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Bansal A, 't Hart BM, Cauchan U, Eggert T, Straube A, Henriques DYP. Motor adaptation does not differ when a perturbation is introduced abruptly or gradually. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:2577-2590. [PMID: 37690051 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
People continuously adapt their movements to ever-changing circumstances, and particularly in skills training and rehabilitation, it is crucial that we understand how to optimize implicit adaptation in order for these processes to require as little conscious effort as possible. Although it is generally assumed that the way to do this is by introducing perturbations gradually, the literature is ambivalent on the effectiveness of this approach. Here, we tested whether there are differences in motor performance when adapting to an abrupt compared to a ramped visuomotor rotation. Using a within-subjects design, we tested this question under 3 different rotation sizes: 30-degrees, 45-degrees, and 60-degrees, as well as in 3 different populations: younger adults, older adults, and patients with mild cerebellar ataxia. We find no significant differences in either the behavioural outcomes, or model fits, between abrupt and gradual learning across any of the different conditions. Neither age, nor cerebellar ataxia had any significant effect on error-sensitivity either. These findings together indicate that error-sensitivity is not modulated by introducing a perturbation abruptly compared to gradually, and is also unaffected by age or mild cerebellar ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Bansal
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Centre for Vision Research, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Bernard Marius 't Hart
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Udai Cauchan
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Thomas Eggert
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Fraunhoferstr. 20, 82152, Planegg, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas Straube
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital LMU, Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Denise Y P Henriques
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Centre for Vision Research, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
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2
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Teunissen L, Selen LPJ, Medendorp WP. Abrupt, but not gradual, motor adaptation biases saccadic target selection. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:733-748. [PMID: 36812151 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00223.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor costs influence movement selection. These costs could change when movements are adapted in response to errors. When the motor system attributes the encountered errors to an external cause, appropriate movement selection requires an update of the movement goal, which prompts the selection of a different control policy. However, when errors are attributed to an internal cause, the initially selected control policy could remain unchanged, but the internal forward model of the body needs to be updated, resulting in an online correction of the movement. We hypothesized that external attribution of errors leads to the selection of a different control policy, and thus to a change in the expected cost of movements. This should also affect subsequent motor decisions. Conversely, internal attribution of errors may (initially) only evoke online corrections, and thus is expected to leave the motor decision process unchanged. We tested this hypothesis using a saccadic adaptation paradigm, designed to change the relative motor cost of two targets. Motor decisions were measured using a target selection task between the two saccadic targets before and after adaptation. Adaptation was induced by either abrupt or gradual perturbation schedules, which are thought to induce more external or internal attribution of errors, respectively. By taking individual variability into account, our results show that saccadic decisions shift toward the least costly target after adaptation, but only when the perturbation is abruptly, and not gradually, introduced. We suggest that credit assignment of errors not only influences motor adaptation but also subsequent motor decisions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Decisions between potential motor actions are influenced by their costs, but costs change when movements are adapted. Using a saccadic target selection task, we show that target preference shifts after abrupt, but not after gradual adaptation. We suggest that this difference emerges because abrupt adaptation results in target remapping, and thus directly influences cost calculations, whereas gradual adaptation is mainly driven by corrections to a forward model that is not involved in cost calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke Teunissen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc P J Selen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W Pieter Medendorp
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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3
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Bradshaw AR, Lametti DR, McGettigan C. The Role of Sensory Feedback in Developmental Stuttering: A Review. NEUROBIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2021; 2:308-334. [PMID: 37216145 PMCID: PMC10158644 DOI: 10.1162/nol_a_00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Developmental stuttering is a neurodevelopmental disorder that severely affects speech fluency. Multiple lines of evidence point to a role of sensory feedback in the disorder; this has led to a number of theories proposing different disruptions to the use of sensory feedback during speech motor control in people who stutter. The purpose of this review was to bring together evidence from studies using altered auditory feedback paradigms with people who stutter, in order to evaluate the predictions of these different theories. This review highlights converging evidence for particular patterns of differences in the responses of people who stutter to feedback perturbations. The implications for hypotheses on the nature of the disruption to sensorimotor control of speech in the disorder are discussed, with reference to neurocomputational models of speech control (predominantly, the DIVA model; Guenther et al., 2006; Tourville et al., 2008). While some consistent patterns are emerging from this evidence, it is clear that more work in this area is needed with developmental samples in particular, in order to tease apart differences related to symptom onset from those related to compensatory strategies that develop with experience of stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R. Bradshaw
- Department of Speech, Hearing & Phonetic Sciences, University College London, UK
| | | | - Carolyn McGettigan
- Department of Speech, Hearing & Phonetic Sciences, University College London, UK
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The role of somatosensation in automatic visuo-motor control: a comparison of congenital and acquired sensory loss. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2043-2061. [PMID: 33909112 PMCID: PMC8282580 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies of chronically deafferented participants have illuminated how regaining some motor control after adult-onset loss of proprioceptive and touch input depends heavily on cognitive control. In this study we contrasted the performance of one such man, IW, with KS, a woman born without any somatosensory fibres. We postulated that her life-long absence of proprioception and touch might have allowed her to automate some simple visually-guided actions, something IW appears unable to achieve. We tested these two, and two age-matched control groups, on writing and drawing tasks performed with and without an audio-verbal echoing task that added a cognitive demand. In common with other studies of skilled action, the dual task was shown to affect visuo-motor performance in controls, with less well-controlled drawing and writing, evident as increases in path speed and reduction in curvature and trial duration. We found little evidence that IW was able to automate even the simplest drawing tasks and no evidence for automaticity in his writing. In contrast, KS showed a selective increase in speed of signature writing under the dual-task conditions, suggesting some ability to automate her most familiar writing. We also tested tracing of templates under mirror-reversed conditions, a task that imposes a powerful cognitive planning challenge. Both IW and KS showed evidence of a visuo-motor planning conflict, as did the controls, for shapes with sharp corners. Overall, IW was much faster than his controls to complete tracing shapes, consistent with an absence of visuo-proprioceptive conflict, whereas KS was slower than her controls, especially as the corners became sharper. She dramatically improved after a short period of practice while IW did not. We conclude that KS, who developed from birth without proprioception, may have some visually derived control of movement not under cognitive control, something not seen in IW. This allowed her to automate some writing and drawing actions, but impaired her initial attempts at mirror-tracing. In contrast, IW, who lost somatosensation as an adult, cannot automate these visually guided actions.
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Kim KS, Daliri A, Flanagan JR, Max L. Dissociated Development of Speech and Limb Sensorimotor Learning in Stuttering: Speech Auditory-motor Learning is Impaired in Both Children and Adults Who Stutter. Neuroscience 2020; 451:1-21. [PMID: 33091464 PMCID: PMC7704609 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Stuttering is a neurodevelopmental disorder of speech fluency. Various experimental paradigms have demonstrated that affected individuals show limitations in sensorimotor control and learning. However, controversy exists regarding two core aspects of this perspective. First, it has been claimed that sensorimotor learning limitations are detectable only in adults who stutter (after years of coping with the disorder) but not during childhood close to the onset of stuttering. Second, it remains unclear whether stuttering individuals' sensorimotor learning limitations affect only speech movements or also unrelated effector systems involved in nonspeech movements. We report data from separate experiments investigating speech auditory-motor learning (N = 60) and limb visuomotor learning (N = 84) in both children and adults who stutter versus matched nonstuttering individuals. Both children and adults who stutter showed statistically significant limitations in speech auditory-motor adaptation with formant-shifted feedback. This limitation was more profound in children than in adults and in younger children versus older children. Between-group differences in the adaptation of reach movements performed with rotated visual feedback were subtle but statistically significant for adults. In children, even the nonstuttering groups showed limited visuomotor adaptation just like their stuttering peers. We conclude that sensorimotor learning is impaired in individuals who stutter, and that the ability for speech auditory-motor learning-which was already adult-like in 3-6 year-old typically developing children-is severely compromised in young children near the onset of stuttering. Thus, motor learning limitations may play an important role in the fundamental mechanisms contributing to the onset of this speech disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang S Kim
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ayoub Daliri
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | | | - Ludo Max
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, United States.
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6
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Morales C, Gohel S, Scheiman M, Li X, Santos EM, Sangoi A, Alvarez TL. Test-retest of a phoria adaptation stimulus-induced functional MRI experiment. J Vis 2020; 20:17. [PMID: 32797193 PMCID: PMC7438664 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.8.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to identify the neural substrates activated during a phoria adaptation task using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in young adults with normal binocular vision and to test the repeatability of the fMRI measurements for this protocol. The phoria adaptation task consisted of a block protocol of 90 seconds of near visual crossed fixation followed by 90 seconds of far visual uncrossed fixation, repeated three times; the data were collected during two different experimental sessions. Results showed that the oculomotor vermis, cuneus, and primary visual cortex had the greatest functional activity within the regions of interest studied when stimulated by the phoria adaptation task. The oculomotor vermis functional activity had an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.3, whereas the bilateral cuneus and primary visual cortex had good ICC results of greater than 0.6. These results suggest that the sustained visual fixation task described within this study reliably activates the neural substrates of phoria adaptation. This protocol establishes a methodology that can be used in future longitudinal studies investigating therapeutic interventions that may modify phoria adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Morales
- Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Suril Gohel
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers University School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Mitchell Scheiman
- Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Salus University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Elio M Santos
- Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Ayushi Sangoi
- Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Tara L Alvarez
- Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
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7
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Alhussein L, Hosseini EA, Nguyen KP, Smith MA, Joiner WM. Dissociating effects of error size, training duration, and amount of adaptation on the ability to retain motor memories. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:2027-2042. [PMID: 31483714 PMCID: PMC6879956 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00387.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive computational and neurobiological work has focused on how the training schedule, i.e., the duration and rate at which an environmental disturbance is presented, shapes the formation of motor memories. If long-lasting benefits are to be derived from motor training, however, retention of the performance improvements gained during practice is essential. Thus a better understanding of mechanisms that promote retention could lead to the design of more effective training procedures. The few studies that have investigated how retention depends on the training schedule have suggested that the gradual exposure of a perturbation leads to improved retention of motor memory compared with an abrupt exposure. However, several of these previous studies showed small effects, and although some controlled the training duration and others the level of learning, none have controlled both. In the present study we disambiguated both of these effects from exposure rate by systematically varying the duration of training, type of trained dynamics, and exposure rate for these dynamics in human force-field adaptation. After controlling for both training duration and the amount of learning, we found essentially identical retention when comparing gradual and abrupt training for two different types of force-field dynamics. By contrast, we found that retention was markedly higher for long-duration compared with short-duration training for both types of dynamics. These results demonstrate that the duration of training has a far greater effect on the retention of motor memory than the exposure rate during training. We show that a multirate learning model provides a computational mechanism for these findings.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previous studies have suggested that a gradual, incremental introduction of a novel environment is helpful for improving retention. However, we used experimental and computational approaches to demonstrate that previously reported improvements in retention associated with gradual introductions fail to persist when other factors, including the duration of training and the degree of initial learning, are accounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Alhussein
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Eghbal A Hosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Katrina P Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Maurice A Smith
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Wilsaan M Joiner
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Department of Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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8
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Abur D, Lester-Smith RA, Daliri A, Lupiani AA, Guenther FH, Stepp CE. Sensorimotor adaptation of voice fundamental frequency in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191839. [PMID: 29373589 PMCID: PMC5786318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined adaptive responses to auditory perturbation of fundamental frequency (fo) in speakers with Parkinson's disease (PD) and control speakers. METHOD Sixteen speakers with PD and nineteen control speakers produced sustained vowels while they received perturbed auditory feedback (i.e., fo shifted upward or downward). Speakers' pitch acuity was quantified using a just-noticeable-difference (JND) paradigm. Twelve listeners provided estimates of the speech intelligibility for speakers with PD. RESULTS Fifteen responses from each speaker group for each shift direction were included in analyses. While control speakers generally showed consistent adaptive responses opposing the perturbation, speakers with PD showed no compensation on average, with individual PD speakers showing highly variable responses. In the PD group, the degree of compensation was not significantly correlated with age, disease progression, pitch acuity, or intelligibility. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate reduced adaptation to sustained fo perturbation and higher variability in PD compared to control participants. No significant differences were seen in pitch acuity between groups, suggesting that the fo adaptation deficit in PD is not the result of purely perceptual mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest there is an impairment in vocal motor control in PD. Building on these results, contributions can be made to developing targeted voice treatments for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defne Abur
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Rosemary A. Lester-Smith
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ayoub Daliri
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ashling A. Lupiani
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Frank H. Guenther
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Cara E. Stepp
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Visuomotor adaptation in head-mounted virtual reality versus conventional training. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45469. [PMID: 28374808 PMCID: PMC5379618 DOI: 10.1038/srep45469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Immersive, head-mounted virtual reality (HMD-VR) provides a unique opportunity to understand how changes in sensory environments affect motor learning. However, potential differences in mechanisms of motor learning and adaptation in HMD-VR versus a conventional training (CT) environment have not been extensively explored. Here, we investigated whether adaptation on a visuomotor rotation task in HMD-VR yields similar adaptation effects in CT and whether these effects are achieved through similar mechanisms. Specifically, recent work has shown that visuomotor adaptation may occur via both an implicit, error-based internal model and a more cognitive, explicit strategic component. We sought to measure both overall adaptation and balance between implicit and explicit mechanisms in HMD-VR versus CT. Twenty-four healthy individuals were placed in either HMD-VR or CT and trained on an identical visuomotor adaptation task that measured both implicit and explicit components. Our results showed that the overall timecourse of adaption was similar in both HMD-VR and CT. However, HMD-VR participants utilized a greater cognitive strategy than CT, while CT participants engaged in greater implicit learning. These results suggest that while both conditions produce similar results in overall adaptation, the mechanisms by which visuomotor adaption occurs in HMD-VR appear to be more reliant on cognitive strategies.
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Roche R, Viswanathan P, Clark JE, Whitall J. Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) can adapt to perceptible and subliminal rhythm changes but are more variable. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 50:19-29. [PMID: 27658264 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Children with DCD demonstrate impairments in bimanual finger tapping during self-paced tapping and tapping in synchrony to different frequencies. In this study, we investigated the ability of children with DCD to adapt motorically to perceptible or subliminal changes of the auditory stimuli without a change in frequency, and compared their performance to typically developing controls (TDC). Nineteen children with DCD between ages 6-11years (mean age±SD=114±21months) and 17 TDC (mean age±SD=113±21months) participated in this study. Auditory perceptual threshold was established. Children initially tapped bimanually to an antiphase beat and then to either a perceptible change in rhythm or to gradual subliminal changes in rhythm. Children with DCD were able to perceive changes in rhythm similar to TDC. They were also able to adapt to both perceptible and subliminal changes in rhythms similar to their age- and gender- matched TDC. However, these children were significantly more variable compared with TDC in all phasing conditions. The results suggest that the performance impairments in bilateral tapping are not a result of poor conscious or sub-conscious perception of the auditory cue. The increased motor variability may be associated with cerebellar dysfunction but further behavioral and neurophysiological studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Roche
- Occupational Therapy Program, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA.
| | - Priya Viswanathan
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jane E Clark
- Department of Kinesiology and Neurosciences and Cognitive Science Program, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jill Whitall
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Hampshire, UK
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Nemanich ST, Earhart GM. Prism adaptation in Parkinson disease: comparing reaching to walking and freezers to non-freezers. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:2301-10. [PMID: 25976516 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Visuomotor adaptation to gaze-shifting prism glasses requires recalibration of the relationship between sensory input and motor output. Healthy individuals flexibly adapt movement patterns to many external perturbations; however, individuals with cerebellar damage do not adapt movements to the same extent. People with Parkinson disease (PD) adapt normally, but exhibit reduced after-effects, which are negative movement errors following the removal of the prism glasses and are indicative of true spatial realignment. Walking is particularly affected in PD, and many individuals experience freezing of gait (FOG), an episodic interruption in walking, that is thought to have a distinct pathophysiology. Here, we examined how individuals with PD with (PD + FOG) and without (PD - FOG) FOG, along with healthy older adults, adapted both reaching and walking patterns to prism glasses. Participants completed a visually guided reaching and walking task with and without rightward-shifting prism glasses. All groups adapted at similar rates during reaching and during walking. However, overall walking adaptation rates were slower compared to reaching rates. The PD - FOG group showed smaller after-effects, particularly during walking, compared to PD + FOG, independent of adaptation magnitude. While FOG did not appear to affect characteristics of prism adaptation, these results support the idea that the distinct neural processes governing visuomotor adaptation and storage are differentially affected by basal ganglia dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Nemanich
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Campus Box 8502, 4444 Forest Park Blvd., St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
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Kurdziel LBF, Dempsey K, Zahara M, Valera E, Spencer RMC. Impaired visuomotor adaptation in adults with ADHD. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:1145-53. [PMID: 25567090 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder in children that often continues into adulthood. It has been suggested that motor impairments in ADHD are associated with underlying cerebellar pathology. If such is the case, individuals with ADHD should be impaired on motor tasks requiring healthy cerebellar function. To test this, we compared performance of individuals with ADHD and ADHD-like symptoms with non-ADHD controls on a visuomotor adaptation task known to be impaired following cerebellar lesions. Participants adapted reaching movements to a visual representation that was rotated by 30°. Individuals with ADHD and those with ADHD-like symptoms took longer to correct the angle of movement once the rotation was applied relative to controls. However, post-adaptation residual effect did not differ for individuals with ADHD and ADHD-like symptoms compared to the control group. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that mild cerebellar deficits are evident in the motor performance of adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B F Kurdziel
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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13
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Gaveau V, Prablanc C, Laurent D, Rossetti Y, Priot AE. Visuomotor adaptation needs a validation of prediction error by feedback error. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:880. [PMID: 25408644 PMCID: PMC4219430 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The processes underlying short-term plasticity induced by visuomotor adaptation to a shifted visual field are still debated. Two main sources of error can induce motor adaptation: reaching feedback errors, which correspond to visually perceived discrepancies between hand and target positions, and errors between predicted and actual visual reafferences of the moving hand. These two sources of error are closely intertwined and difficult to disentangle, as both the target and the reaching limb are simultaneously visible. Accordingly, the goal of the present study was to clarify the relative contributions of these two types of errors during a pointing task under prism-displaced vision. In “terminal feedback error” condition, viewing of their hand by subjects was allowed only at movement end, simultaneously with viewing of the target. In “movement prediction error” condition, viewing of the hand was limited to movement duration, in the absence of any visual target, and error signals arose solely from comparisons between predicted and actual reafferences of the hand. In order to prevent intentional corrections of errors, a subthreshold, progressive stepwise increase in prism deviation was used, so that subjects remained unaware of the visual deviation applied in both conditions. An adaptive aftereffect was observed in the “terminal feedback error” condition only. As far as subjects remained unaware of the optical deviation and self-assigned pointing errors, prediction error alone was insufficient to induce adaptation. These results indicate a critical role of hand-to-target feedback error signals in visuomotor adaptation; consistent with recent neurophysiological findings, they suggest that a combination of feedback and prediction error signals is necessary for eliciting aftereffects. They also suggest that feedback error updates the prediction of reafferences when a visual perturbation is introduced gradually and cognitive factors are eliminated or strongly attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Gaveau
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Bron, France
| | - Claude Prablanc
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Bron, France ; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Damien Laurent
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Bron, France
| | - Yves Rossetti
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Bron, France ; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne, France ; Mouvement et Handicap, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Hospices Civils de Lyon Bron, France
| | - Anne-Emmanuelle Priot
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center Bron, France ; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Brétigny-sur-Orge cedex, France
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Patrick SK, Musselman KE, Tajino J, Ou HC, Bastian AJ, Yang JF. Prior experience but not size of error improves motor learning on the split-belt treadmill in young children. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93349. [PMID: 24675816 PMCID: PMC3968172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Children can modify learned motor skills, such as walking, to adapt to new environments. Movement errors in these new situations drive the learning. We used split-belt walking to determine whether size of the error affects the degree of learning. Twenty-two children (aged 2–5 y) walked on the split-belt treadmill on two separate days spaced 1 week apart. Twenty-eight adults served as controls. On Day 1, children experienced an abrupt change in belt speeds (from 1∶1 to 2∶1 differential) resulting in large errors, or a gradual change (same change in speed over 12–15 min), resulting in small errors. Learning was measured by the size of the aftereffect upon return to a 1∶1 differential. On Day 2 (1 week later), the leg on the fast belt was reversed, as was the method of introducing the speed differential. We found that the error size did not affect learning. Unexpectedly, learning was greater on Day 2 compared to Day 1, especially for children under 4 y of age, despite the fact that the task was opposite to that of Day 1, and did not influence learning in adults. Hence, 11 additional children under 4 y of age were tested with belts running at the same speed on Day 1, and with a 2∶1 speed differential (abrupt introduction) on Day 2. Surprisingly, learning was again greater on Day 2. We conclude that size of error during split-belt walking does not affect learning, but experience on a treadmill does, especially for younger children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K. Patrick
- Department of Physical Therapy and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kristin E. Musselman
- Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Junichi Tajino
- Department of Physical Therapy and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hsiu-Chung Ou
- Department of Physical Therapy and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amy J. Bastian
- Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jaynie F. Yang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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15
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Sağlam M, Glasauer S, Lehnen N. Vestibular and cerebellar contribution to gaze optimality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:1080-94. [PMID: 24549962 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic bilateral vestibular loss have large gaze variability and experience disturbing oscillopsia, which impacts physical and social functioning, and quality of life. Gaze variability and oscillopsia in these patients are attributed to a deficient vestibulo-ocular reflex, i.e. impaired online feedback motor control. Here, we assessed whether the lack of vestibular input also affects feed-forward motor learning, i.e. the ability to choose optimal movement parameters that minimize variability during active movements such as combined eye-head gaze shifts. A failure to learn from practice and reshape feed-forward motor commands in response to sensory error signals to achieve appropriate movements has been proposed to explain dysmetric gaze shifts in patients with cerebellar ataxia. We, therefore, assessed the differential roles of both sensory vestibular information and the cerebellum in choosing optimal movement kinematics. We have previously shown that, in the course of several gaze shifts, healthy subjects adjust the motor command to minimize endpoint variability also when movements are experimentally altered by an increase in the head moment of inertia. Here, we increased the head inertia in five patients with chronic complete bilateral vestibular loss (aged 45.4±7.1 years, mean±standard deviation), nine patients with cerebellar ataxia (aged 56.7±12.6 years), and 10 healthy control subjects (aged 39.7±6.3 years) while they performed large (75° and 80°) horizontal gaze shifts towards briefly flashed targets in darkness and, using our previous optimal control model, compared their gaze shift parameters to the expected optimal movements with increased head inertia. Patients with chronic bilateral vestibular loss failed to update any of the gaze shift parameters to the new optimum with increased head inertia. Consequently, they displayed highly variable, suboptimal gaze shifts. Patients with cerebellar ataxia updated some movement parameters to serve the minimum variance optimality principle but inaccurately undershot the target leading to an average gaze error of 11.4±2.0°. Thus, vestibulopathy leads to gaze variability not only as a result of deficient online gaze control but also a failure in motor learning because of missing error signals. Patients with cerebellar ataxia in our setting can learn from practice-similar to recent findings in reaching movements-and reshape feed-forward motor commands to decrease variability. However, they compromise optimality with inaccurately short movements. The importance of vestibular information for motor learning implies that patients with incomplete bilateral vestibulopathy, and patients with cerebellar ataxia, should be advised to actively move their head whenever appropriate. This way, sensory error signals can be used to shape the motor command and optimize gaze shifts trial-by-trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Sağlam
- 1 German Centre for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Munich University Hospital, Germany
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16
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Neural correlates of adaptation to gradual and to sudden visuomotor distortions in humans. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:1145-56. [PMID: 24449008 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at scrutinizing the neural correlates of sensorimotor adaptation. Subjects were exposed either to a gradually (group G) or to a suddenly introduced perturbation (group S) followed by a test of aftereffects. They were also exposed to a control condition equated for their movement errors during the adaptation condition. We registered subjects' brain activity by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Behavioral data revealed no difference between aftereffects in G and S, while imaging data suggest different neural correlates. Direct comparison between groups showed more adaptation-related activation in left cingulate and inferior frontal as well as right caudate and temporal areas in S than in G. In contrast, no neural activity was related more to G than to S and no common activations were found for both groups. Within-group analyses further revealed right inferior parietal lobe, cerebellar and cingulate cortex activity in group S and activation of frontal lobe and left cerebellum in group G for a contrast between adaptation condition and baseline. Less brain activity was observed when controlled for movement errors: the contrast between adaptation and control condition yielded left occipital lobe activity in group S, and left posterior dentate nucleus and brainstem activity in group G. The present data confirm an involvement of the cerebellar cortex in error processing during sudden adaptation, since this activation was found for the contrast 'adaptation-baseline' but not for 'adaptation-control.' In addition, our data suggest an involvement of deep cerebellar nuclei in the adaptation to gradually introduced distortions.
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17
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Yavari F, Towhidkhah F, Ahmadi-Pajouh MA. Are fast/slow process in motor adaptation and forward/inverse internal model two sides of the same coin? Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:592-600. [PMID: 23899631 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Motor adaptation is tuning of motor commands to compensate the disturbances in the outside environment and/or in the sensory-motor system. In spite of various theoretical and empirical studies, mechanism by which the brain learns to adapt has not been clearly understood. Among different computational models, two lines of researches are of interest in this study: first, the models which assume two adaptive processes, i.e. fast and slow, for motor learning, and second, the computational frameworks which assume two types of internal models in the central nervous system (CNS), i.e., forward and inverse models. They explain motor learning by modifying these internal models. Here, we present a hypothesis for a possible relationship between these two viewpoints according to the computational and physiological findings. This hypothesis suggests a direct relationship between the forward (inverse) internal model and the fast (slow) adaptive process. That is, the forward (inverse) model and fast (slow) adaptive process can be two sides of the same coin. Further evaluation of this hypothesis is helpful to achieve a better understanding of motor adaptation mechanism in the brain and also it lends itself to be used in designing therapeutic programs for rehabilitation of certain movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Yavari
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Bo J, Lee CM. Motor skill learning in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:2047-2055. [PMID: 23584185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) are characterized as having motor difficulties and learning impairment that may last well into adolescence and adulthood. Although behavioral deficits have been identified in many domains such as visuo-spatial processing, kinesthetic perception, and cross-modal sensory integration, recent studies suggested that the functional impairment of certain brain areas, such as cerebellum and basal ganglia, are the underlying causes of DCD. This review focuses on the "motor learning deficits" in DCD and their possible neural correlates. It presents recent evidence from both behavioral and neuroimaging studies and discusses dominant neural hypotheses in DCD. Given the heterogeneity of this disorder, a successful intervention program should target the specific deficits on an individual basis. Future neuroimaging studies are critical steps in enhancing our understanding of learning deficits in DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Bo
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University, MI 48197, USA.
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19
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Gibo TL, Criscimagna-Hemminger SE, Okamura AM, Bastian AJ. Cerebellar motor learning: are environment dynamics more important than error size? J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:322-33. [PMID: 23596337 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00745.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar damage impairs the control of complex dynamics during reaching movements. It also impairs learning of predictable dynamic perturbations through an error-based process. Prior work suggests that there are distinct neural mechanisms involved in error-based learning that depend on the size of error experienced. This is based, in part, on the observation that people with cerebellar degeneration may have an intact ability to learn from small errors. Here we studied the relative effect of specific dynamic perturbations and error size on motor learning of a reaching movement in patients with cerebellar damage. We also studied generalization of learning within different coordinate systems (hand vs. joint space). Contrary to our expectation, we found that error size did not alter cerebellar patients' ability to learn the force field. Instead, the direction of the force field affected patients' ability to learn, regardless of whether the force perturbations were introduced gradually (small error) or abruptly (large error). Patients performed best in fields that helped them compensate for movement dynamics associated with reaching. However, they showed much more limited generalization patterns than control subjects, indicating that patients rely on a different learning mechanism. We suggest that patients typically use a compensatory strategy to counteract movement dynamics. They may learn to relax this compensatory strategy when the external perturbation is favorable to counteracting their movement dynamics, and improve reaching performance. Altogether, these findings show that dynamics affect learning in cerebellar patients more than error size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia L Gibo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Mongeon D, Blanchet P, Messier J. Impact of Parkinson’s disease and dopaminergic medication on adaptation to explicit and implicit visuomotor perturbations. Brain Cogn 2013; 81:271-82. [PMID: 23313834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Block HJ, Bastian AJ. Cerebellar involvement in motor but not sensory adaptation. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:1766-75. [PMID: 22554563 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Predictable sensorimotor perturbations can lead to cerebellum-dependent adaptation--i.e., recalibration of the relationship between sensory input and motor output. Here we asked if the cerebellum is also needed to recalibrate the relationship between two sensory modalities, vision and proprioception. We studied how people with and without cerebellar damage use visual and proprioceptive signals to estimate their hand's position when the sensory estimates disagree. Theoretically, the brain may resolve the discrepancy by recalibrating the relationship between estimates (sensory realignment). Alternatively, the misalignment may be dealt with by relying less on one sensory estimate and more on the other (a weighting strategy). To address this question, we studied subjects with cerebellar damage and healthy controls as they performed a series of tasks. The first was a prism adaptation task that involves motor adaptation to compensate for a visual perturbation and is known to require the cerebellum. As expected, people with cerebellar damage were impaired relative to controls. The same subjects then performed two experiments in which they reached to visual and proprioceptive targets while a visuoproprioceptive misalignment was gradually imposed. Surprisingly, cerebellar patients performed as well as controls when the task invoked only sensory realignment, but were impaired relative to controls when motor adaptation was also possible. Additionally, individuals with cerebellar damage were able to use a weighting strategy similarly to controls. These results demonstrate that, unlike motor adaptation, sensory realignment and weighting are not cerebellum-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Block
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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Abstract
A key organisational feature of the cerebellum is its division into a series of cerebellar modules. Each module is defined by its climbing input originating from a well-defined region of the inferior olive, which targets one or more longitudinal zones of Purkinje cells within the cerebellar cortex. In turn, Purkinje cells within each zone project to specific regions of the cerebellar and vestibular nuclei. While much is known about the neuronal wiring of individual cerebellar modules, their behavioural significance remains poorly understood. Here, we briefly review some recent data on the functional role of three different cerebellar modules: the vermal A module, the paravermal C2 module and the lateral D2 module. The available evidence suggests that these modules have some differences in function: the A module is concerned with balance and the postural base for voluntary movements, the C2 module is concerned more with limb control and the D2 module is involved in predicting target motion in visually guided movements. However, these are not likely to be the only functions of these modules and the A and C2 modules are also both concerned with eye and head movements, suggesting that individual cerebellar modules do not necessarily have distinct functions in motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia L. Cerminara
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD UK
| | - Richard Apps
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD UK
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23
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King BR, Harring JR, Oliveira MA, Clark JE. Statistically characterizing intra- and inter-individual variability in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2011; 32:1388-98. [PMID: 21277739 PMCID: PMC3109101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous research investigating children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) has consistently reported increased intra- and inter-individual variability during motor skill performance. Statistically characterizing this variability is not only critical for the analysis and interpretation of behavioral data, but also may facilitate our understanding of the processes underlying DCD. Thus, the primary purpose of this research was to demonstrate the utility of a flexible statistical technique, a random coefficient model (RCM), that characterizes the increased intra- and inter-individual variability in children with and without DCD. We analyzed data from a sensorimotor adaptation task during which participants executed discrete aiming movements under conditions of rotated visual feedback. To highlight the advantages of this statistical approach, we contrasted the results from the RCM with those from a traditionally employed general linear model (GLM). The RCM revealed differences between the two groups of children that the GLM did not detect; and, characterized trajectories of change for each individual. The RCM provides researchers an opportunity to probe behavioral deficits at the individual level and may provide new insights into the behavioral heterogeneity in children with DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R King
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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24
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Multisensory adaptation of spatial-to-motor transformations in children with developmental coordination disorder. Exp Brain Res 2011; 212:257-65. [PMID: 21584627 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that adaptation to a visuomotor distortion systematically influenced movements to auditory targets in adults and typically developing (TD) children, suggesting that the adaptation of spatial-to-motor transformations for reaching movements is multisensory (i.e., generalizable across sensory modalities). The multisensory characteristics of these transformations in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) have not been examined. Given that previous research has demonstrated that children with DCD have deficits in sensorimotor integration, these children may also have impairments in the formation of multisensory spatial-to-motor transformations for target-directed arm movements. To investigate this hypothesis, children with and without DCD executed discrete arm movements to visual and acoustic targets prior to and following exposure to an abrupt visual feedback rotation. Results demonstrated that the magnitudes of the visual aftereffects were equivalent in the TD children and the children with DCD, indicating that both groups of children adapted similarly to the visuomotor perturbation. Moreover, the influence of visuomotor adaptation on auditory-motor performance was similar in the two groups of children. This suggests that the multisensory processes underlying adaptation of spatial-to-motor transformations are similar in children with DCD and TD children.
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25
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Venkatakrishnan A, Banquet JP, Burnod Y, Contreras-vidal JL. Parkinson's disease differentially affects adaptation to gradual as compared to sudden visuomotor distortions. Hum Mov Sci 2011; 30:760-9. [PMID: 21414678 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2010.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have difficulties in movement adaptation to optimize performance in novel environmental contexts such as altered screen cursor-hand relationships. Prior studies have shown that the time course of the distortion differentially affects visuomotor adaptation to screen cursor rotations, suggesting separate mechanisms for gradual and sudden adaptation. Moreover, studies in human and non-human primates suggest that adaptation to sudden kinematic distortions may engage the basal ganglia, whereas adaptation to gradual kinematic distortions involves cerebellar structures. In the present studies, participants were patients with PD, who performed center-out pointing movements, using either a digitizer tablet and pen or a computer trackball, under normal or rotated screen cursor feedback conditions. The initial study tested patients with PD using a cross-over experimental design for adaptation to gradual as compared with sudden rotated hand-screen cursor relationships and revealed significant after-effects for the gradual adaptation task only. Consistent with these results, findings from a follow-up experiment using a trackball that required only small finger movements showed that patients with PD adapt better to gradual as against sudden perturbations, when compared to age-matched healthy controls. We conclude that Parkinson's disease affects adaptation to sudden visuomotor distortions but spares adaptation to gradual distortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Venkatakrishnan
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience & Cognitive Science, Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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26
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Criscimagna-Hemminger SE, Bastian AJ, Shadmehr R. Size of error affects cerebellar contributions to motor learning. J Neurophysiol 2010; 103:2275-84. [PMID: 20164398 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00822.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Small errors may affect the process of learning in a fundamentally different way than large errors. For example, adapting reaching movements in response to a small perturbation produces generalization patterns that are different from large perturbations. Are distinct neural mechanisms engaged in response to large versus small errors? Here, we examined the motor learning process in patients with severe degeneration of the cerebellum. Consistent with earlier reports, we found that the patients were profoundly impaired in adapting their motor commands during reaching movements in response to large, sudden perturbations. However, when the same magnitude perturbation was imposed gradually over many trials, the patients showed marked improvements, uncovering a latent ability to learn from errors. On sudden removal of the perturbation, the patients exhibited aftereffects that persisted much longer than did those in healthy controls. That is, despite cerebellar damage, the brain maintained the ability to learn from small errors and the motor memory that resulted from this learning was strongly resistant to change. Of note was the fact that on completion of learning, the motor output of the cerebellar patients remained distinct from healthy controls in terms of its temporal characteristics. Therefore cerebellar degeneration impaired the ability to learn from large-magnitude errors, but had a lesser impact on learning from small errors. The neural basis of motor learning in response to small and large errors appears to be distinct.
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27
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Visuomotor adaptive improvement and aftereffects are impaired differentially following cerebellar lesions in SCA and PICA territory. Exp Brain Res 2009; 201:429-39. [PMID: 19885654 PMCID: PMC2832877 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-2052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to elucidate the contribution of the superior and posterior inferior cerebellum to adaptive improvement and aftereffects in a visuomotor adaptation task. Nine patients with ischemic lesions within the territory of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), six patients with ischemic lesions within the territory of the superior cerebellar artery (SCA) and 17 age-matched controls participated. All subjects performed center-out reaching movements under 60° rotation of visual feedback. For the assessment of aftereffects, we tested retention of adaptation and de-adaptation under 0° visual rotation. From this data we also quantified five measures of motor performance. Cerebellar lesion-symptom mapping was performed using magnetic resonance imaging subtraction analysis. Adaptive improvement during 60° rotation was significantly degraded in PICA patients and even more in SCA patients. Subtraction analysis revealed that posterior (Crus I) as well as anterior cerebellar regions (lobule V) showed a common overlap related to deficits in adaptive improvement. However, for aftereffect measures as well as for motor performance variables only SCA patients, but not PICA patients showed significant differences to control subjects. Subtraction analysis showed that affection of lobules V and VI were more common in patients with impaired retention and de-adaptation, respectively. Data shows that areas both within the superior and posterior inferior cerebellum are involved in adaptive improvement. However, only the superior cerebellum including lobules V and VI appears to be important for aftereffects and therefore true adaptive ability.
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28
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Sarlegna FR, Gauthier GM, Blouin J. Influence of Feedback Modality on Sensorimotor Adaptation: Contribution of Visual, Kinesthetic, and Verbal Cues. J Mot Behav 2007; 39:247-58. [PMID: 17664168 DOI: 10.3200/jmbr.39.4.247-258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In 4 studies, the authors tested the contributions of visual, kinesthetic, and verbal knowledge of results to the adaptive control of reaching movements toward visual targets. The same apparatus was used in all experiments, but the procedures differed in the sensory modality of the feedback that participants (N s = 5, 5, 6, and 6, respectively, in Experiments 1, 2, 3, and 4) received about their performances. Using biased visual, proprioceptive, or verbal feedback, the authors introduced a 5 degrees shift in the visuomanual relationship. Results showed no significant difference in the final amount of adaptation to the mismatch: On average, participants adapted to 79% of the perturbation. That finding is consistent with the view that adaptation is a multisensory, highly flexible process whose efficiency does not depend on the sensory channel conveying the error signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice R Sarlegna
- UMR Mouvement & Perception, CNRS and Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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29
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Grosse-Wentrup M, Contreras-Vidal JL. The role of the striatum in adaptation learning: a computational model. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2007; 96:377-88. [PMID: 17364182 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-007-0142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the functional role of the striatum in visuo-motor adaptation, we extend the DIRECT-model for visuo-motor reaching movements formulated by Bullock et al.(J Cogn Neurosci 5:408-435,1993) through two parallel loops, each modeling a distinct contribution of the cortico-cerebellar-thalamo-cortical and the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical networks to visuo-motor adaptation. Based on evidence of Robertson and Miall(Neuroreport 10(5): 1029-1034, 1999), we implement the function of the cortico-cerebellar-thalamo-cortical loop as a module that gradually adapts to small changes in sensorimotor relationships. The cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loop on the other hand is hypothesized to act as an adaptive search element, guessing new sensorimotor-transformations and reinforcing successful guesses while punishing unsuccessful ones. In a first step, we show that the model reproduces trajectories and error curves of healthy subjects in a two dimensional center-out reaching task with rotated screen cursor visual feedback. In a second step, we disable learning processes in the cortico-striato- thalamo-cortical loop to simulate subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD), and show that this leads to error curves typical of subjects with PD. We conclude that the results support our hypothesis, i.e., that the role of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loop in visuo-motor adaptation is that of an adaptive search element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Grosse-Wentrup
- Institute of Automatic Control Engineering, Technische Universiät München, 80290 München, Germany.
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30
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Torriero S, Oliveri M, Koch G, Lo Gerfo E, Salerno S, Petrosini L, Caltagirone C. Cortical networks of procedural learning: evidence from cerebellar damage. Neuropsychologia 2006; 45:1208-14. [PMID: 17166525 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The lateral cerebellum plays a critical role in procedural learning that goes beyond the strict motor control functions attributed to it. Patients with cerebellar damage show marked impairment in the acquisition of procedures, as revealed by their performance on the serial reaction time task (SRTT). Here we present the case of a patient affected by ischemic damage involving the left cerebellum who showed a selective deficit in procedural learning while performing the SRTT with the left hand. The deficit recovered when the cortical excitability of an extensive network involving both cerebellar hemispheres and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was decreased by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Although inhibition of the right DLPFC or a control fronto-parietal region did not modify the patient's performance, inhibition of the right (unaffected) cerebellum and the left DLPFC markedly improved task performance. These findings could be explained by the modulation of a set of inhibitory and excitatory connections between the lateral cerebellum and the contralateral prefrontal area induced by rTMS. The presence of left cerebellar damage is likely associated with a reduced excitatory drive from sub-cortical left cerebellar nuclei towards the right DLPFC, causing reduced excitability of the right DLPFC and, conversely, unbalanced activation of the left DLPFC. Inhibition of the left DLPFC would reduce the unbalancing of cortical activation, thus explaining the observed selective recovery of procedural memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Torriero
- Laboratorio di Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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Messier J, Adamovich S, Jack D, Hening W, Sage J, Poizner H. Visuomotor learning in immersive 3D virtual reality in Parkinson's disease and in aging. Exp Brain Res 2006; 179:457-74. [PMID: 17146644 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-006-0802-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Successful adaptation to novel sensorimotor contexts critically depends on efficient sensory processing and integration mechanisms, particularly those required to combine visual and proprioceptive inputs. If the basal ganglia are a critical part of specialized circuits that adapt motor behavior to new sensorimotor contexts, then patients who are suffering from basal ganglia dysfunction, as in Parkinson's disease should show sensorimotor learning impairments. However, this issue has been under-explored. We tested the ability of 8 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), off medication, ten healthy elderly subjects and ten healthy young adults to reach to a remembered 3D location presented in an immersive virtual environment. A multi-phase learning paradigm was used having four conditions: baseline, initial learning, reversal learning and aftereffect. In initial learning, the computer altered the position of a simulated arm endpoint used for movement feedback by shifting its apparent location diagonally, requiring thereby both horizontal and vertical compensations. This visual distortion forced subjects to learn new coordinations between what they saw in the virtual environment and the actual position of their limbs, which they had to derive from proprioceptive information (or efference copy). In reversal learning, the sign of the distortion was reversed. Both elderly subjects and PD patients showed learning phase-dependent difficulties. First, elderly controls were slower than young subjects when learning both dimensions of the initial biaxial discordance. However, their performance improved during reversal learning and as a result elderly and young controls showed similar adaptation rates during reversal learning. Second, in striking contrast to healthy elderly subjects, PD patients were more profoundly impaired during the reversal phase of learning. PD patients were able to learn the initial biaxial discordance but were on average slower than age-matched controls in adapting to the horizontal component of the biaxial discordance. More importantly, when the biaxial discordance was reversed, PD patients were unable to make appropriate movement corrections. Therefore, they showed significantly degraded learning indices relative to age-matched controls for both dimensions of the biaxial discordance. Together, these results suggest that the ability to adapt to a sudden biaxial visuomotor discordance applied in three-dimensional space declines in normal aging and Parkinson disease. Furthermore, the presence of learning rate differences in the PD patients relative to age-matched controls supports an important contribution of basal ganglia-related circuits in learning novel visuomotor coordinations, particularly those in which subjects must learn to adapt to sensorimotor contingencies that were reversed from those just learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Messier
- Département de kinésiolgie, Université de Montréal, 2100, boul. Edouard-Montpetit, bureau 8225, H3T 1J4, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Yamamoto K, Hoffman DS, Strick PL. Rapid and Long-Lasting Plasticity of Input-Output Mapping. J Neurophysiol 2006; 96:2797-801. [PMID: 16928799 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00209.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skilled use of tools requires us to learn an “input-output map” for the device, i.e., how our movements relate to the actions of the device. We used the paradigm of visuo-motor rotation to examine two questions about the plasticity of input-output maps: 1) does extensive practice on one mapping make it difficult to modify and/or to form a new input-output map and 2) once a map has been modified or a new map has been formed, does this map survive a gap in performance? Humans and monkeys made wrist movements to control the position of a cursor on a computer monitor. Humans practiced the task for ∼1.5 h; monkeys practiced for 3–9 yr. After this practice, we gradually altered the direction of cursor movement relative to wrist movement while subjects moved either to a single target or to four targets. Subjects were unaware of the change in cursor–movement relationship. Despite their prior practice on the task, the humans and the monkeys quickly adjusted their motor output to compensate for the visuo-motor rotation. Monkeys retained the modified input-output map during a 2-wk gap in motor performance. Humans retained the altered map during a gap of >1 yr. Our results show that sensorimotor performance remains flexible despite considerable practice on a specific task, and even relatively short-term exposure to a new input-output mapping leads to a long-lasting change in motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yamamoto
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4074 Biomedical Science Tower-3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Kagerer FA, Contreras-Vidal JL, Bo J, Clark JE. Abrupt, but not gradual visuomotor distortion facilitates adaptation in children with developmental coordination disorder. Hum Mov Sci 2006; 25:622-33. [PMID: 17011655 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A previous experiment investigating visuomotor adaptation in typically developing children and children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) suggested poor adaptation to an abruptly induced visuomotor perturbation. In the current study, using a similar center-out drawing task, but administering either an abrupt or a gradual perturbation, and twice as many adaptation trials, we show that typically developing children are well able to successfully update an existing internal model in response to a 60 degrees rotation of the visual feedback, independent of the perturbation condition. Children with DCD, however, updated their internal map more effectively during exposure to an abrupt visuomotor perturbation than to a gradual one. This may suggest that the adaptation process in children with DCD responds differently to small vs. large steps of visuomotor discrepancies. Given the known role of the cerebellum in providing an error signal necessary for updating the internal model in response to a gradual visuomotor distortion, the results of our study add to the growing body of evidence implicating compromised cerebellar function in DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Kagerer
- Cognitive Motor Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2611, USA.
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Smith MA, Shadmehr R. Intact ability to learn internal models of arm dynamics in Huntington's disease but not cerebellar degeneration. J Neurophysiol 2004; 93:2809-21. [PMID: 15625094 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00943.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different compensatory mechanisms are engaged when the nervous system senses errors during a reaching movement. First, on-line feedback control mechanisms produce in-flight corrections to reduce errors in the on-going movement. Second, these errors modify the internal model with which the motor plan is transformed into motor commands for the subsequent movements. What are the neural mechanisms of these compensatory systems? In a previous study, we reported that while on-line error correction was disturbed in patients with Huntington's disease (HD), it was largely intact in patients with cerebellar degeneration. Here we altered dynamics of reaching and studied the effect of error in one trial on the motor commands that initiated the subsequent trial. We observed that in patients with cerebellar degeneration, motor commands changed from trial-to-trial by an amount that was comparable to control subjects. However, these changes were random and were uninformed by the error in the preceding trial. In contrast, the change in motor commands of HD patients was strongly related to the error in the preceding trial. This error-dependent change had a sensitivity that was comparable to healthy controls. As a result, HD patients exhibited no significant deficits in adapting to novel arm dynamics, whereas cerebellar subjects were profoundly impaired. These results demonstrate a double dissociation between on-line and trial-to-trial error correction suggesting that these compensatory mechanisms have distinct neural bases that can be differentially affected by disease.
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Contreras-Vidal JL, Buch ER. Effects of Parkinson's disease on visuomotor adaptation. Exp Brain Res 2003; 150:25-32. [PMID: 12698213 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-003-1403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2002] [Accepted: 01/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Visuomotor adaptation to a kinematic distortion was investigated in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and age-matched controls. Participants performed pointing movements in which the visual feedback of hand movement, displayed as a screen cursor, was normal (pre-exposure condition) or rotated by 90 degrees counterclockwise (exposure condition). Aftereffects were assessed in a post-exposure condition in which the visual feedback of hand movement was set back to normal. In pre- and early-exposure trials, both groups showed similar initial directional error (IDE) and movement straightness (RMSE, root mean square error), but the PD group showed reduced movement smoothness (normalized jerk, NJ) and primary submovement to total movement distance ratios (PTR). During late-exposure the PD subjects, compared with controls, showed larger IDE, RMSE, NJ, and smaller PTR scores. Moreover, PD patients showed smaller aftereffects than the controls during the post-exposure condition. Overall, the PD group showed both slower and reduced adaptation compared with the control group. These results are discussed in terms of reduced signal-to-noise ratio in feedback signals related to increased movement variability and/or disordered kinesthesia, deficits in movement initiation, impaired selection of initial movement direction, and deficits in internal model formation in PD patients. We conclude that Parkinson's disease impairs visuomotor adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Contreras-Vidal
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, 2363 HHP Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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36
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Nixon PD. The role of the cerebellum in preparing responses to predictable sensory events. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2003; 2:114-22. [PMID: 12880179 DOI: 10.1080/14734220309410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous studies on the effects of lesions of the mammalian cerebellum on coordination, adaptation and learning, the precise nature of this structure's contribution to motor control remains controversial. This paper reviews the results of a series of behavioural studies with monkeys trained to make rapid, accurate sequences of responses to visual targets. The effects of discrete cerebellar lesions on the performance of these animals is discussed in the light of recent theories about how the cerebellum might be concerned with learning to anticipate certain kinds of sensory events. Additional studies are considered that advocate sensory prediction as a fundamental cerebellar function that could contribute to many of the behavioural processes with which the cerebellum has been implicated. In particular, it is demonstrated how such information could be employed in the augmentation of motor learning by the formation of expectations about the sensory feedback arising from movements and interactions with the environment. Whilst it is argued that the cerebellum may not be unique in being able to perform such functions, comparative anatomical studies suggest that it may operate with an unequalled degree of temporal precision. Such precision forms the signature of skilled motor acts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Nixon
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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37
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Abstract
Visuomotor adaptation to a gradual or sudden screen cursor rotation was investigated in healthy young and elderly subjects. Both age groups were equally divided into two subgroups; one subgroup was exposed to 11.25 degrees step increments of visual feedback rotation, every 45 trials (up to a total of 90 degrees), whereas a second subgroup was subjected to 90 degrees rotation from the onset of exposure. Participants performed discrete, horizontal hand movements to virtual targets in four randomized directions. Targets appeared on a computer screen in front of them, and a board prevented vision of the hand at all times. Differential effects of aging on visuomotor adaptation were found, depending on the time course of the visual distortion. In both age groups, early exposure to the sudden visual feedback distortion resulted in typical spiral-like trajectories, which became straighter by late exposure. However, the final adaptation level was reduced in the aged group, although the aftereffects were similar. When subjects were exposed to the gradual distortion, no statistically significant differences in measures of adaptation with advancing age were found. In this case, both age groups appeared to adapt equally. However, after removal of the distortion, elderly subjects showed reduced aftereffects as compared with the young group. These findings suggest differential effects of aging on adaptation to gradual versus sudden visual feedback distortions, and may help to explain the conflicting results obtained in previous visuomotor adaptation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R Buch
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Gaymard B, Rivaud-Péchoux S, Yelnik J, Pidoux B, Ploner CJ. Involvement of the cerebellar thalamus in human saccade adaptation. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 14:554-60. [PMID: 11553305 DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Saccade adaptation can be experimentally induced by systematically displacing a visual cue during a targeting saccade. Non-human primate studies have highlighted the crucial role of the cerebellum for saccade adaptation, but its neural substrates in humans are poorly understood. Recent physiological experiments suggest that, in addition to cerebellar structures, cortical areas may be involved as well. We have therefore hypothesized that saccade adaptation may rely on a cerebello-cerebral network, in which the cerebellar thalamus may link cerebellar and cerebral structures. To test this hypothesis, we studied saccade adaptation in a group of four patients with a thalamic lesion, with (n = 2) or without (n = 2) involvement of the cerebellar thalamus. Compared to healthy subjects, saccade adaptation was reduced in patients with associated cerebellar syndrome, but normal in patients without cerebellar syndrome. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that cerebello-thalamic pathways contribute to saccade adaptation in humans and suggest that the thalamus relays adaptation-related information from the cerebellum to cerebral cortical oculomotor areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gaymard
- INSERM U 289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, Bd de l'Hôpital 75651 Paris cedex 13, France.
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Robertson EM, Tormos JM, Maeda F, Pascual-Leone A. The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during sequence learning is specific for spatial information. Cereb Cortex 2001; 11:628-35. [PMID: 11415965 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/11.7.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have implicated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the acquisition of skill, including procedural sequence learning. However, the specific role it performs in sequence learning has remained uncertain. This type of skill has been intensively studied using the serial reaction time task. We used three versions of this task: a standard task where the position of the stimulus cued the response; a non-standard task where the color of the stimulus was related to the correct response; and a combined task where both the color and position simultaneously cued the response. We refer to each of these tasks based upon the cues available for guiding learning as position, color and combined tasks. The combined task usually shows an enhancement of skill acquisition, a result of being driven by two simultaneous and congruent cues. Prior to the performance of each of these tasks the function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was disrupted using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. This completely prevented learning within the position task, while sequence learning occurred to a similar extent in both the color and combined tasks. So, following prefrontal stimulation the expected learning enhancement in the combined task was lost, consistent with only a color cue being available to guide sequence learning in the combined task. Neither of these effects was observed following stimulation at the parietal cortex. Hence the critical role played by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in sequence learning is related exclusively to spatial cues. We suggest that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex operates over the short term to retain and manipulate spatial information to allow cortical and subcortical structures to learn a predictable sequence of actions. Such functions may emerge from the broader role the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has in spatial working memory. These results argue against the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex constituting part of the neuronal substrate responsible for general aspects of implicit or explicit sequence learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Robertson
- University Laboratory of Physiology, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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40
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Abstract
The concept of canonical representations within the motor system has been both supported and refuted using a variety of behavioral studies. Here, based upon neurophysiological data, I discuss the relationship amongst those neuronal substrates of action and the behavioral components of a movement. A novel view of reaching and grasping has been proposed which predicts that movements with similar kinematic and dynamic properties have a similar representation within the nervous system (Smeets & Brenner, 1999). However this is broadly inconsistent with a variety of neurophysiological findings that emphasize the independence amongst representations of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Robertson
- University Laboratory of Physiology at Oxford University, UK
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