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Buscho SE, Xia F, Shi S, Lin JL, Szczesny B, Zhang W, Motamedi M, Liu H. Non-Invasive Evaluation of Retinal Vascular Alterations in a Mouse Model of Optic Neuritis Using Laser Speckle Flowgraphy and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Cells 2023; 12:2685. [PMID: 38067113 PMCID: PMC10705764 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Optic neuritis, a characteristic feature of multiple sclerosis (MS), involves the inflammation of the optic nerve and the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Although previous studies suggest that retinal blood flow alterations occur during optic neuritis, the precise location, the degree of impairment, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we utilized two emerging non-invasive imaging techniques, laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), to investigate retinal vascular changes in a mouse model of MS, known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We associated these changes with leukostasis, RGC injury, and the overall progression of EAE. LSFG imaging revealed a progressive reduction in retinal blood flow velocity and increased vascular resistance near the optic nerve head in the EAE model, indicating impaired ocular blood flow. OCTA imaging demonstrated significant decreases in vessel density, number of junctions, and total vessel length in the intermediate and deep capillary plexus of the EAE mice. Furthermore, our analysis of leukostasis revealed a significant increase in adherent leukocytes in the retinal vasculature of the EAE mice, suggesting the occurrence of vascular inflammation in the early development of EAE pathology. The abovechanges preceded or were accompanied by the characteristic hallmarks of optic neuritis, such as RGC loss and reduced visual acuity. Overall, our study sheds light on the intricate relationship between retinal vascular alterations and the progression of optic neuritis as well as MS clinical score. It also highlights the potential for the development of image-based biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of optic neuritis as well as MS, particularly in response to emerging treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth E. Buscho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.E.B.); (F.X.); (S.S.); (J.L.L.); (B.S.); (W.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.E.B.); (F.X.); (S.S.); (J.L.L.); (B.S.); (W.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Shuizhen Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.E.B.); (F.X.); (S.S.); (J.L.L.); (B.S.); (W.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Jonathan L. Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.E.B.); (F.X.); (S.S.); (J.L.L.); (B.S.); (W.Z.); (M.M.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bartosz Szczesny
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.E.B.); (F.X.); (S.S.); (J.L.L.); (B.S.); (W.Z.); (M.M.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.E.B.); (F.X.); (S.S.); (J.L.L.); (B.S.); (W.Z.); (M.M.)
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Massoud Motamedi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.E.B.); (F.X.); (S.S.); (J.L.L.); (B.S.); (W.Z.); (M.M.)
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.E.B.); (F.X.); (S.S.); (J.L.L.); (B.S.); (W.Z.); (M.M.)
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Shin T, Ahn M, Kim J, Jung K, Moon C, Kim MD. Visual Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis and its Animal Model, Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: a Review. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3484-3493. [PMID: 33745114 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Visual disabilities in central nervous system autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are important symptoms. Past studies have focused on neuro-inflammatory changes and demyelination in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. In MS, neuro-inflammatory lesions have been diagnosed in the visual pathway; the lesions may perturb visual function. Similarly, neuropathological changes in the retina and optic nerves have been found in animals with chronic EAE. Although the retina and optic nerves are immunologically privileged sites via the blood-retina barrier and blood-brain barrier, respectively, inflammation can occur via other routes, such as the uvea (e.g., iris and choroid) and cerebrospinal fluid in the meninges. This review primarily addresses the direct involvement of the blood-retina barrier and the blood-brain barrier in the development of retinitis and optic neuritis in EAE models. Additional routes, including pro-inflammatory mediator-filled choroidal and subarachnoid spaces, are also discussed with respect to their roles in EAE-induced visual disability and as analogues of MS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyun Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju, 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, 43267, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Doo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63241, Republic of Korea
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Jin YH, Kang B, Kang HS, Koh CS, Kim BS. Endothelin-1 contributes to the development of virus-induced demyelinating disease. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:307. [PMID: 33069239 PMCID: PMC7568825 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) and virally induced demyelinating disease are two major experimental model systems used to study human multiple sclerosis. Although endothelin-1 level elevation was previously observed in the CNS of mice with EAE and viral demyelinating disease, the potential role of endothelin-1 in the development of these demyelinating diseases is unknown. Methods and results In this study, the involvement of endothelin-1 in the development and progression of demyelinating diseases was investigated using these two experimental models. Administration of endothelin-1 significantly promoted the progression of both experimental diseases accompanied with elevated inflammatory T cell responses. In contrast, administration of specific endothelin-1 inhibitors (BQ610 and BQ788) significantly inhibited progression of these diseases accompanied with reduced T cell responses to the respective antigens. Conclusions These results strongly suggest that the level of endothelin-1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated CNS demyelinating diseases by promoting immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hee Jin
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bongsu Kang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Hyun S Kang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Chang-Sung Koh
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Byung S Kim
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Desbiens L, Lapointe C, Gendron L, Gharagozloo M, Vincent L, Pejler G, Gris D, D’Orléans-Juste P. Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Potentiates Mouse Mast Cell Protease 4–Dependent Pressor Responses to Centrally or Systemically Administered Big Endothelin-1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:437-446. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.256016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Olfactory Dysfunction in CNS Neuroimmunological Disorders: a Review. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3714-3721. [PMID: 30191380 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1341-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is deeply associated with quality of human life in the aging population. Olfactory dysfunction is an occasional presymptomatic sign of neuroimmunological multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Olfaction is initially processed by olfactory receptor cells that capture odor molecules, and the signals are transmitted to the glomeruli in the olfactory bulbs via olfactory nerves and processed in the primary olfactory cortex in the brain. Damage to either the olfactory receptor cells or the olfactory bulb and primary olfactory cortex may influence olfactory functioning. A close link between neuroimmunological disorders and olfactory dysfunction has been reported in patients and animal models. This review summarizes the literature data concerning olfactory dysfunction in autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and systemic lupus erythematosus; animal models thereof; and inflammation in the olfactory bulb.
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Valentin-Torres A, Savarin C, Barnett J, Bergmann CC. Blockade of sustained tumor necrosis factor in a transgenic model of progressive autoimmune encephalomyelitis limits oligodendrocyte apoptosis and promotes oligodendrocyte maturation. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:121. [PMID: 29690885 PMCID: PMC5916830 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is associated with several neurodegenerative disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS). Although TNF-targeted therapies have been largely unsuccessful in MS, recent preclinical data suggests selective soluble TNF inhibition can promote remyelination. This has renewed interest in regulation of TNF signaling in demyelinating disease, especially given the limited treatment options for progressive MS. Using a mouse model of progressive MS, this study evaluates the effects of sustained TNF on oligodendrocyte (OLG) apoptosis and OLG precursor cell (OPC) differentiation. Methods Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative interferon-γ receptor under the human glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter (GFAPγR1Δ) causes severe non-remitting disease associated with sustained TNF. Therapeutic effects in GFAPγR1Δ mice treated with anti-TNF compared to control antibody during acute EAE were evaluated by assessing demyelinating lesion size, remyelination, OLG apoptosis, and OPC differentiation. Results More severe and enlarged demyelinating lesions in GFAPγR1Δ compared to wild-type (WT) mice were associated with increased OLG apoptosis and reduced differentiated CC1+Olig2+ OLG within lesions, as well as impaired upregulation of TNF receptor-2, suggesting impaired OPC differentiation. TNF blockade during acute EAE in GFAPγR1Δ both limited OLG apoptosis and enhanced OPC differentiation consistent with reduced lesion size and clinical recovery. TNF neutralization further limited increasing endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression in astrocytes and myeloid cells noted in lesions during disease progression in GFAPγR1Δ mice, supporting inhibitory effects of ET-1 on OPC maturation. Conclusion Our data implicate that IFNγ signaling to astrocytes is essential to limit a detrimental positive feedback loop of TNF and ET-1 production, which increases OLG apoptosis and impairs OPC differentiation. Interference of this cycle by TNF blockade promotes repair independent of TNFR2 and supports selective TNF targeting to mitigate progressive forms of MS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1164-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Valentin-Torres
- Department of Neurosciences NC-30, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Athersys, Inc., 3201 Carnegie Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44115-2634, USA
| | - Carine Savarin
- Department of Neurosciences NC-30, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Joslyn Barnett
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Cornelia C Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences NC-30, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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Theotokis P, Touloumi O, Lagoudaki R, Nousiopoulou E, Kesidou E, Siafis S, Tselios T, Lourbopoulos A, Karacostas D, Grigoriadis N, Simeonidou C. Nogo receptor complex expression dynamics in the inflammatory foci of central nervous system experimental autoimmune demyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:265. [PMID: 27724971 PMCID: PMC5057208 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nogo-A and its putative receptor NgR are considered to be among the inhibitors of axonal regeneration in the CNS. However, few studies so far have addressed the issue of local NgR complex multilateral localization within inflammation in an MS mouse model of autoimmune demyelination. METHODS Chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in C57BL/6 mice. Analyses were performed on acute (days 18-22) and chronic (day 50) time points and compared to controls. The temporal and spatial expression of the Nogo receptor complex (NgR and coreceptors) was studied at the spinal cord using epifluorescent and confocal microscopy or real-time PCR. Data are expressed as cells/mm2, as mean % ± SEM, or as arbitrary units of integrated density. RESULTS Animals developed a moderate to severe EAE without mortality, followed by a progressive, chronic clinical course. NgR complex spatial expression varied during the main time points of EAE. NgR with coreceptors LINGO-1 and TROY was increased in the spinal cord in the acute phase whereas LINGO-1 and p75 signal seemed to be dominant in the chronic phase, respectively. NgR was detected on gray matter NeuN+ neurons of the spinal cord, within the white matter inflammatory foci (14.2 ± 4.3 % NgR+ inflammatory cells), and found to be colocalized with GAP-43+ axonal growth cones while no β-TubIII+, SMI-32+, or APP+ axons were found as NgR+. Among the NgR+ inflammatory cells, 75.6 ± 9.0 % were microglial/macrophages (lectin+), 49.6 ± 14.2 % expressed CD68 (phagocytic ED1+ cells), and no cells were Mac-3+. Of these macrophages/monocytes, only Arginase-1+/NgR+ but not iNOS+/NgR+ were present in lesions both in acute and chronic phases. CONCLUSIONS Our data describe in detail the expression of the Nogo receptor complex within the autoimmune inflammatory foci and suggest a possible immune action for NgR apart from the established inhibitory one on axonal growth. Its expression by inflammatory macrophages/monocytes could signify a possible role of these cells on axonal guidance and clearance of the lesioned area during inflammatory demyelination.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Arginase/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/complications
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Freund's Adjuvant/immunology
- Freund's Adjuvant/toxicity
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/toxicity
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Nogo Proteins/genetics
- Nogo Proteins/metabolism
- Nogo Receptors/genetics
- Nogo Receptors/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Statistics, Nonparametric
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Affiliation(s)
- Paschalis Theotokis
- B’ Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Stilponos Kiriakides str. 1, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia Greece
| | - Olga Touloumi
- B’ Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Stilponos Kiriakides str. 1, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia Greece
| | - Roza Lagoudaki
- B’ Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Stilponos Kiriakides str. 1, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia Greece
| | - Evangelia Nousiopoulou
- B’ Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Stilponos Kiriakides str. 1, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia Greece
| | - Evangelia Kesidou
- B’ Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Stilponos Kiriakides str. 1, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia Greece
| | - Spyridon Siafis
- B’ Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Stilponos Kiriakides str. 1, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia Greece
| | - Theodoros Tselios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Rion, 265 04 Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasios Lourbopoulos
- B’ Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Stilponos Kiriakides str. 1, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia Greece
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Karacostas
- B’ Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Stilponos Kiriakides str. 1, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- B’ Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Stilponos Kiriakides str. 1, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia Greece
| | - Constantina Simeonidou
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 36 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia Greece
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The pathophysiological role of astrocytic endothelin-1. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:88-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Significant Contribution of Mouse Mast Cell Protease 4 in Early Phases of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:9797021. [PMID: 27610007 PMCID: PMC5005578 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9797021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a mouse model that reproduces cardinal signs of clinical, histopathological, and immunological features found in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Mast cells are suggested to be involved in the main inflammatory phases occurring during EAE development, possibly by secreting several autacoids and proteases. Among the latter, the chymase mouse mast cell protease 4 (mMCP-4) can contribute to the inflammatory response by producing endothelin-1 (ET-1). The aim of this study was to determine the impact of mMCP-4 on acute inflammatory stages in EAE. C57BL/6 wild type (WT) or mMCP-4 knockout (KO) mice were immunized with MOG35–55 plus complete Freund's adjuvant followed by pertussis toxin. Immunized WT mice presented an initial acute phase characterized by progressive increases in clinical score, which were significantly reduced in mMCP-4 KO mice. In addition, higher levels of spinal myelin were found in mMCP-4 KO as compared with WT mice. Finally, whereas EAE triggered significant increases in brain levels of mMCP-4 mRNA and immunoreactive ET-1 in WT mice, the latter peptide was reduced to basal levels in mMCP-4 KO congeners. Together, the present study supports a role for mMCP-4 in the early inflammatory phases of the disease in a mouse model of MS.
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Guo Y, Chung SK, Siu CW, Kwan SC, Ho PWL, Yeung PKK, Chan KH. Endothelin-1 overexpression exacerbate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 276:64-70. [PMID: 25205217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a CNS inflammatory demyelinating disorder. T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells are important in MS immunopathogenesis. Level of endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor, is increased in sera of MS patients. We studied the role of ET-1 in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a MS animal model. METHODS EAE is induced in transgenic mice overexpressing endothelial ET-1 (TET-1), transgenic mice overexpressing astrocytic ET-1 (GET-1) and non-transgenic (NTg) mice by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 peptide. EAE scores, spinal cord histology, serum proinflammatory cytokines levels, and proinflammatory cytokines production from splenocytes of ET-1 transgenic and NTg mice with EAE were studied. RESULTS ET-1 transgenic mice developed more severe EAE than NTg with increased inflammation and demyelination in spinal cord. The mean maximum EAE scores for GET-1, TET-1 and NTg mice with EAE were 4.84, 4.31 and 4.05 respectively (p<0.05). Serum levels of IL-6, IL-17A, IFN-γ and TNF-α were higher in ET-1 transgenic than NTg mice with EAE (p<0.05) while serum IL-4 levels were similar. mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-17A, IFN-γ and TNF-α from cultured splenocytes were higher in ET-1-transgenic than NTg mice with EAE (p<0.05) while IL-4 mRNA levels were similar. Consistently, levels of IL-6, IL-17A, IFN-γ and TNF-α in culture media of splenocytes were higher in ET-1 transgenic than NTg mice with EAE (p<0.05) while IL-4 levels were similar. CONCLUSIONS Mice with endothelial or astrocytic ET-1 overexpression developed more severe EAE with increased splenic lymphocyte production of Th1 and Th17 proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Guo
- University Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Research Laboratory, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sookja Kim Chung
- Department of Anatomy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chung-Wah Siu
- University Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shing-Cheong Kwan
- University Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Research Laboratory, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Philip Wing-Lok Ho
- University Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Ka-Kit Yeung
- Department of Anatomy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Koon-Ho Chan
- University Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Research Laboratory, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Angiogenesis in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:84. [PMID: 25047180 PMCID: PMC4149233 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new vessels, is found in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) demyelinating lesions following Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) release and the production of several other angiogenic molecules. The increased energy demand of inflammatory cuffs and damaged neural cells explains the strong angiogenic response in plaques and surrounding white matter. An angiogenic response has also been documented in an experimental model of MS, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), where blood–brain barrier disruption and vascular remodelling appeared in a pre-symptomatic disease phase. In both MS and EAE, VEGF acts as a pro-inflammatory factor in the early phase but its reduced responsivity in the late phase can disrupt neuroregenerative attempts, since VEGF naturally enhances neuron resistance to injury and regulates neural progenitor proliferation, migration, differentiation and oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) survival and migration to demyelinated lesions. Angiogenesis, neurogenesis and oligodendroglia maturation are closely intertwined in the neurovascular niches of the subventricular zone, one of the preferential locations of inflammatory lesions in MS, and in all the other temporary vascular niches where the mutual fostering of angiogenesis and OPC maturation occurs. Angiogenesis, induced either by CNS inflammation or by hypoxic stimuli related to neurovascular uncoupling, appears to be ineffective in chronic MS due to a counterbalancing effect of vasoconstrictive mechanisms determined by the reduced axonal activity, astrocyte dysfunction, microglia secretion of free radical species and mitochondrial abnormalities. Thus, angiogenesis, that supplies several trophic factors, should be promoted in therapeutic neuroregeneration efforts to combat the progressive, degenerative phase of MS.
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The helminth Trichuris suis suppresses TLR4-induced inflammatory responses in human macrophages. Genes Immun 2014; 15:477-86. [PMID: 25008860 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical trials in patients with inflammatory diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have shown the beneficial effects of probiotic helminth administration, although the underlying mechanism of action remains largely unknown. Potential cellular targets may include innate immune cells that propagate inflammation in these diseases, like pro-inflammatory macrophages. We here investigated the effects of the helminth Trichuris suis soluble products (SPs) on the phenotype and function of human inflammatory (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-differentiated) macrophages. Interestingly, we here show that T. suis SPs potently skew inflammatory macrophages into a more anti-inflammatory state in a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent manner, and less effects are seen when stimulating macrophages with TLR2 or -3 ligands. Gene microarray analysis of GM-CSF-differentiated macrophages further revealed that many TLR4-induced inflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)-12B, CCL1 and CXCL9, are downregulated by T. suis SPs. In particular, we observed a strong reduction in the expression and function of P2RX7, a purinergic receptor involved in macrophage inflammation, leading to reduced IL-1β secretion. In conclusion, we show that T. suis SPs suppress a broad range of inflammatory pathways in GM-CSF-differentiated macrophages in a TLR4-dependent manner, thereby providing enhanced mechanistic insight into the therapeutic potential of this helminth for patients with inflammatory diseases.
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Yuen TJ, Johnson KR, Miron VE, Zhao C, Quandt J, Harrisingh MC, Swire M, Williams A, McFarland HF, Franklin RJM, ffrench-Constant C. Identification of endothelin 2 as an inflammatory factor that promotes central nervous system remyelination. Brain 2013; 136:1035-47. [PMID: 23518706 PMCID: PMC3613712 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new regenerative therapies for multiple sclerosis is hindered by the lack of potential targets for enhancing remyelination. The study of naturally regenerative processes such as the innate immune response represents a powerful approach for target discovery to solve this problem. By 'mining' these processes using transcriptional profiling we can identify candidate factors that can then be tested individually in clinically-relevant models of demyelination and remyelination. Here, therefore, we have examined a previously described in vivo model of the innate immune response in which zymosan-induced macrophage activation in the retina promotes myelin sheath formation by oligodendrocytes generated from transplanted precursor cells. While this model is not itself clinically relevant, it does provide a logical starting point for this study as factors that promote myelination must be present. Microarray analysis of zymosan-treated retinae identified several cytokines (CXCL13, endothelin 2, CCL20 and CXCL2) to be significantly upregulated. When tested in a cerebellar slice culture model, CXCL13 and endothelin 2 promoted myelination and endothelin 2 also promoted remyelination. In studies to identify the receptor responsible for this regenerative effect of endothelin 2, analysis of both remyelination following experimental demyelination and of different stages of multiple sclerosis lesions in human post-mortem tissue revealed high levels of endothelin receptor type B in oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Confirming a role for this receptor in remyelination, small molecule agonists and antagonists of endothelin receptor type B administered in slice cultures promoted and inhibited remyelination, respectively. Antagonists of endothelin receptor type B also inhibited remyelination of experimentally-generated demyelination in vivo. Our work therefore identifies endothelin 2 and the endothelin receptor type B as a regenerative pathway and suggests that endothelin receptor type B agonists represent a promising therapeutic approach to promote myelin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy J. Yuen
- 1 MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society/University of Edinburgh Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- 2 Wellcome Trust MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- 3 Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kory R. Johnson
- 4 Bioinformatics Section, Information Technology and Bioinformatics Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Veronique E. Miron
- 1 MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society/University of Edinburgh Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chao Zhao
- 2 Wellcome Trust MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jacqueline Quandt
- 3 Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marie C. Harrisingh
- 1 MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society/University of Edinburgh Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matthew Swire
- 1 MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society/University of Edinburgh Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna Williams
- 1 MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society/University of Edinburgh Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Henry F. McFarland
- 3 Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robin J. M. Franklin
- 2 Wellcome Trust MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Charles ffrench-Constant
- 1 MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society/University of Edinburgh Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Jernås M, Malmeström C, Axelsson M, Olsson C, Nookaew I, Wadenvik H, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Lycke J, Rudemo M, Olsson B. MS risk genes are transcriptionally regulated in CSF leukocytes at relapse. Mult Scler 2012; 19:403-10. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458512455466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Infiltrating T-helper cells, cytotoxic T-cells, B-cells and monocytes are thought to mediate the damage to myelin, oligodendrocytes and axons in multiple sclerosis (MS), which results in progressive disability. Objective: The objective of this paper is to explore gene expression profiles of leukocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartment of MS patients during relapse. Methods: Global gene expression was analyzed by DNA microarray analysis of cells in CSF from MS patients and controls, and verifications were performed with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Fifty percent of the recently described risk genes for MS and 28% of non-risk genes were differently expressed in MS patients compared to controls (χ2-test, p=7.7 × 10−5). Genes involved in T- and NK-cell processes were up-regulated, and genes involved in processes targeting innate immunity or B-cells were down-regulated in MS. Increased expression of EDN1 and CXCL11 and decreased expression of HMOX1 was verified with real-time PCR and increased expression of CXCL13 was verified with ELISA in CSF. Conclusion: DNA microarray analysis is useful in identifying differently expressed genes in CSF leukocytes, which may be important in MS in vivo. Our findings suggest that many of the risk genes for MS are differently expressed in the disease-mediating leukocytes that penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta Jernås
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Caroline Olsson
- Department of Radiation Physics, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
| | - Hans Wadenvik
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Lycke
- Department of Neurology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Rudemo
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
| | - Bob Olsson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Du C, Xie X. G protein-coupled receptors as therapeutic targets for multiple sclerosis. Cell Res 2012; 22:1108-28. [PMID: 22664908 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2012.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate most of our physiological responses to hormones, neurotransmitters and environmental stimulants. They are considered as the most successful therapeutic targets for a broad spectrum of diseases. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease that is characterized by immune-mediated demyelination and degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS). It is the leading cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults. Great progress has been made over the past few decades in understanding the pathogenesis of MS. Numerous data from animal and clinical studies indicate that many GPCRs are critically involved in various aspects of MS pathogenesis, including antigen presentation, cytokine production, T-cell differentiation, T-cell proliferation, T-cell invasion, etc. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the expression or functional changes of GPCRs in MS patients or animal models, and the influences of GPCRs on disease severity upon genetic or pharmacological manipulations. Hopefully some of these findings will lead to the development of novel therapies for MS in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Du
- Laboratory of Receptor-Based BioMedicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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16
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Jung KJ, Kim DW, Lee HN, Lee YS, Lee SJ, Che JH, Lee YH, Kang BC. The role of endothelin receptor A during myelination of developing oligodendrocytes. J Korean Med Sci 2011; 26:92-9. [PMID: 21218036 PMCID: PMC3012856 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2011.26.1.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin (ET)-1 and its receptors (ETA and ETB receptor) are present in the central nervous system. ET exerts biological effects on gliogenesis and glial cell functions. In order to define a possible mechanism of ETA receptor signaling, the distribution of the ETA receptor in developing oligodendrocytes and the effects of ET-1 on the myelination of oligodendrocytes were examined. ETA receptor immunoreactivity was confined to the perivascular elements of the blood vessels during early postnatal development. However later in development, ETA receptor immunoreactivity was no longer observed in the vessels but became localized to the myelinating oligodendrocytes of the primitive corpus callosum of the white matter, apart from the vessels. ET-1 induced myelin basic protein (MBP) in primary oligodendrocyte precursor cell culture though the ETA receptor and was blocked by an ETA receptor antagonist. In addition, ET-1 evoked the release of Ca(2+) which is a central regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Our results provide a link between ET-1 and its ETA receptor and myelination during oligodendrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Jin Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Institute for Brain Research, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Institute for Brain Research, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ha Na Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Institute for Brain Research, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Sook Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Institute for Brain Research, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Che
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ho Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Institute for Brain Research, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Graduate School of Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Petrov T. Amelioration of hypoperfusion after traumatic brain injury by in vivo endothelin-1 knockout. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:379-86. [PMID: 19448736 DOI: 10.1139/y09-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin 1 (ET-1) is one of the most powerful vasoconstrictors in the brain. Its expression is upregulated after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is a major factor in the ensuing hypoperfusion. Attenuation of ET-1 effects has been mainly achieved by blockade of its receptors. The result of a direct blockade of ET-1 mRNA synthesis is not known. We used the Marmarou's model to inflict injury to male Sprague-Dawley rats injected with antisense ET-1 oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) before injury. Laser Doppler flowmetry in noninjured rats (2 groups, i.e., untreated and animals that received cODNs) revealed a constant cerebral blood flow of approximately 14 mL.min-1.100 g-1, whereas the values from injured animals pretreated with control ODNs (cODNs) or from animals subjected to TBI alone were approximately 8.0 mL.min-1.100 g-1 during the 18-48 h time period post-TBI. After antisense ET-1 ODNs pretreatment, however, cerebral blood flow in injured animals was approximately 17 mL.min-1.100 g-1 during the 6-48 h time period. Antisense ET-1 ODNs-treated animals also had 19%-29% larger microvessel cross-sectional area and approximately one-third less ET-1 immunoreactivity in the 50-75% range after injury than did cODNs-treated animals after TBI. The results indicate that this direct in vivo approach is an effective therapeutic intervention for the restoration of cerebral blood flow after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodor Petrov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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18
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Stokely ME, Garg P, Bhat MA, Koulen P. Transient 5-(4-phenylbutoxy)psoralen (PAP-1) treatment dissociates developing pathologies in autoimmune optic neuritis into two distinct pathology profiles. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:2111-24. [PMID: 18335521 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of treatments to protect axonal function of neurons and prevent permanent disability associated with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) has faced the uphill challenge of assessing relatively small changes in accumulated axon damage within a background environment that is disorganized by CNS inflammation. We hypothesized that transient immunosuppression after initiation of MS-like autoimmune mechanisms would disassociate development of MS-like myelinated axon pathology from development of CNS inflammation in a rat model of autoimmune optic neuritis (AON). A rat model of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide-induced AON was transiently treated (on days 3-7 after antigen exposure) with 5-(4-phenylbutoxy)psoralen (PAP-1), an immunomodulatory drug previously shown specifically to suppress proliferation of effector memory T-cells and immunoglobulin class-switched B-cells. Thirteen days after antigen exposure, optic nerves were harvested for quantitative assessment of 12 MS-associated pathologies using microfluorimetry. With one exception, the immunoreactivities (-ir) for eight markers of MS-like neuroinflammation and immune infiltration were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by transient PAP-1 treatment, often to levels significantly below those detected in normal control rat optic nerves. With one exception, four immunoreactive markers of MS-like myelinated axon pathology were detected at levels indicating increased axon/myelin pathology compared with vehicle-treated rats with AON (P < 0.05). These data suggest the conclusion that early causative mechanisms in CNS autoimmunity initiate signaling mechanisms that diverge into two separate pathways, one that is strongly associated with inflammatory responses and one that is associated predominantly with disturbed axon-myelin interactions and impaired fast axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha E Stokely
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas 76107-2699, USA
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19
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Fasano C, Campana V, Griffiths B, Kelly G, Schiavo G, Zurzolo C. Gene expression profile of quinacrine-cured prion-infected mouse neuronal cells. J Neurochem 2007; 105:239-50. [PMID: 18036195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible fatal neurodegenerative diseases of humans and animals, characterised by the presence of an abnormal isoform (scrapie prion protein; PrP(Sc)) of the endogenous cellular prion protein (PrP(C)). The pathological mechanisms at the basis of prion diseases remain elusive, although the accumulation of PrP(Sc) has been linked to neurodegeneration. Different genomic approaches have been applied to carry out large-scale expression analysis in prion-infected brains and cell lines, in order to define factors potentially involved in pathogenesis. However, the general lack of overlap between the genes found in these studies prompted us to carry an analysis of gene expression using an alternative approach. Specifically, in order to avoid the complexities of shifting gene expression in a heterogeneous cell population, we used a single clone of GT1 cells that was de novo infected with mouse prion-infected brain homogenate and then treated with quinacrine to clear PrP(Sc). By comparing the gene expression profiles of about 15 000 genes in quinacrine-cured and not cured prion-infected GT1 cells, we investigated the influence of the presence or the absence of PrP(Sc). By real-time PCR, we confirmed that the gene encoding for laminin was down-regulated as a consequence of the elimination of PrP(Sc) by the quinacrine treatment. Thus, we speculate that this protein could be a specific candidate for further analysis of its role in prion infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Fasano
- Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogénèse, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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20
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Stokely ME, Bhat MA, Koulen P. Microfluorimetry defines early axonal damage in a rat model of optic neuritis: a novel method targeting early CNS autoimmunity. J Neurosci Methods 2007; 166:217-28. [PMID: 17719649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune optic neuritis is a common early manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS), yet early therapeutic interventions for MS often have high ocular toxicity associated with increased risks for glaucoma, cataract, or retinopathy. This need to discover better early treatment options prompted our development of a sensitive and reliable means to quantify the broad range of pathologies that potentially develop very early in autoimmune optic neuritis. Tissue microfluorimetry was used to measure seven established markers for human MS pathology in normal and autoimmune optic nerves 13 days after antigen exposure, in a Brown Norway rat model of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide (35-55)-induced autoimmune optic neuritis. Optic neuritis rats demonstrated early and significant pathologic changes in five established indices for neuroinflammation, immune infiltration, and demyelination that accurately modeled pathologies characteristic of MS. Two indices of MS-like axon damage advanced significantly within 13 days of antigen exposure. Fluorimetrically measured immunoreactivity (-ir) was significantly decreased for paranodin (PN, the requisite axonal paranodal junction protein) and significantly increased for amyloid precursor protein (APP), indicating loss of paranodal junctions and impaired fast axonal transport, respectively. Measurements showing decreased PN-ir with increased APP-ir quantitatively defined a pattern of early axonal damage in autoimmune optic neuritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha E Stokely
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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21
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Abstract
A vascular component has long been associated with the pathological changes in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Despite the codependence of angiogenesis and many chronic inflammatory disorders, only circumstantial evidence is available to support the existence of angiogenesis in MS or EAE. To determine if angiogenesis occurs in conjunction with clinical and pathological signs of CNS inflammatory disease we evaluated temporal and spatial blood vessel counts, VEGF immunoreactivity, and histopathological changes in the spinal cord of guinea pigs with chronic-progressive (CP)-EAE (day 0-90 post-immunization, n=64) and controls (n=17). The number of vessels per section increased in infiltrated and demyelinated lesions by day 15 post-immunization and remained significantly higher than controls throughout the course of the disease. The number of vessels correlated with both clinical and pathological scores for inflammation, infiltration and demyelination. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression increased during acute disease peaking at day 26, which was the transition from the acute-inflammatory to chronic-demyelinating phase, before gradually returning to baseline levels. These observations implicate angiogenesis as a component of chronic neuroinflammation and demyelination and may suggest alternative therapeutic strategies for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Kirk
- Department of Pathology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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22
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Paglinawan R, Malipiero U, Schlapbach R, Frei K, Reith W, Fontana A. TGFbeta directs gene expression of activated microglia to an anti-inflammatory phenotype strongly focusing on chemokine genes and cell migratory genes. Glia 2004; 44:219-31. [PMID: 14603463 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the acute phase of the disease is produced by T-helper lymphocyte type 1 (TH1), which produces mainly TNFalpha and IFNgamma. Recovery from the disease is mediated by T-helper lymphocyte types 2 and 3 (TH2/TH3), which, among other cytokines, produce transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta). To address the influence of TGFbeta on TH1-induced gene expression, microarray technology was used on murine primary microglial cells stimulated with IFNgamma and TNFalpha in the absence or presence of TGFbeta. The resulting data from an investigation of up to 5,500 genes provided the notion that TGFbeta prevents the induction of a proinflammatory gene program within microglia exposed to a TH1 milieu. TH1 cytokines upregulated 175 genes comprising cytokine, chemokine, and genes involved in host response to infection and the TNFalpha/IFNgamma intracellular signaling pathway. It is observed that TGFbeta inhibits expression of 25% of the TNFalpha/IFNgamma-induced genes and a further 66 TNFalpha/IFNgamma-independent genes. The focus of TGFbeta inhibition is observed to be directed in genes involved in chemotaxis (IL-15, CXCL1, CXCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL9), chemokine receptors (CCR5, CCR9), LIF receptor, and FPR2, and on genes mediating cell migration (MMP9, MMP13, MacMARCKS, endothelin receptor B, Ena/VASP, Gas7), apoptosis (FAS, TNF, TNF receptor, caspase-1 and -11), and host response to infection (toll-like receptor 6, Mx-1, and MARCO). Taken collectively, the data strongly suggest that one of the main effects of TGFbeta is to impair cell entry into the CNS and to hinder migration of microglia in the CNS parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rey Paglinawan
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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23
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Peters CM, Rogers SD, Pomonis JD, Egnaczyk GF, Keyser CP, Schmidt JA, Ghilardi JR, Maggio JE, Mantyh PW, Egnazyck GF. Endothelin receptor expression in the normal and injured spinal cord: potential involvement in injury-induced ischemia and gliosis. Exp Neurol 2003; 180:1-13. [PMID: 12668144 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4886(02)00023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The endothelins (ETs) are a family of peptides that exert their biological effects via two distinct receptors, the endothelin A receptor (ET(A)R) and the endothelin B receptor (ET(B)R). To more clearly define the potential actions of ETs following spinal cord injury, we used immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy to examine the protein expression of ET(A)R and ET(B)R in the normal and injured rat spinal cord. In the normal spinal cord, ET(A)R immunoreactivity (IR) is expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells and a subpopulation of primary afferent nerve fibers. ET(B)R-IR is expressed primarily by radial glia, a small population of gray and white matter astrocytes, ependymal cells, vascular endothelial cells, and to a lesser extent in smooth muscle cells. Fourteen days following compression injury to the spinal cord, there was a significant upregulation in both the immunoexpression and number of astrocytes expressing the ET(B)R in both gray and white matter and a near disappearance of ET(B)R-IR in ependymal cells and ET(A)R-IR in primary afferent fibers. Conversely, the vascular expression of ET(A)R and ET(B)R did not appear to change. As spinal cord injury has been shown to induce an immediate increase in plasma ET levels and a sustained increase in tissue ET levels, ETs would be expected to induce an initial marked vasoconstriction via activation of vascular ET(A)R/ET(B)R and then days later a glial hypertrophy via activation of the ET(B)R expressed by astrocytes. Strategies aimed at blocking vascular ET(A)R/ET(B)R and astrocyte ET(B)Rs following spinal cord injury may reduce the resulting ischemia and astrogliosis and in doing so increase neuronal survival, regeneration, and function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Female
- Gliosis/etiology
- Gliosis/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neuroglia/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Endothelin A
- Receptor, Endothelin B
- Receptors, Endothelin/biosynthesis
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spinal Cord Injuries/complications
- Spinal Cord Injuries/metabolism
- Spinal Cord Injuries/pathology
- Spinal Cord Ischemia/etiology
- Spinal Cord Ischemia/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Peters
- Department of Preventive Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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