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Chen K, Gong W, Huang J, Yoshimura T, Ming Wang J. Developmental and homeostatic signaling transmitted by the G-protein coupled receptor FPR2. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110052. [PMID: 37003185 PMCID: PMC10149111 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) and its mouse counterpart Fpr2 are the members of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. FPR2 is the only member of the FPRs that interacts with ligands from different sources. FPR2 is expressed in myeloid cells as well as epithelial cells, endothelial cells, neurons, and hepatocytes. During the past years, some unusual properties of FPR2 have attracted intense attention because FPR2 appears to possess dual functions by activating or inhibiting intracellular signal pathways based on the nature, concentration of the ligands, and the temporal and spatial settings of the microenvironment in vivo, the cell types it interacts with. Therefore, FPR2 controls an abundant array of developmental and homeostatic signaling cascades, in addition to its "classical" capacity to mediate the migration of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells including malignant cells. In this review, we summarize recent development in FPR2 research, particularly in its role in diseases, therefore helping to establish FPR2 as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Wanghua Gong
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jiaqiang Huang
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA; College of Life Sciences, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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2
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Release of immunomodulatory peptides at bacterial membrane interfaces as a novel strategy to fight microorganisms. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103056. [PMID: 36822328 PMCID: PMC10074799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cationic and amphiphilic peptides can be used as homing devices to accumulate conjugated antibiotics to bacteria-enriched sites and promote efficient microbial killing. However, just as important as tackling bacterial infections, is the modulation of the immune response in this complex microenvironment. In the present report, we designed a peptide chimaera called Chim2, formed by a membrane-active module, an enzyme hydrolysis site, and a formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) agonist. This molecule was designed to adsorb onto bacterial membranes, promote their lysis, and upon hydrolysis by local enzymes, release the FPR2 agonist sequence for activation and recruitment of immune cells. We synthesized the isolated peptide modules of Chim2 and characterized their biological activities independently and as a single polypeptide chain. We conducted antimicrobial assays, along with other tests aiming at the analyses of the cellular and immunological responses. In addition, assays using vesicles as models of eukaryotic and prokaryotic membranes were conducted, and solution structures of Chim2 were generated by 1H NMR. Chim2 is antimicrobial, adsorbs preferentially to negatively charged vesicles while adopting an α-helix structure, and exposes its disorganized tail to the solvent, which facilitates hydrolysis by tryptase-like enzymes, allowing the release of the FPR2 agonist fragment. This fragment was shown to induce accumulation of the cellular activation marker, lipid bodies, in mouse macrophages and the release of immunomodulatory interleukins. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that peptides with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities can be considered for further development as drugs.
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3
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Ni C, Gao S, Li X, Zheng Y, Jiang H, Liu P, Lv Q, Huang W, Li Q, Ren Y, Mi Z, Kong D, Jiang Y. Fpr2 exacerbates Streptococcus suis-induced streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome via attenuation of neutrophil recruitment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1094331. [PMID: 36776849 PMCID: PMC9911822 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1094331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The life-threatening disease streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS), caused by the bacterial pathogen Streptococcus suis (S. suis). Proinflammatory markers, bacterial load, granulocyte recruitment, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) levels were monitored in wild-type (WT) and Fpr2-/- mice suffering from STSLS. LXA4 and AnxA1, anti-inflammatory mediators related to Fpr2, were used to identity a potential role of the Fpr2 in STSLS development. We also elucidated the function of Fpr2 at different infection sites by comparing the STSLS model with the S. suis-meningitis model. Compared with the WT mice, Fpr2-/- mice exhibited a reduced inflammatory response and bacterial load, and increased neutrophil recruitment. Pretreatment with AnxA1 or LXA4 impaired leukocyte recruitment and increased both bacterial load and inflammatory reactions in WT but not Fpr2-/- mice experiencing STSLS. These results indicated that Fpr2 impairs neutrophil recruitment during STSLS, and this impairment is enhanced by AnxA1 or LXA4. By comparing the functions of Fpr2 in different S. suis infection models, inflammation and NETs was found to hinder bacterial clearance in S. suis meningitis, and conversely accelerate bacterial clearance in STSLS. Therefore, interference with neutrophil recruitment could potentially be harnessed to develop new treatments for this infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengpei Ni
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, China
| | - Song Gao
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, China
| | - Xudong Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Mi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Decong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Cao Z, Zhao M, Sun H, Hu L, Chen Y, Fan Z. Roles of mitochondria in neutrophils. Front Immunol 2022; 13:934444. [PMID: 36081497 PMCID: PMC9447286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.934444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte in human blood. They are critical for fighting infections and are involved in inflammatory diseases. Mitochondria are indispensable for eukaryotic cells, as they control the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production. Mitochondria in neutrophils have been underestimated since glycolysis is a major metabolic pathway for fuel production in neutrophils. However, several studies have shown that mitochondria are greatly involved in multiple neutrophil functions as well as neutrophil-related diseases. In this review, we focus on how mitochondrial components, metabolism, and related genes regulate neutrophil functions and relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Cao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Meng Zhao
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Liang Hu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Zhichao Fan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States,*Correspondence: Zhichao Fan,
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5
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Cohen JT, Danise M, Hinman KD, Neumann BM, Johnson R, Wilson ZS, Chorzalska A, Dubielecka PM, Lefort CT. Engraftment, Fate, and Function of HoxB8-Conditional Neutrophil Progenitors in the Unconditioned Murine Host. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:840894. [PMID: 35127689 PMCID: PMC8812959 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.840894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and use of murine myeloid progenitor cell lines that are conditionally immortalized through expression of HoxB8 has provided a valuable tool for studies of neutrophil biology. Recent work has extended the utility of HoxB8-conditional progenitors to the in vivo setting via their transplantation into irradiated mice. Here, we describe the isolation of HoxB8-conditional progenitor cell lines that are unique in their ability to engraft in the naïve host in the absence of conditioning of the hematopoietic niche. Our results indicate that HoxB8-conditional progenitors engraft in a β1 integrin-dependent manner and transiently generate donor-derived mature neutrophils. Furthermore, we show that neutrophils derived in vivo from transplanted HoxB8-conditional progenitors are mobilized to the periphery and recruited to sites of inflammation in a manner that depends on the C-X-C chemokine receptor 2 and β2 integrins, the same mechanisms that have been described for recruitment of endogenous primary neutrophils. Together, our studies advance the understanding of HoxB8-conditional neutrophil progenitors and describe an innovative tool that, by virtue of its ability to engraft in the naïve host, will facilitate mechanistic in vivo experimentation on neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T. Cohen
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Michael Danise
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Kristina D. Hinman
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Brittany M. Neumann
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Renita Johnson
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Zachary S. Wilson
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Anna Chorzalska
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | | | - Craig T. Lefort
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
- *Correspondence: Craig T. Lefort,
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6
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Nguyen TH, Cheung GYC, Rigby KM, Kamenyeva O, Kabat J, Sturdevant DE, Villaruz AE, Liu R, Piewngam P, Porter AR, Firdous S, Chiou J, Park MD, Hunt RL, Almufarriji FMF, Tan VY, Asiamah TK, McCausland JW, Fisher EL, Yeh AJ, Bae JS, Kobayashi SD, Wang JM, Barber DL, DeLeo FR, Otto M. Rapid pathogen-specific recruitment of immune effector cells in the skin by secreted toxins. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:62-72. [PMID: 34873293 PMCID: PMC8732318 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-01012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Swift recruitment of phagocytic leucocytes is critical in preventing infection when bacteria breach through the protective layers of the skin. According to canonical models, this occurs via an indirect process that is initiated by contact of bacteria with resident skin cells and which is independent of the pathogenic potential of the invader. Here we describe a more rapid mechanism of leucocyte recruitment to the site of intrusion of the important skin pathogen Staphylococcus aureus that is based on direct recognition of specific bacterial toxins, the phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs), by circulating leucocytes. We used a combination of intravital imaging, ear infection and skin abscess models, and in vitro gene expression studies to demonstrate that this early recruitment was dependent on the transcription factor EGR1 and contributed to the prevention of infection. Our findings refine the classical notion of the non-specific and resident cell-dependent character of the innate immune response to bacterial infection by demonstrating a pathogen-specific high-alert mechanism involving direct recruitment of immune effector cells by secreted bacterial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuan H Nguyen
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gordon Y C Cheung
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin M Rigby
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Pathogen-Host Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
- miRagen Therapeutics, Inc., Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel E Sturdevant
- Genomics Unit, Research Technology Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Amer E Villaruz
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Liu
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pipat Piewngam
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adeline R Porter
- Pathogen-Host Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Saba Firdous
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Chlamydia Pathogenesis Section, NIAID, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janice Chiou
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Graduate School in Biomedical Science, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew D Park
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachelle L Hunt
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Microbial Pathogenesis Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fawaz M F Almufarriji
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Vee Y Tan
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Tuberculosis Research Section, NIAID, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Titus K Asiamah
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua W McCausland
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emilie L Fisher
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anthony J Yeh
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- William Carey University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Justin S Bae
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott D Kobayashi
- Pathogen-Host Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer and Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Daniel L Barber
- T-Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Frank R DeLeo
- Pathogen-Host Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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7
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Sun Z, Huang W, Zheng Y, Liu P, Yang W, Guo Z, Kong D, Lv Q, Zhou X, Du Z, Jiang H, Jiang Y. Fpr2/CXCL1/2 Controls Rapid Neutrophil Infiltration to Inhibit Streptococcus agalactiae Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:786602. [PMID: 34899755 PMCID: PMC8652123 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.786602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as group B streptococcus (GBS), can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and bacteremia, making it a pathogen that can increase the risk of death in newborns and immunodeficient individuals. Neutrophils are the first barrier to a host's innate immune defense against these infections. Fpr2(Formyl peptide receptor 2) is an important chemotactic receptor of neutrophils, though its activation would cause pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we found that mice without Fpr2 receptor were highly susceptible to GBS infections. These mice demonstrated decreased chemotaxis to neutrophils, decreased bactericidal ability of neutrophils, and high mortality. RNA-seq and Luminex assay indicated that Fpr2 activates key signal molecules downstream and produces chemokines CXCL1/2 to chemotaxis neutrophils. Like Fpr2-/-, CXCL1/2 or neutrophil depletion impairs host's ability to defend against GBS infection. Altogether, these data indicate that Fpr2 contributes to a host's ability to control GBS infection and that a lack of Fpr2 was associated with selective impairment during the production of chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2 as well as neutrophil recruitment. Here, We clarified that Fpr2, as a chemotactic receptor, could not only directly chemotactic neutrophils, but also regulate the production of chemokines to control infection by chemotactic neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Yang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zinan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Decong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zongmin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Kretschmer D, Breitmeyer R, Gekeler C, Lebtig M, Schlatterer K, Nega M, Stahl M, Stapels D, Rooijakkers S, Peschel A. Staphylococcus aureus Depends on Eap Proteins for Preventing Degradation of Its Phenol-Soluble Modulin Toxins by Neutrophil Serine Proteases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701093. [PMID: 34552584 PMCID: PMC8451722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes act as a first line of defense against pathogenic staphylococci. However, Staphylococcus aureus has a remarkable capacity to survive neutrophil killing, which distinguishes it from the less-pathogenic Staphylococcus epidermidis. Both species release phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) toxins, which activate the neutrophil formyl-peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) to promote neutrophil influx and phagocytosis, and which disrupt neutrophils or their phagosomal membranes at high concentrations. We show here that the neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase 3, which are released into the extracellular space or the phagosome upon neutrophil FPR2 stimulation, effectively degrade PSMs thereby preventing their capacity to activate and destroy neutrophils. Notably, S. aureus, but not S. epidermidis, secretes potent NSP-inhibitory proteins, Eap, EapH1, EapH2, which prevented the degradation of PSMs by NSPs. Accordingly, a S. aureus mutant lacking all three NSP inhibitory proteins was less effective in activating and destroying neutrophils and it survived less well in the presence of neutrophils than the parental strain. We show that Eap proteins promote pathology via PSM-mediated FPR2 activation since murine intraperitoneal infection with the S. aureus parental but not with the NSP inhibitors mutant strain, led to a significantly higher bacterial load in the peritoneum and kidneys of mFpr2-/- compared to wild-type mice. These data demonstrate that NSPs can very effectively detoxify some of the most potent staphylococcal toxins and that the prominent human pathogen S. aureus has developed efficient inhibitors to preserve PSM functions. Preventing PSM degradation during infection represents an important survival strategy to ensure FPR2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Kretschmer
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC2124 "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections", Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ricarda Breitmeyer
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC2124 "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections", Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cordula Gekeler
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC2124 "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections", Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marco Lebtig
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC2124 "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections", Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Schlatterer
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC2124 "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections", Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mulugeta Nega
- Cluster of Excellence EXC2124 "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections", Tübingen, Germany.,Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), Microbial Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mark Stahl
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daphne Stapels
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzan Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), Infection Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC2124 "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections", Tübingen, Germany
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9
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Vozza EG, Mulcahy ME, McLoughlin RM. Making the Most of the Host; Targeting the Autophagy Pathway Facilitates Staphylococcus aureus Intracellular Survival in Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667387. [PMID: 34220813 PMCID: PMC8242348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of Staphylococcus aureus as a human commensal and an opportunistic pathogen relies on its ability to adapt to several niches within the host. The innate immune response plays a key role in protecting the host against S. aureus infection; however, S. aureus adeptness at evading the innate immune system is indisputably evident. The “Trojan horse” theory has been postulated to describe a mechanism by which S. aureus takes advantage of phagocytes as a survival niche within the host to facilitate dissemination of S. aureus to secondary sites during systemic infection. Several studies have determined that S. aureus can parasitize both professional and non-professional phagocytes by manipulating the host autophagy pathway in order to create an intracellular survival niche. Neutrophils represent a critical cell type in S. aureus infection as demonstrated by the increased risk of infection among patients with congenital neutrophil disorders. However, S. aureus has been repeatedly shown to survive intracellularly within neutrophils with evidence now supporting a pathogenic role of host autophagy. By manipulating this pathway, S. aureus can also alter the apoptotic fate of the neutrophil and potentially skew other important signalling pathways for its own gain. Understanding these critical host-pathogen interactions could lead to the development of new host directed therapeutics for the treatment of S. aureus infection by removing its intracellular niche and restoring host bactericidal functions. This review discusses the current findings surrounding intracellular survival of S. aureus within neutrophils, the pathogenic role autophagy plays in this process and considers the therapeutic potential for targeting this immune evasion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio G Vozza
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michelle E Mulcahy
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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10
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Orosz A, Walzog B, Mócsai A. In Vivo Functions of Mouse Neutrophils Derived from HoxB8-Transduced Conditionally Immortalized Myeloid Progenitors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 206:432-445. [PMID: 33310871 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although neutrophils play important roles in immunity and inflammation, their analysis is strongly hindered by their short-lived and terminally differentiated nature. Prior studies reported conditional immortalization of myeloid progenitors using retroviral expression of an estrogen-dependent fusion protein of the HoxB8 transcription factor. This approach allowed the long-term culture of mouse myeloid progenitors (HoxB8 progenitors) in estrogen-containing media, followed by differentiation toward neutrophils upon estrogen withdrawal. Although several reports confirmed the in vitro functional responsiveness of the resulting differentiated cells (HoxB8 neutrophils), little is known about their capacity to perform in vivo neutrophil functions. We have addressed this issue by an in vivo transplantation approach. In vitro-generated HoxB8 neutrophils showed a neutrophil-like phenotype and were able to perform conventional neutrophil functions, like respiratory burst, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. The i.v. injection of HoxB8 progenitors into lethally irradiated recipients resulted in the appearance of circulating donor-derived HoxB8 neutrophils. In vivo-differentiated HoxB8 neutrophils were able to migrate to the inflamed peritoneum and to phagocytose heat-killed Candida particles. The reverse passive Arthus reaction could be induced in HoxB8 chimeras but not in irradiated, nontransplanted control animals. Repeated injection of HoxB8 progenitors also allowed us to maintain stable circulating HoxB8 neutrophil counts for several days. Injection of arthritogenic K/B×N serum triggered robust arthritis in HoxB8 chimeras, but not in irradiated, nontransplanted control mice. Taken together, our results indicate that HoxB8 progenitor-derived neutrophils are capable of performing various in vivo neutrophil functions, providing a framework for using the HoxB8 system for the in vivo analysis of neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Orosz
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Walzog
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; and.,Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, 1094 Budapest, Hungary;
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11
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Weiß E, Schlatterer K, Beck C, Peschel A, Kretschmer D. Formyl-Peptide Receptor Activation Enhances Phagocytosis of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:668-678. [PMID: 31573600 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formyl-peptide receptors (FPRs) are important pattern recognition receptors that sense specific bacterial peptides. Formyl-peptide receptors are highly expressed on neutrophils and monocytes, and their activation promotes the migration of phagocytes to sites of infection. It is currently unknown whether FPRs may also influence subsequent processes such as bacterial phagocytosis and killing. Staphylococcus aureus, especially highly pathogenic community-acquired methicillin-resistant S aureus strains, release high amounts of FPR2 ligands, the phenol-soluble modulins. METHODS We demonstrate that FPR activation leads to upregulation of complement receptors 1 and 3 as well as FCγ receptor I on neutrophils and, consequently, increased opsonic phagocytosis of S aureus and other pathogens. RESULTS Increased phagocytosis promotes killing of S aureus and interleukin-8 release by neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS We show here for the first time that FPRs govern opsonic phagocytosis. Manipulation of FPR2 activation could open new therapeutic opportunities against bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Weiß
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Schlatterer
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Beck
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Kretschmer
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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12
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Boff D, Oliveira VLS, Queiroz Junior CM, Galvão I, Batista NV, Gouwy M, Menezes GB, Cunha TM, Verri Junior WA, Proost P, Teixeira MM, Amaral FA. Lipoxin A 4 impairs effective bacterial control and potentiates joint inflammation and damage caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection. FASEB J 2020; 34:11498-11510. [PMID: 32741032 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802830rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the main cause of septic arthritis in humans, a disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Inflammation triggered in response to infection is fundamental to control bacterial growth but may cause permanent tissue damage. Here, we evaluated the role of Lipoxin A4 (LXA4 ) in S aureus-induced arthritis in mice. Septic arthritis was induced by S aureus injection into tibiofemoral joints. At different time points, we evaluated cell recruitment and bacterial load in the joint, the production of pro-inflammatory molecules, and LXA4 in inflamed tissue and analyzed joint damage and dysfunction. LXA4 was investigated using genetically modified mice or by pharmacological blockade of its synthesis and receptor. CD11c+ cells were evaluated in lymph nodes by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry and dendritic cell chemotaxis using the Boyden chamber. Absence or pharmacological blockade of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) reduced joint inflammation and dysfunction and was associated with better control of infection at 4 to 7 days after the infection. There was an increase in LXA4 in joints of S aureus-infected mice and administration of LXA4 reversed the phenotype in 5-LO-/- mice. Blockade or absence of the LXA4 receptor FPR2 has a phenotype similar to 5-LO-/- mice. Mechanistically, LXA4 appeared to control migration and function of dendritic cells, cells shown to be crucial for adequate protective responses in the model. Thus, after the first days of infection when symptoms become evident therapies that inhibit LXA4 synthesis or action could be useful for treatment of S aureus-induced arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Boff
- Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vivian Louise Soares Oliveira
- Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Celso M Queiroz Junior
- Department of Morphology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Izabela Galvão
- Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Vieira Batista
- Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gustavo Batista Menezes
- Departamento de Morfologia, Centro de Biologia Gastrointestinal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flávio Almeida Amaral
- Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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13
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Sharba S, Venkatakrishnan V, Padra M, Winther M, Gabl M, Sundqvist M, Wang J, Forsman H, Linden SK. Formyl peptide receptor 2 orchestrates mucosal protection against Citrobacter rodentium infection. Virulence 2020; 10:610-624. [PMID: 31234710 PMCID: PMC6629182 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1635417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is an attaching and effacing intestinal murine pathogen which shares similar virulence strategies with the human pathogens enteropathogenic- and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli to infect their host. C. rodentium is spontaneously cleared by healthy wild-type (WT) mice whereas mice lacking Muc2 or specific immune regulatory genes demonstrate an impaired ability to combat the pathogen. Here we demonstrate that apical formyl peptide receptor 2 (Fpr2) expression increases in colonic epithelial cells during C. rodentium infection. Using a conventional inoculum dose of C. rodentium, both WT and Fpr2−/− mice were infected and displayed similar signs of disease, although Fpr2−/− mice recovered more slowly than WT mice. However, Fpr2−/− mice exhibited increased susceptibility to C. rodentium colonization in response to low dose infection: 100% of the Fpr2−/− and 30% of the WT mice became colonized and Fpr2−/− mice developed more severe colitis and more C. rodentium were in contact with the colonic epithelial cells. In line with the larger amount of C. rodentium detected in the spleen in Fpr2−/− mice, more C. rodentium and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli translocated across an in vitro mucosal surface to the basolateral compartment following FPR2 inhibitor treatment. Fpr2−/− mice also lacked the striated inner mucus layer that was present in WT mice. Fpr2−/− mice had decreased mucus production and different mucin O-glycosylation in the colon compared to WT mice, which may contribute to their defect inner mucus layer. Thus, Fpr2 contributes to protection against infection and influence mucus production, secretion and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sharba
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - V Venkatakrishnan
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - M Padra
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - M Winther
- b Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research , Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - M Gabl
- b Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research , Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - M Sundqvist
- b Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research , Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - J Wang
- c Cancer and Inflammation Program , National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - H Forsman
- b Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research , Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - S K Linden
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden
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14
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Zhuang Y, Liu H, Edward Zhou X, Kumar Verma R, de Waal PW, Jang W, Xu TH, Wang L, Meng X, Zhao G, Kang Y, Melcher K, Fan H, Lambert NA, Eric Xu H, Zhang C. Structure of formylpeptide receptor 2-G i complex reveals insights into ligand recognition and signaling. Nat Commun 2020; 11:885. [PMID: 32060286 PMCID: PMC7021761 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Formylpeptide receptors (FPRs) as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can recognize formylpeptides derived from pathogens or host cells to function in host defense and cell clearance. In addition, FPRs, especially FPR2, can also recognize other ligands with a large chemical diversity generated at different stages of inflammation to either promote or resolve inflammation in order to maintain a balanced inflammatory response. The mechanism underlying promiscuous ligand recognition and activation of FPRs is not clear. Here we report a cryo-EM structure of FPR2-Gi signaling complex with a peptide agonist. The structure reveals a widely open extracellular region with an amphiphilic environment for ligand binding. Together with computational docking and simulation, the structure suggests a molecular basis for the recognition of formylpeptides and a potential mechanism of receptor activation, and reveals conserved and divergent features in Gi coupling. Our results provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanism of the functional promiscuity of FPRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Zhuang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Heng Liu
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - X Edward Zhou
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Ravi Kumar Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Parker W de Waal
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Wonjo Jang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ting-Hai Xu
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Xing Meng
- David Van Andel Advanced Cryo-Electron Microscopy Suite, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Gongpu Zhao
- David Van Andel Advanced Cryo-Electron Microscopy Suite, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Yanyong Kang
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
- Takeda Research, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92130, USA
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Hao Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nevin A Lambert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Laboratory for GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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15
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Astley R, Miller FC, Mursalin MH, Coburn PS, Callegan MC. An Eye on Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: Roles in Ocular Damage and Inflammation. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E356. [PMID: 31248125 PMCID: PMC6628431 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common pathogen of the eye, capable of infecting external tissues such as the tear duct, conjunctiva, and the cornea, as well the inner and more delicate anterior and posterior chambers. S. aureus produces numerous toxins and enzymes capable of causing profound damage to tissues and organs, as well as modulating the immune response to these infections. Unfortunately, in the context of ocular infections, this can mean blindness for the patient. The role of α-toxin in corneal infection (keratitis) and infection of the interior of the eye (endophthalmitis) has been well established by comparing virulence in animal models and α-toxin-deficient isogenic mutants with their wild-type parental strains. The importance of other toxins, such as β-toxin, γ-toxin, and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), have been analyzed to a lesser degree and their roles in eye infections are less clear. Other toxins such as the phenol-soluble modulins have yet to be examined in any animal models for their contributions to virulence in eye infections. This review discusses the state of current knowledge of the roles of S. aureus toxins in eye infections and the controversies existing as a result of the use of different infection models. The strengths and limitations of these ocular infection models are discussed, as well as the need for physiological relevance in the study of staphylococcal toxins in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Astley
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Frederick C Miller
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Md Huzzatul Mursalin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Phillip S Coburn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Michelle C Callegan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd., DMEI PA-418, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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16
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Richardson JR, Armbruster NS, Günter M, Biljecki M, Klenk J, Heumos S, Autenrieth SE. PSM Peptides From Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Impair the Adaptive Immune Response via Modulation of Dendritic Cell Subsets in vivo. Front Immunol 2019; 10:995. [PMID: 31134074 PMCID: PMC6524657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key players of the immune system and thus a target for immune evasion by pathogens. We recently showed that the virulence factors phenol-soluble-modulins (PSMs) produced by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) strains induce tolerogenic DCs upon Toll-like receptor activation via the p38-CREB-IL-10 pathway in vitro. Here, we addressed the hypothesis that S. aureus PSMs disturb the adaptive immune response via modulation of DC subsets in vivo. Using a systemic mouse infection model we found that S. aureus reduced the numbers of splenic DC subsets, mainly CD4+ and CD8+ DCs independently of PSM secretion. S. aureus infection induced upregulation of the C-C motif chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) on the surface of all DC subsets, on CD4+ DCs in a PSM-dependent manner, together with increased expression of MHCII, CD86, CD80, CD40, and the co-inhibitory molecule PD-L2, with only minor effects of PSMs. Moreover, PSMs increased IL-10 production in the spleen and impaired TNF production by CD4+ DCs. Besides, S. aureus PSMs reduced the number of CD4+ T cells in the spleen, whereas CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) were increased. In contrast, Th1 and Th17 priming and IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells were impaired by S. aureus PSMs. Thus, PSMs from highly virulent S. aureus strains modulate the adaptive immune response in the direction of tolerance by affecting DC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole S Armbruster
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manina Günter
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michelle Biljecki
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juliane Klenk
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon Heumos
- Quantitative Biology Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stella E Autenrieth
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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17
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The Mechanism behind Bacterial Lipoprotein Release: Phenol-Soluble Modulins Mediate Toll-Like Receptor 2 Activation via Extracellular Vesicle Release from Staphylococcus aureus. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01851-18. [PMID: 30459192 PMCID: PMC6247081 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01851-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study highlights the roles of surfactant-like molecules in bacterial inflammation with important implications for the prevention and therapy of inflammatory disorders. It describes a potential pathway for the transfer of hydrophobic bacterial lipoproteins, the major TLR2 agonists, from the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-positive bacteria to the TLR2 receptor at the surface of host cells. Moreover, our study reveals a molecular mechanism that explains how cytoplasmic and membrane-embedded bacterial proteins can be released by bacterial cells without using any of the typical protein secretion routes, thereby contributing to our understanding of the processes used by bacteria to communicate with host organisms and the environment. The innate immune system uses Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 to detect conserved bacterial lipoproteins of invading pathogens. The lipid anchor attaches lipoproteins to the cytoplasmic membrane and prevents their release from the bacterial cell envelope. How bacteria release lipoproteins and how these molecules reach TLR2 remain unknown. Staphylococcus aureus has been described to liberate membrane vesicles. The composition, mode of release, and relevance for microbe-host interaction of such membrane vesicles have remained ambiguous. We recently reported that S. aureus can release lipoproteins only when surfactant-like small peptides, the phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs), are expressed. Here we demonstrate that PSM peptides promote the release of membrane vesicles from the cytoplasmic membrane of S. aureus via an increase in membrane fluidity, and we provide evidence that the bacterial turgor is the driving force for vesicle budding under hypotonic osmotic conditions. Intriguingly, the majority of lipoproteins are released by S. aureus as components of membrane vesicles, and this process depends on surfactant-like molecules such as PSMs. Vesicle disruption at high detergent concentrations promotes the capacity of lipoproteins to activate TLR2. These results reveal that vesicle release by bacterium-derived surfactants is required for TLR2-mediated inflammation.
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18
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Zhao Y, van Kessel KPM, de Haas CJC, Rogers MRC, van Strijp JAG, Haas PA. Staphylococcal superantigen-like protein 13 activates neutrophils via formyl peptide receptor 2. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12941. [PMID: 30098280 PMCID: PMC6220968 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal superantigen-like (SSL) proteins, one of the major virulence factor families produced by Staphylococcus aureus, were previously demonstrated to be immune evasion molecules that interfere with a variety of innate immune defences. However, in contrast to characterised SSLs, which inhibit immune functions, we show that SSL13 is a strong activator of neutrophils via the formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2). Moreover, our data show that SSL13 acts as a chemoattractant and induces degranulation and oxidative burst in neutrophils. As with many other staphylococcal immune evasion proteins, SSL13 shows a high degree of human specificity. SSL13 is not able to efficiently activate mouse neutrophils, hampering in vivo experiments. In conclusion, SSL13 is a neutrophil chemoattractant and activator that acts via FPR2. Therefore, SSL13 is a unique SSL member that does not belong to the immune evasion class but is a pathogen alarming molecule. Our study provides a new concept of SSLs; SSLs not only inhibit host immune processes but also recruit human neutrophils to the site of infection. This new insight allows us to better understand complex interactions between host and S. aureus pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhao
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Kok P. M. van Kessel
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Carla J. C. de Haas
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Malbert R. C. Rogers
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jos A. G. van Strijp
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter‐Jan A. Haas
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
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19
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Weiß E, Kretschmer D. Formyl-Peptide Receptors in Infection, Inflammation, and Cancer. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:815-829. [PMID: 30195466 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Formyl-peptide receptors (FPRs) recognize bacterial and mitochondrial formylated peptides as well as endogenous non-formylated peptides and even lipids. FPRs are expressed on various host cell types but most strongly on neutrophils and macrophages. After the discovery of FPRs on leukocytes, it was assumed that these receptors predominantly govern a proinflammatory response resulting in chemotaxis, degranulation, and oxidative burst during infection. However, it is clear that the activation of FPRs has more complex consequences and can also promote the resolution of inflammation. Recent studies have highlighted associations between FPR function and inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory disorders, cancer, and infection. In this review we discuss these recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Weiß
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Kretschmer
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Chu M, Zhou M, Jiang C, Chen X, Guo L, Zhang M, Chu Z, Wang Y. Staphylococcus aureus Phenol-Soluble Modulins α1-α3 Act as Novel Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 4 Antagonists to Inhibit HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Immunol 2018; 9:862. [PMID: 29922279 PMCID: PMC5996891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) have recently emerged as key virulence determinants, particularly in highly aggressive Staphylococcus aureus isolates. These peptides contribute to the pathogenesis of S. aureus infections, participating in multiple inflammatory responses. Here, we report a new role for S. aureus PSMs in high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) induced inflammation by modulating toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 pathway. Direct ligation of TLR4 with S. aureus PSMα1–α3 and PSMβ1–β2 was identified by surface plasmon resonance. Remarkably, the binding affinity of TLR4 with HMGB1 was attenuated by PSMα1–α3. Further study revealed that PSMα1–α3 directly inhibited HMGB1-induced NF-κB activation and proinflammatory cytokines production in vitro using HEK-Blue hTLR4 cells and THP-1 cells. To analyze the molecular interactions between PSMs and TLR4, blast similarity search was performed and identified that PSMα1 and PSMβ2 were ideal templates for homology modeling. The three-dimensional structures of PSMα2, PSMα4, PSMβ1, and δ-toxin were successfully generated with MODELLER, and further refined using CHARMm. PSMs docking into TLR4 were done using ZDOCK, indicating that PSMα1–α3 compete with HMGB1 for interacting with the surrounding residues (336–477) of TLR4 domain. Our study reveals that S. aureus PSMα1–α3 can act as novel TLR4 antagonists, which account at least in part for the staphylococcal immune evasion. Modulation of this process will lead to new therapeutic strategies against S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingya Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xi Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Likai Guo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingbo Zhang
- Pharmacy Departments, Liao Ning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhengyun Chu
- Pharmacy Departments, Liao Ning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuedan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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