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Askew KE, Beverley J, Sigfridsson E, Szymkowiak S, Emelianova K, Dando O, Hardingham GE, Duncombe J, Hennessy E, Koudelka J, Samarasekera N, Salman RA, Smith C, Tavares AAS, Gomez‐Nicola D, Kalaria RN, McColl BW, Horsburgh K. Inhibiting CSF1R alleviates cerebrovascular white matter disease and cognitive impairment. Glia 2024; 72:375-395. [PMID: 37909242 PMCID: PMC10952452 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
White matter abnormalities, related to poor cerebral perfusion, are a core feature of small vessel cerebrovascular disease, and critical determinants of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Despite this importance there is a lack of treatment options. Proliferation of microglia producing an expanded, reactive population and associated neuroinflammatory alterations have been implicated in the onset and progression of cerebrovascular white matter disease, in patients and in animal models, suggesting that targeting microglial proliferation may exert protection. Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) is a key regulator of microglial proliferation. We found that the expression of CSF1R/Csf1r and other markers indicative of increased microglial abundance are significantly elevated in damaged white matter in human cerebrovascular disease and in a clinically relevant mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and vascular cognitive impairment. Using the mouse model, we investigated long-term pharmacological CSF1R inhibition, via GW2580, and demonstrated that the expansion of microglial numbers in chronic hypoperfused white matter is prevented. Transcriptomic analysis of hypoperfused white matter tissue showed enrichment of microglial and inflammatory gene sets, including phagocytic genes that were the predominant expression modules modified by CSF1R inhibition. Further, CSF1R inhibition attenuated hypoperfusion-induced white matter pathology and rescued spatial learning impairments and to a lesser extent cognitive flexibility. Overall, this work suggests that inhibition of CSF1R and microglial proliferation mediates protection against chronic cerebrovascular white matter pathology and cognitive deficits. Our study nominates CSF1R as a target for the treatment of vascular cognitive disorders with broader implications for treatment of other chronic white matter diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua Beverley
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Emma Sigfridsson
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Stefan Szymkowiak
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Katherine Emelianova
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Owen Dando
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Giles E. Hardingham
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Jessica Duncombe
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Edel Hennessy
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Juraj Koudelka
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Neshika Samarasekera
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Sudden Death Brain BankUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Rustam Al‐Shahi Salman
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Sudden Death Brain BankUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Sudden Death Brain BankUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Adriana A. S. Tavares
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Raj N. Kalaria
- Clinical and Translational Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUK
| | - Barry W. McColl
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- UK Dementia Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Karen Horsburgh
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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2
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Mallien AS, Brandwein C, Vasilescu AN, Leenaars C, Bleich A, Inta D, Hirjak D, Gass P. A systematic scoping review of rodent models of catatonia: Clinical correlations, translation and future approaches. Schizophr Res 2024; 263:109-121. [PMID: 37524635 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Catatonia is a psychiatric disorder, which subsumes a plethora of affective, motor and behavioral symptoms. In the last two decades, the number of behavioral and neuroimaging studies on catatonia has steadily increased. The majority of behavioral and neuroimaging studies in psychiatric patients suggested aberrant higher-order frontoparietal networks which, on the biochemical level, are insufficiently modulated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic and glutamatergic transmission. However, the pathomechanisms of catatonic symptoms have rarely been studied using rodent models. Here, we performed a scoping review of literature available on PubMed for studies on rodent models of catatonia. We sought to identify what we could learn from pre-clinical animal models of catatonia-like symptoms, their underlying neuronal correlates, and the complex molecular (i.e. genes and neurotransmitter) mechanisms by which its modulation exerts its effects. What becomes evident is that although many transgenic models present catatonia-like symptoms, they have not been used to better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying catatonia so far. However, the identified neuronal correlates of catatonia-like symptoms correlate to a great extent with findings from neuroscience research in psychiatric patients. This points us towards fundamental cortical-striatal-thalamocortical and associated networks modulated by white matter inflammation as well as aberrant dopaminergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmission that is involved in catatonia. Therefore, this scoping review opens up the possibility of finally using transgenic models to help with identifying novel target mechanisms for the development of new drugs for the treatment of catatonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Mallien
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christiane Brandwein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrei-Nicolae Vasilescu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cathalijn Leenaars
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6600 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dragos Inta
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dusan Hirjak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Arinrad S, Depp C, Siems SB, Sasmita AO, Eichel MA, Ronnenberg A, Hammerschmidt K, Lüders KA, Werner HB, Ehrenreich H, Nave KA. Isolated catatonia-like executive dysfunction in mice with forebrain-specific loss of myelin integrity. eLife 2023; 12:70792. [PMID: 36892455 PMCID: PMC9998085 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A key feature of advanced brain aging includes structural defects of intracortical myelin that are associated with secondary neuroinflammation. A similar pathology is seen in specific myelin mutant mice that model 'advanced brain aging' and exhibit a range of behavioral abnormalities. However, the cognitive assessment of these mutants is problematic because myelin-dependent motor-sensory functions are required for quantitative behavioral readouts. To better understand the role of cortical myelin integrity for higher brain functions, we generated mice lacking Plp1, encoding the major integral myelin membrane protein, selectively in ventricular zone stem cells of the mouse forebrain. In contrast to conventional Plp1 null mutants, subtle myelin defects were restricted to the cortex, hippocampus, and underlying callosal tracts. Moreover, forebrain-specific Plp1 mutants exhibited no defects of basic motor-sensory performance at any age tested. Surprisingly, several behavioral alterations reported for conventional Plp1 null mice (Gould et al., 2018) were absent and even social interactions appeared normal. However, with novel behavioral paradigms, we determined catatonia-like symptoms and isolated executive dysfunction in both genders. This suggests that loss of myelin integrity has an impact on cortical connectivity and underlies specific defects of executive function. These observations are likewise relevant for human neuropsychiatric conditions and other myelin-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahab Arinrad
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Constanze Depp
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sophie B Siems
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Maria A Eichel
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Ronnenberg
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Katja A Lüders
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
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4
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Brás IC, Khani MH, Vasili E, Möbius W, Riedel D, Parfentev I, Gerhardt E, Fahlbusch C, Urlaub H, Zweckstetter M, Gollisch T, Outeiro TF. Molecular Mechanisms Mediating the Transfer of Disease-Associated Proteins and Effects on Neuronal Activity. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:2397-2422. [PMID: 36278361 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various cellular pathways have been implicated in the transfer of disease-related proteins between cells, contributing to disease progression and neurodegeneration. However, the overall effects of protein transfer are still unclear. OBJECTIVE Here, we performed a systematic comparison of basic molecular mechanisms involved in the release of alpha-synuclein, Tau, and huntingtin, and evaluated functional effects upon internalization by receiving cells. METHODS Evaluation of protein release to the extracellular space in a free form and in extracellular vesicles using an optimized ultracentrifugation protocol. The extracellular effects of the proteins and extracellular vesicles in primary neuronal cultures were assessed using multi-channel electrophysiological recordings combined with a customized spike sorting framework. RESULTS We demonstrate cells differentially release free-forms of each protein to the extracellular space. Importantly, neuronal activity is distinctly modulated upon protein internalization in primary cortical cultures. In addition, these disease-related proteins also occur in extracellular vesicles, and are enriched in ectosomes. Internalization of ectosomes and exosomes by primary microglial or astrocytic cells elicits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and modifies spontaneous electrical activity in neurons. OBJECTIVE Overall, our study demonstrates that released proteins can have detrimental effects for surrounding cells, and suggests protein release pathways may be exploited as therapeutic targets in different neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês C Brás
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mohammad H Khani
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eftychia Vasili
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Riedel
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Iwan Parfentev
- Research Group Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Gerhardt
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Fahlbusch
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Research Group Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.,Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany.,Department for NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Gollisch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom.,Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
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5
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Basilico B, Ferrucci L, Khan A, Di Angelantonio S, Ragozzino D, Reverte I. What microglia depletion approaches tell us about the role of microglia on synaptic function and behavior. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1022431. [PMID: 36406752 PMCID: PMC9673171 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1022431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are dynamic cells, constantly surveying their surroundings and interacting with neurons and synapses. Indeed, a wealth of knowledge has revealed a critical role of microglia in modulating synaptic transmission and plasticity in the developing brain. In the past decade, novel pharmacological and genetic strategies have allowed the acute removal of microglia, opening the possibility to explore and understand the role of microglia also in the adult brain. In this review, we summarized and discussed the contribution of microglia depletion strategies to the current understanding of the role of microglia on synaptic function, learning and memory, and behavior both in physiological and pathological conditions. We first described the available microglia depletion methods highlighting their main strengths and weaknesses. We then reviewed the impact of microglia depletion on structural and functional synaptic plasticity. Next, we focused our analysis on the effects of microglia depletion on behavior, including general locomotor activity, sensory perception, motor function, sociability, learning and memory both in healthy animals and animal models of disease. Finally, we integrated the findings from the reviewed studies and discussed the emerging roles of microglia on the maintenance of synaptic function, learning, memory strength and forgetfulness, and the implications of microglia depletion in models of brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Ferrucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Azka Khan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia – Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Davide Ragozzino,
| | - Ingrid Reverte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
- Ingrid Reverte,
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6
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NMDAR1 autoantibodies amplify behavioral phenotypes of genetic white matter inflammation: a mild encephalitis model with neuropsychiatric relevance. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4974-4983. [PMID: 34866134 PMCID: PMC9763107 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Encephalitis has an estimated prevalence of ≤0.01%. Even with extensive diagnostic work-up, an infectious etiology is identified or suspected in <50% of cases, suggesting a role for etiologically unclear, noninfectious processes. Mild encephalitis runs frequently unnoticed, despite slight neuroinflammation detectable postmortem in many neuropsychiatric illnesses. A widely unexplored field in humans, though clearly documented in rodents, is genetic brain inflammation, particularly that associated with myelin abnormalities, inducing primary white matter encephalitis. We hypothesized that "autoimmune encephalitides" may result from any brain inflammation concurring with the presence of brain antigen-directed autoantibodies, e.g., against N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor NR1 (NMDAR1-AB), which are not causal of, but may considerably shape the encephalitis phenotype. We therefore immunized young female Cnp-/- mice lacking the structural myelin protein 2'-3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (Cnp) with a "cocktail" of NMDAR1 peptides. Cnp-/- mice exhibit early low-grade inflammation of white matter tracts and blood-brain barrier disruption. Our novel mental-time-travel test disclosed that Cnp-/- mice are compromised in what-where-when orientation, but this episodic memory readout was not further deteriorated by NMDAR1-AB. In contrast, comparing wild-type and Cnp-/- mice without/with NMDAR1-AB regarding hippocampal learning/memory and motor balance/coordination revealed distinct stair patterns of behavioral pathology. To elucidate a potential contribution of oligodendroglial NMDAR downregulation to NMDAR1-AB effects, we generated conditional NR1 knockout mice. These mice displayed normal Morris water maze and mental-time-travel, but beam balance performance was similar to immunized Cnp-/-. Immunohistochemistry confirmed neuroinflammation/neurodegeneration in Cnp-/- mice, yet without add-on effect of NMDAR1-AB. To conclude, genetic brain inflammation may explain an encephalitic component underlying autoimmune conditions.
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7
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Molina-Martínez B, Jentsch LV, Ersoy F, van der Moolen M, Donato S, Ness TV, Heutink P, Jones PD, Cesare P. A multimodal 3D neuro-microphysiological system with neurite-trapping microelectrodes. Biofabrication 2021; 14. [PMID: 34942606 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac463b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell technologies as pre-clinical models are emerging tools for mimicking the structural and functional complexity of the nervous system. The accurate exploration of phenotypes in engineered 3D neuronal cultures, however, demands morphological, molecular and especially functional measurements. Particularly crucial is measurement of electrical activity of individual neurons with millisecond resolution. Current techniques rely on customized electrophysiological recording set-ups, characterized by limited throughput and poor integration with other readout modalities. Here we describe a novel approach, using multiwell glass microfluidic microelectrode arrays, allowing non-invasive electrical recording from engineered 3D neural tissues. We demonstrate parallelized studies with reference compounds, calcium imaging and optogenetic stimulation. Additionally, we show how microplate compatibility allows automated handling and high-content analysis of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. This microphysiological platform opens up new avenues for high-throughput studies on the functional, morphological and molecular details of neurological diseases and their potential treatment by therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Molina-Martínez
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, Reutlingen, 72770, GERMANY
| | - Laura-Victoria Jentsch
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, Reutlingen, 72770, GERMANY
| | - Fulya Ersoy
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, Reutlingen, 72770, GERMANY
| | - Matthijs van der Moolen
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, Reutlingen, 72770, GERMANY
| | - Stella Donato
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried Müller Strasse 23, Tübingen, 72076, GERMANY
| | - Torbjørn V Ness
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences NMBU, Universitetstunet 3, As, 1432, NORWAY
| | - Peter Heutink
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried Müller Strasse 23, Tübingen, 72076, GERMANY
| | - Peter D Jones
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen (Germany), Markwiesenstrasse 55, Reutlingen, 72770, GERMANY
| | - Paolo Cesare
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, Reutlingen, 72770, GERMANY
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8
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Chitu V, Biundo F, Stanley ER. Colony stimulating factors in the nervous system. Semin Immunol 2021; 54:101511. [PMID: 34743926 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although traditionally seen as regulators of hematopoiesis, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) have emerged as important players in the nervous system, both in health and disease. This review summarizes the cellular sources, patterns of expression and physiological roles of the macrophage (CSF-1, IL-34), granulocyte-macrophage (GM-CSF) and granulocyte (G-CSF) colony stimulating factors within the nervous system, with a particular focus on their actions on microglia. CSF-1 and IL-34, via the CSF-1R, are required for the development, proliferation and maintenance of essentially all CNS microglia in a temporal and regional specific manner. In contrast, in steady state, GM-CSF and G-CSF are mainly involved in regulation of microglial function. The alterations in expression of these growth factors and their receptors, that have been reported in several neurological diseases, are described and the outcomes of their therapeutic targeting in mouse models and humans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Fabrizio Biundo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - E Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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9
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Autoantibodies against NMDA receptor 1 modify rather than cause encephalitis. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7746-7759. [PMID: 34331009 PMCID: PMC8872987 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The etiology and pathogenesis of "anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis" and the role of autoantibodies (AB) in this condition are still obscure. While NMDAR1-AB exert NMDAR-antagonistic properties by receptor internalization, no firm evidence exists to date that NMDAR1-AB by themselves induce brain inflammation/encephalitis. NMDAR1-AB of all immunoglobulin classes are highly frequent across mammals with multiple possible inducers and boosters. We hypothesized that "NMDAR encephalitis" results from any primary brain inflammation coinciding with the presence of NMDAR1-AB, which may shape the encephalitis phenotype. Thus, we tested whether following immunization with a "cocktail" of 4 NMDAR1 peptides, induction of a spatially and temporally defined sterile encephalitis by diphtheria toxin-mediated ablation of pyramidal neurons ("DTA" mice) would modify/aggravate the ensuing phenotype. In addition, we tried to replicate a recent report claiming that immunizing just against the NMDAR1-N368/G369 region induced brain inflammation. Mice after DTA induction revealed a syndrome comprising hyperactivity, hippocampal learning/memory deficits, prefrontal cortical network dysfunction, lasting blood brain-barrier impairment, brain inflammation, mainly in hippocampal and cortical regions with pyramidal neuronal death, microgliosis, astrogliosis, modest immune cell infiltration, regional atrophy, and relative increases in parvalbumin-positive interneurons. The presence of NMDAR1-AB enhanced the hyperactivity (psychosis-like) phenotype, whereas all other readouts were identical to control-immunized DTA mice. Non-DTA mice with or without NMDAR1-AB were free of any encephalitic signs. Replication of the reported NMDAR1-N368/G369-immunizing protocol in two large independent cohorts of wild-type mice completely failed. To conclude, while NMDAR1-AB can contribute to the behavioral phenotype of an underlying encephalitis, induction of an encephalitis by NMDAR1-AB themselves remains to be proven.
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10
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Zakharova NV, Zozulya SA, Sarmanova ZV, Bravve LV, Otman IN, Klyushnik TP. [Features of the immune profile of schizophrenic patients with catatonic syndrome]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:46-53. [PMID: 32729690 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202012006246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An analysis of inflammatory and autoimmune markers in schizophrenic patients with- and without catatonic symptoms in comparison to healthy controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS A sample of 170 patients with paranoid schizophrenia was stratified by the presence of catatonic symptoms in the structure of psychosis (66 patients with catatonia and 104 patients without catatonia), inclusion threshold was >10 points on the Bush-Francis catatonia scale. The examination was carried out in the early days of inpatient treatment using psychopathological, psychometric and immunological methods. RESULTS Quantitative and qualitative differences in the spectrum of immune indicators in both groups of patients are revealed. A higher level of the immune system activation is found in the group with catatonic symptoms that indicates a worsening of the pathological process. A specific feature of the immunological profile of catatonic syndrome in schizophrenia is a decrease in ratio between leukocyte elastase and a1-proteinase inhibitor (leukocyte-inhibitory index) accompanied by the increase of other inflammatory markers that, presumably, indicates the deterioration of the phagocyte component of the inflammatory response. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the decrease in leukocyte-inhibitory index is a potential biomarker of catatonic syndrome in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Zakharova
- Alekseev Moscow Psychiatric Hospital No. 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - S A Zozulya
- Mental Health Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - L V Bravve
- Alekseev Moscow Psychiatric Hospital No. 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - I N Otman
- Mental Health Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
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11
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Green KN, Crapser JD, Hohsfield LA. To Kill a Microglia: A Case for CSF1R Inhibitors. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:771-784. [PMID: 32792173 PMCID: PMC7484341 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the brain's immune sentinels, have garnered much attention in recent years. Researchers have begun to identify the manifold roles that these cells play in the central nervous system (CNS), and this work has been greatly facilitated by microglial depletion paradigms. The varying degrees of spatiotemporal manipulation afforded by such techniques allow microglial ablation before, during, and/or following insult, injury, or disease. We review the major methods of microglial depletion, including toxin-based, genetic, and pharmacological approaches, which differ in key factors including depletion onset, duration, and off-target effects. We conclude that pharmacological CSF1R inhibitors afford the most extensive versatility in manipulating microglia, making them ideal candidates for future studies investigating microglial function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Joshua D Crapser
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lindsay A Hohsfield
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Yitayih Y, Tesfaye E, Adorjan K. The Presentation and Treatment Response of Catatonia in Patients Admitted to the Psychiatric Inpatient Unit at Jimma University Medical Center, Ethiopia. PSYCHIATRY JOURNAL 2020; 2020:8739546. [PMID: 32665952 PMCID: PMC7345600 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8739546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catatonia is among the most mysterious and poorly understood neuropsychiatric syndrome. It is underresearched and virtually forgotten but still a frequent neuropsychiatric phenotype in both developed and low-income countries. Catatonia is associated with a number of medical complications like pulmonary embolism, dehydration, or pneumonia if it is not treated and managed adequately. In Ethiopia, however, almost no studies are available to describe the symptoms and the response to treatment in patients with catatonia. The aim of this retrospective study was therefore to describe the symptom profile of catatonia and to evaluate the treatment and outcome of catatonia in patients admitted to the psychiatric inpatient unit at Jimma University, Ethiopia. METHOD Detailed treatment records of all inpatients were reviewed for the period from May 2018 to April 2019. All patients with catatonia at the inpatient unit of Jimma University Medical Center were assessed with the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS), and all comorbid psychiatric diagnoses were made according to the criteria of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual V. The presence and severity of catatonia were assessed by using the BFCRS at baseline and at discharge from the hospital. RESULT In the course of one year, a total of 18 patients with the diagnosis of catatonia were admitted. The mean age of the participants was 22.8 years (SD 5.0; range: 15 to 34 years). The most common diagnosis associated with catatonia was schizophrenia (n = 12; 66.7%), followed by severe depressive disorders (n = 4; 22.2%). Mutism, posture, and withdrawal were registered in all patients (n = 18, 100%). All patients received an injection of diazepam and had improved at discharge. CONCLUSION Our study provides further evidence that catatonia is most commonly associated with schizophrenia, followed by major depressive disorder, and that mutism, posturing, and withdrawal are the most common signs and symptoms of catatonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimenu Yitayih
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Elias Tesfaye
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kristina Adorjan
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Germany
- Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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Pasquettaz R, Kolotuev I, Rohrbach A, Gouelle C, Pellerin L, Langlet F. Peculiar protrusions along tanycyte processes face diverse neural and nonneural cell types in the hypothalamic parenchyma. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:553-575. [PMID: 32515035 PMCID: PMC7818493 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tanycytes are highly specialized ependymal cells that line the bottom and the lateral walls of the third ventricle. In contact with the cerebrospinal fluid through their cell bodies, they send processes into the arcuate nucleus, the ventromedial nucleus, and the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. In the present work, we combined transgenic and immunohistochemical approaches to investigate the neuroanatomical associations between tanycytes and neural cells present in the hypothalamic parenchyma, in particular in the arcuate nucleus. The specific expression of tdTomato in tanycytes first allowed the observation of peculiar subcellular protrusions along tanycyte processes and at their endfeet such as spines, swelling, en passant boutons, boutons, or claws. Interestingly, these protrusions contact different neural cells in the brain parenchyma including blood vessels and neurons, and in particular NPY and POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Using both fluorescent and electron microscopy, we finally observed that these tanycyte protrusions contain ribosomes, mitochondria, diverse vesicles, and transporters, suggesting dense tanycyte/neuron and tanycyte/blood vessel communications. Altogether, our results lay the neuroanatomical basis for tanycyte/neural cell interactions, which will be useful to further understand cell-to-cell communications involved in the regulation of neuroendocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Pasquettaz
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Irina Kolotuev
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Rohrbach
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cathy Gouelle
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR5536 CNRS, LabEx TRAIL-IBIO, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Cedex, France.,Inserm U1082, Universite de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Fanny Langlet
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Bondy SC. Aspects of the immune system that impact brain function. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 340:577167. [PMID: 32000018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The conditions required for effective immune responses to viral or bacterial organisms and chemicals of exogenous origin and to intrinsic molecules of abnormal configuration, are briefly outlined. This is followed by a discussion of endocrine and environmental factors that can lead to excessive continuation of immune activity and persistent elevation of inflammatory responses. Such disproportionate activity becomes increasingly pronounced with aging and some possible reasons for this are considered. The specific vulnerability of the nervous system to prolonged immune events is involved in several disorders frequently found in the aging brain. In addition of being a target for inflammation associated with neurodegenerative disease, the nervous system is also seriously impacted by systemically widespread immune disturbances since there are several means by which immune information can access the CNS. The activation of glial cells and cells of non-nervous origin that form the basis of immune responses within the brain, can occur in differing modes resulting in widely differing consequences. The events underlying the relatively frequent occurrence of derangement and hyperreactivity of the immune system are considered, and a few potential ways of addressing this common condition are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Bondy
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617-1830, USA.
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[Catatonia in clinical reality: underdiagnosed and forgotten]. MMW Fortschr Med 2019; 161:7-11. [PMID: 31828672 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-019-1173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catatonia is still a poorly understood, quite common, but often overlooked clinical picture. Consequences for patients are inadequate treatment, prolonged hospital stays and more serious complications. METHOD In this overview, the causes for an underdiagnosis are presented and measures for their prevention named, help for the differential diagnostic classification of catatonia is offered and the treatment is briefly explained. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Catatonia is primarily associated with schizophrenia, but is also observed in other diseases such as neuroleptic malignant syndrome (MNS), in encephalitis and also in systemic diseases. Underdiagnosis can be avoided by simple measures such as a thorough physical examination, observance of verbal and non-verbal signs of catatonia, and psychiatric consultations in general hospitals. For the treatment of acute catatonia, the high-dose administration of benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy are recommended.
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