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Mu R, Li J, Fu Y, Xie Q, Ma W. Diet Supplemented with Special Formula Milk Powder Promotes the Growth of the Brain in Rats. Nutrients 2024; 16:2188. [PMID: 39064631 PMCID: PMC11279928 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This investigation was to study the effects of different formula components on the brain growth of rats. Fifty male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: a basic diet group; a 20% ordinary milk powder group; a 20% special milk powder group; a 30% ordinary milk powder group; and a 30% special milk powder group by weight. LC-MS was used to detect brain lipidomics. After 28 days of feeding, compared with the basic diet group, the brain/body weights of rats in the 30% ordinary milk powder group were increased. The serum levels of 5-HIAA in the 30% ordinary milk powder group were lower than in the 20% ordinary milk powder group. Compared with the basic diet group, the expressions of DLCL, MePC, PI, and GM1 were higher in the groups with added special milk powder, while the expressions of LPE, LdMePE, SM, and MGTG were higher in the groups with added ordinary milk powder. The expression of MBP was significantly higher in the 20% ordinary group. This study found that different formula components of infant milk powder could affect brain growth in SD rats. The addition of special formula infant milk powder may have beneficial effects on rat brains by regulating brain lipid expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Mu
- Capital Medical University, School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Beijing 100069, China; (R.M.); (Y.F.)
| | - Jufang Li
- Feihe Reseach Institute, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing 100015, China; (J.L.); (Q.X.)
| | - Yu Fu
- Capital Medical University, School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Beijing 100069, China; (R.M.); (Y.F.)
| | - Qinggang Xie
- Feihe Reseach Institute, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing 100015, China; (J.L.); (Q.X.)
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Capital Medical University, School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Beijing 100069, China; (R.M.); (Y.F.)
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2
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Guo Z. Ganglioside GM1 and the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119558. [PMID: 37298512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
GM1 is one of the major glycosphingolipids (GSLs) on the cell surface in the central nervous system (CNS). Its expression level, distribution pattern, and lipid composition are dependent upon cell and tissue type, developmental stage, and disease state, which suggests a potentially broad spectrum of functions of GM1 in various neurological and neuropathological processes. The major focus of this review is the roles that GM1 plays in the development and activities of brains, such as cell differentiation, neuritogenesis, neuroregeneration, signal transducing, memory, and cognition, as well as the molecular basis and mechanisms for these functions. Overall, GM1 is protective for the CNS. Additionally, this review has also examined the relationships between GM1 and neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, GM1 gangliosidosis, Huntington's disease, epilepsy and seizure, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, depression, alcohol dependence, etc., and the functional roles and therapeutic applications of GM1 in these disorders. Finally, current obstacles that hinder more in-depth investigations and understanding of GM1 and the future directions in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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3
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Geda O, Tábi T, Lakatos PP, Szökő É. Differential Ganglioside and Cholesterol Depletion by Various Cyclodextrin Derivatives and Their Effect on Synaptosomal Glutamate Release. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169460. [PMID: 36012724 PMCID: PMC9409351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids of the plasma membrane and are highly enriched in the nervous system where they play a vital role in normal cell functions. Furthermore, several studies suggest their potential involvement in the pathogenesis of neurological conditions. Since cyclodextrins (CDs) can form inclusion complexes with various lipids, methylated beta-CDs are widely used in biomedical research to extract cholesterol from the membrane and study its cellular role. Despite CDs being known to interact with other membrane lipid components, their effect on gangliosides is poorly characterized. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DIMEB), hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPBCD), randomly methylated-alpha-cyclodextrin (RAMEA), and hydroxypropyl-alpha-cyclodextrin (HPACD) on ganglioside and cholesterol levels in rat brain synaptosomes. Their effect on membrane integrity and viability was also assessed. We examined the role of lipid depletion by CDs on the release of the major excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate. Selective concentration range for cholesterol depletion was only found with HPBCD, but not with DIMEB. Selective depletion of gangliosides was achieved by both RAMEA and HPACD. The inhibition of stimulated glutamate release upon ganglioside depletion was found, suggesting their potential role in neurotransmission. Our study highlights the importance of the characterization of the lipid depleting capability of different CDs.
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Xu Y, Sun J, Yang L, Zhao S, Liu X, Su Y, Zhang J, Zhao M. Gangliosides play important roles in the nervous system by regulating ion concentrations. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1791-1798. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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5
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Galkina OV, Vetrovoy OV, Eschenko ND. The Role of Lipids in Implementing Specific Functions in the Central Nervous System. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021050253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Sipione S, Monyror J, Galleguillos D, Steinberg N, Kadam V. Gangliosides in the Brain: Physiology, Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Applications. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:572965. [PMID: 33117120 PMCID: PMC7574889 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.572965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids highly abundant in the nervous system, and carry most of the sialic acid residues in the brain. Gangliosides are enriched in cell membrane microdomains ("lipid rafts") and play important roles in the modulation of membrane proteins and ion channels, in cell signaling and in the communication among cells. The importance of gangliosides in the brain is highlighted by the fact that loss of function mutations in ganglioside biosynthetic enzymes result in severe neurodegenerative disorders, often characterized by very early or childhood onset. In addition, changes in the ganglioside profile (i.e., in the relative abundance of specific gangliosides) were reported in healthy aging and in common neurological conditions, including Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), stroke, multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. At least in HD, PD and in some forms of epilepsy, experimental evidence strongly suggests a potential role of gangliosides in disease pathogenesis and potential treatment. In this review, we will summarize ganglioside functions that are crucial to maintain brain health, we will review changes in ganglioside levels that occur in major neurological conditions and we will discuss their contribution to cellular dysfunctions and disease pathogenesis. Finally, we will review evidence of the beneficial roles exerted by gangliosides, GM1 in particular, in disease models and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Sipione
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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7
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Minami A, Ishii A, Shimba S, Kano T, Fujioka E, Sai S, Oshio N, Ishibashi S, Takahashi T, Kurebayashi Y, Kanazawa H, Yuki N, Otsubo T, Ikeda K, Suzuki T. Down-regulation of glutamate release from hippocampal neurons by sialidase. J Biochem 2018; 163:273-280. [PMID: 29319803 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialidase, which removes sialic acid residues in sialylglycoconjugates, is essential for hippocampal memory and synaptic plasticity. Enzyme activity of sialidase is rapidly increased in response to neural excitation. Because sialic acid bound to gangliosides such as the tetra-sialoganglioside GQ1b is crucial for calcium signalling and neurotransmitter release, neural activity-dependent removal of sialic acid may affect hippocampal neurotransmission. In the present study, we found that 2-deoxy-2, 3-didehydro-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA), a sialidase inhibitor, increased expression of ganglioside GQ1b/GT1a in hippocampal acute slices. Extracellular glutamate level in the rat hippocampus measured by using in vivo microdialysis was increased by the sialidase inhibitor 2, 3-dehydro-2-deoxy-N-glycolylneuraminic acid as well as DANA. Synaptic vesicle exocytosis and intracellular Ca2+ increase evoked by high-K+ were also enhanced by DANA in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. Expression of GQ1b/GT1a was rapidly decreased by depolarization with high-K+, suggesting that the increase in sialidase activity by neural excitation is sufficient for cleavage of sialic acid. Our findings indicate that sialidase down-regulates glutamate release from hippocampal neurons via Ca2+ signalling modulation. Neural activity-dependent desialylation by sialidase may be a negative-feedback factor against presynaptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Minami
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Ami Ishii
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Sumika Shimba
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Takahiro Kano
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Eri Fujioka
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Saki Sai
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Nagisa Oshio
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | | | | | | | - Hiroaki Kanazawa
- Department of Functional Anatomy, School of Nursing, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yuki
- Department of Neurology, Mishima Hospital, 1713-8 Fujikawa, Niigata 940-2302, Japan
| | - Tadamune Otsubo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshinkai, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ikeda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshinkai, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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8
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Zhang Z, Chu SF, Mou Z, Gao Y, Wang ZZ, Wei GN, Chen NH. Ganglioside GQ1b induces dopamine release through the activation of Pyk2. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 71:102-13. [PMID: 26704905 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that GQ1b, one of the gangliosides members, contributes to synaptic transmission and synapse formation. Previous studies have shown that GQ1b could enhance depolarization induced neurotransmitter release, while the role of GQ1b in asynchronous release is still largely unknown. Here in our result, we found low concentration of GQ1b, but not GT1b or GD1b (which were generated from GQ1b by plasma membrane-associated sialidases), evoked asynchronous dopamine (DA) release from both clonal rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells and rat striatal slices significantly. The release peaked at 2 min after GQ1b exposure, and lasted for more than 6 min. This effect was caused by the enhancement of intracellular Ca(2+) and the activation of Pyk2. Inhibition of Pyk2 by PF-431396 (a dual inhibitor of Pyk2 and FAK) or Pyk2 siRNA abolished DA release induced by GQ1b. Moreover, Pyk2 Y402, but not other tyrosine site, was phosphorylated at the peaking time. The mutant of Pyk2 Y402 (Pyk2-Y402F) was built to confirm the essential role of Y402 activation. Further studies revealed that activated Pyk2 stimulated ERK1/2 and p-38, while only the ERK1/2 activation was indispensable for GQ1b induced DA release, which interacted with Synapsin I directly and led to its phosphorylation, then depolymerization of F-actin, thus contributed to DA release. In conclusion, low concentration of GQ1b is able to enhance asynchronous DA release through Pyk2/ERK/Synapsin I/actin pathway. Our findings provide new insights into the role of GQ1b in neuronal communication, and implicate the potential application of GQ1b in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Digital Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Ning Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Institute of Chinese Medicine & Pharmaceutical Science, Nanning, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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9
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Hotta S, Nakatani Y, Kambe T, Abe K, Masuda Y, Utsumomiya I, Taguchi K. Effects of IgG anti-GM1 monoclonal antibodies on neuromuscular transmission and calcium channel binding in rat neuromuscular junctions. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:535-540. [PMID: 26622350 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a type of acute inflammatory neuropathy that causes ataxia and is associated with the IgG anti-GM1 antibody. However, the pathogenic role of the IgG anti-GM1 antibody and calcium channels in neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) remains unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the IgG anti-GM1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) on spontaneous muscle action potentials (SMAPs), and the effects of calcium channel blockers, in a rat spinal cord-muscle co-culture system. In addition, the binding of IgG anti-GM1 mAb to calcium channels was investigated in the rat hemidiaphragm. The frequency of SMAPs in the innervated muscle cells was acutely inhibited by the IgG anti-GM1 mAb; however, this effect was blocked by the N-type calcium channel blocker, ω-conotoxin GVIA (30 nM). Furthermore, the P/Q-type calcium channel blocker, ω-agatoxin IVA (10 nM), was found to partially block the IgG anti-GM1 mAb-induced inhibitory effect in the spinal cord-muscle co-culture system. Immunohistochemical analysis of the rat hemidiaphragm indicated that IgG anti-GM1 mAb binding overlapped with anti-Cav2.2 (α1B) antibody binding in the nerve terminal. In addition, IgG anti-GM1 mAb binding partially overlapped with anti-Cav2.1 (α1A) antibody binding. Thus, the results demonstrated that the IgG anti-GM1 mAb binds to calcium channels in the nerve terminals of NMJs. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of IgG anti-GM1 mAb on SMAPs may involve N-type and P/Q-type calcium channels in motor nerve terminals at the NMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayako Hotta
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Nakatani
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Toshie Kambe
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Kenji Abe
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan
| | - Yutaka Masuda
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Iku Utsumomiya
- Department of Developmental Education, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Kyoji Taguchi
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
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10
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Palmano K, Rowan A, Guillermo R, Guan J, McJarrow P. The role of gangliosides in neurodevelopment. Nutrients 2015; 7:3891-913. [PMID: 26007338 PMCID: PMC4446785 DOI: 10.3390/nu7053891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are important components of neuronal cell membranes and it is widely accepted that they play a critical role in neuronal and brain development. They are functionally involved in neurotransmission and are thought to support the formation and stabilization of functional synapses and neural circuits required as the structural basis of memory and learning. Available evidence, as reviewed herein, suggests that dietary gangliosides may impact positively on cognitive functions, particularly in the early postnatal period when the brain is still growing. Further, new evidence suggests that the mechanism of action may be through an effect on the neuroplasticity of the brain, mediated through enhanced synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and nigro-striatal dopaminergic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Rowan
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd., Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Rozey Guillermo
- Centre for Brain Research, Auckland University, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Jian Guan
- Centre for Brain Research, Auckland University, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Paul McJarrow
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd., Private Bag 11029, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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11
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Ingemann L, Kirkegaard T. Lysosomal storage diseases and the heat shock response: convergences and therapeutic opportunities. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2198-210. [PMID: 24837749 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r048090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes play a vital role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis through the recycling of cell constituents, a key metabolic function which is highly dependent on the correct function of the lysosomal hydrolases and membrane proteins, as well as correct membrane lipid stoichiometry and composition. The critical role of lysosomal functionality is evident from the severity of the diseases in which the primary lesion is a genetically defined loss-of-function of lysosomal hydrolases or membrane proteins. This group of diseases, known as lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), number more than 50 and are associated with severe neurodegeneration, systemic disease, and early death, with only a handful of the diseases having a therapeutic option. Another key homeostatic system is the metabolic stress response or heat shock response (HSR), which is induced in response to a number of physiological and pathological stresses, such as protein misfolding and aggregation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, nutrient deprivation, elevated temperature, viral infections, and various acute traumas. Importantly, the HSR and its cardinal members of the heat shock protein 70 family has been shown to protect against a number of degenerative diseases, including severe diseases of the nervous system. The cytoprotective actions of the HSR also include processes involving the lysosomal system, such as cell death, autophagy, and protection against lysosomal membrane permeabilization, and have shown promise in a number of LSDs. This review seeks to describe the emerging understanding of the interplay between these two essential metabolic systems, the lysosomes and the HSR, with a particular focus on their potential as a therapeutic target for LSDs.
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12
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Fewou SN, Plomp JJ, Willison HJ. The pre-synaptic motor nerve terminal as a site for antibody-mediated neurotoxicity in autoimmune neuropathies and synaptopathies. J Anat 2013; 224:36-44. [PMID: 23937354 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pre-synaptic motor nerve terminal is a highly complex and dynamic compartment within the lower motor neuron responsible for converting electrical signals into secreted chemicals. This self-renewing process of synaptic transmission is accomplished by the calcium-triggered fusion of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles with the plasma membrane and the subsequent retrieval and recycling of vesicle components. Besides this conventional physiological role, the highly active process of vesicle fusion and re-uptake into endosomal sorting pathways acts as a conduit for entry of a range of substances into the intracellular compartment of the motor nerve terminal. Whilst this entry portal sub-serves many vital physiological processes, such as those mediated by neurotrophin trafficking, there is also the potential for substantial pathological consequences resulting from uptake of noxious agents, including autoantibodies, viruses and toxins. These may act locally to induce disease within the nerve terminal, or traffic beyond to the motor neuron cell body and central nervous system to exert their pathological effects. This review focuses on the recent evidence that the ganglioside-rich pre-synaptic membrane acts as a binding site for potentially neurotoxic serum autoantibodies that are present in human autoimmune motor neuropathies. Autoantibodies that bind surface antigens induce membrane lytic effects, whereas their uptake attenuates local injury and transfers any potential pathological consequences to the intracellular compartment. Herein the thesis is explored that a balance exists between local injury at the exofacial leaflet of the pre-synaptic membrane and antibody uptake, which dictates the overall level and site of motor nerve injury in this group of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Fewou
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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13
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Plomp JJ, Willison HJ. Pathophysiological actions of neuropathy-related anti-ganglioside antibodies at the neuromuscular junction. J Physiol 2009; 587:3979-99. [PMID: 19564393 PMCID: PMC2756433 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.171702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer leaflet of neuronal membranes is highly enriched in gangliosides. Therefore, specific neuronal roles have been attributed to this family of sialylated glycosphingolipids, e.g. in modulation of ion channels and transporters, neuronal interaction and recognition, temperature adaptation, Ca(2+) homeostasis, axonal growth, (para)node of Ranvier stability and synaptic transmission. Recent developmental, ageing and injury studies on transgenic mice lacking subsets of gangliosides indicate that gangliosides are involved in maintenance rather than development of the nervous system and that ganglioside family members are able to act in a mutually compensatory manner. Besides having physiological functions, gangliosides are the likely antigenic targets of autoantibodies present in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), a group of neuropathies with clinical symptoms of motor- and/or sensory peripheral nerve dysfunction. Antibody binding to peripheral nerves is thought to either interfere with ganglioside function or activate complement, causing axonal damage and thereby disturbed action potential conduction. The presynaptic motor nerve terminal at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) may be a prominent target because it is highly enriched in gangliosides and lies outside the blood-nerve barrier, allowing antibody access. The ensuing neuromuscular synaptopathy might contribute to the muscle weakness in GBS patients. Several groups, including our own, have studied the effects of anti-ganglioside antibodies in ex vivo and in vivo experimental settings at mouse NMJs. Here, after providing a background overview on ganglioside synthesis, localization and physiology, we will review those studies, which clearly show that anti-ganglioside antibodies are capable of binding to NMJs and thereby can exert a variety of pathophysiological effects. Furthermore, we will discuss the human clinical electrophysiological and histological evidence produced so far of the existence of a neuromuscular synaptopathy contributing to muscle weakness in GBS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap J Plomp
- Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, Room B330, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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14
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McJarrow P, Schnell N, Jumpsen J, Clandinin T. Influence of dietary gangliosides on neonatal brain development. Nutr Rev 2009; 67:451-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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15
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Zitman FMP, Todorov B, Verschuuren JJ, Jacobs BC, Furukawa K, Furukawa K, Willison HJ, Plomp JJ. Neuromuscular synaptic transmission in aged ganglioside-deficient mice. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:157-67. [PMID: 19233512 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gangliosides are sialylated glycosphingolipids that are present in high density on neuronal membranes, especially at synapses, where they are assumed to play functional or modulating roles. Mice lacking GM2/GD2-synthase express only the simple gangliosides GD3 and GM3 and develop progressive motor behaviour deficits upon ageing, apparently due to failing complex ganglioside-dependent maintenance and/or repair processes or, alternatively, toxic GM3/GD3 accumulation. We investigated the function of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of aged (>9 month-old) GM2/GD2-synthase null-mutant mice, because synaptic dysfunction might develop with age and could potentially contribute to the late-onset motor phenotype. In addition, we studied NMJs of old mice lacking GD3-synthase (expressing only O- and a-series gangliosides), which do not show an overt neurological phenotype but may develop subclinical synaptic deficits. Detailed electrophysiological analyses showed subtle changes in presynaptic neurotransmitter release. Acetylcholine release at 40 Hz nerve stimulation at aged GM2/GD2-synthase null-mutant NMJs ran down slightly more pronounced than at wild-type NMJs, and spontaneous acetylcholine release rate at GD3-synthase null-mutant NMJs was somewhat higher than at wild-type, selectively at 25 °C bath temperature. Interestingly, we observed faster kinetics of postsynaptic electrophysiological responses at aged GD3-synthase null-mutant NMJs, not previously seen by us at NMJs of young GD3-synthase null-mutants or other types of (aged or young) ganglioside-deficient mice. These kinetic changes might reflect a change in postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor behaviour. Our data indicate that it is highly unlikely that transmission failure at NMJs contributes to the progressive motor defects of aged GM2/GD2-synthase null-mutants and that, despite some kinetic changes of synaptic signals, neuromuscular transmission remains successful in aged GD3-synthase null-mutant mice. Apparently, mutual redundancy of the different gangliosides in supporting presynaptic function, as observed previously by us in young mice, remains adequate upon ageing or, alternatively, gangliosides have only relatively little direct impact on neuromuscular synaptic function, even in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke M P Zitman
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, NL-2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Zitman FMP, Todorov B, Jacobs BC, Verschuuren JJ, Furukawa K, Furukawa K, Willison HJ, Plomp JJ. Neuromuscular synaptic function in mice lacking major subsets of gangliosides. Neuroscience 2008; 156:885-97. [PMID: 18801416 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides are a family of sialylated glycosphingolipids enriched in the outer leaflet of neuronal membranes, in particular at synapses. Therefore, they have been hypothesized to play a functional role in synaptic transmission. We have measured in detail the electrophysiological parameters of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) ex vivo of a GD3-synthase knockout mouse, expressing only the O- and a-series gangliosides, as well as of a GM2/GD2-synthase*GD3-synthase double-knockout (dKO) mouse, lacking all gangliosides except GM3. No major synaptic deficits were found in either null-mutant. However, some extra degree of rundown of acetylcholine release at high intensity use was present at the dKO NMJ and a temperature-specific increase in acetylcholine release at 35 degrees C was observed in GD3-synthase knockout NMJs, compared with wild-type. These results indicate that synaptic transmission at the NMJ is not crucially dependent on the particular presence of most ganglioside family members and remains largely intact in the sole presence of GM3 ganglioside. Rather, presynaptic gangliosides appear to play a modulating role in temperature- and use-dependent fine-tuning of transmitter output.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M P Zitman
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Kato K, Iwamori M, Hirabayashi Y. Increase of GQ1b in the hippocampus of mice following kindled-seizures. Neurosci Lett 2008; 441:286-90. [PMID: 18601972 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ganglioside GQ1b facilitates the influx of Ca2+ in brain synaptosomes and enhances ATP-induced long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices. Anti-GQ1b antibody impairs the function of peripheral neurons, for example, it had pathogenic effects on presynaptic neuronal membranes and perisynaptic Schwann cells in a mouse model of Guillain-Barré syndrome. The present study demonstrated in vivo that the level of endogenous GQ1b was relevant to neural function in the brain, in that it increased following seizures in amygdaloid kindling mice. GQ1b is subject to epileptogenic regulation and may play a role in the development of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kato
- Department of Structural and Functional Biosciences for Animals, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8231, Japan.
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18
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Cav2.1 Voltage-dependent Ca2+ Channel Current is Inhibited by Serum from Select Patients with Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Neurochem Res 2008; 34:149-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9735-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nakatani Y, Nagaoka T, Hotta S, Utsunomiya I, Yoshino H, Miyatake T, Hoshi K, Taguchi K. IgG anti-GalNAc-GD1a antibody inhibits the voltage-dependent calcium channel currents in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. Exp Neurol 2007; 204:380-6. [PMID: 17234185 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 11/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of IgG anti-GalNAc-GD1a antibodies, produced by immunizing rabbits with GalNAc-GD1a, on the voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCCs) currents in nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. VDCCs currents in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells were recorded using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Immunized rabbit serum that had a high titer of anti-GalNAc-GD1a antibodies inhibited the VDCCs currents in the NGF-differentiated PC12 cells (36.0+/-9.6% reduction). The inhibitory effect of this serum was reversed to some degree within 3-4 min by washing with bath solution. Similarly, application of purified IgG from rabbit serum immunized with GalNAc-GD1a significantly inhibited the VDCCs currents in PC12 cells (30.6+/-2.5% reduction), and this inhibition was recovered by washing with bath solution. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect was also observed in the GalNAc-GD1a affinity column binding fraction (reduction of 31.1+/-9.85%), while the GalNAc-GD1a affinity column pass-through fraction attenuated the inhibitory effect on VDCCs currents. Normal rabbit serum and normal rabbit IgG did not affect the VDCCs currents in the PC12 cells. In an immunocytochemical study using fluorescence staining, the PC12 cells were stained using GalNAc-GD1a binding fraction. These results indicate that anti-GalNAc-GD1a antibodies inhibit the VDCCs currents in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Nakatani
- Department of Pharmacotherapics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
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20
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Nakatani Y, Kawakami K, Nagaoka T, Utsunomiya I, Tanaka K, Yoshino H, Miyatake T, Hoshi K, Taguchi K. Ca 2+ Channel Currents Inhibited by Serum from Select Patients with Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Eur Neurol 2006; 57:11-8. [PMID: 17108689 DOI: 10.1159/000097004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We performed an electrophysiological study demonstrating inhibition of spontaneous muscle action potentials within a coculture of rat muscle and spinal cord by exposure to serum, as well as purified IgG, from patients with the acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). However, exposure to serum from two patients with the acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) form of GBS had no effect. Using a whole-cell recording technique, we then investigated the effects of serum and purified IgG from patients with GBS on voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC) currents in nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells. Serum from patients with GBS (AMAN) inhibited VDCC currents in PC12 cells, which was fully reversible by washing with the bath solution. Similarly, purified IgG from the serum of two patients with GBS (AMAN) also inhibited VDCC currents in PC12 cells. In contrast, sera from patients with AIDP and healthy volunteers did not affect VDCC currents in PC12 cells. These results suggest that muscle weakness in some patients with GBS might be induced by inhibition of Ca2+ channel currents within motor nerve terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakatani
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Santafé MM, Sabaté MM, Garcia N, Ortiz N, Lanuza MA, Tomas J. Changes in the neuromuscular synapse induced by an antibody against gangliosides. Ann Neurol 2005; 57:396-407. [PMID: 15732093 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used a monoclonal IgM antibody from a patient with a pure motor chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy, which binds specifically to the complex gangliosides GM(2), GalNAc-GD(1a), and GalNAc-GM(1b), which appear to have a common epitope of -[GalNAcbeta1-4Gal(3-2alphaNeuAc)beta1]. This was done for the following reasons: (1) to localize these gangliosides in specific cellular components of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), and (2) to describe the anti-ganglioside antibody-induced structural and functional changes in the NMJs to gain insight into the role of gangliosides in the synaptic function. Using immunofluorescence techniques, we found that these gangliosides are located only in the presynaptic component of the motor end-plates, both in nerve terminals and in Schwann cells. After 2 weeks of continued passive transfer of the IgM monoclonal antibody over the mouse levator auris longus muscle, electromyography showed an axonal or NMJ disorder. Morphology showed important nerve terminal growth and retraction changes. Using intracellular recording electrophysiology, we found neurotransmitter release alterations, including quantal content reduction and an immature expression of voltage-dependent calcium channels similar to what occurred during NMJ development and regeneration. These changes were complement independent. The results showed that these gangliosides were involved in the reciprocal Schwann cell-nerve terminal interactions, including structural stability and neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel M Santafé
- Unitat d'Histologia i Neurobiologia (UHN), Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, carrer St Llorenç #21, 43201 Reus, Spain
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22
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Ando S, Tanaka Y, Kobayashi S, Fukui F, Iwamoto M, Waki H, Tai T, Hirabayashi Y. Synaptic function of cholinergic-specific Chol-1alpha ganglioside. Neurochem Res 2004; 29:857-67. [PMID: 15098951 DOI: 10.1023/b:nere.0000018860.75734.a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The function of a cholinergic-specific ganglioside, Chol-1alpha, was investigated. The release of acetylcholine from synaptosomes was inhibited by anti-Chol-1alpha monoclonal antibody but not by monoclonal antibodies against other brain gangliosides tested. Chol-1alpha ganglioside stimulated the high-affinity choline uptake by synaptosomes and consequently enhanced acetylcholine synthesis, resulting in an increased release of acetylcholine from synaptosomes. The memory and learning abilities of rats given anti-Chol-1alpha antibody were remarkably suppressed. These in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that Chol-1alpha ganglioside plays a pivotal role in cholinergic synaptic transmission and participates in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Ando
- Neuronal Function Research Group, Division of Neuroscience and Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Barrier L, Page G, Barc S, Piriou A, Portoukalian J. Sulfatide and GM1 ganglioside modulate the high-affinity dopamine uptake in rat striatal synaptosomes: evidence for the involvement of their ionic charges. Neurochem Int 2003; 42:305-13. [PMID: 12470704 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(02)00103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of the anionic glycolipids GM1 ganglioside and sulfatide on the high-affinity dopamine (DA) uptake in rat striatal synaptosomes. After 1h of incubation, GM1 stably bound to synaptosomes and modified the activity of the neuronal dopamine transporter (DAT). With 1.2 and 12 microM GM1, V(max) decreased by 13 and 23%, respectively, reflecting a slight reduction of the number of functional uptake sites and K(m) was lowered by 21 and 33%, thus showing an increase of the affinity. Treatment of synaptosomes with 1.2 microM of sulfatide, which possesses an anionic sulfated group, led to a similar decrease of V(max) (19%) than GM1, but to a significantly higher reduction of K(m) (35%). In fact, sulfatide associated to synaptosomes in a 3.5-fold higher extent than GM1. Conversely, when GM1 and sulfatide were replaced by GM1 alcohol and galactosylceramide, respectively, no modification of the DA uptake occurred, although these neutral glycolipids incorporated into the synaptosomes to the same extent as the related anionic compounds.Altogether, these results demonstrate the key role of negative charges linked to the oligosaccharide chains of glycolipids in the modulation of DA transport across the synaptosomal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Barrier
- Groupe d'Etudes des Mécanismes Cellulaires de l'Ischémie (GEMCI), UPRES EA 1223, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 34, rue du Jardin des Plantes, BP 199, 86005 Poitiers, France.
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24
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Complex gangliosides at the neuromuscular junction are membrane receptors for autoantibodies and botulinum neurotoxin but redundant for normal synaptic function. J Neurosci 2002. [PMID: 12177185 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.22-16-06876.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One specialization of vertebrate presynaptic neuronal membranes is their multifold enrichment in complex gangliosides, suggesting that these sialoglycolipids may play a major functional role in synaptic transmission. We tested this hypothesis directly by studying neuromuscular synapses of mice lacking complex gangliosides attributable to deletion of the gene coding for beta1,4 GalNAc-transferase (GM2/GD2 synthase), which catalyzes an early step in ganglioside synthesis. Our studies show that complex gangliosides are surprisingly redundant for regulated neurotransmitter release under normal physiological conditions. In contrast, we show that they are membrane receptors for both the paralytic botulinum neurotoxin type-A and human neuropathy-associated anti-ganglioside autoantibodies that arise through molecular mimicry with microbial structures. These data prove the critical importance of complex gangliosides in mediating pathophysiological events at the neuromuscular synapse.
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Abstract
Ganglioside function in eukaryotic cells encompasses a variety of modulatory interactions related to both development and mature cellular behavior. In relation to the nervous system this includes induction of neurite outgrowth and trophic/neuroprotective phenomena; more generally this applies to ganglioside effects on receptor function, adhesion reactions, and signal transduction mechanisms in neural and extraneural systems. Underlying many of these trophic effects are ganglioside-induced changes in cellular calcium, accomplished through modulation of Ca2+ influx channels, Ca2+ exchange proteins, and various Ca2+-dependent enzymes that are altered through association with gangliosides. A clear distinction needs to be drawn between intrinsic functions of gangliosides as naturally expressed by the cell and activities created by application of exogenous ganglioside(s) that may or may not reflect natural function. This review attempts to summarize findings in this area and point to possible future directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Ledeen
- Dept. of Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, UMDNJ, Newark 07103, USA.
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26
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Bieberich E, MacKinnon S, Silva J, Yu RK. Regulation of apoptosis during neuronal differentiation by ceramide and b-series complex gangliosides. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:44396-404. [PMID: 11574545 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107239200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid analysis of gestational day E14.5 mouse brain revealed elevation of ceramide to a tissue concentration that induced apoptosis when added to the medium of neuroprogenitor cells grown in cell culture. Elevation of ceramide was coincident with the first appearance of b-series complex gangliosides (BCGs). Expression of BCGs by stable transfection of murine neuroblastoma (F-11) cells with sialyltransferase-II (ST2) resulted in a 70% reduction of ceramide-induced apoptosis. This was most likely due to an 80% reduced expression of prostate apoptosis response-4 (PAR-4). PAR-4 expression and apoptosis were restored by preincubation of ST2-transfected cells with N-butyl deoxinojirimycin (NB-DNJ) or PD98059, two inhibitors of ganglioside biosynthesis or p42/44 mitogen-activated protein (MAPK) kinase, respectively. In sections of day E14.5 mouse brain, the intermediate zone showed intensive staining for complex gangliosides, but only low staining for apoptosis (TUNEL) and PAR-4. Apoptosis and PAR-4 expression, however, were elevated in the ventricular zone which only weakly stained for complex gangliosides. Whole cell patch clamping revealed a 2-fold increased calcium influx in ST2-transfected cells, the blocking of which with nifedipine restored apoptosis to the level of untransfected cells. In serum-free culture, supplementation of the medium with IGF-1 was required to maintain MAPK phosphorylation and the anti-apoptotic effect of BCG expression. BCG-enhanced calcium influx and the presence of insulin-like growth factor-1 may thus activate a cell survival mechanism that selectively protects developing neurons against ceramide-induced apoptosis by up-regulation of MAPK and reduction of PAR-4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bieberich
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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27
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Ortiz N, Rosa R, Gallardo E, Illa I, Tomas J, Aubry J, Sabater M, Santafé M. IgM monoclonal antibody against terminal moiety of GM2, GalNAc-GD1a and GalNAc-GM1b from a pure motor chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy patient: effects on neurotransmitter release. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 119:114-23. [PMID: 11525808 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe a patient with a pure motor chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy with an IgM monoclonal component showing anti-GM2, GalNAc-GD1a and GalNAc-GM1b reactivity whose common epitope appears to be -[GalNAcbeta1-4Gal(3-2alphaNeuAc)beta1]. We used intracellular recording to study how IgM from this patient affected neurotransmitter release in the mouse diaphragm in vitro. Adding serum (and specifically, the purified monoclonal IgM component) blocked the nerve-evoked response in both quantal content and evoked endplate potential (EPP) amplitude in a complement-independent and reversible manner. The IgM increased the frequency of spontaneous miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs) in a complement-dependent and reversible manner but had no effect on MEPP amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ortiz
- Neurology Section, Department of Medicine, Sant Joan University Hospital, carrer Sant Joan s.n., 43201, Reus, Spain
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28
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Molander M, Berthold CH, Persson H, Fredman P. Immunostaining of ganglioside GD1b, GD3 and GM1 in rat cerebellum: cellular layer and cell type specific associations. J Neurosci Res 2000; 60:531-42. [PMID: 10797556 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(20000515)60:4<531::aid-jnr12>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the cellular distribution of gangliosides GD1b, GD3 and GM1 in rat cerebellum by immunostaining, using monoclonal antibodies and confocal microscopy. Antibodies against astroglial, neuronal and synaptic vesicle associated molecules were used for colocalization analyses. In the gray matter, the anti-GD1b antibody stained thin strands in the molecular layer (ML), interpreted as Bergman glia fibers based on colocalized staining with anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The neuropil in the granule (GL) and Purkinje (PL) cell layers was also anti-GD1b positive. The anti-GD3 antibody stained the ML, the neuropil in the GL and PL and also the granule and Purkinje cell bodies, appearing intracytoplasmically and vesicle associated. Anti-GD1b and anti-GD3 staining in the GL glomeruli were colocalized with anti-synaptophysin staining. The anti-GM1 antibody stained cell bodies in the ML but they could not be characterized in colocalization experiments. The GL and PL were not stained with the anti-GM1 antibody. In the white matter, different staining patterns were seen for the gangliosides, the anti-GM1 staining being the most intense. This study shows cellular layer and cell type specific associations of the investigated gangliosides and localization of GD1b and GD3 at synaptic sites, warranting further studies on their role in synaptic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Molander
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Experimental Neuroscience Section, Göteborg University, Sweden.
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Golard A. Anti-GM3 antibodies activate calcium inflow and inhibit platelet-derived growth factor beta receptors (PDGFbetar) in T51B rat liver epithelial cells. Glycobiology 1998; 8:1221-5. [PMID: 9858644 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/8.12.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids expressed in the plasma membrane regulate a variety of cellular processes including intracellular calcium dynamics. We used flow cytometry to characterize the glycoconjugates on the plasma membrane of T51B liver epithelial cells. Antibodies against glycolipids found to be present were tested for their ability elevate intracellular calcium. An antibody against GM3 (DH2) nearly doubles intracellular calcium while an antibody against type II chains (1B2) increases calcium to nearly four times the baseline level, similar to levels obtained with epidermal growth factor (EGF). The antibodies stimulated calcium inflow but did not trigger calcium release from internal stores. In addition DH2 but not 1B2 inhibited platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor (PDGFbetar) function. This is the first demonstration of activation of calcium inflow by agents that bind GM3 and type II chains. The ganglioside-mediated calcium inflow is likely to stimulate secretion by these liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Golard
- Northwest Hospital, Molecular Medicine, 120 Northgate Plaza, Suite 230, Seattle, WA 98125, USA
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Ando S, Tanaka Y, Waki H, Kon K, Iwamoto M, Fukui F. Gangliosides and sialylcholesterol as modulators of synaptic functions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 845:232-9. [PMID: 9668357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gangliosides were shown to enhance the release of acetylcholine from synaptosomes on stimulation. The influx of calcium ion into synaptosomes on membrane depolarization was increased by gangliosides. This was hypothesized to be an underlying mechanisms for the enhancement of acetylcholine release. Studies using calcium channel blockers revealed that four distinct types of voltage-dependent calcium channels occurred in cerebrocortical synapses, and that the N-type was primarily responsible for the evoked release of acetylcholine. An additional result suggests that gangliosides may act mainly on the N-type calcium channel. Cholinergic-specific gangliosides, Chol-1 alpha, were assumed to participate in the mechanism of high-affinity choline uptake. These two different actions of gangliosides were found to be mimicked by synthetic ganglioside analogs. Calcium influx was increased by alpha-sialylcholesterol, and choline uptake was accelerated by beta-sialylcholesterol. Gangliosides and sialylcholesterol having these apparently beneficial effects were shown to ameliorate decreased functions of synapses from aged brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ando
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Japan.
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