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van Heuvelen MJG, van der Lei MB, Alferink PM, Roemers P, van der Zee EA. Cognitive deficits in human ApoE4 knock-in mice: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav Brain Res 2024; 471:115123. [PMID: 38972485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein-E4 (ApoE4) is an important genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. The development of targeted-replacement human ApoE knock-in mice facilitates research into mechanisms by which ApoE4 affects the brain. We performed meta-analyses and meta-regression analyses to examine differences in cognitive performance between ApoE4 and ApoE3 mice. We included 61 studies in which at least one of the following tests was assessed: Morris Water Maze (MWM), novel object location (NL), novel object recognition (NO) and Fear Conditioning (FC) test. ApoE4 vs. ApoE3 mice performed significantly worse on the MWM (several outcomes, 0.17 ≤ g ≤ 0.60), NO (exploration, g=0.33; index, g=0.44) and FC (contextual, g=0.49). ApoE4 vs. ApoE3 differences were not systematically related to sex or age. We conclude that ApoE4 knock-in mice in a non-AD condition show some, but limited cognitive deficits, regardless of sex and age. These effects suggest an intrinsic vulnerability in ApoE4 mice that may become more pronounced under additional brain load, as seen in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke J G van Heuvelen
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713AV, the Netherlands.
| | - Mathijs B van der Lei
- Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Nijenborg 7, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands; Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43, Edegem 2650, Belgium.
| | - Pien M Alferink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713AV, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter Roemers
- Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Nijenborg 7, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands.
| | - Eddy A van der Zee
- Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Nijenborg 7, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands.
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2
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Pourfridoni M, Hedayati-Moghadam M, Fathi S, Fathi S, Mirrashidi FS, Askarpour H, Shafieemojaz H, Baghcheghi Y. Beneficial effects of metformin treatment on memory impairment. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:640. [PMID: 38727848 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Memory issues are a prevalent symptom in different neurodegenerative diseases and can also manifest in certain psychiatric conditions. Despite limited medications approved for treating memory problems, research suggests a lack of sufficient options in the market. Studies indicate that a significant percentage of elderly individuals experience various forms of memory disorders. Metformin, commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes, has shown neuroprotective properties through diverse mechanisms. This study explores the potential of metformin in addressing memory impairments. The current research gathered its data by conducting an extensive search across electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Previous research suggests that metformin enhances brain cell survival and memory function in both animal and clinical models by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death while increasing beneficial neurotrophic factors. The findings of the research revealed that metformin is an effective medication for enhancing various types of memory problems in numerous studies. Given the rising incidence of memory disorders, it is plausible to utilize metformin, which is an affordable and accessible drug. It is often recommended as a treatment to boost memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Pourfridoni
- Student Research Committee, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Hedayati-Moghadam
- Student Research Committee, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Shirin Fathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Shiva Fathi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Mirrashidi
- Departrment of Pediatrics, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Hedyeh Askarpour
- Student Research Committee, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Hadi Shafieemojaz
- Student Research Committee, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Yousef Baghcheghi
- Student Research Committee, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.
- Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.
- Bio Environmental Health Hazards Research Center, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.
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3
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Loan A, Syal C, Lui M, He L, Wang J. Promising use of metformin in treating neurological disorders: biomarker-guided therapies. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1045-1055. [PMID: 37862207 PMCID: PMC10749596 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders are a diverse group of conditions that affect the nervous system and include neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease), cerebrovascular conditions (stroke), and neurodevelopmental disorders (autism spectrum disorder). Although they affect millions of individuals around the world, only a limited number of effective treatment options are available today. Since most neurological disorders express mitochondria-related metabolic perturbations, metformin, a biguanide type II antidiabetic drug, has attracted a lot of attention to be repurposed to treat neurological disorders by correcting their perturbed energy metabolism. However, controversial research emerges regarding the beneficial/detrimental effects of metformin on these neurological disorders. Given that most neurological disorders have complex etiology in their pathophysiology and are influenced by various risk factors such as aging, lifestyle, genetics, and environment, it is important to identify perturbed molecular functions that can be targeted by metformin in these neurological disorders. These molecules can then be used as biomarkers to stratify subpopulations of patients who show distinct molecular/pathological properties and can respond to metformin treatment, ultimately developing targeted therapy. In this review, we will discuss mitochondria-related metabolic perturbations and impaired molecular pathways in these neurological disorders and how these can be used as biomarkers to guide metformin-responsive treatment for the targeted therapy to treat neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Loan
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Charvi Syal
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Margarita Lui
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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4
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Jung M, Jung JS, Pfeifer J, Hartmann C, Ehrhardt T, Abid CL, Kintzel J, Puls A, Navarrete Santos A, Hollemann T, Riemann D, Rujescu D. Neuronal Stem Cells from Late-Onset Alzheimer Patients Show Altered Regulation of Sirtuin 1 Depending on Apolipoprotein E Indicating Disturbed Stem Cell Plasticity. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1562-1579. [PMID: 37728850 PMCID: PMC10896791 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex multifactorial disease. The greatest known risk factor for late-onset AD is the E4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE), while increasing age is the greatest known non-genetic risk factor. The cell type-specific functions of neural stem cells (NSCs), in particular their stem cell plasticity, remain poorly explored in the context of AD pathology. Here, we describe a new model that employs late-onset AD patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to generate NSCs and to examine the role played by APOE4 in the expression of aging markers such as sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in comparison to healthy subjects carrying APOE3. The effect of aging was investigated by using iPSC-derived NSCs from old age subjects as healthy matched controls. Transcript and protein analysis revealed that genes were expressed differently in NSCs from late-onset AD patients, e.g., exhibiting reduced autophagy-related protein 7 (ATG7), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). Since SIRT1 expression differed between APOE3 and APOE4 NSCs, the suppression of APOE function in NSCs also repressed the expression of SIRT1. However, the forced expression of APOE3 by plasmids did not recover differently expressed genes. The altered aging markers indicate decreased plasticity of NSCs. Our study provides a suitable in vitro model to investigate changes in human NSCs associated with aging, APOE4, and late-onset AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Jung
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry (IPC), Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Juliane-Susanne Jung
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06118, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jenny Pfeifer
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry (IPC), Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Carla Hartmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry (IPC), Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Toni Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry (IPC), Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Chaudhry Luqman Abid
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry (IPC), Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jenny Kintzel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry (IPC), Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anne Puls
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry (IPC), Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anne Navarrete Santos
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06118, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Hollemann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry (IPC), Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dagmar Riemann
- Department Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Strasse 2, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Kuate Defo A, Bakula V, Pisaturo A, Labos C, Wing SS, Daskalopoulou SS. Diabetes, antidiabetic medications and risk of dementia: A systematic umbrella review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:441-462. [PMID: 37869901 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this umbrella review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of diabetes on risk of dementia, as well as the mitigating effect of antidiabetic treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a systematic umbrella review on diabetes and its treatment, and a meta-analysis focusing on treatment. We searched MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library for systematic reviews and meta-analyses assessing the risk of cognitive decline/dementia in individuals with diabetes until 2 July 2023. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses to obtain risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals estimating the association of metformin, thiazolidinediones, pioglitazone, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, α-glucosidase inhibitors, meglitinides, insulin, sulphonylureas, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) with risk of dementia from cohort/case-control studies. The subgroups analysed included country and world region. Risk of bias was assessed with the AMSTAR tool and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS We included 100 reviews and 27 cohort/case-control studies (N = 3 046 661). Metformin, thiazolidinediones, pioglitazone, GLP1RAs and SGLT2is were associated with significant reduction in risk of dementia. When studies examining metformin were divided by country, the only significant effect was for the United States. Moreover, the effect of metformin was significant in Western but not Eastern populations. No significant effect was observed for dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, α-glucosidase inhibitors, or insulin, while meglitinides and sulphonylureas were associated with increased risk. CONCLUSIONS Metformin, thiazolidinediones, pioglitazone, GLP1RAs and SGLT2is were associated with reduced risk of dementia. More longitudinal studies aimed at determining their relative benefit in different populations should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Kuate Defo
- Vascular Health Unit, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Veselko Bakula
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Christopher Labos
- Vascular Health Unit, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon S Wing
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stella S Daskalopoulou
- Vascular Health Unit, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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6
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Isop LM, Neculau AE, Necula RD, Kakucs C, Moga MA, Dima L. Metformin: The Winding Path from Understanding Its Molecular Mechanisms to Proving Therapeutic Benefits in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1714. [PMID: 38139841 PMCID: PMC10748332 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin, a widely prescribed medication for type 2 diabetes, has garnered increasing attention for its potential neuroprotective properties due to the growing demand for treatments for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and motor neuron diseases. This review synthesizes experimental and clinical studies on metformin's mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic benefits for neurodegenerative disorders. A comprehensive search of electronic databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane library, focused on key phrases such as "metformin", "neuroprotection", and "neurodegenerative diseases", with data up to September 2023. Recent research on metformin's glucoregulatory mechanisms reveals new molecular targets, including the activation of the LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway, which is crucial for chronic administration of metformin. The pleiotropic impact may involve other stress kinases that are acutely activated. The precise role of respiratory chain complexes (I and IV), of the mitochondrial targets, or of the lysosomes in metformin effects remains to be established by further research. Research on extrahepatic targets like the gut and microbiota, as well as its antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties, is crucial for understanding neurodegenerative disorders. Experimental data on animal models shows promising results, but clinical studies are inconclusive. Understanding the molecular targets and mechanisms of its effects could help design clinical trials to explore and, hopefully, prove its therapeutic effects in neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mihaela Isop
- Department of Fundamental, Prophylactic and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brașov, Romania; (L.M.I.)
| | - Andrea Elena Neculau
- Department of Fundamental, Prophylactic and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brașov, Romania; (L.M.I.)
| | - Radu Dan Necula
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brașov, Romania
| | - Cristian Kakucs
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brașov, Romania
| | - Marius Alexandru Moga
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brașov, Romania
| | - Lorena Dima
- Department of Fundamental, Prophylactic and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brașov, Romania; (L.M.I.)
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7
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Fauzi A, Thoe ES, Quan TY, Yin ACY. Insights from insulin resistance pathways: Therapeutic approaches against Alzheimer associated diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications 2023; 37:108629. [PMID: 37866274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer Associated Diabetes Mellitus, commonly known as Type 3 Diabetes Mellitus (T3DM) is a distinct subtype of diabetes with a pronounced association with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Insulin resistance serves as a pivotal link between these two conditions, leading to diminished insulin sensitivity, hyperglycemia, and impaired glucose uptake. The brain, a vital organ in AD context, is also significantly impacted by insulin resistance, resulting in energy deficits and neuronal damage, which are hallmark features of the neurodegenerative disorder. To pave the way for potential therapeutic interventions targeting the insulin resistance pathway, it is crucial to comprehend the intricate pathophysiology of T3DM and identify the overlapped features between diabetes and AD. This comprehensive review article aims to explore various pathway such as AMPK, PPARγ, cAMP and P13K/Akt pathway as potential target for management of T3DM. Through the analysis of these complex mechanisms, our goal is to reveal their interdependencies and support the discovery of innovative therapeutic strategies. The review extensively discusses several promising pharmaceutical candidates that have demonstrated dual drug action mechanisms, addressing both peripheral and cerebral insulin resistance observed in T3DM. These candidates hold significant promise for restoring insulin function and mitigating the detrimental effects of insulin resistance on the brain. The exploration of these therapeutic options contributes to the development of innovative interventions that alleviate the burden of T3DM and enhance patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Fauzi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Ewen Se Thoe
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Tang Yin Quan
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Medical Advancement for Better Quality of Life Impact Lab, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Adeline Chia Yoke Yin
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Medical Advancement for Better Quality of Life Impact Lab, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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8
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Lv S, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Fang W, Wang Y, Li Z, Lin A, Dai X, Ye Q, Zhang J, Chen X. ApoE4 exacerbates the senescence of hippocampal neurons and spatial cognitive impairment by downregulating acetyl-CoA level. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13932. [PMID: 37594184 PMCID: PMC10497817 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although aging and apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele have been documented as two major risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), their interaction and potential underlying mechanisms remain unelucidated. Using humanized ApoE4- and ApoE3- target replacement mice, we found the accumulation of senescent neurons and the activation of mTOR and endosome-lysosome-autophagy (ELA) system in the hippocampus of aged ApoE4 mice. Further analyses revealed that ApoE4 aggravated the profile change of hippocampal transcription and metabolism in an age-dependent manner, accompanying with an disruption of metabolism, which is presented with the downregulating activity of citrate synthase, the level of ATP and, most importantly, the level of acetyl coenzyme A (Ac-CoA); GTA supplement, an Ac-CoA substrate, reversed the senescent characteristics, decreased the activation of mTOR and ELA system, and enhanced the synaptic structure and increasing level of pre-/post-synaptic plasticity-related protein, leading to cognitive improvement in aged ApoE4 mice. These data suggest that ApoE4 exacerbates neuronal senescence due to a deficiency of acetyl-CoA, which can be ameliorated by GTA supplement. The findings provide novel insights into the potential therapeutic value of GTA supplement for the cognitive improvement in aged APOE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuixin Lv
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
- School of Basic Medical SciencesFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
- Department of Pathologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yusi Zhang
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yingbin Lin
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Wenting Fang
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zihang Li
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Anlan Lin
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
- School of Basic Medical SciencesFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xiaoman Dai
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Qinyong Ye
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
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9
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Dai G, Li Y, Zhang M, Lu P, Zhang Y, Wang H, Shi L, Cao M, Shen R, Rui Y. The Regulation of the AMPK/mTOR Axis Mitigates Tendon Stem/Progenitor Cell Senescence and Delays Tendon Aging. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023:10.1007/s12015-023-10526-0. [PMID: 36917311 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Age-related tendon disorders are closely linked with tendon stem/progenitor cell (TSPC) senescence. However, the underlying mechanisms of TSPC senescence and promising therapeutic strategies for rejuvenation of TSPC senescence remain unclear. In this study, the senescent state of TSPCs increased with age. It was also verified that the AMPK inhibition/mTOR activation is correlated with the senescent state of TSPCs. Furthermore, a low dose of metformin mitigated TSPC senescence and restored senescence-related functions, including proliferation, colony-forming ability, migration ability and tenogenic differentiation ability at the early stage of aging. The protective effects of metformin on TSPCs were regulated through the AMPK/mTOR axis. An in vivo study showed that metformin treatment postpones tendon aging and enhances AMPK phosphorylation but reduces mTOR phosphorylation in a natural aging rat model. Our study revealed new insight and mechanistic exploration of TSPC senescence and proposed a novel therapeutic treatment for age-related tendon disorders by targeting the AMPK/mTOR axis at the early stage of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchun Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, NO.87 Ding Jia Qiao, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, N0.87 Ding Jia Qiao, 210009, Nanjing, PR China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yingjuan Li
- Department of Geriatrics, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, NO.87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, NO.87 Ding Jia Qiao, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, N0.87 Ding Jia Qiao, 210009, Nanjing, PR China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Panpan Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, NO.87 Ding Jia Qiao, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, N0.87 Ding Jia Qiao, 210009, Nanjing, PR China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, NO.87 Ding Jia Qiao, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, N0.87 Ding Jia Qiao, 210009, Nanjing, PR China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, NO.87 Ding Jia Qiao, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, N0.87 Ding Jia Qiao, 210009, Nanjing, PR China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Liu Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, NO.87 Ding Jia Qiao, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mumin Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, NO.87 Ding Jia Qiao, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, N0.87 Ding Jia Qiao, 210009, Nanjing, PR China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Renwang Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, NO.87 Ding Jia Qiao, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.,School of Medicine, Southeast University, N0.87 Ding Jia Qiao, 210009, Nanjing, PR China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Rui
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, NO.87 Ding Jia Qiao, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China. .,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China. .,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, 210009, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China. .,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, 310000, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
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10
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Lin L, Xiong M, Zhang G, Kang W, Sun S, Wu S. A Convolutional Neural Network and Graph Convolutional Network Based Framework for AD Classification. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1914. [PMID: 36850510 PMCID: PMC9961367 DOI: 10.3390/s23041914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The neuroscience community has developed many convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for the early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Population graphs are thought of as non-linear structures that capture the relationships between individual subjects represented as nodes, which allows for the simultaneous integration of imaging and non-imaging information as well as individual subjects' features. Graph convolutional networks (GCNs) generalize convolution operations to accommodate non-Euclidean data and aid in the mining of topological information from the population graph for a disease classification task. However, few studies have examined how GCNs' input properties affect AD-staging performance. Therefore, we conducted three experiments in this work. Experiment 1 examined how the inclusion of demographic information in the edge-assigning function affects the classification of AD versus cognitive normal (CN). Experiment 2 was designed to examine the effects of adding various neuropsychological tests to the edge-assigning function on the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) classification. Experiment 3 studied the impact of the edge assignment function. The best result was obtained in Experiment 2 on multi-class classification (AD, MCI, and CN). We applied a novel framework for the diagnosis of AD that integrated CNNs and GCNs into a unified network, taking advantage of the excellent feature extraction capabilities of CNNs and population-graph processing capabilities of GCNs. To learn high-level anatomical features, DenseNet was used; a set of population graphs was represented with nodes defined by imaging features and edge weights determined by different combinations of imaging or/and non-imaging information, and the generated graphs were then fed to the GCNs for classification. Both binary classification and multi-class classification showed improved performance, with an accuracy of 91.6% for AD versus CN, 91.2% for AD versus MCI, 96.8% for MCI versus CN, and 89.4% for multi-class classification. The population graph's imaging features and edge-assigning functions can both significantly affect classification accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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11
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Wang Y, Hu H, Liu X, Guo X. Hypoglycemic medicines in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Pathophysiological links between AD and glucose metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1138499. [PMID: 36909158 PMCID: PMC9995522 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1138499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a global chronic disease in adults with beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposits and hyperphosphorylated tau protein as the pathologic characteristics. Although the exact etiology of AD is still not fully elucidated, aberrant metabolism including insulin signaling and mitochondria dysfunction plays an important role in the development of AD. Binding to insulin receptor substrates, insulin can transport through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), thus mediating insulin signaling pathways to regulate physiological functions. Impaired insulin signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt/GSK3β and MAPK pathways, could cause damage to the brain in the pathogenesis of AD. Mitochondrial dysfunction and overexpression of TXNIP could also be causative links between AD and DM. Some antidiabetic medicines may have benefits in the treatment of AD. Metformin can be beneficial for cognition improvement in AD patients, although results from clinical trials were inconsistent. Exendin-4 may affect AD in animal models but there is a lack of clinical trials. Liraglutide and dulaglutide could also benefit AD patients in adequate clinical studies but not semaglutide. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors (DPP4is) such as saxagliptin, vildagliptin, linagliptin, and sitagliptin could boost cognitive function in animal models. And SGLT2 inhibitors such as empagliflozin and dapagliflozin were also considerably protective against new-onset dementia in T2DM patients. Insulin therapy is a promising therapy but some studies indicated that it may increase the risk of AD. Herbal medicines are helpful for cognitive function and neuroprotection in the brain. For example, polyphenols, alkaloids, glycosides, and flavonoids have protective benefits in cognition function and glucose metabolism. Focusing on glucose metabolism, we summarized the pharmacological mechanism of hypoglycemic drugs and herbal medicines. New treatment approaches including antidiabetic synthesized drugs and herbal medicines would be provided to patients with AD. More clinical trials are needed to produce definite evidence for the effectiveness of hypoglycemic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Guo
- Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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12
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Qiu-Yue X, Tian-Yuan Y, Xiao-Long W, Dong-Mei Q, Xiao-Rui C. Effects of metformin on modulating the expression of brain-related genes of APP/PS1 transgenic mice based on Single Cell Sequencing. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:CAR-EPUB-127961. [PMID: 36464874 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666221201143323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, affecting millions of people worldwide. METHODS Here, we analyzed the effects of metformin on APP/PS1 transgenic mice by behavioral test and single-cell sequencing. Results showed that metformin can improve the spatial learning, memory function, and anxiety mood of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. We identified transcriptionally distinct subpopulations of nine major brain cell types. Metformin increased the differentiation of stem cells, decreased the proportion of cells in the G2 phase, enhanced the generation of neural stem cells and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and the tendency of neural stem cells to differentiate into astrocytes. Notably, 253 genes expressed abnormally in APP/PS1 transgenic mice and were reversed by metformin. Ttr, Uba52, and Rps21 are the top 3 genes in the cell-gene network with the highest node degree. Moreover, histochemistry showed the expressions of RPS15, UBA52, and RPL23a were consistent with the data from single-cell sequencing. Pathway and biological process enrichment analysis indicated metformin was involved in nervous system development and negative regulation of the apoptotic process. CONCLUSION Overall, metformin might play an important role in the differentiation and development and apoptotic process of the central nervous system by regulating the expression of Ttr, Uba52, Rps21, and other genes to improve cognition of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. These results provided a clue for elaborating on the molecular and cellular basis of metformin on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Qiu-Yue
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Ye Tian-Yuan
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Wang Xiao-Long
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Qi Dong-Mei
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Cheng Xiao-Rui
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
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13
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Wu CY, Shapiro L, Ouk M, MacIntosh BJ, Black SE, Shah BR, Swardfager W. Glucose-lowering drugs, cognition, and dementia: The clinical evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 137:104654. [PMID: 35398114 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an important risk factor for dementia. The possibility to mitigate this risk by controlling T2DM is compelling; however, different glucose-lowering drugs have different effects on the brain by virtue of their different mechanisms of action. The clinical and epidemiological data appear mixed, warranting careful critical evaluation of the human studies. Here we examine the evidence in the context of dementia prevention and treatment, both for people with and without T2DM. We discuss the evidence on this scaffold of research directions, identifying methodological complexities in the extant literature (e.g. comparator discrepancies, changes in the therapeutic landscape), and the implications of different outcome measures (e.g. neuropsychological). We consider possible implications of cerebrovascular protection vs. effects on progression of neurodegenerative proteinopathy, and we present a research roadmap for glucose-lowering drugs in cognitive neurology, including neuroimaging, and fluid biomarkers. We conclude that there is great potential to advance personalized strategies to prevent and treat dementia with glucose-lowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Yuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lila Shapiro
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Ouk
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bradley J MacIntosh
- Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Dementia Research Alliance, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Baiju R Shah
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Divisions of Endocrinology and Obstetric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Walter Swardfager
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Sandra Black Centre for Brain Resilience and Recovery, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; KITE UHN Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Ali MA, Khalil MM, Al-Mokaddem AK, Aljuaydi SH, Ahmed M, Khalil HM. Differential effects of cancer modifying agents during radiation therapy on Ehrlich solid tumor-bearing mice: A comparative investigation of metformin and ascorbic acid. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 187:110305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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15
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Liao W, Xu J, Li B, Ruan Y, Li T, Liu J. Deciphering the Roles of Metformin in Alzheimer's Disease: A Snapshot. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:728315. [PMID: 35153733 PMCID: PMC8829062 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.728315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease predominantly affecting millions of elderly people. To date, no effective therapy has been identified to reverse the progression of AD. Metformin, as a first-line medication for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), exerts multiple beneficial effects on various neurodegenerative disorders, including AD. Evidence from clinical studies has demonstrated that metformin use contributes to a lower risk of developing AD and better cognitive performance, which might be modified by interactors such as diabetic status and APOE-ε4 status. Previous mechanistic studies have gradually unveiled the effects of metformin on AD pathology and pathophysiology, including neuronal loss, neural dysfunction, amyloid-β (Aβ) depositions, tau phosphorylation, chronic neuroinflammation, insulin resistance, impaired glucose metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction. Current evidence remains ambiguous and even conflicting. Herein, we review the current state of knowledge concerning the mechanisms of metformin in AD pathology while summarizing current evidence from clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Liao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Ruan
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Ning P, Luo A, Mu X, Xu Y, Li T. Exploring the dual character of metformin in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2022; 207:108966. [PMID: 35077762 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, which results in dementia typically in the elderly. The disease is mainly characterized by the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. However, only few drugs are available for AD because of its unknown pathological mechanism which limits the development of new drugs. Therefore, it is urgent to identify potential therapeutic strategies for AD. Moreover, research have showed that there is a significant association between Type 2 diabetes mellites (T2DM) and AD, suggesting that the two diseases may share common pathophysiological mechanisms. Such mechanisms include impaired insulin signaling, altered glucose metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and premature aging, which strongly affect cognitive function and increased risk of dementia. Consequently, as a widely used drug for T2DM, metformin also has therapeutic potential for AD in vivo. It has been confirmed that metformin is beneficial on the brain of AD animal models. The mechanisms underlying the effects of metformin in Alzheimer's disease are complex and multifaceted. Metformin may work through mechanisms involving homeostasis of glucose metabolism, decrease of amyloid plaque deposition, normalization of tau protein phosphorylation and enhancement of autophagy. However, in clinical trials, metformin had little effects on patients with mild cognitive impairment or mild AD. Pathological effects and negative clinical results of metformin on AD make the current topic quite controversial. By reviewing the latest progress of related research, this paper summarizes the possible role of metformin in AD. The purpose of this study is not only to determine the potential treatment of AD, but also other related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Ning
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, PR China.
| | - Anling Luo
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, PR China.
| | - Xin Mu
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu First People's Hospital, 18 Wanxiang North Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, PR China.
| | - Yanming Xu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, PR China.
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University/Air Force Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Rd, Xi'an, 710032, PR China.
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17
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Lin Y, Dai X, Zhang J, Chen X. Metformin alleviates the depression-like behaviors of elderly apoE4 mice via improving glucose metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. Behav Brain Res 2022; 423:113772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Neumann NR, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. AMPK activators for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:1199-1210. [PMID: 34632898 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1991308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As the global population ages at an unprecedented rate, the burden of neurodegenerative diseases is expected to grow. Given the profound impact illness like dementia exert on individuals and society writ large, researchers, physicians, and scientific organizations have called for increased investigation into their treatment and prevention. Both metformin and aspirin have been associated with improved cognitive outcomes. These agents are related in their ability to stimulate AMP kinase (AMPK). Momordica charantia, another AMPK activator, is a component of traditional medicines and a novel agent for the treatment of cancer. It is also being evaluated as a nootropic agent. AREAS COVERED This article is a comprehensive review which examines the role of AMPK activation in neuroprotection and the role that AMPK activators may have in the management of dementia and cognitive impairment. It evaluates the interaction of metformin, aspirin, and Momordica charantia, with AMPK, and reviews the literature characterizing these agents' impact on neurodegeneration. EXPERT OPINION We suggest that AMPK activators should be considered for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. We identify multiple areas of future investigation which may have a profound impact on patients worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Neumann
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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19
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Nikbakhtzadeh M, Shaerzadeh F, Ashabi G. Highlighting the protective or degenerative role of AMPK activators in dementia experimental models. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 20:786-801. [PMID: 34042039 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210526160214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a serine/threonine kinase and a driving or deterrent factor in the development of neurodegenerative diseases and dementia. AMPK affects intracellular proteins like the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1-α (among others) contributes to a wide range of intracellular activities based on its downstream molecules such as energy balancing (ATP synthesis), extracellular inflammation, cell growth, and neuronal cell death (such as apoptosis, necrosis, and necroptosis). Several studies have looked at the dual role of AMPK in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Huntington disease (HD) but the exact effect of this enzyme on dementia, stroke, and motor neuron dysfunction disorders has not been elucidated yet. In this article, we review current research on the effects of AMPK on the brain to give an overview of the relationship. More specifically, we review the neuroprotective or neurodegenerative effects of AMPK or AMPK activators like metformin, resveratrol, and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside on neurological diseases and dementia, which exert through the intracellular molecules involved in neuronal survival or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Nikbakhtzadeh
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shaerzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, United States
| | - Ghorbangol Ashabi
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Liao J, Zhang Y, Chen X, Zhang J. The Roles of Peroxiredoxin 6 in Brain Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4348-4364. [PMID: 34013449 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02427-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6), the only mammalian 1-Cys member of the peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) family, has multiple functions of glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) activity, acidic calcium-independent phospholipase (aiPLA2) activity, and lysophosphatidylcholine acyl transferase (LPCAT) activity. It has been documented to be involved in redox homeostasis, phospholipid turnover, glycolipid metabolism, and cellular signaling. Here, we reviewed the characteristics of the available Prdx6 genetic mouse models and the research progresses made with regard to PRDX6 in neuropsychiatric disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, brain aging, stroke, neurotrauma, gliomas, major depressive disorder, drug addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder, and schizophrenia. The present review highlights the important roles of PRDX6 in neuropsychiatric disorders and may provide novel insights for the development of effective pharmacological treatments and genetic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfeng Liao
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiaotong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Yusi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiaotong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiaotong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, 88 Jiaotong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China.
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21
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Lalo U, Pankratov Y. Astrocytes as Perspective Targets of Exercise- and Caloric Restriction-Mimetics. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2746-2759. [PMID: 33677759 PMCID: PMC8437875 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced mental and physical activity can have positive effects on the function of aging brain, both in the experimental animals and human patients, although cellular mechanisms underlying these effects are currently unclear. There is a growing evidence that pre-clinical stage of many neurodegenerative diseases involves changes in interactions between astrocytes and neurons. Conversely, astrocytes are strategically positioned to mediate the positive influence of physical activity and diet on neuronal function. Thus, development of therapeutic agents which could improve the astroglia-neuron communications in ageing brain is of crucial importance. Recent advances in studies of cellular mechanisms of brain longevity suggest that astrocyte-neuron communications have a vital role in the beneficial effects of caloric restriction, physical exercise and their pharmacological mimetics on synaptic homeostasis and cognitive function. In particular, our recent data indicate that noradrenaline uptake inhibitor atomoxetine can enhance astrocytic Ca2+-signaling and astroglia-driven modulation of synaptic plasticity. Similar effects were exhibited by caloric restriction-mimetics metformin and resveratrol. The emerged data also suggest that astrocytes could be involved in the modulatory action of caloric restriction and its mimetics on neuronal autophagy. Still, the efficiency of astrocyte-targeting compounds in preventing age-related cognitive decline is yet to be fully explored, in particular in the animal models of neurodegenerative diseases and autophagy impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulyana Lalo
- School of Life Sciences, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Yuriy Pankratov
- School of Life Sciences, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia. .,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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22
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Wei J, Qi H, Liu K, Zhao C, Bian Y, Li G. Effects of Metformin on Life Span, Cognitive Ability, and Inflammatory Response in a Short-Lived Fish. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:2042-2050. [PMID: 32361753 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin, an oral antidiabetic drug, prolongs the life span in nematode, silkworm, and other transgenic rodents, but its effects on longevity and aging-related cognitive ability using natural aging vertebrate models remain poorly understood. The genus of annual fish Nothobranchius show accelerated growth and expression of aging biomarkers. Here, using the short-lived fish Nothobranchius guentheri, we investigated effects of metformin on life span and aging-related cognitive ability and inflammation. Total of 145 fish, 72 fish were fed with metformin in the concentration of 2 mg/g food and 73 fish without metformin from 16 weeks of age until the end of their lives. The chronic feeding with metformin prolonged the life span of the fish and delayed aging with retarded accumulation of lipofuscin in liver, senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity in skin and serum levels of cholesterol and triglyceride significantly in the 10-month-old fish. Furthermore, metformin improved motor, learning, and memory skills by behavior tests accompanying with reduction of SA-β-gal activity and neurofibrillary degeneration and inhibition of inflammatory response including downregulated NF-κB and proinflammatory cytokines IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-1β expression and enhanced anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 level in brain. These findings demonstrate that metformin prolongs the life span and exerts neuroprotective and anti-inflammation function to improve cognitive ability in annual fish. It might be an effective strategy by using metformin to raise the possibility of promoting healthy aging of old population in aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntong Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - He Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Keke Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Changsheng Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Bian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Guorong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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23
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Wu C, Ouk M, Wong YY, Anita NZ, Edwards JD, Yang P, Shah BR, Herrmann N, Lanctôt KL, Kapral MK, MacIntosh BJ, Rabin JS, Black SE, Swardfager W. Relationships between memory decline and the use of metformin or DPP4 inhibitors in people with type 2 diabetes with normal cognition or Alzheimer's disease, and the role APOE carrier status. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1663-1673. [PMID: 32803865 PMCID: PMC7754496 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few studies have examined memory decline among patients with type 2 diabetes using different oral hypoglycemic drugs. METHODS Participants with normal cognition (NC) or Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia using a hypoglycemic medication (2005 to 2019) were identified from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center database. Delayed memory was assessed using the Wechsler Memory Scale Revised-Logical Memory test. Associations between oral drug classes and memory over time were examined using mixed-effects models with inverse probability treatment weights. RESULTS In NC (n = 1192), metformin use was associated with better memory performance over time, whereas in AD (n = 807), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitor use was associated with a slower rate of memory decline. Interaction effects suggested greater benefit associated with DPP4 inhibitor use among APOE ε4 carriers. DISCUSSION Associations between different oral hypoglycemic drugs and memory change were not consistent between cognitively normal elderly and those with AD dementia. APOE ε4 genotype modified some relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che‐Yuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences ProgramSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Michael Ouk
- Department of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences ProgramSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Yuen Yan Wong
- Department of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences ProgramSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Natasha Z. Anita
- Department of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences ProgramSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Jodi D. Edwards
- University of Ottawa Heart InstituteUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- School of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- ICESOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Pearl Yang
- Primary Care Research UnitDepartment of Family and Community MedicineSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Family and Community MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Baiju R. Shah
- ICESTorontoOntarioCanada
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Obstetric MedicineDepartment of MedicineSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences ProgramSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatrySunnybrook Health Sciences CentreUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Krista L. Lanctôt
- Department of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences ProgramSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatrySunnybrook Health Sciences CentreUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- KITE UHN Toronto Rehabilitation InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Moira K. Kapral
- ICESTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Medicine (Division of General Internal Medicine) and Institute for Health Policy, Management, and EvaluationUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Bradley J. MacIntosh
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences ProgramSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
- Canadian Partnership for Stroke RecoverySunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Jennifer S. Rabin
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences ProgramSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of MedicineDivision of NeurologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Harquail Centre for NeuromodulationHurvitz Brain Sciences ProgramSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
- Rehabilitation Sciences InstituteUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Sandra E. Black
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences ProgramSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
- Canadian Partnership for Stroke RecoverySunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of MedicineDivision of NeurologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Toronto Dementia Research AllianceTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Walter Swardfager
- Department of Pharmacology & ToxicologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences ProgramSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
- KITE UHN Toronto Rehabilitation InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
- Canadian Partnership for Stroke RecoverySunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
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24
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Soo SK, Rudich PD, Traa A, Harris-Gauthier N, Shields HJ, Van Raamsdonk JM. Compounds that extend longevity are protective in neurodegenerative diseases and provide a novel treatment strategy for these devastating disorders. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 190:111297. [PMID: 32610099 PMCID: PMC7484136 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
While aging is the greatest risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative disease, the role of aging in these diseases is poorly understood. In the inherited forms of these diseases, the disease-causing mutation is present from birth but symptoms appear decades later. This indicates that these mutations are well tolerated in younger individuals but not in older adults. Based on this observation, we hypothesized that changes taking place during normal aging make the cells in the brain (and elsewhere) susceptible to the disease-causing mutations. If so, then delaying some of these age-related changes may be beneficial in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we examine the effects of five compounds that have been shown to extend longevity (metformin, rapamycin, resveratrol, N-acetyl-l-cysteine, curcumin) in four of the most common neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). While not all investigations observe a beneficial effect of these compounds, there are multiple studies that show a protective effect of each of these lifespan-extending compounds in animal models of neurodegenerative disease. Combined with genetic studies, this suggests the possibility that targeting the aging process may be an effective strategy to treat neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja K Soo
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, and Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Paige D Rudich
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, and Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Annika Traa
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, and Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Namasthée Harris-Gauthier
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, and Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Hazel J Shields
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, and Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jeremy M Van Raamsdonk
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, and Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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25
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Tang BL. Could metformin be therapeutically useful in Huntington's disease? Rev Neurosci 2020; 31:297-317. [PMID: 31751298 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggest that dimethylbiguanide (metformin), a first-line drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus, could be neuroprotective in a range of brain pathologies, which include neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury. However, there are also contraindications that associate metformin treatment with cognitive impairment as well as adverse outcomes in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease animal models. Recently, a beneficial effect of metformin in animal models of Huntington's disease (HD) has been strengthened by multiple reports. In this brief review, the findings associated with the effects of metformin in attenuating neurodegenerative diseases are discussed, focusing on HD-associated pathology and the potential underlying mechanisms highlighted by these studies. The mechanism of action of metformin is complex, and its therapeutic efficacy is therefore expected to be dependent on the disease context. The key metabolic pathways that are effectively affected by metformin, such as AMP-activated protein kinase activation, may be altered in the later decades of the human lifespan. In this regard, metformin may nonetheless be therapeutically useful for neurological diseases with early pathological onsets, such as HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 117596, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Medical Drive, Singapore 119077, Singapore
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26
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Rhea EM, Raber J, Banks WA. ApoE and cerebral insulin: Trafficking, receptors, and resistance. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 137:104755. [PMID: 31978603 PMCID: PMC7050417 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) insulin resistance is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, the apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) isoform is a risk factor for AD. The connection between these two factors in relation to AD is being actively explored. We summarize this literature with a focus on the transport of insulin and apoE across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and into the CNS, the impact of apoE and insulin on the BBB, and the interactions between apoE, insulin, and the insulin receptor once present in the CNS. We highlight how CNS insulin resistance is apparent in AD and potential ways to overcome this resistance by repurposing currently approved drugs, with apoE genotype taken into consideration as the treatment response following most interventions is apoE isoform-dependent. This review is part of a special issue focusing on apoE in AD and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rhea
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA 98108, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America.
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - William A Banks
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA 98108, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
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27
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Koren-Iton A, Salomon-Zimri S, Smolar A, Shavit-Stein E, Dori A, Chapman J, Michaelson DM. Central and Peripheral Mechanisms in ApoE4-Driven Diabetic Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1289. [PMID: 32075060 PMCID: PMC7072920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 gene allele and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are prime risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite evidence linking T2DM and apoE4, the mechanism underlying their interaction is yet to be determined. In the present study, we employed a model of APOE-targeted replacement mice and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance to investigate diabetic mechanisms associated with apoE4 pathology and the extent to which they are driven by peripheral and central processes. Results obtained revealed an intriguing pattern, in which under basal conditions, apoE4 mice display impaired glucose and insulin tolerance and decreased insulin secretion, as well as cognitive and sensorimotor characteristics relative to apoE3 mice, while the HFD impairs apoE3 mice without significantly affecting apoE4 mice. Measurements of weight and fasting blood glucose levels increased in a time-dependent manner following the HFD, though no effect of genotype was observed. Interestingly, sciatic electrophysiological and skin intra-epidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) peripheral measurements were not affected by the APOE genotype or HFD, suggesting that the observed sensorimotor and cognitive phenotypes are related to central nervous system processes. Indeed, measurements of hippocampal insulin receptor and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) activation revealed a pattern similar to that obtained in the behavioral measurements while Akt activation presented a dominant effect of diet. HFD manipulation induced genotype-independent hyperlipidation of apoE, and reduced levels of brain apoE in apoE3 mice, rendering them similar to apoE4 mice, whose brain apoE levels were not affected by the diet. No such effect was observed in the peripheral plasma levels of apoE, suggesting that the pathological effects of apoE4 under the control diet and apoE3 under HFD conditions are related to the decreased levels of brain apoE. Taken together, our data suggests that diabetic mechanisms play an important role in mediating the pathological effects of apoE4 and that consequently, diabetic-related therapy may be useful in treating apoE4 pathology in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Koren-Iton
- Department of Neurobiology, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.K.-I.); (S.S.-Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Shiran Salomon-Zimri
- Department of Neurobiology, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.K.-I.); (S.S.-Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Alex Smolar
- Department of Neurobiology, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.K.-I.); (S.S.-Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Efrat Shavit-Stein
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5261, Israel; (E.S.-S.); (A.D.); (J.C.)
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Amir Dori
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5261, Israel; (E.S.-S.); (A.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Joab Chapman
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5261, Israel; (E.S.-S.); (A.D.); (J.C.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Daniel M. Michaelson
- Department of Neurobiology, The Sagol School of Neuroscience, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.K.-I.); (S.S.-Z.); (A.S.)
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28
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Metformin and cognition from the perspectives of sex, age, and disease. GeroScience 2020; 42:97-116. [PMID: 31897861 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is the safest and the most widely prescribed first-line therapy for managing hyperglycemia due to different underlying causes, primarily type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition to its euglycemic properties, metformin has stimulated a wave of clinical trials to investigate benefits on aging-related diseases and longevity. Such an impact on the lifespan extension would undoubtedly expand the therapeutic utility of metformin regardless of glycemic status. However, there is a scarcity of studies evaluating whether metformin has differential cognitive effects across age, sex, glycemic status, metformin dose, and duration of metformin treatment and associated pathological conditions. By scrutinizing the available literature on animal and human studies for metformin and brain function, we expect to shed light on the potential impact of metformin on cognition across age, sex, and pathological conditions. This review aims to provide readers with a broader insight of (a) how metformin differentially affects cognition and (b) why there is a need for more translational and clinical studies examining multifactorial interactions. The outcomes of such comprehensive studies will streamline precision medicine practices, avoiding "fit for all" approach, and optimizing metformin use for longevity benefit irrespective of hyperglycemia.
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