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Singh SV, Ganguly R, Jaiswal K, Yadav AK, Kumar R, Pandey AK. Molecular signalling during cross talk between gut brain axis regulation and progression of irritable bowel syndrome: A comprehensive review. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:4458-4476. [PMID: 37469740 PMCID: PMC10353503 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i19.4458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional disorder which alters gastrointestinal (GI) functions, thus leading to compromised health status. Pathophysiology of IBS is not fully understood, whereas abnormal gut brain axis (GBA) has been identified as a major etiological factor. Recent studies are suggestive for visceral hyper-sensitivity, altered gut motility and dysfunctional autonomous nervous system as the main clinical abnormalities in IBS patients. Bidirectional signalling interactions among these abnormalities are derived through various exogenous and endogenous factors, such as microbiota population and diversity, microbial metabolites, dietary uptake, and psychological abnormalities. Strategic efforts focused to study these interactions including probiotics, antibiotics and fecal transplantations in normal and germ-free animals are clearly suggestive for the pivotal role of gut microbiota in IBS etiology. Additionally, neurotransmitters act as communication tools between enteric microbiota and brain functions, where serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) plays a key role in pathophysiology of IBS. It regulates GI motility, pain sense and inflammatory responses particular to mucosal and brain activity. In the absence of a better understanding of various interconnected crosstalks in GBA, more scientific efforts are required in the search of novel and targeted therapies for the management of IBS. In this review, we have summarized the gut microbial composition, interconnected signalling pathways and their regulators, available therapeutics, and the gaps needed to fill for a better management of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Vardan Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad (Prayagraj) 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Risha Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad (Prayagraj) 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kritika Jaiswal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad (Prayagraj) 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aditya Kumar Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad (Prayagraj) 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad (Prayagraj) 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhay K Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad (Prayagraj) 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Glinert A, Turjeman S, Elliott E, Koren O. Microbes, metabolites and (synaptic) malleability, oh my! The effect of the microbiome on synaptic plasticity. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:582-599. [PMID: 34734461 PMCID: PMC9298272 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The microbiome influences the emotional and cognitive phenotype of its host, as well as the neurodevelopment and pathophysiology of various brain processes and disorders, via the well‐established microbiome–gut–brain axis. Rapidly accumulating data link the microbiome to severe neuropsychiatric disorders in humans, including schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Moreover, preclinical work has shown that perturbation of the microbiome is closely associated with social, cognitive and behavioural deficits. The potential of the microbiome as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool is currently undercut by a lack of clear mechanistic understanding of the microbiome–gut–brain axis. This review establishes the hypothesis that the mechanism by which this influence is carried out is synaptic plasticity – long‐term changes to the physical and functional neuronal structures that enable the brain to undertake learning, memory formation, emotional regulation and more. By examining the different constituents of the microbiome–gut–brain axis through the lens of synaptic plasticity, this review explores the diverse aspects by which the microbiome shapes the behaviour and mental wellbeing of the host. Key elements of this complex bi‐directional relationship include neurotransmitters, neuronal electrophysiology, immune mediators that engage with both the central and enteric nervous systems and signalling cascades that trigger long‐term potentiation of synapses. The importance of establishing mechanistic correlations along the microbiome–gut–brain axis cannot be overstated as they hold the potential for furthering current understanding regarding the vast fields of neuroscience and neuropsychiatry. This review strives to elucidate the promising theory of microbiome‐driven synaptic plasticity in the hope of enlightening current researchers and inspiring future ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayala Glinert
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, 8 Henrietta Szold, Safed, 1311502, Israel
| | - Sondra Turjeman
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, 8 Henrietta Szold, Safed, 1311502, Israel
| | - Evan Elliott
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, 8 Henrietta Szold, Safed, 1311502, Israel
| | - Omry Koren
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, 8 Henrietta Szold, Safed, 1311502, Israel
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Zhao DQ, Xue H, Sun HJ. Nervous mechanisms of restraint water-immersion stress-induced gastric mucosal lesion. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:2533-2549. [PMID: 32523309 PMCID: PMC7265141 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i20.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced gastric mucosal lesion (SGML) is one of the most common visceral complications after trauma. Exploring the nervous mechanisms of SGML has become a research hotspot. Restraint water-immersion stress (RWIS) can induce GML and has been widely used to elucidate the nervous mechanisms of SGML. It is believed that RWIS-induced GML is mainly caused by the enhanced activity of vagal parasympathetic nerves. Many central nuclei, such as the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, nucleus of the solitary tract, supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, central nucleus of the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex, are involved in the formation of SGML in varying degrees. Neurotransmitters/neuromodulators, such as nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, enkephalin, 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, catecholamine, glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid, oxytocin and arginine vasopressin, can participate in the regulation of stress. However, inconsistent and even contradictory results have been obtained regarding the actual roles of each nucleus in the nervous mechanism of RWIS-induced GML, such as the involvement of different nuclei with the time of RWIS, the different levels of involvement of the sub-regions of the same nucleus, and the diverse signalling molecules, remain to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Qin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hua Xue
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hai-Ji Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China
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Chow CFW, Che S, Qin HY, Kwan HY, Bian ZX, Wong HLX. From psychology to physicality: how nerve growth factor transduces early life stress into gastrointestinal motility disorders later in life. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1824-1829. [PMID: 31272268 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1637203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stressors in early childhood can have a detrimental impact later in life, manifesting in functional gastrointestinal disorders including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The phenomenon is also observed in rodents, where neonatal-maternal separation, a model of early life stress, induces phenotypes similar to IBS; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unelucidated. Our recent study provided a mechanism for the pathogenesis in the gut, demonstrating that increased visceral hyperalgesia resulted from the expansion of the intestinal stem cell compartment leading to increased differentiation and proliferation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine/5-HT)-producing enterochromaffin cells. Moreover, it identified nerve growth factor (NGF) as a key mediator of the pathogenesis; surprisingly, it exerts its effect via cross talk with Wnt/β-catenin signaling. This article addresses the roles of NGF in driving IBS and its potential clinical implications, outstanding questions in how psychological stimuli are transduced into physical phenotypes, as well as future directions of our findings. Abbreviations: 5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine/serotonin; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; CRF: corticotrophin-releasing factor; EC: enterochromaffin; ENS: enteric nervous system; GI: gastrointestinal; GPCR: G-protein-coupled receptor; IBS (-D): irritable bowel syndrome (diarrhea predominant); LRP5/6: low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/6; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; NGF: nerve growth factor; NMS: neonatal-maternal separation; PI3K: phosphoinositode3-kinase; PLCγ: phospholipase c, gamma subtype; TrkA: tropomyosin receptor kinase A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Fung Willis Chow
- a Institute of Brain and Gut Axis (IBAG), Centre of Clinical Research for Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Sijia Che
- a Institute of Brain and Gut Axis (IBAG), Centre of Clinical Research for Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Hong-Yan Qin
- b Department of Pharmacy, First Hospital of Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Hiu Yee Kwan
- a Institute of Brain and Gut Axis (IBAG), Centre of Clinical Research for Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- a Institute of Brain and Gut Axis (IBAG), Centre of Clinical Research for Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Hoi Leong Xavier Wong
- a Institute of Brain and Gut Axis (IBAG), Centre of Clinical Research for Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong SAR , China
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Li Y, Li XF, Hua Guo, Xu JD, Zhang XH, Li LS, Feng XY, Zhang Y, Duan ZP, Zhu JX. Colonic submucosal 5-HT3 receptor-mediated somatostatin-dependent secretoinhibitory pathway is suppressed in water-immersion restraint stressed rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 656:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kushnir-Sukhov NM, Brittain E, Scott L, Metcalfe DD. Clinical correlates of blood serotonin levels in patients with mastocytosis. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38:953-8. [PMID: 19021721 PMCID: PMC3795418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.02047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastocytosis is a clonal disorder associated with an increased mast cell burden. We have recently demonstrated the ability of human mast cells to express and be activated through multiple serotonin receptors; to synthesize and release serotonin; and that mastocytosis patients may have abnormal serotonin levels. As serotonin has been implicated in the genesis of clinical symptoms found in association with some chronic diseases, we have now determined the whole blood serotonin levels in 29 patients diagnosed with mastocytosis, and correlated these levels with multiple clinical and laboratory parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with mastocytosis were categorized according to disease variant. Blood serotonin values were determined and correlated with values reported for normal subjects; and clinical and laboratory features of the disease. RESULTS Total blood serotonin levels followed a bimodal distribution in line with our earlier report, unlike the normal distribution reported for normal individuals. Serotonin levels did not correlate with platelet numbers, liver function tests or serum tryptase levels. Patients with lower serotonin values had greater rates of fatigue (P = 0.0001), migraine headaches (P = 0.0028), psychiatric symptoms (P = 0.0001), diarrhoea (P = 0.0407), flushing (0.0085), and abdominal and bone pain (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that low blood serotonin levels help define a sub-group of patients with mastocytosis that are more likely to present with neurological and gastrointestinal complaints, and suggests that the use of pharmacologic agents that alter blood serotonin levels could be explored in selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Kushnir-Sukhov
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1881, USA
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Feng BS, He SH, Zheng PY, Wu L, Yang PC. Mast cells play a crucial role in Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan-induced diarrhea. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:537-47. [PMID: 17600127 PMCID: PMC1934528 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.061274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterium-induced diarrhea results in 2 to 2.5 million deaths in the world each year. The mechanism needs to be further understood. Staphylococcus aureus infection has a close relation with diarrhea; its cell wall component peptidoglycan (PGN) has strong biological activity on immune cells and possibly plays a role in S. aureus-induced diarrhea. The present study showed that oral PGN-induced diarrhea in mice in a dose-dependent manner. Intestinal epithelial cells absorbed PGN via the intracellular pathway. Intestinal mast cells were activated after PGN gavage. Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 expression was detected in mast cells in the intestine as well as in the murine mast cell line p815 cells. Blocking TLR2 or nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)1 with related antibodies or RNA interference abolished PGN-induced p815 cell activation. The mast cell mediator histamine and serotonin had synergistic effects in PGN-induced diarrhea. In summary, oral PGN can induce diarrhea in mice, and TLR2 and NOD1 mediate the PGN-induced mast cell activation that plays a critical role in diarrhea induction. Blockade of TLR2 or NOD1 or treating mice with a mast cell stabilizer can efficiently inhibit PGN-induced-diarrhea, providing potential therapeutic significance.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Degranulation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Diarrhea/chemically induced
- Diarrhea/metabolism
- Diarrhea/prevention & control
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Synergism
- Gene Expression
- Histamine H1 Antagonists/pharmacology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/ultrastructure
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Ketotifen/pharmacology
- Mast Cells/drug effects
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Mast Cells/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Electron
- Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein/genetics
- Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein/metabolism
- Peptidoglycan/administration & dosage
- Peptidoglycan/metabolism
- Peptidoglycan/toxicity
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology
- Staphylococcus aureus/chemistry
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Sui Feng
- Department of Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Xue J, Askwith C, Javed NH, Cooke HJ. Autonomic nervous system and secretion across the intestinal mucosal surface. Auton Neurosci 2007; 133:55-63. [PMID: 17336595 PMCID: PMC1936976 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chloride secretion is important because it is the driving force for fluid movement into the intestinal lumen. The flow of accumulated fluid flushes out invading micro-organisms in defense of the host. Chloride secretion is regulated by neurons in the submucosal plexus of the enteric nervous system. Mechanosensitive enterochromaffin cells that release 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and activate intrinsic afferent neurons in the submucosal plexus and initiate chloride secretion. Mechanical stimulation by distention may also trigger reflexes by a direct action on intrinsic afferent neurons. Dysregulation of 5-HT release or altered activity of intrinsic afferents is likely to occur in states of inflammation and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjing Xue
- Department of Neuroscience, 333 West 10th Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Day J, King B, Haque SM, Kellum JM. A nonneuronal 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3 induces chloride secretion in the rat distal colonic mucosa. Am J Surg 2005; 190:736-8. [PMID: 16226950 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5-HT3 receptor is a serotonin receptor believed to reside on enteric neurons. However, several studies belie an exclusive neural localization. Our hypothesis is that the 5-HT3 receptor agonist, 2-methyl-5-HT (2Me5HT), induces chloride secretion despite neural blockade, which can be blocked by a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. METHODS Rat distal colon was stripped of its muscularis, mounted as mucosal sheets in Ussing chambers, and short-circuited. Adjacent sheets were pretreated with 1 micromol/L of the neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin, and incubated with 2Me5HT (50 micromol/L) alone or with a 5-HT3 (0.3 micromol/L ondansetron or 0.3 micromol/L tropisetron) or a 5-HT4 (0.3 micromol/L GR11808) receptor antagonist. Short-circuit current (I(sc)) was measured continuously. RESULTS 2Me5HT caused an increase in I(sc), which was significantly (P <.01, repeated measures analysis of variance) inhibited by ondansetron (n = 8) and tropisetron (n = 5) but not by GR11808. CONCLUSIONS A 5-HT3 receptor is present at the mucosal level that mediates chloride secretion by a nonneural pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod Day
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth Medical Center, West Hospital, 15th Floor, West Wing, 1200 Broad St., P.O. Box 980519, Richmond, VA 23298-0519, USA
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Tohyama Y, Sikirić P, Diksic M. Effects of pentadecapeptide BPC157 on regional serotonin synthesis in the rat brain: alpha-methyl-L-tryptophan autoradiographic measurements. Life Sci 2004; 76:345-57. [PMID: 15531385 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2004] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel pentadecapeptide, BPC157, was recently reported to have a large spectrum of in vivo activities, from anti-ulcer to central action on the brain dopaminergic system. The mechanisms of these actions are not well understood. In this study, the evaluation of the effects of acute and repeated administration of BPC157 on serotonin (5-HT) synthesis in the rat brain is reported. The alpha-[14C]methyl-L-tryptophan (alpha-MTrp) autoradiographic method was used to measure regional 5-HT synthesis rates. In the first series of experiments, a single dose treatment of BPC157 (10 microg/kg) administered intraperitoneally 40 min before the alpha-MTrp tracer injection significantly reduced the regional rate of 5-HT synthesis in the dorsal thalamus, hippocampus, lateral geniculate body and hypothalamus. 5-HT synthesis rates in the substantia nigra reticulate and medial anterior olfactory nucleus in BPC157 treated rats were significantly higher than in the control rats. No significant change in the synthesis rate was observed in the raphe nuclei. In the second series of experiments, following a 7-day treatment with BPC157 (10 microg/kg; s.c.), a significant reduction in the 5-HT synthesis rate was observed in the dorsal raphe nucleus, and significant increases were observed in the substantia nigra, lateral caudate, accumbens nucleus and superior olive. This data suggests that BPC157, a gut peptide, influences brain 5-HT synthesis in rats, but we cannot determine, from this data, the mechanism of this action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tohyama
- Cone Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, and Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
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Guilford WG, Matz ME. The nutritional management of gastrointestinal tract disorders in companion animals. N Z Vet J 2003; 51:284-91. [PMID: 16032342 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2003.36382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dietary protein, carbohydrates, fats and fibre have marked influences on gastrointestinal tract function and dysfunction. This article reviews the nutritional management of common gastrointestinal disorders in companion animals and introduces some of the current areas of research including probiotics, prebiotics, protein-hydrolysate diets, immunonutrition and dietary fibre. Nutritional management of oesophageal disease revolves around varying the consistency of the diet and feeding the animal from an elevated container. Provision of bowel rest remains the mainstay of the management of acute gastroenteritis but food-based oral rehydration solutions are a useful adjunct. The recommended diet for chronic small bowel diarrhoea is a highly digestible, hypoallergenic, gluten-free, low-lactose and low-fat diet with modest amounts of fermentable fibre. The use of probiotics in the management of diarrhoea in companion animals has not yet been shown to be beneficial. It is likely that prebiotics will prove more effective than probiotics in the prevention of enteropathogenic infections. Approximately 50% of cats in New Zealand that suffer from chronic idiopathic vomiting or diarrhoea will respond to a novel-protein-elimination diet and approximately 30% meet the diagnostic criteria for food sensitivity. Growing evidence supports the use of protein-hydrolysate diets in the management of inflammatory bowel disease and further advances in immunonutrition are expected. The dietary management of colitis should include a hypoallergenic diet with a fermentable fibre source. Manipulation of the diet provides clinicians a powerful therapeutic strategy to be used alone or concurrently with drug therapy in the management of gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Guilford
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Hansen MB. The enteric nervous system III: a target for pharmacological treatment. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 2003; 93:1-13. [PMID: 12828568 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0773.2003.930101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen major advances in the pharmacological understanding of the nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract, the enteric nervous system, and its importance for gut functions in several states of disease. Indeed, the enteric nervous system has become a promising target in the treatment of many gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders. Some of these new therapeutic concepts, such as botulinum toxin for achalasia and serotonergic drugs for functional bowel diseases, are already in clinical use. This paper is part 3 of three Minireviews in Pharmacology & Toxicology, and presents the neurogastrointestinal pharmacological therapeutic options in gastrointestinal pain, functional gastrointestinal disorders, inflammatory bowel diseases, cancer and related conditions with focus on future drug targets. The diagnosis of gastrointestinal neuropathy, the role of serotonin and related neuroendocrine transmitters, serotonergic drugs, and neurotrophic factors in neurogastrointestinal pharmacology will be addressed in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Berner Hansen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery K, H:S Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
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13
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Abstract
Widespread symptoms associated with the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are abnormal defecation and abdominal pain, both of which can be exacerbated by psychogenic stress. Disordered defecation may present as diarrhea or constipation. A subgroup of IBS patients alternate from one to the other over time. Urgency to stool often accompanies the diarrheal-state, and patients with the constipation-predominant form of IBS report straining and the feeling of incomplete evacuation. Basic scientific research aims for improved understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of the digestive systems from which the arrays of IBS symptoms emerge. The key systems for the defecation-related symptoms are the intestinal secretory glands, the musculature, and the nervous system that controls and integrates their activity. Abdominal pain and discomfort arising from these systems adds the dimension of sensory neurophysiology. This review details current concepts of the underlying pathophysiology in terms of the physiology of intestinal secretion, motility, nervous control, sensing function, immuno-neural communication, and the brain-gut axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie D Wood
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology and Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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14
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Hu HZ, Gao N, Lin Z, Gao C, Liu S, Ren J, Xia Y, Wood JD. Chemical coding and electrophysiology of enteric neurons expressing neurofilament 145 in guinea pig gastrointestinal tract. J Comp Neurol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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