1
|
Wang H, Hou X, Li B, Yang Y, Li Q, Si Y. Study on Active Components of Cuscuta chinensis Promoting Neural Stem Cells Proliferation: Bioassay-Guided Fractionation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216634. [PMID: 34771043 PMCID: PMC8586919 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) exist in the central nervous system of adult animals and capable of self-replication. NSCs have two basic functions, namely the proliferation ability and the potential for multi-directional differentiation. In this study, based on the bioassay-guided fractionation, we aim to screen active components in Cuscuta chinensis to promote the proliferation of NSCs. CCK-8 assays were used as an active detection method to track the active components. On the basis of isolating active fraction and monomer compounds, the structures of these were identified by LC-MS and (1H, 13C) NMR. Moreover, active components were verified by pharmacodynamics and network pharmacology. The system solvent extraction method combined with the traditional isolation method were used to ensure that the fraction TSZE-EA-G6 of Cuscuta chinensis exhibited the highest activity. Seven chemical components were identified from the TSZE-EA-G6 fraction by UPLC-QE-Orbitrap-MS technology, which were 4-O-p-coumarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, 5-O-p-coumarinic acid, hyperoside, astragalin, isochlorogenic acid C, and quercetin-3-O-galactose-7-O-glucoside. Using different chromatographic techniques, five compounds were isolated in TSZE-EA-G6 and identified as kaempferol, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (astragalin), quercetin-3-O-galactoside (hyperoside), chlorogenic acid, and sucrose. The activity study of these five compounds showed that the proliferation rate of kaempferol had the highest effects; at a certain concentration (25 μg/mL, 3.12 μg/mL), the proliferation rate could reach 87.44% and 59.59%, respectively. Furthermore, research results using network pharmacology techniques verified that kaempferol had an activity of promoting NSCs proliferation and the activity of flavonoid aglycones might be greater than that of flavonoid glycosides. In conclusion, this research shows that kaempferol is the active component in Cuscuta chinensis to promote the proliferation of NSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanze Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China;
| | - Xiaomeng Hou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (X.H.); (B.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Bingqi Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (X.H.); (B.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (X.H.); (B.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Qiang Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (X.H.); (B.L.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yinchu Si
- Department of Anatomy, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (Y.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tamm C, Ceccatelli S. Mechanistic insight into neurotoxicity induced by developmental insults. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:408-418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
3
|
Brites D. Early Differentiating Mouse Astroglial Progenitors Share Common Protein Signatures with GL261 Glioma Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.15436/2471-0598.16.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
4
|
Neural Stem Cell Transplant-Induced Effect on Neurogenesis and Cognition in Alzheimer Tg2576 Mice Is Inhibited by Concomitant Treatment with Amyloid-Lowering or Cholinergic α7 Nicotinic Receptor Drugs. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:370432. [PMID: 26257960 PMCID: PMC4518185 DOI: 10.1155/2015/370432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulating regeneration in the brain has the potential to rescue neuronal networks and counteract progressive pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigated whether drugs with different mechanisms of action could enhance neurogenesis and improve cognition in mice receiving human neural stem cell (hNSC) transplants. Six- to nine-month-old AD Tg2576 mice were treated for five weeks with the amyloid-modulatory and neurotrophic drug (+)-phenserine or with the partial α7 nicotinic receptor (nAChR) agonist JN403, combined with bilateral intrahippocampal hNSC transplantation. We observed improved spatial memory in hNSC-transplanted non-drug-treated Tg2576 mice but not in those receiving drugs, and this was accompanied by an increased number of Doublecortin- (DCX-) positive cells in the dentate gyrus, a surrogate marker for newly generated neurons. Treatment with (+)-phenserine did however improve graft survival in the hippocampus. An accumulation of α7 nAChR-expressing astrocytes was observed around the injection site, suggesting their involvement in repair and scarring processes. Interestingly, JN403 treatment decreased the number of α7 nAChR-expressing astrocytes, correlating with a reduction in the number of DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus. We conclude that transplanting hNSCs enhances endogenous neurogenesis and prevents further cognitive deterioration in Tg2576 mice, while simultaneous treatments with (+)-phenserine or JN403 result in countertherapeutic effects.
Collapse
|
5
|
Scorpion venom heat-resistant peptide (SVHRP) enhances neurogenesis and neurite outgrowth of immature neurons in adult mice by up-regulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). PLoS One 2014; 9:e109977. [PMID: 25299676 PMCID: PMC4192587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpion venom heat-resistant peptide (SVHRP) is a component purified from Buthus martensii Karsch scorpion venom. Although scorpions and their venom have been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to treat chronic neurological disorders, the underlying mechanisms of these treatments remain unknown. We applied SVHRP in vitro and in vivo to understand its effects on the neurogenesis and maturation of adult immature neurons and explore associated molecular mechanisms. SVHRP administration increased the number of 5-bromo-2’-dexoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells, BrdU- positive/neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN)-positive neurons, and polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM)-positive immature neurons in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ) of hippocampus. Furthermore immature neurons incubated with SVHRP-pretreated astrocyte-conditioned medium exhibited significantly increased neurite length compared with those incubated with normal astrocyte-conditioned medium. This neurotrophic effect was further confirmed in vivo by detecting an increased average single area and whole area of immature neurons in the SGZ, SVZ and olfactory bulb (OB) in the adult mouse brain. In contrast to normal astrocyte-conditioned medium, higher concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) but not nerve growth factor (NGF) or glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was detected in the conditioned medium of SVHRP-pretreated astrocytes, and blocking BDNF using anti-BDNF antibodies eliminated these SVHRP-dependent neurotrophic effects. In SVHRP treated mouse brain, more glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells were detected. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed increased numbers of GFAP/BDNF double-positive cells, which agrees with the observed changes in the culture system. This paper describes novel effects of scorpion venom-originated peptide on the stem cells and suggests the potential therapeutic values of SVHRP.
Collapse
|
6
|
Alvarez AA, Field M, Bushnev S, Longo MS, Sugaya K. The effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors on glioblastoma-derived stem cells. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:7-20. [PMID: 24874578 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor with limited effective treatment options. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a subpopulation of cancer cells with stem cell properties found in GBMs, have been shown to be extremely resistant to radiation and chemotherapeutic agents and have the ability to readily reform tumors. Therefore, the development of therapeutic agents targeting CSCs is extremely important. In this study, we isolated glioblastoma-derived stem cells (GDSCs) from GBM tissue removed from patients during surgery and analyzed their gene expression using quantitative real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry. We examined the effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors trichostatin A (TSA) and valproic acid (VPA) on the proliferation and gene expression profiles of GDSCs. The GDSCs expressed significantly higher levels of both neural and embryonic stem cell markers compared to GBM cells expanded in conventional monolayer cultures. Treatment of GDSCs with histone deacetylase inhibitors, TSA and VPA, significantly reduced proliferation rates of the cells and expression of the stem cell markers, indicating differentiation of the cells. Since differentiation into GBM makes them susceptible to the conventional cancer treatments, we posit that use of histone deacetylase inhibitors may increase efficacy of the conventional cancer treatments for eliminating GDSCs.
Collapse
|
7
|
Si YC, Zhang JP, Xie CE, Zhang LJ, Jiang XN. Effects of Panax Notoginseng Saponins on Proliferation and Differentiation of Rat Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 39:999-1013. [PMID: 21905288 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x11009366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on proliferation, differentiation and self-renewal of rat hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro. Rat hippocampal NSCs were isolated from post-natal day 1 (P1) rats and cultured in a serum-free medium. The neurospheres were identified by the expressions of nestin, class III β-tublin (Tuj-1) and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP). The cells were given PNS and subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) as an in vitro model of brain ischemia reperfusion. The proliferation of NSCs was determined by MTT colorimetry, nestin/BrdU immunofluorescent double-labeling and RT-PCR. Differentiation of NSCs was assessed by immunofluorescent double-labeling of nestin/BrdU, nestin/vimentin, and nestin/Tuj-1. The primary cells and the first two passages of cells formed certain amount of neurospheres, the cells derived from a single cell clone also formed neurospheres. Nestin, BrdU, GFAP and Tuj-1-positive cells appeared in those neurospheres. Compared to the control group, PNS significantly promoted NSC proliferation and the expression of nestin/BrdU, and also enhanced Tuj-1, vimentin, and nestin mRNA expressions in hippocampal NSCs. PNS significantly increased area density, optical density and numbers of nestin/BrdU, nestin/vimentin, and nestin/Tuj-1 positive cells following OGD. These results indicate that PNS can promote proliferation and differentiation of hippocampus NCSs in vitro after OGD, suggesting its potential benefits on neurogenesis and neuroregeneration in brain ischemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Chu Si
- Department of Anatomy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Jinggangshan University, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Chun-E Xie
- Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xiang-Ning Jiang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Y, Liu RR, Wang L, Zeng L, Long ZY, Wu YM. The effects of different phenotype astrocytes on neural stem cells differentiation in co-culture. Neurosci Lett 2011; 508:61-6. [PMID: 22206833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes were reported to show neuroprotective effects on neurons, but there was no direct evidence for a functional relationship between astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSCs). In this experiments, we examined neuronal differentiation of NSCs induced by protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes in a co-culture model respectively. Two types of astrocytes and NSCs were isolated from E13 to 15 cortex of rats. The neuronal differentiation of NSCs was examined after co-culture with two kinds of astrocytes. There were more neuronal marker β-tublin III positive cells from NSCs co-cultured with protoplasmic astrocytes. However the differentiated neurons, whether co-cultured with protoplasmic astrocytes or fibrous astrocytes, both expressed glutamate AMPA receptor subunit GluR2 protein and exhibited biological electrical reactivity after stimulated by glutamine. Therefore, these findings indicated that two types of astrocytes could induce the differentiation of NSCs and also possibly induce functional maturation of differentiated neurons, among which protoplasmic astrocytes have the ability to promote neuronal differentiation of NSCs compared with fibrous astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- 3rd Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing 400042, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tegenge MA, Rockel TD, Fritsche E, Bicker G. Nitric oxide stimulates human neural progenitor cell migration via cGMP-mediated signal transduction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2089-99. [PMID: 20957508 PMCID: PMC11114808 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal migration is one of the most critical processes during early brain development. The gaseous messenger nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to modulate neuronal and glial migration in various experimental models. Here, we analyze a potential role for NO signaling in the migration of fetal human neural progenitor cells. Cells migrate out of cultured neurospheres and differentiate into both neuronal and glial cells. The neurosphere cultures express neuronal nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylyl cyclase that produces cGMP upon activation with NO. By employing small bioactive enzyme activators and inhibitors in both gain and loss of function experiments, we show NO/cGMP signaling as a positive regulator of migration in neurosphere cultures of early developing human brain cells. Since NO signaling regulates cell movements from developing insects to mammalian nervous systems, this transduction pathway may have evolutionary conserved functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Million Adane Tegenge
- Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Dino Rockel
- Group of Molecular Toxicology, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung at the Heinrich Heine-University gGmbH, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ellen Fritsche
- Group of Molecular Toxicology, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung at the Heinrich Heine-University gGmbH, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraûe 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerd Bicker
- Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kwak YD, Marutle A, Dantuma E, Merchant S, Bushnev S, Sugaya K. Involvement of notch signaling pathway in amyloid precursor protein induced glial differentiation. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 650:18-27. [PMID: 20883690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been mainly studied in its role in the production of amyloid β peptides (Aβ), because Aβ deposition is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Although several studies suggest APP has physiological functions, it is still controversial. We previously reported that APP increased glial differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). In the current study, NPCs transplanted into APP23 transgenic mice primarily differentiated into glial cells. In vitro treatment with secreted APP (sAPP) dose-dependently increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immuno-positive cells in NPCs and over expression of APP caused most NPCs to differentiate into GFAP immuno-positive cells. Treatment with sAPP also dose-dependently increased expression levels of GFAP in NT-2/D1 cells along with the generation of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and expression of Hairy and enhancer of split 1 (Hes1). Treatment with γ-secretase inhibitor suppressed the generation of NICD and reduced Hes1 and GFAP expressions. Treatment with the N-terminal domain of APP (APP 1-205) was enough to induce up regulation of GFAP and Hes1 expressions, and application of 22 C11 antibodies recognizing N-terminal APP suppressed these changes by sAPP. These results indicate APP induces glial differentiation of NPCs through Notch signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Don Kwak
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Amyloid-β Precursor Protein Induces Glial Differentiation of Neural Progenitor Cells by Activation of the IL-6/gp130 Signaling Pathway. Neurotox Res 2010; 18:328-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
13
|
Neural progenitor cells as models for high-throughput screens of developmental neurotoxicity: State of the science. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2010; 32:4-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
14
|
Wakeman DR, Hofmann MR, Redmond DE, Teng YD, Snyder EY. Long-term multilayer adherent network (MAN) expansion, maintenance, and characterization, chemical and genetic manipulation, and transplantation of human fetal forebrain neural stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; Chapter 2:Unit2D.3. [PMID: 19455542 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc02d03s9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human neural stem/precursor cells (hNSC/hNPC) have been targeted for application in a variety of research models and as prospective candidates for cell-based therapeutic modalities in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. To this end, the successful derivation, expansion, and sustained maintenance of undifferentiated hNSC/hNPC in vitro, as artificial expandable neurogenic micro-niches, promises a diversity of applications as well as future potential for a variety of experimental paradigms modeling early human neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and neurogenetic disorders, and could also serve as a platform for small-molecule drug screening in the CNS. Furthermore, hNPC transplants provide an alternative substrate for cellular regeneration and restoration of damaged tissue in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Human somatic neural stem/progenitor cells (NSC/NPC) have been derived from a variety of cadaveric sources and proven engraftable in a cytoarchitecturally appropriate manner into the developing and adult rodent and monkey brain while maintaining both functional and migratory capabilities in pathological models of disease. In the following unit, we describe a new procedure that we have successfully employed to maintain operationally defined human somatic NSC/NPC from developing fetal, pre-term post-natal, and adult cadaveric forebrain. Specifically, we outline the detailed methodology for in vitro expansion, long-term maintenance, manipulation, and transplantation of these multipotent precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Wakeman
- University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Class III beta-tubulin is constitutively coexpressed with glial fibrillary acidic protein and nestin in midgestational human fetal astrocytes: implications for phenotypic identity. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008; 67:341-54. [PMID: 18379434 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31816a686d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Class III beta-tubulin isotype (betaIII-tubulin) is widely regarded as a neuronal marker in developmental neurobiology and stem cell research. To test the specificity of this marker protein, we determined its expression and distribution in primary cultures of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing astrocytes isolated from the cerebral hemispheres of 2 human fetuses at 18 to 20 weeks of gestation. Cells were maintained as monolayer cultures for 1 to 21 days without differentiation induction. By immunofluorescence microscopy, coexpression of betaIII-tubulin and GFAP was detected in cells at all time points but in spatially distinct patterns. The numbers of GFAP+ cells gradually decreased from Days 1 to 21 in vitro, whereas betaIII-tubulin immunoreactivity was present in 100% of cells at all time points. beta-III-tubulin mRNA and protein expression were demonstrated in cultured cells by reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting, respectively. Glial fibrillary acidic protein+/beta-III-tubulin-positive cells coexpressed nestin and vimentin but lacked neurofilament proteins, CD133, and glutamate-aspartate transporter. Weak cytoplasmic staining was detected with antibodies against microtubule-associated protein 2 isoforms. Confocal microscopy, performed on autopsy brain samples of human fetuses at 16 to 20 gestational weeks, revealed widespread colocalization of GFAP and betaIII-tubulin in cells of the ventricular/subventricular zones and the cortical plate. Our results indicate that in the midgestational human brain, betaIII-tubulin is not neuron specific because it is constitutively expressed in GFAP+/nestin+ presumptive fetal astrocytes.
Collapse
|
16
|
Marutle A, Ohmitsu M, Nilbratt M, Greig NH, Nordberg A, Sugaya K. Modulation of human neural stem cell differentiation in Alzheimer (APP23) transgenic mice by phenserine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:12506-11. [PMID: 17640880 PMCID: PMC1941499 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705346104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we found that human neural stem cells (HNSCs) exposed to high concentrations of secreted amyloid-precursor protein (sAPP) in vitro differentiated into mainly astrocytes, suggesting that pathological alterations in APP processing during neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) may prevent neuronal differentiation of HNSCs. Thus, successful neuroplacement therapy for AD may require regulating APP expression to favorable levels to enhance neuronal differentiation of HNSCs. Phenserine, a recently developed cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI), has been reported to reduce APP levels in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we found reductions of APP and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels in the hippocampus of APP23 mice after 14 days treatment with (+)-phenserine (25 mg/kg) lacking ChEI activity. No significant change in APP gene expression was detected, suggesting that (+)-phenserine decreases APP levels and reactive astrocytes by posttranscription regulation. HNSCs transplanted into (+)-phenserine-treated APP23 mice followed by an additional 7 days of treatment with (+)-phenserine migrated and differentiated into neurons in the hippocampus and cortex after 6 weeks. Moreover, (+)-phenserine significantly increased neuronal differentiation of implanted HNSCs in hippocampal and cortical regions of APP23 mice and in the CA1 region of control mice. These results indicate that (+)-phenserine reduces APP protein in vivo and increases neuronal differentiation of HNSCs. Combination use of HNSC transplantation and treatment with drugs such as (+)-phenserine that modulate APP levels in the brain may be a useful tool for understanding mechanisms regulating stem cell migration and differentiation during neurodegenerative conditions in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Marutle
- Biomolecular Sciences Center, Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bentz K, Molcanyi M, Hess S, Schneider A, Hescheler J, Neugebauer E, Schaefer U. Neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells is induced by signalling from non-neural niche cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2007; 18:275-86. [PMID: 17167232 DOI: 10.1159/000097674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Embryonic stem cell (ESC) transplantation offers new therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases and injury. However, the mechanisms underlying integration and differentiation of engrafted ESCs are poorly understood. This study elucidates the influence of exogenous signals on ESC differentiation using in vitro modelling of non-stem/stem cell interactions. METHODS Murine ESCs were co-cultured with endothelial cells and astrocytes or conditioned medium obtained from endothelial or astrocyte cultures. After 7 days of co-culture isolated RNA was analysed using RT-PCR for the expression of pluripotency marker oct-4, neural progenitor marker nestin, and neurofilament (NFL), an early marker of neuronal lineage commitment. The presence of the glial cell surface marker A2B5 was determined in ESCs by flow cytometry. RESULTS Neuronal differentiation was inhibited in ESCs when grown in close vicinity to cerebral endothelial or glial cells. Under these conditions, ESC differentiation was predominantly directed towards a glial fate. However, treatment of ESCs with endothelial cell- or astrocyte-conditioned medium promoted neuronal as well as glial differentiation. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that ESC fate is determined by endothelial and glial cells that comprise the environmental niche of these stem cells in vivo. The direction of differentiation processes appears to be dependent on humoral factors secreted by adjacent cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Bentz
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, GSF - National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Roitberg BZ, Mangubat E, Chen EY, Sugaya K, Thulborn KR, Kordower JH, Pawar A, Konecny T, Emborg ME. Survival and early differentiation of human neural stem cells transplanted in a nonhuman primate model of stroke. J Neurosurg 2006; 105:96-102. [PMID: 16871883 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2006.105.1.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Neural cell transplantation has been proposed as a treatment after stroke. The purpose of this study was to establish if human neural stem cells (HNSCs) could survive in the nonhuman primate brain after an ischemic event. METHODS Three adult cynomolgus monkeys received a unilateral occlusion of the M, segment of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA). One week later each animal received five magnetic resonance (MR) image-guided stereotactic intracerebral injections of HNSC neurospheres labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in the areas surrounding the ischemic lesion as defined in T1- and T2-weighted images. On the day of transplantation and throughout the study the monkeys received oral cyclosporine (10 mg/kg twice a day), and plasma levels were monitored routinely. The animals were killed at 45, 75, or 105 days after transplantation. Magnetic resonance images revealed a cortical and subcortical infarction in the MCA distribution area. Postmortem morphological brain analyses confirmed the distribution of the infarcted area seen in the MR images, with loss of tissue and necrosis in the ischemic region. Cells that were positive for BrdU were present in the three experimental monkeys, mainly along injection tracks. Double-label immunofluorescence for BrdU and betaIII-tubulin (a marker of young neurons) revealed colocalization of few HNSCs, most of which were observed outside the immediate injection site. Colocalization with nestin was also observed, indicating an early neural/glial fate. CONCLUSIONS In a model of stroke in nonhuman primates, HNSCs can survive up to 105 days when transplanted 1 week after an ischemic event and can partly undergo neuronal differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Z Roitberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kwak YD, Brannen CL, Qu T, Kim HM, Dong X, Soba P, Majumdar A, Kaplan A, Beyreuther K, Sugaya K. Amyloid precursor protein regulates differentiation of human neural stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2006; 15:381-9. [PMID: 16846375 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2006.15.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although amyloid beta (Abeta) deposition has been a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the absence of a phenotype in the beta amyloid precursor protein (APP) knockout mouse, tends to detract our attention away from the physiological functions of APP. Although much attention has been focused on the neurotoxicity of Abeta, many studies suggest the involvement of APP in neuroplasticity. We found that secreted amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) increased the differentiation of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) in vitro, while an antibody-recognizing APP dose-dependently inhibited these activities. With a high dose of sAPP treatment or wild-type APP gene transfection, hNSCs were differentiated into astrocytes rather than neurons. In vivo, hNSCs transplanted into APP-transgenic mouse brain exhibited glial differentiation rather than neural differentiation. Our results suggest that APP regulates neural stem cell biology in the adult brain, and that altered APP metabolism in Down syndrome or AD may have implications for the pathophysiology of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y-D Kwak
- Biomolecular Science Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, 32816, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kirkham DL, Pacey LKK, Axford MM, Siu R, Rotin D, Doering LC. Neural stem cells from protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma knockout mice generate an altered neuronal phenotype in culture. BMC Neurosci 2006; 7:50. [PMID: 16784531 PMCID: PMC1570144 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-7-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The LAR family Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase sigma (PTPσ) has been implicated in neuroendocrine and neuronal development, and shows strong expression in specific regions within the CNS, including the subventricular zone (SVZ). We established neural stem cell cultures, grown as neurospheres, from the SVZ of PTPσ knockout mice and sibling controls to determine if PTPσ influences the generation and the phenotype of the neuronal, astrocyte and oligodendrocyte cell lineages. Results The neurospheres from the knockout mice acquired heterogeneous developmental characteristics and they showed similar morphological characteristics to the age matched siblings. Although Ptprs expression decreases as a function of developmental age in vivo, it remains high with the continual renewal and passage of the neurospheres. Stem cells, progenitors and differentiated neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes all express the gene. While no apparent differences were observed in developing neurospheres or in the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes from the PTPσ knockout mice, the neuronal migration patterns and neurites were altered when studied in culture. In particular, neurons migrated farther from the neurosphere centers and the neurite outgrowth exceeded the length of the neuronal processes from age matched sibling controls. Conclusion Our results imply a specific role for PTPσ in the neuronal lineage, particularly in the form of inhibitory influences on neurite outgrowth, and demonstrate a role for tyrosine phosphatases in neuronal stem cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Kirkham
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Laura KK Pacey
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Michelle M Axford
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Roberta Siu
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Daniela Rotin
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Laurie C Doering
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sakic B, Kirkham DL, Ballok DA, Mwanjewe J, Fearon IM, Macri J, Yu G, Sidor MM, Denburg JA, Szechtman H, Lau J, Ball AK, Doering LC. Proliferating brain cells are a target of neurotoxic CSF in systemic autoimmune disease. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 169:68-85. [PMID: 16198428 PMCID: PMC1634761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Brain atrophy, neurologic and psychiatric (NP) manifestations are common complications in the systemic autoimmune disease, lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here we show that the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from autoimmune MRL-lpr mice and a deceased NP-SLE patient reduce the viability of brain cells which proliferate in vitro. This detrimental effect was accompanied by periventricular neurodegeneration in the brains of autoimmune mice and profound in vivo neurotoxicity when their CSF was administered to the CNS of a rat. Multiple ionic responses with microfluorometry and protein peaks on electropherograms suggest more than one mechanism of cellular demise. Similar to the CSF from diseased MRL-lpr mice, the CSF from a deceased SLE patient with a history of psychosis, memory impairment, and seizures, reduced viability of the C17.2 neural stem cell line. Proposed mechanisms of cytotoxicity involve binding of intrathecally synthesized IgG autoantibodies to target(s) common to different mammalian species and neuronal populations. More importantly, these results indicate that the viability of proliferative neural cells can be compromised in systemic autoimmune disease. Antibody-mediated lesions of germinal layers may impair the regenerative capacity of the brain in NP-SLE and possibly, brain development and function in some forms of CNS disorders in which autoimmune phenomena have been documented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Sakic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, HSC Rm 4N81, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 905 525 9140x22617, 22850; fax: +1 905 522 8804. E-mail addresses: (B. Sakic), (D.L. Kirkham), (D.A. Ballok), (J. Mwanjewe), (I.M. Fearon), (J. Macri), (G. Yu), (M.M. Sidor), (J.A. Denburg), (H. Szechtman), (J. Lau), (A.K. Ball), (L.C. Doering)
| | - David L. Kirkham
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - David A. Ballok
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, HSC Rm 4N81, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - James Mwanjewe
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Ian M. Fearon
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Joseph Macri
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Guanhua Yu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, HSC Rm 4N81, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - Michelle M. Sidor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, HSC Rm 4N81, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
| | | | - Henry Szechtman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, HSC Rm 4N81, McMaster University, 1200 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - Jonathan Lau
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Alexander K. Ball
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Laurie C. Doering
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mori H, Kanemura Y, Onaya J, Hara M, Miyake J, Yamasaki M, Kariya Y. Effects of heparin and its 6-O-and 2-O-desulfated derivatives with low anticoagulant activity on proliferation of human neural stem/progenitor cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 100:54-61. [PMID: 16233851 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.100.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heparin binds various growth factors and activates them to interact with high-affinity cell surface receptors; a specific array of sulfate groups in the heparin backbone structure is very important for this interaction. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of two novel heparin derivatives, 6-O-desulfated heparin (6-DSH) and 2-O-desulfated heparin (2-DSH), on blood coagulation and the proliferation of human neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). 6-DSH showed lower anticoagulant activity than intact heparin or 2-DSH, as measured by the activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time. In the presence of FGF-2, 6-DSH and 2-DSH promoted approximately the same rate of proliferation of human NSPCs, without noticeably changing the expression of nestin. The mitotic effects of 6-DSH and 2-DSH on human NSPCs were different from their effects on mouse hematopoietic stem cells and fibroblasts. These findings indicate that 6-DSH and 2-DSH have the same ability to promote the growth of human NSPCs as intact heparin. Our results suggest that these two novel heparin derivates, especially 6-DSH, could be used in clinical applications for ex vivo human NSPC culture, as a lower-risk growth co-adjuvant than intact heparin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Mori
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-11-46 Nakoji, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-0974, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fritsche E, Cline JE, Nguyen NH, Scanlan TS, Abel J. Polychlorinated biphenyls disturb differentiation of normal human neural progenitor cells: clue for involvement of thyroid hormone receptors. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:871-6. [PMID: 16002375 PMCID: PMC1257648 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental chemicals that accumulate in adipose tissues over the food chain. Epidemiologic studies have indicated that PCBs influence brain development. Children who are exposed to PCBs during development suffer from neuropsychologic deficits such as a lower full-scale IQ (intelligence quotient), reduced visual recognition memory, and attention and motor deficits. The mechanisms leading to these effects are not fully understood. It has been speculated that PCBs may affect brain development by interfering with thyroid hormone (TH) signaling. Because most of the data are from animal studies, we established a model using primary normal human neural progenitor (NHNP) cells to determine if PCBs interfere with TH-dependent neural differentiation. NHNP cells differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in culture, and they express a variety of drug metabolism enzymes and nuclear receptors. Like triiodothyronine (T3), treatment with the mono-ortho-substituted PCB-118 (2,3',4,4 ,5-pentachlorobiphenyl; 0.01-1 microM) leads to a dose-dependent increase of oligodendrocyte formation. This effect was congener specific, because the coplanar PCB-126 (3,3',4,4 ,5-pentachlorobiphenyl) had no effect. Similar to the T3 response, the PCB-mediated effect on oligodendrocyte formation was blocked by retinoic acid and the thyroid hormone receptor antagonist NH-3. These results suggest that PCB-118 mimics T3 action via the TH pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Fritsche
- Group of Toxicology, Institut für umweltmedizinische Forschung gGmbH an der Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Katsetos CD, Legido A, Perentes E, Mörk SJ. Class III beta-tubulin isotype: a key cytoskeletal protein at the crossroads of developmental neurobiology and tumor neuropathology. J Child Neurol 2003; 18:851-66; discussion 867. [PMID: 14736079 DOI: 10.1177/088307380301801205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the cytoskeletal protein class III beta-tubulin isotype is reviewed in the context of human central nervous system development and neoplasia. Compared to systemic organs and tissues, class III beta-tubulin is abundant in the brain, where it is prominently expressed during fetal and postnatal development. As exemplified in cerebellar neurogenesis, the distribution of class III beta-tubulin is neuron associated, exhibiting different temporospatial gradients in the neuronal progeny of the external granule layer versus the neuroepithelial germinal matrix of the velum medullare. However, transient expression of this protein is also present in the telencephalic subventricular zones comprising putative neuronal and/or glial precursor cells. This temporospatially restricted, potentially non-neuronal expression of class III beta-tubulin may have implications in the accurate identification of presumptive neurons derived from transplanted embryonic stem cells. In the adult central nervous system, the distribution of class III beta-tubulin is almost exclusively neuron specific. Altered patterns of expression are noted in brain tumors. In "embryonal"-type neuronal/neuroblastic tumors of the central nervous system, such as the medulloblastomas, class III beta-tubulin expression is associated with neuronal differentiation and decreased cell proliferation. In contrast, the expression of class III beta-tubulin in gliomas is associated with an ascending grade of histologic malignancy and with correspondingly high proliferative indices. Thus, class III beta-tubulin expression in neuronal or neuroblastic tumors is differentiation dependent, whereas in glial tumors, it is aberrant and/or represents "dedifferentiation" associated with the acquisition of glial progenitor-like phenotype(s). From a diagnostic perspective, the detection of class III beta-tubulin immunostaining in neoplastic cells should not be construed as categorical evidence of divergent neuronal differentiation in tumors, which are otherwise phenotypically glial. Because class III beta-tubulin is present in neoplastic but not in normal differentiated glial cells, the elucidation of molecular mechanisms responsible for the altered expression of this isotype may provide critical insights into the dynamics of the microtubule cytoskeleton in the growth and progression of gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos D Katsetos
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Katsetos CD, Herman MM, Mörk SJ. Class III beta-tubulin in human development and cancer. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 2003; 55:77-96. [PMID: 12740870 DOI: 10.1002/cm.10116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The differential cellular expression of class III beta-tubulin isotype (betaIII) is reviewed in the context of human embryological development and neoplasia. As compared to somatic organs and tissues, betaIII is abundant in the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS) where it is prominently expressed during fetal and postnatal development. As exemplified in cerebellar and sympathoadrenal neurogenesis, the distribution of betaIII is neuron-associated, exhibiting distinct temporospatial gradients according to the regional neuroepithelia of origin. However, transient expression of this protein is also present in the subventricular zones of the CNS comprising putative neuronal- and/or glial precursor cells, as well as in Kulchitsky neuroendocrine cells of the fetal respiratory epithelium. This temporally restricted, potentially non-neuronal expression may have implications in the identification of presumptive neurons derived from embryonic stem cells. In adult tissues, the distribution of betaIII is almost exclusively neuron-specific. Altered patterns of expression are noted in cancer. In "embryonal"- and "adult-type" neuronal tumors of the CNS and PNS, betaIII is associated with neuronal differentiation and decreased cell proliferation. In contrast, the presence of betaIII in gliomas and lung cancer is associated with an ascending histological grade of malignancy. Thus, betaIII expression in neuronal tumors is differentiation-dependent, while in non-neuronal tumors it is aberrant and/or represents "dedifferentiation" associated with the acquisition of progenitor-like phenotypic properties. Increased expression in various epithelial cancer cell lines is associated with chemoresistance to taxanes. Because betaIII is present in subpopulations of neoplastic, but not in normal differentiated glial or somatic epithelial cells, the elucidation of mechanisms responsible for the altered expression of this isotype may provide insights into the role of the microtubule cytoskeleton in tumorigenesis and tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos D Katsetos
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
We have previously reported that transplanted human neural stem cells (HNSCs) display extensive migration and positional incorporation into the aged rat brain, which is associated with an improvement in cognitive function. In the current study, to investigate whether HNSCs are capable of differentiating into retinal cells, we treated HNSCs with human transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-beta3) under a serum-free differentiation condition. After 5 days of differentiation in vitro we detected opsin-immunopositive cells in the culture treated with TGF-beta3. We also transplanted TGF-beta3-treated HNSCs into the rat vitreous cavity. The donor cells migrated and differentiated into opsin-positive cells in the host retinal cell layer. Here we show for the first time that TGF-beta3-treated HNSCs differentiate into retinal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Dong
- Department of Psychiatry, The Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sugaya K. Potential use of stem cells in neuroreplacement therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2003; 228:1-30. [PMID: 14667041 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(03)28001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of stem cells for neuroreplacement therapy is no longer science fiction--it is science fact. We have succeeded in the development of neural and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation to produce neural cells in the brain. We have also seen improvement in cognitive function following stem cell transplantation in a memory-impaired aged animal model. These results promise a bright future for stem cell therapies in neurodegenerative diseases. Before we begin to think about clinical applications beyond the present preclinical studies, we have to consider the pathophysiological environment of individual diseases and weigh the factors that affect stem cell biology. Here, I not only review potential therapeutic applications of stem cell strategies in neurodegenerative diseases, but also discuss stem cell biology regarding factors that are altered under disease conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiminobu Sugaya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, The Psychiatric Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Schumm MA, Castellanos DA, Frydel BR, Sagen J. Enhanced viability and neuronal differentiation of neural progenitors by chromaffin cell co-culture. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2002; 137:115-25. [PMID: 12220703 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(02)00415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The transplantation of neural stem cells and progenitors has potential in restoring lost cellular populations following central nervous system (CNS) injury or disease, but survival and neuronal differentiation in the adult CNS may be insufficient in the absence of exogenous trophic support. Adrenal medullary chromaffin cells produce a trophic cocktail including basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and neurotrophins. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether chromaffin cells can provide a supportive microenvironment for neural progenitor cells. In order to assess this, the growth and differentiation of neural progenitor cell cultures from embryonic rat cortex were compared in standard FGF-2-supplemented neural progenitor growth media, in standard media but lacking FGF-2, or in media lacking FGF-2 but co-cultured with bovine chromaffin cells. Using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-prelabeling, findings indicated poor survival of progenitor cultures in the absence of FGF-2. In contrast, the addition of chromaffin cells in co-culture appeared to 'rescue' the progenitor cultures and resulted in robust neurospheres containing numerous BrdU-labeled cells interspersed with and closely apposed to chromaffin cells. As indicated by H3 labeling, cells in co-cultures continued to proliferate, but at a substantially reduced rate compared with standard FGF-2 supplemented growth media. The co-cultures contained more beta-tubulin III-positive processes than parallel cultures maintained in FGF-2-supplemented media and these cells displayed a more mature phenotype with numerous varicosities and complex processes. These findings indicate that chromaffin cells can provide a supportive environment for the survival and neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells and suggest that their addition may be useful as a sustained source of trophic support to improve outcomes of neural stem cell transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Schumm
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Lois Pope Life Center, 1095 NW 14th Terrace (R-48), Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Katsetos CD, Del Valle L, Geddes JF, Aldape K, Boyd JC, Legido A, Khalili K, Perentes E, Mörk SJ. Localization of the neuronal class III beta-tubulin in oligodendrogliomas: comparison with Ki-67 proliferative index and 1p/19q status. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2002; 61:307-20. [PMID: 11939586 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/61.4.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The class III beta-tubulin isotype (betaIII) is widely regarded as a neuronal marker in development and neoplasia. Whereas the expression of betaIII in neuronal/neuroblastic tumors is differentiation-dependent, the aberrant expression of this cytoskeletal protein in astrocytomas is associated with an ascending gradient of malignancy. To test the generality of this observation we have compared the immunoreactivity (IR) profiles of the betaIII isotype with the Ki-67 nuclear antigen proliferative index in 41 archival, surgically excised oligodendrogliomas (32 classical [WHO grade II] and 9 anaplastic [WHO grade III]). Seventeen of 41 tumors were examined by quantitative microsatellite analysis for loss of 1p and/or 19q. Minimal deletion regions were defined on 1p (D1S468, D1S214) and 19q (D19S408, D19S867). Three of 10 classical oligodendrogliomas had combined 1p/19q loss, while 2 exhibited loss of either 1p or 19q. Three of 7 anaplastic tumors had combined 1p/19q loss. BetaIII IR was present in all tumors, but was significantly greater in the anaplastic (median labeling index [MLI] 61%, interquartile range [IQR] 55%-64%) as compared with the classical variants (MLI, 19%, IQR, 11-36%) (p < 0.0001). A highly significant relationship was found to exist between betaIII and Ki-67 LIs (betaIII, p < 0.0001 and Ki-67, p < 0.0001. r = 0.809). BetaIII localization delineated hitherto understated unipolar or bipolar tumor phenotypes with growth cones and leading cell processes resembling migrating oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Codistribution of betaIII and GFAP IR was present in "gliofibrillary" tumor areas. Synaptophysin IR was detected in rare tumor cells (mean LI, 0.7%), and only in 4/41 samples (10%), denoting a lack of relationship between betaIII and synaptophysin expression. No significant differences in betaIII LIs were observed in tumors with 1p and/or 19q loss as compared to those with 1p/19q intact status. Increased betaIII IR in oligodendrogliomas is associated with an ascending degree of malignancy and thus is a potentially useful tumor marker. However, the significance of high betaIII LIs in low-grade oligodendrogliomas with respect to prognostic and predictive value requires further evaluation. Class III beta-tubulin expression in oligodendrogliomas should not be construed as a priori evidence of divergent neuronal differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos D Katsetos
- Department of Pediatrics, St Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelhpia, PA 19134, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Poltavtseva RA, Marey MV, Aleksandrova MA, Revishchin AV, Korochkin LI, Sukhikh GT. Evaluation of progenitor cell cultures from human embryos for neurotransplantation. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2002; 134:149-54. [PMID: 11947945 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(02)00274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human neural stem cells (HNSCs) are used in studies of neural development and differentiation, and are regarded as an alternative source of tissue for neural transplantation in degenerative diseases. Selection and standardization of HNSC samples is an important task in research and clinical approaches. We evaluated embryonal brain matter obtained from human 8-12-week-old fetuses by means of flow cytometry on a panel including: nestin; vimentin; NeuN; GFAP; beta-tubulin III; CD56; N-Cad; OB-Cad; HLA-ABC; HLA-DR; CD34, and annexin. Samples from embryos of even the same gestation differ dramatically regarding neural cell development, their phenotype and viability. The samples containing the highest proportion of stem cells and multipotent progenitors of neural types, and the least of definitive cells and antigens of histocompatibility, were selected for further expansion in serum-free medium. Secondary phenotyping 14 days later revealed again a marked heterogeneity of the cultures. For the final culturing for 24 h in a serum-containing medium we selected only samples having following phenotype: nestin+, and vimentin+ no less than 25%; HLA-DR+ and CD34+ no more than 5%; GFAP+ no more than 10%; beta-tubulin+ no more than 20%; CD56+, N-Cad+, OB-Cad+, HLA-A,B,C+, and annexin+ no more than 15%; cell viability no less than 60%. Immunocytochemical study of selected samples proved that numerous neural stem cells, and neuro- and glioblasts necessary for transplantation were present. Our results demonstrate that the flow cytometry phenotyping allows the screening and standardization of HNSC samples for further expansion and transplantation.
Collapse
|
31
|
Kim HM, Qu T, Kriho V, Lacor P, Smalheiser N, Pappas GD, Guidotti A, Costa E, Sugaya K. Reelin function in neural stem cell biology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:4020-5. [PMID: 11891343 PMCID: PMC122641 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.062698299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2001] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult brain, neural stem cells (NSC) must migrate to express their neuroplastic potential. The addition of recombinant reelin to human NSC (HNSC) cultures facilitates neuronal retraction in the neurospheroid. Because we detected reelin, alpha3-integrin receptor subunits, and disabled-1 immunoreactivity in HNSC cultures, it is possible that integrin-mediated reelin signal transduction is operative in these cultures. To investigate whether reelin is important in the regulation of NSC migration, we injected HNSCs into the lateral ventricle of null reeler and wild-type mice. Four weeks after transplantation, we detected symmetrical migration and extensive neuronal and glial differentiation of transplanted HNSCs in wild-type, but not in reeler mice. In reeler mice, most of the injected HNSCs failed to migrate or to display the typical differentiation pattern. However, a subpopulation of transplanted HNSCs expressing reelin did show a pattern of chain migration in the reeler mouse cortex. We also analyzed the endogenous NSC population in the reeler mouse using bromodeoxyuridine injections. In reeler mice, the endogenous NSC population in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb was significantly reduced compared with wild-type mice; in contrast, endogenous NSCs expressed in the subventricular zonewere preserved. Hence, it seems likely that the lack of endogenous reelin may have disrupted the migration of the NSCs that had proliferated in the SVZ. We suggest that a possible inhibition of NSC migration in psychiatric patients with a reelin deficit may be a potential problem in successful NSC transplantation in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H M Kim
- Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sugaya K, Brannen CL. Stem cell strategies for neuroreplacement therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Med Hypotheses 2001; 57:697-700. [PMID: 11918428 DOI: 10.1054/mehy.2001.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The existence of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult human brain provides impetus for investigating possible neuroreplacement therapies for neurodegenerative disease. Due to recent advances in techniques affording isolation and maintenance of NSCs using non-serum culture media, these cells have become exciting candidates for therapeutic strategies. We are able to expand NSCs by mitogenic growth factors in vitro and in defined conditions, NSCs differentiate into each of the diverse brain cell types: neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. This article addresses the involvement of amyloid-beta precursor protein and the presenilins in NSCs' biology and possible application of NSCs for therapeutic approaches in Alzheimer's disease. Ongoing studies in our laboratory, and recent findings by others using human neural progenitors, serve as the conceptual frame for this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Sugaya
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The capability for in vitro expansion of human neural stem cells (HNSCs) provides a well characterized and unlimited source alternative to using primary fetal tissue for neuronal replacement therapies. The HNSCs, injected into the lateral ventricle of 24-month-old rats after in vitro expansion, displayed extensive and positional incorporation into the aged host brain with improvement of cognitive score assessed by the Morris water maze after 4 weeks of the transplantation. Our results demonstrate that the aged brain is capable of providing the necessary environment for HNSCs to retain their pluripotent status and suggest the potential for neuroreplacement therapies in age-associated neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Qu
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|