (G.C.); (J.D.); (S.Z.); (D.V.); (L.B.K.)
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12
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Sui N, Zhang R, Jiang Y, Yu H, Xu G, Wang J, Zhu Y, Xie Z, Hu J, Jiang S. Nonstructural protein 2A2 from Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 inhibits interferon beta production by interaction with mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein and TANK-binding kinase 1. Vet Microbiol 2023; 280:109679. [PMID: 36822034 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) is essential for the regulation of host-virus interactions, and viruses have evolved strategies to escape the host immune response. Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) causes severe liver necrosis and hemorrhage, neurological symptoms, and high mortality in ducklings. However, how DHAV-1 interacts with the duck innate immune system remains unclear. In this study, DHAV-1-encoded proteins were cloned, and DHAV-1 2A2 was shown to strongly suppress IFN-β-luciferase activity, triggered by Sendai virus and polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], along with the transcription of IFN-β and downstream antiviral genes, including OASL, PKR, and TNF-a. In addition, 2A2 interacts with the central adaptor proteins mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) by its N-terminal 1-100 amino acids (aa), thus leading to the inhibition of IFN-β production. Importantly, the deletion of the N-terminal 1-100 aa region of 2A2 abolished inhibition of IFN-I production. Moreover, the transmembrane domain of the MAVS protein and the ubiquitin domain of TBK1 were demonstrated to be required for interaction with DHAV-1 2A2. These findings revealed a novel strategy by which DHAV-1 hijacks cellular immunosurveillance and provided new insights into controlling the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Sui
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Honglei Yu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Guige Xu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yanli Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Zhijing Xie
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Jiaqing Hu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China; Shandong GreenBlue Biotechnology Co. Ltd. Economic development zone, Tai'an 271400, China.
| | - Shijin Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China.
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13
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Liu H, Zhu Z, Xue Q, Yang F, Li Z, Xue Z, Cao W, He J, Guo J, Liu X, Shaw AE, King DP, Zheng H. Innate sensing of picornavirus infection involves cGAS-STING-mediated antiviral responses triggered by mitochondrial DNA release. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011132. [PMID: 36745686 PMCID: PMC9934381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) plays a key role in the innate immune responses to both DNA and RNA virus infection. Here, we found that enterovirus 71 (EV-A71), Seneca Valley virus (SVV), and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection triggered mitochondria damage and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release in vitro and vivo. These responses were mediated by picornavirus 2B proteins which induced mtDNA release during viral replication. SVV infection caused the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and led to voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1)- and BCL2 antagonist/killer 1 (Bak) and Bak/BCL2-associated X (Bax)-dependent mtDNA leakage into the cytoplasm, while EV-A71 and FMDV infection induced mPTP opening and resulted in VDAC1-dependent mtDNA release. The released mtDNA bound to cGAS and activated cGAS-mediated antiviral immune response. cGAS was essential for inhibiting EV-A71, SVV, and FMDV replication by regulation of IFN-β production. cGAS deficiency contributed to higher mortality of EV-A71- or FMDV-infected mice. In addition, we found that SVV 2C protein was responsible for decreasing cGAS expression through the autophagy pathway. The 9th and 153rd amino acid sites in 2C were critical for induction of cGAS degradation. Furthermore, we also show that EV-A71, CA16, and EMCV 2C antagonize the cGAS-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway through interaction with STING, and highly conserved amino acids Y155 and S156 were critical for this inhibitory effect. In conclusion, these data reveal novel mechanisms of picornaviruses to block the antiviral effect mediated by the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, which will provide insights for developing antiviral strategies against picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huisheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoning Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Andrew E. Shaw
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P. King
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Liu H, Zhu Z, Xue Q, Yang F, Cao W, Xue Z, Liu X, Zheng H. Picornavirus infection enhances aspartate by the SLC38A8 transporter to promote viral replication. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011126. [PMID: 36735752 PMCID: PMC9931120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease, a class of animal diseases, is caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The metabolic changes during FMDV infection remain unclear. Here, PK-15 cells, serum, and tonsils infected with FMDV were analyzed by metabolomics. A total of 284 metabolites in cells were significantly changed after FMDV infection, and most of them belong to amino acids and nucleotides. Further studies showed that FMDV infection significantly enhanced aspartate in vitro and in vivo. The amino acid transporter solute carrier family 38 member 8 (SLC38A8) was responsible for FMDV-upregulated aspartate. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Seneca Valley virus (SVV) infection also enhanced aspartate by SLC38A8. Aspartate aminotransferase activity was also elevated in FMDV-, EV71-, and SVV-infected cells, which may lead to reversible transition between the TCA cycle and amino acids synthesis. Aspartate and SLC38A8 were essential for FMDV, EV71, and SVV replication in cells. In addition, aspartate and SLC38A8 also promoted FMDV and EV71 replication in mice. Detailed analysis indicated that FMDV infection promoted the transfer of mTOR to lysosome to enhance interaction between mTOR and Rheb, and activated PI3K/AKT/TSC2/Rheb/mTOR/p70S6K1 pathway to promote viral replication. The mTORC1 signaling pathway was responsible for FMDV-induced SLC38A8 protein expression. For the first time, our data identified metabolic changes during FMDV infection. These data identified a novel mechanism used by FMDV to upregulate aspartate to promote viral replication and will provide new perspectives for developing new preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huisheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhaoning Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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15
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Weerawardhana A, Uddin MB, Choi JH, Pathinayake P, Shin SH, Chathuranga K, Park JH, Lee JS. Foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein 2B downregulates the RLR signaling pathway via degradation of RIG-I and MDA5. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1020262. [PMID: 36248821 PMCID: PMC9556895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus containing at least 13 proteins. Many of these proteins show immune modulation capabilities. As a non-structural protein of the FMDV, 2B is involved in the rearrangement of the host cell membranes and the disruption of the host secretory pathway as a viroporin. Previous studies have also shown that FMDV 2B plays a role in the modulation of host type-I interferon (IFN) responses through the inhibition of expression of RIG-I and MDA5, key cytosolic sensors of the type-I IFN signaling. However, the exact molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that FMDV 2B modulates host IFN signal pathway by the degradation of RIG-I and MDA5. FMDV 2B targeted the RIG-I for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation by recruiting E3 ubiquitin ligase ring finger protein 125 (RNF125) and also targeted MDA5 for apoptosis-induced caspase-3- and caspase-8-dependent degradation. Ultimately, FMDV 2B significantly inhibited RNA virus-induced IFN-β production. Importantly, we identified that the C-terminal amino acids 126-154 of FMDV 2B are essential for 2B-mediated degradation of the RIG-I and MDA5. Collectively, these results provide a clearer understanding of the specific molecular mechanisms used by FMDV 2B to inhibit the IFN responses and a rational approach to virus attenuation for future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asela Weerawardhana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Md Bashir Uddin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Medicine, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Joo-Hyung Choi
- Foot and Mouth Disease Division, Animal Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, South Korea
- Wildlife Disease Response Team, National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention (NIWDC), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Prabuddha Pathinayake
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Sung Ho Shin
- Foot and Mouth Disease Division, Animal Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Foot and Mouth Disease Division, Animal Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jong-Hyeon Park, ; Jong-Soo Lee,
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jong-Hyeon Park, ; Jong-Soo Lee,
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16
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Sarry M, Vitour D, Zientara S, Bakkali Kassimi L, Blaise-Boisseau S. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: Molecular Interplays with IFN Response and the Importance of the Model. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102129. [PMID: 36298684 PMCID: PMC9610432 DOI: 10.3390/v14102129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals with a significant socioeconomic impact. One of the issues related to this disease is the ability of its etiological agent, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), to persist in the organism of its hosts via underlying mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. The establishment of a virus–host equilibrium via protein–protein interactions could contribute to explaining these phenomena. FMDV has indeed developed numerous strategies to evade the immune response, especially the type I interferon response. Viral proteins target this innate antiviral response at different levels, ranging from blocking the detection of viral RNAs to inhibiting the expression of ISGs. The large diversity of impacts of these interactions must be considered in the light of the in vitro models that have been used to demonstrate them, some being sometimes far from biological systems. In this review, we have therefore listed the interactions between FMDV and the interferon response as exhaustively as possible, focusing on both their biological effect and the study models used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Sarry
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- AgroParisTech, 75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.B.-B.)
| | - Damien Vitour
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Labib Bakkali Kassimi
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sandra Blaise-Boisseau
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.B.-B.)
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17
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Yin M, Wen W, Wang H, Zhao Q, Zhu H, Chen H, Li X, Qian P. Porcine Sapelovirus 3Cpro Inhibits the Production of Type I Interferon. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:852473. [PMID: 35782136 PMCID: PMC9240219 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.852473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) is the causative pathogen of reproductive obstacles, acute diarrhea, respiratory distress, or severe polioencephalomyelitis in swine. Nevertheless, the pathogenicity and pathogenic mechanism of PSV infection are not fully understood, which hinders disease prevention and control. In this study, we found that PSV was sensitive to type I interferon (IFN-β). However, PSV could not activate the IFN-β promoter and induce IFN-β mRNA expression, indicating that PSV has evolved an effective mechanism to block IFN-β production. Further study showed that PSV inhibited the production of IFN-β by cleaving mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) and degrading melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) through viral 3Cpro. In addition, our study demonstrated that PSV 3Cpro degrades MDA5 and TBK1 through its protease activity and cleaves MAVS through the caspase pathway. Collectively, our results revealed that PSV inhibits the production of type I interferon to escape host antiviral immunity through cleaving and degrading the adaptor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiongqiong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Hechao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic ProductsAgriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal DiseaseTechnology of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic ProductsAgriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal DiseaseTechnology of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangmin Li, ; Ping Qian,
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic ProductsAgriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal DiseaseTechnology of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangmin Li, ; Ping Qian,
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18
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Liu H, Li K, Chen W, Yang F, Cao W, Zhang K, Li P, Tang L, Zhu Z, Zheng H. Senecavirus A 2B protein suppresses type I interferon production by inducing the degradation of MAVS. Mol Immunol 2021; 142:11-21. [PMID: 34959069 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is an oncolytic virus, which can propagate in human tumor cells and has been used as an oncolytic virotherapy candidate in humans. Besides, SVA circulates in pigs and causes vesicles and coalescing erosions on the snouts and coronary bands in infected pigs and results in neonatal morbidity. SVA has evolved the ability to suppress host innate immune response to benefit viral replication. SVA 3Cpro and 2C protein inhibit the production of host type I interferon (IFN) by degradation of several components of innate immune pathway. In this study, for the first time, we determined that SVA 2B antagonized host innate immune response in both human and porcine cells. SVA 2B protein degraded mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), a key host molecule in the innate immune pathway, and a colocalization and interaction between 2B and MAVS was observed in the context of viral infection. Further study showed that the 1-48 and 100-128 regions of 2B were essential for inhibition of type I IFN expression. In addition, we determined that 2B degraded MAVS depending on caspase-9 and caspase-3. In conclusion, our results revealed a novel strategy for SVA 2B protein to antagonize host innate immune response, which will help for clarification of the pathogenesis of SVA and provide an insight for oncolytic virotherapy of SVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Kangli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Wenzhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China.
| | - Lijie Tang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China.
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, PR China
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19
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Xiao Y, Lidsky PV, Shirogane Y, Aviner R, Wu CT, Li W, Zheng W, Talbot D, Catching A, Doitsh G, Su W, Gekko CE, Nayak A, Ernst JD, Brodsky L, Brodsky E, Rousseau E, Capponi S, Bianco S, Nakamura R, Jackson PK, Frydman J, Andino R. A defective viral genome strategy elicits broad protective immunity against respiratory viruses. Cell 2021; 184:6037-6051.e14. [PMID: 34852237 PMCID: PMC8598942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RNA viruses generate defective viral genomes (DVGs) that can interfere with replication of the parental wild-type virus. To examine their therapeutic potential, we created a DVG by deleting the capsid-coding region of poliovirus. Strikingly, intraperitoneal or intranasal administration of this genome, which we termed eTIP1, elicits an antiviral response, inhibits replication, and protects mice from several RNA viruses, including enteroviruses, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2. While eTIP1 replication following intranasal administration is limited to the nasal cavity, its antiviral action extends non-cell-autonomously to the lungs. eTIP1 broad-spectrum antiviral effects are mediated by both local and distal type I interferon responses. Importantly, while a single eTIP1 dose protects animals from SARS-CoV-2 infection, it also stimulates production of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies that afford long-lasting protection from SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. Thus, eTIP1 is a safe and effective broad-spectrum antiviral generating short- and long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Peter V Lidsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuta Shirogane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ranen Aviner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chien-Ting Wu
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Weiyi Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Weihao Zheng
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Dale Talbot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Aleph Therapeutics, Inc., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adam Catching
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gilad Doitsh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Weiheng Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Colby E Gekko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Arabinda Nayak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joel D Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Leonid Brodsky
- Tauber Bioinformatics Research Center and Department of Evolutionary & Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | | | - Elsa Rousseau
- Functional Genomics and Cellular Engineering, AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | - Sara Capponi
- Functional Genomics and Cellular Engineering, AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | - Simone Bianco
- Functional Genomics and Cellular Engineering, AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | | | - Peter K Jackson
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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20
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Identification of a B-Cell Epitope in the VP3 Protein of Senecavirus A. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112300. [PMID: 34835106 PMCID: PMC8621820 DOI: 10.3390/v13112300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a member of the genus Senecavirus of the family Picornaviridae. SVA-associated vesicular disease (SAVD) outbreaks have been extensively reported since 2014–2015. Characteristic symptoms include vesicular lesions on the snout and feet as well as lameness in adult pigs and even death in piglets. The capsid protein VP3, a structural protein of SVA, is involved in viral replication and genome packaging. Here, we developed and characterized a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3E9 against VP3. A motif 192GWFSLHKLTK201 was identified as the linear B-cell epitope recognized by mAb 3E9 by using a panel of GFP-tagged epitope polypeptides. Sequence alignments show that 192GWFSLHKLTK201 was highly conserved in all SVA strains. Subsequently, alanine (A)-scanning mutagenesis indicated that W193, F194, L196, and H197 were the critical residues recognized by mAb 3E9. Further investigation with indirect immunofluorescence assay indicated that the VP3 protein was present in the cytoplasm during SVA replication. In addition, the mAb 3E9 specifically immunoprecipitated the VP3 protein from SVA-infected cells. Taken together, our results indicate that mAb 3E9 could be a powerful tool to work on the function of the VP3 protein during virus infection.
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21
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Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus VP3 Protein Acts as a Critical Proinflammatory Factor by Promoting Toll-Like Receptor 4-Mediated Signaling. J Virol 2021; 95:e0112021. [PMID: 34524915 PMCID: PMC8577349 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01120-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection in cloven-hoofed animals causes severe inflammatory symptoms, including blisters on the oral mucosa, hoof, and breast; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the inflammatory response is unclear. In this study, we provide the first evidence that the FMDV protein VP3 activates lipopolysaccharide-triggered Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. FMDV VP3 increased the expression of TLR4 by downregulating the expression of the lysozyme-related protein Rab7b. Additionally, Rab7b can interact with VP3 to promote the replication of FMDV. Our findings suggested that VP3 regulates the Rab7b-TLR4 axis to mediate the inflammatory response to FMDV. IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection causes a severe inflammatory response in cloven-hoofed animals, such as pigs, cattle, and sheep, with typical clinical manifestations of high fever, numerous blisters on the oral mucosa, hoof, and breast, as well as myocarditis (tigroid heart). However, the mechanism underlying the inflammatory response caused by FMDV is enigmatic. In this study, we identified the VP3 protein of FMDV as an important proinflammatory factor. Mechanistically, VP3 interacted with TLR4 to promote TLR4 expression by inhibiting the expression of the lysozyme-related protein Rab7b. Our findings suggest that FMDV VP3 is a major proinflammatory factor in FMDV-infected hosts.
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22
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African Swine Fever Virus F317L Protein Inhibits NF-κB Activation To Evade Host Immune Response and Promote Viral Replication. mSphere 2021; 6:e0065821. [PMID: 34668754 PMCID: PMC8527992 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00658-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and deadly viral disease affecting pigs, with up to a 100% case fatality rate. The causative agent, African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a large multienveloped DNA virus which is the sole member of the family Asfarviridae. The double-stranded DNA genome of ASFV encodes more than 150 proteins; the functions of more than half of these viral proteins remain unknown. In this study, we determined that the uncharacterized protein F317L of ASFV had an antagonistic function against host innate immune response. F317L impaired NF-κB pathway activation by disruption of NF-κB activity. F317L interacted with IκB kinase β (IKKβ) and suppressed its phosphorylation, which subsequently reduced phosphorylation and ubiquitination of IκBα and enhanced IκBα stabilization. The accumulation of IκBα then blocked NF-κB activation and inhibited its nuclear translocation, resulting in decreased expression of various proinflammatory cytokines. As expected, overexpression of F317L promoted ASFV replication, and knockdown of F317L expression suppressed ASFV replication. This also indicated the crucial role of NF-κB pathway signaling in suppression of ASFV replication. Truncation mutation analysis indicated that the region spanning amino acids 109 to 208 of F317L was critical for inhibition of NF-κB activity. This is the first report about the function of F317L protein of ASFV, which provides insights for investigation of ASFV immune evasion mechanisms and development of ASFV live-attenuated vaccine. IMPORTANCE African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most important pig diseases, causing a high case fatality rate and trade restrictions upon reported outbreaks. The limited understanding of the functions of the proteins of the causative agent, African swine fever virus (ASFV), has become a primary barrier to developing available commercial ASFV vaccines. ASFV infection causes severe immunosuppression. However, the mechanisms are still poorly understood. Identification of the viral factors responsible for causing immunosuppression will provide targets for developing ASFV live-attenuated vaccine through deletion of these viral factors. In this study, we determined that the uncharacterized protein F317L of ASFV had an antagonistic function against host innate immune response. Knockdown of F317L expression clearly inhibited ASFV replication. This is the first report about the function of F317L protein of ASFV, which provides new data to understand how ASFV inhibits host innate immune response and provides insights for developing ASFV live-attenuated vaccine.
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Ekanayaka P, Lee BH, Weerawardhana A, Chathuranga K, Park JH, Lee JS. Inhibition of MAVS Aggregation-Mediated Type-I Interferon Signaling by Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus VP3. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091776. [PMID: 34578357 PMCID: PMC8473216 DOI: 10.3390/v13091776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As a structural protein of the Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), VP3 plays a vital role in virus assembly and inhibiting the interferon (IFN) signal transduction to promote FMDV replication. Previous studies demonstrated that FMDV VP3 blocks the type-I IFN response by inhibiting the mRNA expression of the mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS); however, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we describe the specificity of FMDV VP3 interaction with the transmembrane (TM) domain of MAVS as FMDV driven type-I IFN inhibitory mechanism for its effective replication. The TM domain of MAVS governs the mitochondria localization of MAVS, and it is a key factor in type-I IFN signaling transduction via MAVS aggregation. Thereby, the interaction of FMDV VP3 with the TM domain of MAVS leads to the inhibition of MAVS mitochondria localization, self-association, and aggregation, resulting in the suppression of type-I IFN response. Collectively, these results provide a clear understanding of a key molecular mechanism used by the FMDV VP3 for the suppression of IFN responses via targeting MAVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathum Ekanayaka
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (P.E.); (B.-H.L.); (A.W.); (K.C.)
| | - Byeong-Hoon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (P.E.); (B.-H.L.); (A.W.); (K.C.)
| | - Asela Weerawardhana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (P.E.); (B.-H.L.); (A.W.); (K.C.)
| | - Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (P.E.); (B.-H.L.); (A.W.); (K.C.)
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea;
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (P.E.); (B.-H.L.); (A.W.); (K.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-(42)-821-6753; Fax: +82-(42)-825-7910
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African Swine Fever Virus E120R Protein Inhibits Interferon Beta Production by Interacting with IRF3 To Block Its Activation. J Virol 2021; 95:e0082421. [PMID: 34190598 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00824-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is a devastating disease of swine caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). The pathogenesis of the disease remains largely unknown, leaving the spread of the disease uncontrolled in many countries and regions. Here, we identified E120R, a structural protein of ASFV, as a key virulence factor and late-phase-expressed protein of the virus. E120R revealed an activity to suppress the host antiviral response through blocking beta interferon (IFN-β) production, and the amino acids (aa) at sites 72 and 73 (amino acids 72-73) in the C-terminal domain were essential for this function. E120R interacted with interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and interfered with the recruitment of IRF3 to TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which in turn suppressed IRF3 phosphorylation, decreasing interferon production. A recombinant mutant ASFV was further constructed to confirm the claimed mechanism. The ASFV lacking the complete E120R region could not be rescued, whereas the virus could tolerate the deletion of the 72nd and 73rd residues in E120R (ASFV E120R-Δ72-73aa). ASFV E120R with the two-amino-acid deletion failed to interact with IRF3 during ASFV E120R-Δ72-73aa infection, and the viral infection activated IRF3 phosphorylation highly and induced more robust type I interferon production than its parental ASFV. An unbiased transcriptome-wide analysis of gene expression also confirmed that considerably more IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) were detected in ASFV E120R-Δ72-73aa-infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) than in wild-type ASFV-infected PAMs. Together, our findings have identified a novel mechanism evolved by ASFV to inhibit the host antiviral response, and they provide a new target for guiding the development of ASFV live-attenuated vaccine. IMPORTANCE African swine fever is a highly contagious animal disease affecting the pig industry worldwide, which has brought enormous economic losses. Infection by the causative agent, African swine fever virus (ASFV), causes severe immunosuppression during viral infection, contributing to serious clinical manifestations. Therefore, identification of the viral proteins involved in immunosuppression is critical for ASFV vaccine design and development. Here, for the first time, we demonstrated that E120R protein, a structural protein of ASFV, played an important role in suppression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation and type I interferon production by binding to IRF3 and blocking the recruitment of IRF3 to TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Deletion of the crucial binding sites in E120R critically increased the interferon response during ASFV infection. This study explored a novel antagonistic mechanism of ASFV, which is critical for guiding the development of ASFV live-attenuated vaccines.
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Antigenicity and Immunogenicity Analysis of the E. coli Expressed FMDV Structural Proteins; VP1, VP0, VP3 of the South African Territories Type 2 Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061005. [PMID: 34072100 PMCID: PMC8227194 DOI: 10.3390/v13061005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An alternative vaccine design approach and diagnostic kits are highly required against the anticipated pandemicity caused by the South African Territories type 2 (SAT2) Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). However, the distinct antigenicity and immunogenicity of VP1, VP0, and VP3 of FMDV serotype SAT2 are poorly understood. Similarly, the particular roles of the three structural proteins in novel vaccine design and development remain unexplained. We therefore constructed VP1, VP0, and VP3 encoding gene (SAT2:JX014256 strain) separately fused with His-SUMO (histidine-small ubiquitin-related modifier) inserted into pET-32a cassette to express the three recombinant proteins and separately evaluated their antigenicity and immunogenicity in mice. The fusion protein was successfully expressed and purified by the Ni-NTA resin chromatography. The level of serum antibody, spleen lymphocyte proliferation, and cytokines against the three distinct recombinant proteins were analyzed. Results showed that the anti-FMDV humoral response was triggered by these proteins, and the fusion proteins did enhance the splenocyte immune response in the separately immunized mice. We observed low variations among the three fusion proteins in terms of the antibody and cytokine production in mice. Hence, in this study, results demonstrated that the structural proteins of SAT2 FMDV could be used for the development of immunodiagnostic kits and subunit vaccine designs.
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Guan J, Han S, Wu J, Zhang Y, Bai M, Abdullah SW, Sun S, Guo H. Ribosomal Protein L13 Participates in Innate Immune Response Induced by Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:616402. [PMID: 34093518 PMCID: PMC8173215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.616402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to ribosomal protein synthesis and protein translation, ribosomal proteins also participate in tumorigenesis and tumor progression, immune responses, and viral replication. Here, we show that ribosomal protein L13 (RPL13) participates in the antiviral immune response induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), inhibiting FMDV replication. The overexpression of RPL13 promoted the induction and activation of the promoters of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and interferon-β (IFN-β) genes, and the expression and protein secretion of the antiviral factor IFN-β and proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). The knockdown of RPL13 had the opposite effects. We also found that the FMDV 3Cpro protease interacts with RPL13, and that its activity reduces the expression of RPL13, thus antagonizing the RPL13-mediated antiviral activity. This study extends our knowledge of the extraribosomal functions of ribosomal proteins and provides new scientific information on cellular antiviral defenses and virus-antagonizing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Office International des Epizootie (OIE)/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shichong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Office International des Epizootie (OIE)/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jin'en Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Office International des Epizootie (OIE)/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Office International des Epizootie (OIE)/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Manyuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Office International des Epizootie (OIE)/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sahibzada Waheed Abdullah
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Office International des Epizootie (OIE)/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Office International des Epizootie (OIE)/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Office International des Epizootie (OIE)/China National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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Mahajan S, Sharma GK, Bora K, Pattnaik B. Identification of novel interactions between host and non-structural protein 2C of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33729124 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2C protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is reported to play a critical role in the virus replication complex and modulating the host's immune response. However, the underlying molecular intricacies of subversion of cellular machinery remains poorly understood, thus emphasizing the need to study 2C-host interactions. In this study, we identified the host proteins interacting with the 2C using yeast-two hybrid (Y2H) approach, which is one of the most recognized, high-throughput tools to study protein-protein interactions. The FMDV-2C bait was characterized for auto-activation, toxicity, and expression and was found to be suitable for mating with cDNA library. On preliminary screening a total of 32 interacting host proteins were identified which were reduced to 22 on subsequent confirmation with alternative yeast based assays. Amongst these, NMI/2C interaction has been reported earlier by Wang et al. (2012) and remaining 21 are novel interactions. The Reactome analysis has revealed the role of the identified host proteins in cellular pathways exploited by 2C during FMDV replication. We also confirmed interaction of MARCH7, an E3 ubiquitin ligase with 2C using mammalian two-hybrid system and co-immunoprecipitation. This study leads to the identification of novel 2C interacting host proteins which enhance our understanding of 2C-host interface and may provide checkpoints for development of potential therapeutics against FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonalika Mahajan
- Present address: Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.,ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, 263138, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar Sharma
- Present address: Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.,ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, 263138, India
| | - Kavita Bora
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, 263138, India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, 263138, India
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Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Structural Protein VP1 Destroys the Stability of TPL2 Trimer by Degradation TPL2 to Evade Host Antiviral Immunity. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02149-20. [PMID: 33361430 PMCID: PMC8092693 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02149-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2) is a serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the mitogen-activated protein 3 kinase (MAP3K) family, and it plays an important role in pathogen infection. The trimer complex of TPL2, p105, and ABIN2 is essential for maintenance of TPL2 steady-state levels and host cell response to pathogens. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a positive-strand RNA virus of the family Picornaviridae that encodes proteins capable of antagonizing host immune responses to achieve infection. The VP1 protein of FMDV is a multifunctional protein that can bind host cells and induce an immune response as well as cell apoptosis. However, the role and mechanisms of TPL2 in FMDV infection remain unknown. Here, we determined that FMDV infection could inhibit TPL2, p105, and ABIN2 at the transcription and protein levels, while VP1 could only inhibit TPL2, p105 and ABIN2 at protein level. TPL2 inhibited the replication of FMDV in vivo and in vitro, the 268 to 283 amino-acid region in the TPL2 kinase domain was essential for interaction with VP1. Moreover, VP1 promoted K48-linked polyubiquitination of TPL2 and degraded TPL2 by the proteasome pathway. However, VP1-induced degradation of p105 and ABIN2 was independent of proteasome, autophagy, lysosome, and caspase-dependent pathways. Further studies showed that VP1 destroyed the stability of the TPL2-p105-ABIN2 complex. Taken together, these results revealed that VP1 antagonized TPL2-meditated antivirus activity by degrading TPL2 and destroying its complex. These findings may contribute to understand FMDV-host interactions and improve development of a novel vaccine to prevent FMDV infection.Importance Virus-host interactions are critical for virus infection. This study was the first to demonstrate the antiviral effect of host TPL2 during FMDV replication by increasing production of interferons and antiviral cytokines. Both FMDV and VP1 protein can reduce host TPL2, ABIN2 and p105 to destroy TPL2-p105-ABIN2 trimer complex. VP1 interacted with TPL2 and degrade TPL2 via proteasome pathway to repress TPL2-mediated antivirus activity. This study provided new insights into FMDV immune evasion mechanisms, elucidating new informations regarding FMDV counteraction of host antivirus activity.
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Li K, Wang C, Yang F, Cao W, Zhu Z, Zheng H. Virus-Host Interactions in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:571509. [PMID: 33717061 PMCID: PMC7952751 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.571509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which has been regarded as a persistent challenge for the livestock industry in many countries. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the etiological agent of FMD that can spread rapidly by direct and indirect transmission. FMDV is internalized into host cell by the interaction between FMDV capsid proteins and cellular receptors. When the virus invades into the cells, the host antiviral system is quickly activated to suppress the replication of the virus and remove the virus. To retain fitness and host adaptation, various viruses have evolved multiple elegant strategies to manipulate host machine and circumvent the host antiviral responses. Therefore, identification of virus-host interactions is critical for understanding the host defense against virus infections and the pathogenesis of the viral infectious diseases. This review elaborates on the virus-host interactions during FMDV infection to summarize the pathogenic mechanisms of FMD, and we hope it can provide insights for designing effective vaccines or drugs to prevent and control the spread of FMD and other diseases caused by picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Han Y, Xie J, Xu S, Bi Y, Li X, Zhang H, Idris A, Bai J, Feng R. Encephalomyocarditis Virus Abrogates the Interferon Beta Signaling Pathway via Its Structural Protein VP2. J Virol 2021; 95:e01590-20. [PMID: 33328314 PMCID: PMC8094936 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01590-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral responses are critical for modulating host-virus responses, and indeed, viruses have evolved strategies to antagonize this pathway. Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is an important zoonotic pathogen, which causes myocarditis, encephalitis, neurological disease, reproductive disorders, and diabetes in pigs. This study aims to understand how EMCV interacts with the IFN pathway. EMCV circumvents the type I IFN response by expressing proteins that antagonize cellular innate immunity. Here, we show that EMCV VP2 is a negative regulator of the IFN-β pathway. This occurs via the degradation of the MDA5-mediated cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) antiviral sensing RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) pathway. We show that structural protein VP2 of EMCV interacts with MDA5, MAVS, and TBK1 through its C terminus. In addition, we found that EMCV VP2 could significantly degrade RLRs by the proteasomal and lysosomal pathways. For the first time, EMCV VP2 was shown to play an important role in EMCV evasion of the type I IFN signaling pathway. This study expands our understanding that EMCV utilizes its capsid protein VP2 to evade the host antiviral response.IMPORTANCE Encephalomyocarditis virus is an important pathogen that can cause encephalitis, myocarditis, neurological diseases, and reproductive disorders. It also causes huge economic losses for the swine industry worldwide. Innate immunity plays an important role in defending the host from pathogen infection. Understanding pathogen microorganisms evading the host immune system is of great importance. Currently, whether EMCV evades cytosolic RNA sensing and signaling is still poorly understood. In the present study, we found that viral protein VP2 antagonized the RLR signaling pathway by degrading MDA5, MAVS, and TBK1 protein expression to facilitate viral replication in HEK293 cells. The findings in this study identify a new mechanism for EMCV evading the host's innate immune response, which provide new insights into the virus-host interaction and help develop new antiviral approaches against EMCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Han
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingying Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shujuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Bi
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Adi Idris
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jialin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruofei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
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Kim H, Kim AY, Choi J, Park SY, Park SH, Kim JS, Lee SI, Park JH, Park CK, Ko YJ. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Evades Innate Immune Response by 3C-Targeting of MDA5. Cells 2021; 10:271. [PMID: 33572945 PMCID: PMC7912020 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease caused by FMD virus (FMDV) in cloven-hoofed animals. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) are representative receptors in the cytoplasm for the detection of viral RNA and trigger antiviral responses, leading to the production of type I interferon. Although MDA5 is a crucial receptor for sensing picornavirus RNA, the interplay between MDA5 and FMDV is relatively unknown compared to the interplay between RIG-I and FMDV. Here, we observed that the FMDV infection inhibits MDA5 protein expression. Of the non-structural proteins, the Lb and 3C proteinases (Lbpro and 3Cpro) were identified to be primarily responsible for this inhibition. However, the inhibition by 3Cpro was independent of proteasome, lysosome and caspase-dependent pathway and was by 3C protease activity. A direct interaction between 3Cpro and MDA5 protein was observed. In conclusion, this is the first report that 3Cpro inhibits MDA5 protein expression as a mechanism to evade the innate immune response during FMDV infection. These results elucidate the pathogenesis of FMDV and provide fundamental insights for the development of a novel vaccine or therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.K.); (A.-Y.K.); (J.C.); (S.Y.P.); (S.H.P.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-I.L.); (J.-H.P.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Ah-Young Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.K.); (A.-Y.K.); (J.C.); (S.Y.P.); (S.H.P.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-I.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jieun Choi
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.K.); (A.-Y.K.); (J.C.); (S.Y.P.); (S.H.P.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-I.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Sun Young Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.K.); (A.-Y.K.); (J.C.); (S.Y.P.); (S.H.P.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-I.L.); (J.-H.P.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.K.); (A.-Y.K.); (J.C.); (S.Y.P.); (S.H.P.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-I.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jae-Seok Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.K.); (A.-Y.K.); (J.C.); (S.Y.P.); (S.H.P.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-I.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Sim-In Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.K.); (A.-Y.K.); (J.C.); (S.Y.P.); (S.H.P.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-I.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.K.); (A.-Y.K.); (J.C.); (S.Y.P.); (S.H.P.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-I.L.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Ko
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.K.); (A.-Y.K.); (J.C.); (S.Y.P.); (S.H.P.); (J.-S.K.); (S.-I.L.); (J.-H.P.)
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Hao J, Shen C, Wei N, Yan M, Zhang X, Xu G, Zhang D, Hou J, Cao W, Jin Y, Zhang K, Zheng H, Liu X. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Capsid Protein VP1 Antagonizes TPL2-Mediated Activation of the IRF3/IFN-β Signaling Pathway to Facilitate the Virus Replication. Front Immunol 2021; 11:580334. [PMID: 33488582 PMCID: PMC7821752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.580334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe, highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. In order to establish an infection, the FMD virus (FMDV) needs to counteract host antiviral responses. Tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2), a mitogen-activated protein kinase, can regulate innate and adaptive immunity; however, its exact mechanisms underlying TPL2-mediated regulation of the pathogenesis of FMDV infection remain unknown. In this study, we confirmed that TPL2 could inhibit FMDV replication in vitro and in vivo. The virus replication increased in Tpl2-deficient suckling mice in association with reduced expression of interferon-stimulated genes interferon-α (IFN-α) and myxovirus resistance (MX2) and significantly reduced expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and IRF7, while the phosphorylation of IRF3 was not detected. Moreover, the interactions between TPL2 and VP1 were also confirmed. The overexpression of TPL2 promoted IRF3-mediated dose-dependent activation of the IFN-β signaling pathway in association with interactions between IRF3 and TPL2. VP1 also inhibited phosphorylation of TPL2 at Thr290, while Thr290 resulted as the key functional site associated with the TPL2-mediated antiviral response. Taken together, this study indicated that FMDV capsid protein VP1 antagonizes TPL2-mediated activation of the IRF3/IFN-β signaling pathway for immune escape and facilitated virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chaochao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Nannan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Minghao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuegang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ye Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, China
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Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Inhibits RIP2 Protein Expression to Promote Viral Replication. Virol Sin 2021; 36:608-622. [PMID: 33400090 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptors interaction protein 2 (RIP2) is a specific adaptor molecule in the downstream of NOD2. The role of RIP2 during foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection remains unknown. Here, our results showed that RIP2 inhibited FMDV replication and played an important role in the activation of IFN-β and NF-ĸB signal pathways during FMDV infection. FMDV infection triggered RIP2 transcription, while it reduced the expression of RIP2 protein. Detailed analysis showed that FMDV 2B, 2C, 3Cpro, and Lpro proteins were responsible for inducing the reduction of RIP2 protein. 3Cpro and Lpro are viral proteinases that can induce the cleavage or reduction of many host proteins and block host protein synthesis. The carboxyl terminal 105-114 and 135-144 regions of 2B were essential for reduction of RIP2. Our results also showed that the N terminal 1-61 region of 2C were essential for the reduction of RIP2. The 2C-induced reduction of RIP2 was dependent on inducing the reduction of poly(A)-binding protein 1 (PABPC1). The interaction between RIP2 and 2C was observed in the context of viral infection, and the residues 1-61 were required for the interaction. These data clarify novel mechanisms of reduction of RIP2 mediated by FMDV.
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Ekanayaka P, Lee SY, Herath TUB, Kim JH, Kim TH, Lee H, Chathuranga K, Chathuranga WAG, Park JH, Lee JS. Foot-and-mouth disease virus VP1 target the MAVS to inhibit type-I interferon signaling and VP1 E83K mutation results in virus attenuation. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009057. [PMID: 33232374 PMCID: PMC7723281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
VP1, a pivotal capsid protein encoded by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), plays an important role in receptor-mediated attachment and humoral immune responses. Previous studies show that amino acid changes in the VP1 protein of cell culture-adapted strains of FMDV alter the properties of the virus. In addition, FMDV VP1 modulates host IFN signal transduction. Here, we examined the ability of cell culture-adapted FMDV VP1(83K) and wild-type FMDV VP1(83E) to evade host immunity by blocking mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS)/TNF Receptor Associated Factor 3 (TRAF3) mediated cellular innate responses. Wild-type FMDV VP1(83E) interacted specifically with C-terminal TRAF3-binding site within MAVS and this interaction inhibited binding of TRAF3 to MAVS, thereby suppressing interferon-mediated responses. This was not observed for cell culture-adapted FMDV VP1(83K). Finally, chimeric FMDV harboring VP1(83K) showed very low pathogenicity in pigs. Collectively, these data highlight a critical role of VP1 with respect to suppression of type-I IFN pathway and attenuation of FMDV by the E83K mutation in VP1. Foot-and-Mouth disease (FMD), a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, causes huge economic losses. To generate a FMD vaccine, cell culture-adapted strains of FMDV that show improved growth properties and allow repeated passage are needed. Generally, adaptation of field-isolated FMDV is accompanied by changes in viral properties, including amino acid mutations. A VP1 E83K mutation in cell culture-adapted FMDV was identified previously; here, we examined the impact of VP1 E83K on virus pathogenicity and type-I IFN pathway. Cell culture-adapted FMDV O1 Manisa, and highly virulent strain of O/Andong/SKR/2010, acquired the E83K mutation in the VP1 protein, which attenuated the virus via disposing VP1 mediate negative regulation ability of host cellular IFN responses. The data suggest a rational approach to viral propagation in cell culture and virus attenuation, which could be utilized for future development of FMDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathum Ekanayaka
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yong Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea.,FVC, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Thilina U B Herath
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuncheol Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - W A Gayan Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Zhang X, Zhu Z, Wang C, Yang F, Cao W, Li P, Du X, Zhao F, Liu X, Zheng H. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus 3B Protein Interacts with Pattern Recognition Receptor RIG-I to Block RIG-I-Mediated Immune Signaling and Inhibit Host Antiviral Response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:2207-2221. [PMID: 32917788 PMCID: PMC7533709 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious disease of pigs, sheep, goats, bovine, and various wild cloven-hoofed animals caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) that has given rise to significant economic loss to global livestock industry. FMDV 3B protein is an important determinant of virulence of the virus. Modifications in 3B protein of FMDV considerably decrease virus yield. In the current study, we demonstrated the significant role of 3B protein in suppression of type I IFN production and host antiviral response in both human embryonic kidney HEK293T cells and porcine kidney PK-15 cells. We found that 3B protein interacted with the viral RNA sensor RIG-I to block RIG-I-mediated immune signaling. 3B protein did not affect the expression of RIG-I but interacted with RIG-I to block the interaction between RIG-I and the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM25, which prevented the TRIM25-mediated, Lys63-linked ubiquitination and activation of RIG-I. This inhibition of RIG-I-mediated immune signaling by 3B protein decreased IFN-β, IFN-stimulated genes, and proinflammatory cytokines expression, which in turn promoted FMDV replication. All of the three nonidentical copies of 3B could inhibit type I IFN production, and the aa 17A in each copy of 3B was involved in suppression of IFN-related antiviral response during FMDV infection in porcine cells. Together, our results indicate the role of 3B in suppression of host innate immune response and reveal a novel antagonistic mechanism of FMDV that is mediated by 3B protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangle Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Xiaoli Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Furong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China; and
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China;
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36
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Peng J, Yi J, Yang W, Ren J, Wen Y, Zheng H, Li D. Advances in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Proteins Regulating Host Innate Immunity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2046. [PMID: 33162944 PMCID: PMC7581685 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals such as pigs, cattle, and sheep. The disease is caused by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) which has a non-enveloped virion with icosahedral symmetry that encapsulates a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome of ∼8.4 kb. FMDV infection causes obvious immunosuppressive effects on the host. In recent years, studies on the immunosuppressive mechanism of FMDV have become a popular topic. In addition, studies have shown that many FMDV proteins are involved in the regulation of host innate immunity and have revealed mechanisms by which FMDV proteins mediate host innate immunity. In this review, advances in studies on the mechanisms of interaction between FMDV proteins and host innate immunity are summarized to provide a comprehensive understanding of FMDV pathogenesis and the theoretical basis for FMD prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangling Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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MiR-4334-5p Facilitates Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Propagation by Suppressing Interferon Pathways via Direct Targeting ID1. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101136. [PMID: 32992599 PMCID: PMC7601639 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that the host microRNAs (miRNAs) are important intracellular regulators and play pivotal roles in intricate host-pathogen interaction networks. In our previous studies, ssc-microRNA-4334-5p (miR-4334-5p) was identified as a differentially expressed miRNA in microarray-based miRNAs profiling experiment, but whether miR-4334-5p regulates foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) propagation is less understood. Here, we demonstrated that miR-4334-5p expression level was up-regulated shortly after FMDV infection, transfection of miR-4334-5p mimics promoted, while inhibitor transfection suppressed FMDV replication correspondingly. Further bioinformatic analysis and experimental study suggested ID1 was the direct target of miR-4334-5p, suppressing FMDV replication by regulating interferon (IFN) pathways. These findings shed light on microRNAs-ID1-interferon axis in regulating FMDV replication.
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Yang B, Zhang X, Zhang D, Hou J, Xu G, Sheng C, Choudhury SM, Zhu Z, Li D, Zhang K, Zheng H, Liu X. Molecular Mechanisms of Immune Escape for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090729. [PMID: 32899635 PMCID: PMC7558374 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious vesicular disease in cloven-hoofed livestock that results in severe consequences for international trade, posing a great economic threat to agriculture. The FMDV infection antagonizes the host immune responses via different signaling pathways to achieve immune escape. Strategies to escape the cell immune system are key to effective infection and pathogenesis. This review is focused on summarizing the recent advances to understand how the proteins encoded by FMDV antagonize the host innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Keshan Zhang
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-15214078335 (K.Z.)
| | - Haixue Zheng
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-15214078335 (K.Z.)
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Zhang X, Paget M, Wang C, Zhu Z, Zheng H. Innate immune evasion by picornaviruses. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1268-1282. [PMID: 32767562 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The family Picornaviridae comprises a large number of viruses that cause disease in broad spectrum of hosts, which have posed serious public health concerns worldwide and led to significant economic burden. A comprehensive understanding of the virus-host interactions during picornavirus infections will help to prevent and cure these diseases. Upon picornavirus infection, host pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) sense viral RNA to activate host innate immune responses. The activated PRRs initiate signal transduction through a series of adaptor proteins, which leads to activation of several kinases and transcription factors, and contributes to the consequent expression of interferons (IFNs), IFN-inducible antiviral genes, as well as various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In contrast, to maintain viral replication and spread, picornaviruses have evolved several elegant strategies to block innate immune signaling and hinder host antiviral response. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress of how the members of family Picornaviridae counteract host immune response through evasion of PRRs detection, blocking activation of adaptor molecules and kinases, disrupting transcription factors, as well as counteraction of antiviral restriction factors. Such knowledge of immune evasion will help us better understand the pathogenesis of picornaviruses, and provide insights into developing antiviral strategies and improvement of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangle Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Max Paget
- Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA, U.S.A
| | - Congcong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
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40
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Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus 3A Protein Causes Upregulation of Autophagy-Related Protein LRRC25 To Inhibit the G3BP1-Mediated RIG-Like Helicase-Signaling Pathway. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02086-19. [PMID: 31996428 PMCID: PMC7108857 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02086-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 3A inhibits retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like helicase signaling by degrading G3BP1 protein. Furthermore, FMDV 3A reduces G3BP1 by upregulating the expression of autophagy-related protein LRRC25. Additionally, other picornavirus 3A proteins, such as Seneca Valley virus (SVV) 3A, enterovirus 71 (EV71) 3A, and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) 3A, also degrade G3BP1 by upregulating LRRC25 expression. This study will help us improve the design of current vaccines and aid the development of novel control strategies to combat FMD. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is one of the most notorious pathogens in the global livestock industry. To establish an infection, FMDV needs to counteract host antiviral responses. Several studies have shown how FMDV suppresses the type I interferon (IFN) response; however, whether FMDV modulates the integrated autophagy and innate immunity remains largely unknown. Here, the porcine Ras-GAP SH3-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) was shown to promote the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like helicase (RLH) signaling by upregulating the expression of RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5). FMDV nonstructural protein 3A interacted with G3BP1 to inhibit G3BP1 expression and G3BP1-mediated RLH signaling by upregulating the expression of autophagy-related protein LRRC25. In addition, 3A proteins of other picornaviruses, including Seneca Valley virus (SVV) 3A, enterovirus 71 (EV71) 3A, and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) 3A, also showed similar actions. Taking the data together, we elucidated, for the first time, a novel mechanism by which FMDV has evolved to inhibit IFN signaling and counteract host innate antiviral responses by autophagy. IMPORTANCE We show that foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 3A inhibits retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like helicase signaling by degrading G3BP1 protein. Furthermore, FMDV 3A reduces G3BP1 by upregulating the expression of autophagy-related protein LRRC25. Additionally, other picornavirus 3A proteins, such as Seneca Valley virus (SVV) 3A, enterovirus 71 (EV71) 3A, and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) 3A, also degrade G3BP1 by upregulating LRRC25 expression. This study will help us improve the design of current vaccines and aid the development of novel control strategies to combat FMD.
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Xue Q, Liu H, Sun M, Zhao W, Chen Y, Chen J, Wei C, Cai X, Xue Q. Peste des petits ruminants virus hemagglutinin (H) induces lysosomal degradation of host cyclophilin A to facilitate viral replication. Virus Res 2019; 277:197844. [PMID: 31866422 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a highly contagious disease that affects sheep and goats. To better understand PPRV replication and virulence, cyclophilin A (CypA), a multifunctional goat host protein, was selected for further studies. CypA has been reported to inhibit or facilitate viral replication. However, the precise roles of CypA during PPRV infection remain unclear. Our data show for the first time that CypA suppressed PPRV replication by its PPIase activity, and PPRV infection decreased CypA protein levels. Detailed analysis revealed that PPRV H protein was responsible for the reduction of CypA, which was dependent on the lysosome pathway. No interaction was identified between H and CypA. Furthermore, the 35-58 region of H was essential for the reduction of CypA. In conclusion, our findings identify the antiviral role of CypA against PPRV and provide key insights into how PPRV H protein antagonizes host antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Xue
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huaidong Liu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Miao Sun
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanfei Chen
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jian Chen
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chunxia Wei
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Qinghong Xue
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China.
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The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase TBK1 Mediates the Degradation of Multiple Picornavirus VP3 Proteins by Phosphorylation and Ubiquitination. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01438-19. [PMID: 31534043 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01438-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is essential for interferon beta (IFN-β) production and innate antiviral immunity. However, other, additional functions of TBK1 have remained elusive. Here, we showed that TBK1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that undergoes self-ubiquitylation in vitro in the presence of the E2 enzyme UbcH5c. Further evidence showed that TBK1 could also be self-ubiquitylated in vivo Importantly, multiple picornavirus VP3 proteins were degraded by TBK1 through its kinase and E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Mechanistically, TBK1 phosphorylated multiple picornavirus VP3 proteins at serine residues and ubiquitinated them via K63-linked ubiquitination at lysine residues. In addition, the C426 and C605 residues of TBK1 were not essential for TBK1 innate immunity activity; however, these residues were required for degradation of multiple picornavirus VP3 proteins and for its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Hence, our findings identified a novel role of TBK1 in regulating the virus life cycle and provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms of TBK1-mediated antiviral response.IMPORTANCE TBK1 is an important adaptor protein required for innate immune response to viruses, but its other functions were unknown. In this study, we found that TBK1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that undergoes self-ubiquitylation in vitro in the presence of the E2 enzyme UbcH5c. In addition, multiple picornavirus VP3 proteins were degraded by TBK1 through its kinase and E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Our report provides evidence that TBK1 plays a role in viral protein degradation.
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Fu SZ, Yang WP, Ru Y, Zhang KS, Wang Y, Liu XT, Li D, Zheng HX. DDX56 cooperates with FMDV 3A to enhance FMDV replication by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IRF3. Cell Signal 2019; 64:109393. [PMID: 31445188 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The components of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) interact with host cellular proteins to promote self-replication and evade the host immune response. Previous studies have shown that FMDV 3A, 2C and 2B proteins interact with host cellular proteins involved in FMDV replication. However, whether the other host proteins have an impact on FMDV replication is less understood. In this study, we identified DDX56 as a positive regulator of FMDV replication. DDX56 overexpression increased FMDV replication, whereas DDX56 knockdown had the opposite effect. DDX56 interacted and cooperated with FMDV 3A to inhibit the type I interferon by reducing the phosphorylation of IRF3. Moreover, the D166 site of DDX56 played a role in increasing FMDV replication and cooperating with FMDV 3A to inhibit the phosphorylation of IRF3. Additionally, knockdown of DDX56 or FMDV 3A results also showed that DDX56 cooperated with FMDV 3A to inhibit the phosphorylation of IRF3. These results suggest that the interaction between FMDV 3A protein and the host protein DDX56 is critical for FMDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Zu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wen-Ping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ke-Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Hai-Xue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
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Xue Q, Liu H, Zeng Q, Zheng H, Xue Q, Cai X. The DEAD-Box RNA Helicase DDX1 Interacts with the Viral Protein 3D and Inhibits Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Replication. Virol Sin 2019; 34:610-617. [PMID: 31359346 PMCID: PMC6888807 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) can infect domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals. The non-structural protein 3D plays an important role in FMDV replication and pathogenesis. However, the interaction partners of 3D, and the effects of those interactions on FMDV replication, remain incompletely elucidated. In the present study, using the yeast two-hybrid system, we identified a porcine cell protein, DEAD-box RNA helicase 1 (DDX1), which interacted with FMDV 3D. The DDX1-3D interaction was further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation experiments and an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) in porcine kidney 15 (PK-15) cells. DDX1 was reported to either inhibit or facilitate viral replication and regulate host innate immune responses. However, the roles of DDX1 during FMDV infection remain unclear. Our results revealed that DDX1 inhibited FMDV replication in an ATPase/helicase activity-dependent manner. In addition, DDX1 stimulated IFN-β activation in FMDV-infected cells. Together, our results expand the body of knowledge regarding the role of DDX1 in FMDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Xue
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Huisheng Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Qiaoying Zeng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Qinghong Xue
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
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Poly (rC) binding protein 2 interacts with VP0 and increases the replication of the foot-and-mouth disease virus. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:516. [PMID: 31273191 PMCID: PMC6609712 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1751-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious and debilitating disease in cloven-hoofed animals, which leads to devastating economic consequences. Previous studies have reported that some FMDV proteins can interact with host proteins to affect FMDV replication. However, the influence of the interactions between FMDV VP0 protein and its partners on FMDV replication remains unknown. In this study, we found that the overexpression of poly (rC) binding protein 2 (PCBP2) promoted FMDV replication, whereas the knockdown of PCBP2 suppressed FMDV replication. Furthermore, PCBP2 can interact with FMDV VP0 protein to promote the degradation of VISA via the apoptotic pathway. Further studies demonstrated that FMDV VP0 protein enhanced the formation of the PCBP2-VISA complex. Ultimately, we found that the degradation of VISA was weaker in PCBP2-knockdown and FMDV VP0-overexpressing cells, or FMDV VP0-knockdown cells than in the control cells. Summarily, our data revealed that the interaction between PCBP2 and VP0 could promote FMDV replication via the apoptotic pathway.
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Cellular DNAJA3, a Novel VP1-Interacting Protein, Inhibits Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Replication by Inducing Lysosomal Degradation of VP1 and Attenuating Its Antagonistic Role in the Beta Interferon Signaling Pathway. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00588-19. [PMID: 30996089 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00588-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member A3 (DNAJA3) plays an important role in viral infections. However, the role of DNAJA3 in replication of foot-and-mouth-disease virus (FMDV) remains unknown. In this study, DNAJA3, a novel binding partner of VP1, was identified using yeast two-hybrid screening. The DNAJA3-VP1 interaction was further confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and colocalization in FMDV-infected cells. The J domain of DNAJA3 (amino acids 1 to 168) and the lysine at position 208 (K208) of VP1 were shown to be critical for the DNAJA3-VP1 interaction. Overexpression of DNAJA3 dramatically dampened FMDV replication, whereas loss of function of DNAJA3 elicited opposing effects against FMDV replication. Mechanistical study demonstrated that K208 of VP1 was critical for reducing virus titer caused by DNAJA3 using K208A mutant virus. DNAJA3 induced lysosomal degradation of VP1 by interacting with LC3 to enhance the activation of lysosomal pathway. Meanwhile, we discovered that VP1 suppressed the beta interferon (IFN-β) signaling pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation, dimerization, and nuclear translocation of IRF3. This inhibitory effect was considerably boosted in DNAJA3-knockout cells. In contrast, overexpression of DNAJA3 markedly attenuated VP1-mediated suppression on the IFN-β signaling pathway. Poly(I⋅C)-induced phosphorylation of IRF3 was also decreased in DNAJA3-knockout cells compared to that in the DNAJA3-WT cells. In conclusion, our study described a novel role for DNAJA3 in the host's antiviral response by inducing the lysosomal degradation of VP1 and attenuating the VP1-induced suppressive effect on the IFN-β signaling pathway.IMPORTANCE This study pioneeringly determined the antiviral role of DNAJA3 in FMDV. DNAJA3 was found to interact with FMDV VP1 and trigger its degradation via the lysosomal pathway. In addition, this study is also the first to clarify the mechanism by which VP1 suppressed IFN-β signaling pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation, dimerization, and nuclear translocation of IRF3. Moreover, DNAJA3 significantly abrogated VP1-induced inhibitive effect on the IFN-β signaling pathway. These data suggested that DNAJA3 plays an important antiviral role against FMDV by both degrading VP1 and restoring of IFN-β signaling pathway.
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Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Antagonizes NOD2-Mediated Antiviral Effects by Inhibiting NOD2 Protein Expression. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00124-19. [PMID: 30894473 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00124-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)-infected cells remains unknown. Here, we showed that FMDV infection activated NOD2-mediated beta interferon (IFN-β) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-ĸB) signaling pathways. NOD2 inhibited FMDV replication in the infected cells. FMDV infection triggered NOD2 transcription, while it reduced the abundance of NOD2 protein. Our results revealed that FMDV 2B, 2C, and 3C proteinase (3Cpro) were responsible for the decrease in NOD2 protein levels. 3Cpro is a viral proteinase that can cleave multiple host proteins and limit protein synthesis. Our previous studies determined that FMDV 2B suppressed protein expression of RIG-I and LGP2. Here, we found that 3Cpro and 2B also decreased NOD2 expression. However, this is the first report that 2C induced the reduction of NOD2 protein levels. We determined that both 2B- and 2C-induced decreases in NOD2 were independent of the cleavage of host eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma (eIF4G), induction of cellular apoptosis, or proteasome, lysosome, and caspase pathways. The interactions between NOD2 and 2B or 2C were observed in the context of viral infection. The carboxyl-terminal amino acids 105 to 114 and 135 to 144 of 2B were essential for the reduction of NOD2, while the residues 105 to 114 were required for the interaction. Amino acids 116 to 260 of the carboxyl terminus of 2C were essential for the interaction, while truncated 2C mutants did not reduce NOD2. These data suggested novel antagonistic mechanisms of FMDV that were mediated by 2B, 2C, and 3Cpro proteins.IMPORTANCE NOD2 was identified as a cytoplasmic viral pattern recognition receptor in 2009. Subsequently, many viruses were reported to activate NOD2-mediated signaling pathways. This study demonstrated that FMDV infection activated NOD2-mediated IFN-β and NF-ĸB signaling pathways. Host cells have developed multiple strategies against viral infection; however, viruses have evolved many strategies to escape host defenses. FMDV has evolved multiple mechanisms to inhibit host type I IFN production. Here, we showed that NOD2 suppressed FMDV replication during viral infection. FMDV 2B, 2C, and 3Cpro decreased NOD2 protein expression by different mechanisms to promote viral replication. This study provided new insight into the immune evasion mechanisms mediated by FMDV and identified 2B, 2C, and 3Cpro as antagonistic factors for FMDV to evade host antiviral responses.
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Medina GN, Segundo FDS, Stenfeldt C, Arzt J, de Los Santos T. The Different Tactics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus to Evade Innate Immunity. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2644. [PMID: 30483224 PMCID: PMC6241212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Like all pathogens, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is recognized by the immune system inducing a heightened immune response mainly mediated by type I and type III IFNs. To overcome the strong antiviral response induced by these cytokines, FMDV has evolved many strategies exploiting each region of its small RNA genome. These include: (a) inhibition of IFN induction at the transcriptional and translational level, (b) inhibition of protein trafficking; (c) blockage of specific post-translational modifications in proteins that regulate innate immune signaling; (d) modulation of autophagy; (e) inhibition of stress granule formation; and (f) in vivo modulation of immune cell function. Here, we summarize and discuss FMDV virulence factors and the host immune footprint that characterize infection in cell culture and in the natural hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisselle N Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY, United States.,Codagenix Inc., Farmingdale, NY, United States
| | - Fayna Díaz-San Segundo
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY, United States.,Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Orient, NY, United States
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY, United States
| | - Teresa de Los Santos
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY, United States
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49
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Zhu Z, Du X, Li P, Zhang X, Yang F, Cao W, Tian H, Zhang K, Liu X, Zheng H. Early Growth Response Gene-1 Suppresses Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Replication by Enhancing Type I Interferon Pathway Signal Transduction. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2326. [PMID: 30319594 PMCID: PMC6170816 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early growth response gene-1 (EGR1) is a multifunctional transcription factor that is implicated in viral infection. In this study, we observed that foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection significantly triggered EGR1 expression. Overexpression of EGR1 suppressed FMDV replication in porcine cells, and knockdown of EGR1 considerably promoted FMDV replication. A previously reported FMDV mutant virus (with two amino acids mutations in SAP domain) that displays a strong type I interferon (IFN) induction activity was used in this study. We found that SAP mutant FMDV infection induced a higher expression of EGR1 than wildtype FMDV infection, and also triggered higher IFN-β and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression than wildtype FMDV infection. This implied a link between EGR1 and type I IFN signaling. Further study showed that overexpression of EGR1 resulted in Sendai virus (SeV)-induced IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) and NF-κB promoter activation. In addition, the SeV-induced ISGs expression was impaired in EGR1 knockdown cells. EGR1 upregulation promoted type I IFN signaling activation and suppressed FMDV and Seneca Valley virus replication. Suppression of the transcriptional activity of EGR1 did not affect its antiviral effect against FMDV. This study reveals a new mechanism evolved by EGR1 to enhance type I IFN signaling and suppress FMDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangle Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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50
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Feng HH, Zhu ZX, Cao WJ, Yang F, Zhang XL, Du XL, Zhang KS, Liu XT, Zheng HX. Foot-and-mouth disease virus induces lysosomal degradation of NME1 to impair p53-regulated interferon-inducible antiviral genes expression. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:885. [PMID: 30158514 PMCID: PMC6115381 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1 (NME1) is well-known as a tumor suppressor that regulates p53 function to prevent cancer metastasis and progression. However, the role of NME1 in virus-infected cells remains unknown. Here, we showed that NME1 suppresses viral replication in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)-infected cells. NME1-enhanced p53-mediated transcriptional activity and induction of interferon-inducible antiviral genes expression. FMDV infection decreased NME1 protein expression. The 2B and VP4 proteins were identified as the viral factors that induced reduction of NME1. FMDV 2B protein has a suppressive effect on host protein expression. We measured, for the first time, VP4-induced lysosomal degradation of host protein; VP4-induced degradation of NME1 through the macroautophagy pathway, and impaired p53-mediated signaling. p53 plays significant roles in antiviral innate immunity by inducing several interferon-inducible antiviral genes expression, such as, ISG20, IRF9, RIG-I, and ISG15. VP4 promoted interaction of p53 with murine double minute 2 (MDM2) through downregulation of NME1 resulting in destabilization of p53. Therefore, 5-flurouracil-induced upregulation of ISG20, IRF9, RIG-I, and ISG15 were suppressed by VP4. VP4-induced reduction of NME1 was not related to the well-characterized blocking effect of FMDV on cellular translation, and no direct interaction was detected between NME1 and VP4. The 15-30 and 75-85 regions of VP4 were determined to be crucial for VP4-induced reduction of NME1. Deletion of these VP4 regions also inhibited the suppressive effect of VP4 on NME1-enhanced p53 signaling. In conclusion, these data suggest an antiviral role of NME1 by regulation of p53-mediated antiviral innate immunity in virus-infected cells, and reveal an antagonistic mechanism of FMDV that is mediated by VP4 to block host innate immune antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Huan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Xiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Jun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Le Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Xue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China.
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