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Wang H, Sun X, Li X, Gu B, Fu Y, Liu W. The bidirectional influence between emotional language and inhibitory control in Chinese: An ERP study. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2024; 256:105457. [PMID: 39154455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2024.105457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
The bidirectional influence between emotional language and inhibitory processes has been studied in alphabetic languages, highlighting the need for additional investigation in nonalphabetic languages to explore potential cross-linguistic differences. The present ERP study investigated the bidirectional influence in the context of Mandarin, a language with unique linguistic features and neural substrates. In Experiment 1, emotional adjectives preceded the Go/NoGo cue. The ERPs revealed that negative emotional language facilitated inhibitory control. In Experiment 2, with a Go/NoGo cue preceding the emotional language, the study confirmed that inhibitory control facilitated the semantic integration of negative language in Chinese, whereas the inhibited state may not affect deeper refinement of the emotional content. However, no interaction was observed in positive emotional language processing. These results suggest an interaction between inhibitory control and negative emotional language processing in Chinese, supporting the integrative emotion-cognition view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Wang
- School of Foreign Languages, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China; Hangzhou Collaborative Innovation Institute of Language Services, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Xiaobing Sun
- Research Institute of Foreign Languages, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing 100089, China; School of Foreign Languages, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- School of Foreign Languages, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Beixian Gu
- School of Foreign Languages, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Yang Fu
- School of Foreign Languages, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China; Hangzhou Collaborative Innovation Institute of Language Services, Hangzhou 310015, China; School of International Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Wenyu Liu
- School of Foreign Languages, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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2
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Tani J, Yang YH, Chen CM, Siow CY, Chang TS, Yang K, Yao J, Hu CJ, Sung JY. Domain-Specific Cognitive Prosthesis for Face Memory and Recognition. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092242. [PMID: 36140643 PMCID: PMC9497523 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study proposes a cognitive prosthesis device for face memory impairment as a proof-of-concept for the domain-specific cognitive prosthesis. Healthy subjects (n = 6) and a patient with poor face memory were enrolled. An acquaintance face recognition test with and without the use of cognitive prosthesis for face memory impairment, face recognition tests, quality of life, neuropsychological assessments, and machine learning performance of the cognitive prosthesis were followed-up throughout four weeks of real-world device use by the patient. The healthy subjects had an accuracy of 92.38 ± 4.41% and reaction time of 1.27 ± 0.12 s in the initial attempt of the acquaintance face recognition test, which changed to 80.48 ± 6.23% (p = 0.06) and 2.11 ± 0.20 s (p < 0.01) with prosthesis use. The patient had an accuracy of 74.29% and a reaction time of 6.65 s, which improved to 94.29% and 3.28 s with prosthesis use. After four weeks, the patient’s unassisted accuracy and reaction time improved to 100% and 1.23 s. Functional MRI study revealed activation of the left superior temporal lobe during face recognition task without prosthesis use and activation of the right precentral motor area with prosthesis use. The prosthesis could improve the patient’s performance by bypassing the brain area inefficient for facial recognition and employing the area more efficiently for the cognitive task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jowy Tani
- Department of Neurology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116079, Taiwan
- Biomed Innovation Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116079, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Taipei Medical University Biomed Accelerator, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 106339, Taiwan
- Taipei Medical University Biodesign Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 106339, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hua Yang
- Biomed Innovation Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116079, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Chen
- Biomed Innovation Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116079, Taiwan
| | - Co Yih Siow
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-San Chang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Kai Yang
- MediXgraph Inc., Fremont, CA 94555, USA
| | - Jack Yao
- MediXgraph Inc., Fremont, CA 94555, USA
| | - Chaur-Jong Hu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-J.H.); (J.-Y.S.); Tel.: +886-2-2930-7930 (ext. 6940) (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Jia-Ying Sung
- Department of Neurology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116079, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-J.H.); (J.-Y.S.); Tel.: +886-2-2930-7930 (ext. 6940) (J.-Y.S.)
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3
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Guo W, Geng S, Cao M, Feng J. The Brain Connectome for Chinese Reading. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:1097-1113. [PMID: 35575936 PMCID: PMC9468198 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00864-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese, as a logographic language, fundamentally differs from alphabetic languages like English. Previous neuroimaging studies have mainly focused on alphabetic languages, while the exploration of Chinese reading is still an emerging and fast-growing research field. Recently, a growing number of neuroimaging studies have explored the neural circuit of Chinese reading. Here, we summarize previous research on Chinese reading from a connectomic perspective. Converging evidence indicates that the left middle frontal gyrus is a specialized hub region that connects the ventral with dorsal pathways for Chinese reading. Notably, the orthography-to-phonology and orthography-to-semantics mapping, mainly processed in the ventral pathway, are more specific during Chinese reading. Besides, in addition to the left-lateralized language-related regions, reading pathways in the right hemisphere also play an important role in Chinese reading. Throughout, we comprehensively review prior findings and emphasize several challenging issues to be explored in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Guo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shujie Geng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Miao Cao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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4
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Pang J, Guo H, Tang X, Fu Y, Yang Z, Li Y, An N, Luo J, Yao Z, Hu B. Uncovering the global task-modulated brain network in chunk decomposition with Chinese characters. Neuroimage 2021; 247:118826. [PMID: 34923135 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chunk decomposition, which requires the mental representation transformation in accordance with behavioral goals, is of vital importance to problem solving and creative thinking. Previous studies have identified that the frontal, parietal, and occipital cortex in the cognitive control network selectively activated in response to chunk tightness, however, functional localization strategy may overlook the interaction brain regions. Based on the notion of a global brain network, we proposed that multiple specialized regions have to be interconnected to maintain goal representation during the course of chunk decomposition. Therefore, the present study applied a beta-series correlation method to investigate interregional functional connectivity in the event-related design of chunk decomposition tasks using Chinese characters, which would highlight critical nodes irrespective to chunk tightness. The results reveal a network of functional hubs with highly within or between module connections, including the orbitofrontal cortex, superior/inferior parietal lobule, hippocampus, and thalamus. We speculate that the thalamus integrates information across modular as an integrative hub while the orbitofrontal cortex tracks the mental states of chunk decomposition on a moment-to-moment basis. The superior and inferior parietal lobule collaborate to manipulate the mental representation of chunk decomposition and the hippocampus associates the relationship between elements in the question and solution phase. Furthermore, the tightness of chunks is not only associated with different processors in visual systems but also leads to increased intermodular connections in right superior frontal gyrus and left precentral gyrus. To summary up, the present study first reveals the task-modulated brain network of chunk decomposition in addition to the tightness-related nodes in the frontal and occipital cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyan Pang
- School of Government, Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanning Guo
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
| | - Xiaochen Tang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
| | - Zhengwu Yang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yongchao Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Na An
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Yao
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
| | - Bin Hu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Joint Research Center for Cognitive Neurosensor Technology of Lanzhou University and Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Ministry of Education, Open Source Software and Real-Time System Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
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5
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Lee HJ, Cheng SK, Lee CY, Kuo WJ. The neural basis of compound word processing revealed by varying semantic transparency and morphemic neighborhood size. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2021; 221:104985. [PMID: 34280834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2021.104985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the neural basis of compound word processing by using fMRI and Chinese two-character compounds for lexical decision. Semantic transparency and morphemic neighborhood size were manipulated to augment the processing profile for measurement. The behavioral results disclosed a semantic transparency effect and its interaction with the neighborhood size, which supported existence of a mechanism for compound processing. The fMRI results located a neural substrate in the left inferior prefrontal cortex (BA 45) which reacted in an interactive manner to the two variables. While its activities were lower when their neighborhood size was larger for processing transparent compounds, its activities became higher when their neighborhood size was larger for processing opaque compounds. When scaling to a larger scope, the function of this mechanism fitted well with the theoretical account of unification function of the left inferior frontal cortex for language processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ju Lee
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shih-Kuen Cheng
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Lee
- Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jui Kuo
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Brain, Mind, and Learning, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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6
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Gurunandan K, Arnaez-Telleria J, Carreiras M, Paz-Alonso PM. Converging Evidence for Differential Specialization and Plasticity of Language Systems. J Neurosci 2020. [PMID: 33168623 DOI: 10.1523/jneur0sci.0851-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional specialization and plasticity are fundamental organizing principles of the brain. Since the mid-1800s, certain cognitive functions have been known to be lateralized, but the provenance and flexibility of hemispheric specialization remain open questions. Language is a uniquely human phenomenon that requires a delicate balance between neural specialization and plasticity, and language learning offers the perfect window to study these principles in the human brain. In the current study, we conducted two separate functional MRI experiments with language learners (male and female), one cross-sectional and one longitudinal, involving distinct populations and languages, and examined hemispheric lateralization and learning-dependent plasticity of the following three language systems: reading, speech comprehension, and verbal production. A multipronged analytic approach revealed a highly consistent pattern of results across the two experiments, showing (1) that in both native and non-native languages, while language production was left lateralized, lateralization for language comprehension was highly variable across individuals; and (2) that with increasing non-native language proficiency, reading and speech comprehension displayed substantial changes in hemispheric dominance, with languages tending to lateralize to opposite hemispheres, while production showed negligible change and remained left lateralized. These convergent results shed light on the long-standing debate of neural organization of language by establishing robust principles of lateralization and plasticity of the main language systems. Findings further suggest involvement of the sensorimotor systems in language lateralization and its plasticity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The human brain exhibits a remarkable ability to support a vast variety of languages that may be acquired at different points in the life span. Language is a complex construct involving linguistic as well as visual, auditory, and motor processes. Using functional MRI, we examined hemispheric specialization and learning-dependent plasticity of three language systems-reading, speech comprehension, and verbal production-in cross-sectional and longitudinal experiments in language learners. A multipronged analytic approach revealed converging evidence for striking differences in hemispheric specialization and plasticity among the language systems. The results have major theoretical and practical implications for our understanding of fundamental principles of neural organization of language, language testing and recovery in patients, and language learning in healthy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshipra Gurunandan
- BCBL. Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jaione Arnaez-Telleria
- BCBL. Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Manuel Carreiras
- BCBL. Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Basque Language and Communication, University of the Basque Country, 48015 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pedro M Paz-Alonso
- BCBL. Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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7
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Converging Evidence for Differential Specialization and Plasticity of Language Systems. J Neurosci 2020; 40:9715-9724. [PMID: 33168623 PMCID: PMC7726546 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0851-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional specialization and plasticity are fundamental organizing principles of the brain. Since the mid-1800s, certain cognitive functions have been known to be lateralized, but the provenance and flexibility of hemispheric specialization remain open questions. Language is a uniquely human phenomenon that requires a delicate balance between neural specialization and plasticity, and language learning offers the perfect window to study these principles in the human brain. In the current study, we conducted two separate functional MRI experiments with language learners (male and female), one cross-sectional and one longitudinal, involving distinct populations and languages, and examined hemispheric lateralization and learning-dependent plasticity of the following three language systems: reading, speech comprehension, and verbal production. A multipronged analytic approach revealed a highly consistent pattern of results across the two experiments, showing (1) that in both native and non-native languages, while language production was left lateralized, lateralization for language comprehension was highly variable across individuals; and (2) that with increasing non-native language proficiency, reading and speech comprehension displayed substantial changes in hemispheric dominance, with languages tending to lateralize to opposite hemispheres, while production showed negligible change and remained left lateralized. These convergent results shed light on the long-standing debate of neural organization of language by establishing robust principles of lateralization and plasticity of the main language systems. Findings further suggest involvement of the sensorimotor systems in language lateralization and its plasticity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The human brain exhibits a remarkable ability to support a vast variety of languages that may be acquired at different points in the life span. Language is a complex construct involving linguistic as well as visual, auditory, and motor processes. Using functional MRI, we examined hemispheric specialization and learning-dependent plasticity of three language systems—reading, speech comprehension, and verbal production—in cross-sectional and longitudinal experiments in language learners. A multipronged analytic approach revealed converging evidence for striking differences in hemispheric specialization and plasticity among the language systems. The results have major theoretical and practical implications for our understanding of fundamental principles of neural organization of language, language testing and recovery in patients, and language learning in healthy populations.
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8
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Tumor grade-related language and control network reorganization in patients with left cerebral glioma. Cortex 2020; 129:141-157. [PMID: 32473401 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Language processing relies on both a functionally specialized language network and a domain-general cognitive control network. Yet, how the two networks reorganize after damage resulting from diffuse and progressive glioma remains largely unknown. To address this issue, 130 patients with left cerebral gliomas, including 77 patients with low-grade glioma (LGG, WHO grade Ⅰ/II), 53 patients with high-grade glioma (HGG, WHO grade III/IV) and 38 healthy controls (HC) were adopted. The changes in resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the language network and the cingulo-opercular/fronto-parietal (CO-FP) network were examined using network-based statistics. We found that tumor grade negatively correlated with language scores and language network integrity. Compared with HCs, patients with LGGs exhibited slight language deficits, both decreased and increased changes in rsFC of language network, and nearly normal CO-FP network. Patients with HGGs had significantly lower language scores than those with LGG and exhibited more severe language and CO-FP network disruptions than HCs or patients with LGGs. Moreover, we found that in patients with HGGs, the decreased rsFCs of language network were positively correlated with language scores. Together, our findings suggest tumor grade-related network reorganization of both language and control networks underlie the different levels of language impairments observed in patients with gliomas.
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9
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Lou Y, Zhao L, Yu S, Sun B, Hou Z, Zhang Z, Tang Y, Liu S. Brain asymmetry differences between Chinese and Caucasian populations: a surface-based morphometric comparison study. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 14:2323-2332. [PMID: 31435899 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetry has been proved to exist in the human brain structure, function and behavior. Most of the existing brain asymmetry findings are originated from the western populations, while studies about the brain structural and functional asymmetries in East Asians are limited. Extensive evidence suggested that cultural differences, e.g. education and language, may lead to differences in brain structure and function between races. Therefore, we hypothesized that differences in brain structural asymmetries exist between East Asians and Westerners. In this study, we performed a comprehensive surface-based morphometric (SBM) analysis of brain asymmetries in cortical thickness, volume and surface area in two well-matched groups of right-handed, Chinese (n = 45) and Caucasian (n = 45) young male adults (age = 22-29 years). Our results showed consistent inter-hemispheric asymmetries in the three brain morphological measures in multiple brain regions in the Chinese young adults, including the temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital, insular cortices and the cingulate gyrus. Comparing with the Caucasians, the Chinese group showed greater structural asymmetry in the frontal, temporal, occipital and insular cortices, and smaller asymmetry in the parietal cortex and cingulate gyrus. These findings could provide a new neuroanatomical basis for understanding the distinctions between East Asian and Caucasian in brain functional lateralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Lou
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shui Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Zhongyu Hou
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, China.,Department of Medical Imaging, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhonghe Zhang
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, China.,Department of Medical Imaging, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuchun Tang
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, China. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Shuwei Liu
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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10
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Xu W, Kolozsvári OB, Oostenveld R, Leppänen PHT, Hämäläinen JA. Audiovisual Processing of Chinese Characters Elicits Suppression and Congruency Effects in MEG. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:18. [PMID: 30787872 PMCID: PMC6372538 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning to associate written letters/characters with speech sounds is crucial for reading acquisition. Most previous studies have focused on audiovisual integration in alphabetic languages. Less is known about logographic languages such as Chinese characters, which map onto mostly syllable-based morphemes in the spoken language. Here we investigated how long-term exposure to native language affects the underlying neural mechanisms of audiovisual integration in a logographic language using magnetoencephalography (MEG). MEG sensor and source data from 12 adult native Chinese speakers and a control group of 13 adult Finnish speakers were analyzed for audiovisual suppression (bimodal responses vs. sum of unimodal responses) and congruency (bimodal incongruent responses vs. bimodal congruent responses) effects. The suppressive integration effect was found in the left angular and supramarginal gyri (205-365 ms), left inferior frontal and left temporal cortices (575-800 ms) in the Chinese group. The Finnish group showed a distinct suppression effect only in the right parietal and occipital cortices at a relatively early time window (285-460 ms). The congruency effect was only observed in the Chinese group in left inferior frontal and superior temporal cortex in a late time window (about 500-800 ms) probably related to modulatory feedback from multi-sensory regions and semantic processing. The audiovisual integration in a logographic language showed a clear resemblance to that in alphabetic languages in the left superior temporal cortex, but with activation specific to the logographic stimuli observed in the left inferior frontal cortex. The current MEG study indicated that learning of logographic languages has a large impact on the audiovisual integration of written characters with some distinct features compared to previous results on alphabetic languages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyong Xu
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Jyväskylä Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Orsolya Beatrix Kolozsvári
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Jyväskylä Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Robert Oostenveld
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- NatMEG, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paavo Herman Tapio Leppänen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Jyväskylä Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jarmo Arvid Hämäläinen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Jyväskylä Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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11
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Gao Q, Tao Z, Cheng L, Leng J, Wang J, Yu C, Chen H. Language lateralization during the Chinese semantic task relates to the contralateral cerebra-cerebellar interactions at rest. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14056. [PMID: 29070895 PMCID: PMC5656597 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aiming to investigate whether handedness-related language lateralization is related to the intrinsic resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) pattern within the language network, the present study integrated the information of functional activations during a semantic task of Chinese characters and FC in resting-state based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of healthy left handers (LH) and right handers (RH). RSFC was calculated on a voxel-based level between the seed regions chosen from functional activations during the task and the rest of the brain. The results demonstrated that LH had significantly stronger RSFC than RH between the cerebellum and supratentorial areas of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobe, and between the occipital lobe and frontal/parietal lobe. Correlation analysis showed that RSFC values between right MFG and left cerebellum_crus2, between SMA and right cerebellum_crus2, and between the right cerebellum_crus1 and left MFG were negatively correlated with cerebral laterality index in LH and RH groups. Our results highlight key nodes of Chinese language brain network processing in the cerebellum, and suggest that atypical language dominance relates to stronger crossed reciprocal RSFC in the frontal-cerebellar system. The findings provide new insights into the intrinsic FC substrates underlying the atypical language lateralization of LH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Gao
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China. .,Center for Information in BioMedicine, Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611731, China.
| | - Zhongping Tao
- Information Technology Center, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Lintao Cheng
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.,Center for Information in BioMedicine, Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Junping Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Huafu Chen
- Center for Information in BioMedicine, Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 611731, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
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12
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How Sex, Native Language, and College Major Relate to the Cognitive Strategies Used during 3-D Mental Rotation. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03395616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Lagarrigue A, Longcamp M, Anton JL, Nazarian B, Prévot L, Velay JL, Cao F, Frenck-Mestre C. Activation of writing-specific brain regions when reading Chinese as a second language. Effects of training modality and transfer to novel characters. Neuropsychologia 2017; 97:83-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Zhu L, Niu Z, Nie Y, Yang Y, Li K, Jin Z, Wei J. The Brain Effective Connectivity of Chinese during Rhyming Task. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162158. [PMID: 27583349 PMCID: PMC5008726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With regard to brain language processing, the activation patterns have been well studied, and recently there are great interest in the connectivity models. The crucial brain areas for phonological processing involves left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG), left inferior parietal lobule (LIPL) and left posterior middle temporal gyrus (LpMTG). Specially in Chinese processing, the left middle frontal gyrus (LMFG) is considered as an essential region. However, the connectivity pattern among these brain areas is not well understood. In this study, a rhyming experiment of Chinese was conducted, and the Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) and the Bayesian model selection (BMS) were used to examine the interaction between brain regions and choose the best model for rhyming task of Chinese. By examining the interactions, it was found that LMFG exerted inhibitory modulation on LIPL and LIFG; the phonological processing enhanced the connection from LIPL to LIFG and LMFG, which suggested the important roles of these connections for the increased phonological load; And LpMTG modulated LIFG and LMFG negatively, and LIPL positively under rhyming judgment task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Niu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yaoxin Nie
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Linguistics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ke Li
- The 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- The 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jieyao Wei
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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15
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Chen HY, Chang EC, Chen SHY, Lin YC, Wu DH. Functional and anatomical dissociation between the orthographic lexicon and the orthographic buffer revealed in reading and writing Chinese characters by fMRI. Neuroimage 2016; 129:105-116. [PMID: 26777478 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of orthographic representations to reading and writing has been intensively investigated in the literature. However, the distinction between neuronal correlates of the orthographic lexicon and the orthographic (graphemic) buffer has rarely been examined in alphabetic languages and never been explored in non-alphabetic languages. To determine whether the neural networks associated with the orthographic lexicon and buffer of logographic materials are comparable to those reported in the literature, the present fMRI experiment manipulated frequency and the stroke number of Chinese characters in the tasks of form judgment and stroke judgment, which emphasized the processing of character recognition and writing, respectively. It was found that the left fusiform gyrus exhibited higher activation when encountering low-frequency than high-frequency characters in both tasks, which suggested this region to be the locus of the orthographic lexicon that represents the knowledge of character forms. On the other hand, the activations in the posterior part of the left middle frontal gyrus and in the left angular gyrus were parametrically modulated by the stroke number of target characters only in the stroke judgment task, which suggested these regions to be the locus of the orthographic buffer that represents the processing of stroke sequence in writing. These results provide the first evidence for the functional and anatomical dissociation between the orthographic lexicon and buffer in reading and writing Chinese characters. They also demonstrate the critical roles of the left fusiform area and the frontoparietal network to the long-term and short-term representations of orthographic knowledge, respectively, across different orthographies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yu Chen
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, No.300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan; Laboratories for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan
| | - Erik C Chang
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, No.300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan; Laboratories for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan
| | - Sinead H Y Chen
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, No.300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan; Laboratories for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lin
- Laboratories for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan; Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan
| | - Denise H Wu
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, No.300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan; Laboratories for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan.
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16
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Gao Q, Wang J, Yu C, Chen H. Effect of handedness on brain activity patterns and effective connectivity network during the semantic task of Chinese characters. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18262. [PMID: 26666706 PMCID: PMC4678893 DOI: 10.1038/srep18262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing efforts have been denoted to elucidating the effective connectivity (EC) among brain regions recruited by certain language task; however, it remains unclear the impact of handedness on the EC network underlying language processing. In particularly, this has not been investigated in Chinese language, which shows several differences from alphabetic language. This study thereby explored the functional activity patterns and the EC network during a Chinese semantic task based on functional MRI data of healthy left handers (LH) and right handers (RH). We found that RH presented a left lateralized activity pattern in cerebral cortex and a right lateralized pattern in cerebellum; while LH were less lateralized than RH in both cerebral and cerebellar areas. The conditional Granger causality method in deconvolved BOLD level further demonstrated more interhemispheric directional connections in LH than RH group, suggesting better bihemispheric coordination and increased interhemispheric communication in LH. Furthermore, we found significantly increased EC from right middle occipital gyrus to bilateral insula (INS) while decreased EC from left INS to left precentral gyrus in LH group comparing to RH group, implying that handedness may differentiate the causal relationship of information processing in integration of visual-spatial analysis and semantic word retrieval of Chinese characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Gao
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Junping Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Huafu Chen
- Key laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
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17
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Jiang M, Yang LX, Jia L, Shi X, Wang H, Wang LY, Abaydulla Y, Zhu LN, Jia WX. Distinct activated cortical areas and volumes in Uygur-Chinese bilinguals. Transl Neurosci 2015; 6:227-234. [PMID: 28123807 PMCID: PMC4936632 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2015-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate variations in cortical activation in early and late Uygur-Chinese bilinguals from the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. Methodology: During a semantic judgment task with visual stimulation by a single Chinese or Uygur word, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed. The fMRI data regarding activated cortical areas and volumes by both languages were analyzed. Results The first language (L1) and second language (L2) activated language-related hemispheric regions, including the left inferior frontal and parietal cortices, and L1 specifically activated the left middle temporal gyrus. For both L1 and L2, cortical activation was greater in the left hemisphere, and there was no significant difference in the lateralization index (LI) between the two languages (p > 0.05). Although the total activated cortical areas were larger in early than late bilinguals, the activation volumes were not significantly different. Conclusion Activated brains areas in early and late fluent bilinguals largely overlapped. However, these areas were more scattered upon presentation of L2 than L1, and L1 had a more specific pattern of activation than L2. For both languages, the left hemisphere was dominant. We found that L2 proficiency level rather than age of acquisition had a greater influence on which brain areas were activated with semantic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Nanshan Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P. R. China
| | - Li-Xia Yang
- Department of Imaging Science, Imaging Center, Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Imaging Science, Imaging Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830063, P. R. China
| | - Xin Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Imaging Science, Imaging Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830063, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Yun Wang
- Department of Imaging Science, Imaging Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830063, P. R. China
| | - Yari Abaydulla
- Xinjiang University, College of Humanities, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P. R. China
| | - Li-Na Zhu
- Department of Imaging Science, Imaging Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Xiao Jia
- Department of Imaging Science, Imaging Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830063, P. R. China
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18
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Wu J, Lu J, Zhang H, Zhang J, Yao C, Zhuang D, Qiu T, Guo Q, Hu X, Mao Y, Zhou L. Direct evidence from intraoperative electrocortical stimulation indicates shared and distinct speech production center between Chinese and English languages. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:4972-85. [PMID: 26351094 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese processing has been suggested involving distinct brain areas from English. However, current functional localization studies on Chinese speech processing use mostly "indirect" techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography, lacking direct evidence by means of electrocortical recording. In this study, awake craniotomies in 66 Chinese-speaking glioma patients provide a unique opportunity to directly map eloquent language areas. Intraoperative electrocortical stimulation was conducted and the positive sites for speech arrest, anomia, and alexia were identified separately. With help of stereotaxic neuronavigation system and computational modeling, all positive sites elicited by stimulation were integrated and a series of two- and three-dimension Chinese language probability maps were built. We performed statistical comparisons between the Chinese maps and previously derived English maps. While most Chinese speech arrest areas located at typical language production sites (i.e., 50% positive sites in ventral precentral gyrus, 28% in pars opercularis and pars triangularis), which also serve English production, an additional brain area, the left middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann's areas 6/9), was found to be unique in Chinese production (P < 0.05). Moreover, Chinese speakers' inferior ventral precentral gyrus (Brodmann's area 6) was used more than that in English speakers. Our finding suggests that Chinese involves more perisylvian region (extending to left middle frontal gyrus) than English. This is the first time that direct evidence supports cross-cultural neurolinguistics differences in human beings. The Chinese language atlas will also helpful in brain surgery planning for Chinese-speakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengjun Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianming Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihao Guo
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobing Hu
- Department of Anesthesia, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangfu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Hsiao JH, Cheung K. Visual Similarity of Words Alone Can Modulate Hemispheric Lateralization in Visual Word Recognition: Evidence From Modeling Chinese Character Recognition. Cogn Sci 2015; 40:351-72. [PMID: 25818722 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In Chinese orthography, the most common character structure consists of a semantic radical on the left and a phonetic radical on the right (SP characters); the minority, opposite arrangement also exists (PS characters). Recent studies showed that SP character processing is more left hemisphere (LH) lateralized than PS character processing. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether this is due to phonetic radical position or character type frequency. Through computational modeling with artificial lexicons, in which we implement a theory of hemispheric asymmetry in perception but do not assume phonological processing being LH lateralized, we show that the difference in character type frequency alone is sufficient to exhibit the effect that the dominant type has a stronger LH lateralization than the minority type. This effect is due to higher visual similarity among characters in the dominant type than the minority type, demonstrating the modulation of visual similarity of words on hemispheric lateralization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kit Cheung
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London
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20
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Xu M, Wang T, Chen S, Fox PT, Tan LH. Effective connectivity of brain regions related to visual word recognition: An fMRI study of Chinese reading. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:2580-91. [PMID: 25788100 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Past neuroimaging studies have focused on identifying specialized functional brain systems for processing different components of reading, such as orthography, phonology, and semantics. More recently, a few experiments have been performed to look into the integration and interaction of distributed neural systems for visual word recognition, suggesting that lexical processing in alphabetic languages involves both ventral and dorsal neural pathways originating from the visual cortex. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we tested the multiple pathways model with Chinese character stimuli and examined how the neural systems interacted in reading Chinese. Using dynamic causal modeling, we demonstrated that visual word recognition in Chinese engages the ventral pathway from the visual cortex to the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex, but not the dorsal pathway from the visual cortex to the left parietal region. The ventral pathway, however, is linked to the superior parietal lobule and the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) so that a dynamic neural network is formed, with information flowing from the visual cortex to the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex to the parietal lobule and then to the left MFG. The findings suggest that cortical dynamics is constrained by the differences in how visual orthographic symbols in writing systems are linked to spoken language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Detection and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen, China.,School of Humanities, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Tianfu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Detection and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siping Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Detection and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peter T Fox
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas.,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Li Hai Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Detection and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen, China
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21
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Rao C, Singh NC. Visuospatial complexity modulates reading in the brain. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2015; 141:50-61. [PMID: 25528288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurocognitive processing of orthographic visuospatial complexity was examined through fMRI-based overt naming (n=16) of phonologically transparent, high and low frequency Hindi/Devanagari words that were visually simple (पालक, चातक) or complex (, चकली). Participants' overt behavior was modestly influenced by visuospatial complexity (accuracy: main effect p=.01, complexity×frequency interaction p<.07), while neuroimaging data revealed a robust effect of complexity (main effect FWE p<10(-4), complexity×frequency interaction FWE p<7×10(-8)). Interaction-based RoIs showed higher BOLD response in the VWFA to complex and left posterior temporal cortex to simple words, with greater right lingual de-activation to complex than simple words. Subtractions confirmed additional recruitment of VWFA, right frontal, inferior orbitofrontal, mid-temporal pole and left cerebellum by visuospatially complex over simple words. Finally, low frequency words activated bilateral occipital and putamen areas, left IPL, SPL, IFG and VWFA, suggesting that effortful phonological processing in alphasyllabic Hindi/Devanagari requires neural resources specialized for both visuospatially simple and complex orthographies.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study used functional MRI (fMRI) to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the neural network underlying visual word recognition in Hindi/Devanagari, an alphasyllabic - partly alphabetic and partly syllabic Indian writing system on which little research has hitherto been carried out. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen (5F, 11M) neurologically healthy, native Hindi/Devanagari readers aged 21 to 50 named aloud 240 Devanagari words which were either visually linear - had no diacritics or consonant ligatures above or below central plane of text, e.g. फल, वाहन, or nonlinear - had at least one diacritic and/or ligature, e.g. फूल, किरण, and which further included 120 words each of high and low frequency. Words were presented in alternating high and low frequency blocks of 10 words each at 2s/word in a block design, with linear and nonlinear words in separate runs. Word reading accuracy was manually coded, while fMRI images were acquired on a 3T scanner with an 8-channel head-coil, using a T2*-weighted EPI sequence (TR/TE = 2s/35ms). RESULTS After ensuring high word naming accuracy (M = 97.6%, SD = 2.3), fMRI data analyses (at FDR P < 0.005) revealed that reading Devanagari words elicited robust activations in bilateral occipito-temporal, inferior frontal and precentral regions as well as both cerebellar hemispheres. Other common areas of activation included left inferior parietal and right superior temporal cortices. Primary differences seen between nonlinear and linear word reading networks were in the right temporal areas and cerebellum. CONCLUSION Distinct from alphabetic scripts, which are linear in their spatial organization, and recruit a primarily left-lateralized network for word reading, our results revealed a bilateral reading network for Devanagari. We attribute the additional activations in Devanagari to increased visual processing demands arising from the complex visuospatial arrangement of symbols in this ancient script.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chaitra Rao
- National Brain Research Centre, NH-8, Nainwal Mode, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
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23
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Dynamics of the anatomical changes that occur in the brains of schoolchildren as they learn to read. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81789. [PMID: 24367494 PMCID: PMC3867342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the functional brain network involved in reading for adults and children is now well documented, a critical lack of knowledge still exists about the structural development of these brain areas. To provide a better overview of the structural dynamics of the brain that sustain reading acquisition, we acquired anatomical MRI brain images from 55 children that were divided into two groups: one prior to the formal learning of reading (n = 33, 5–6 years old) and the second a few years after formal learning (n = 22, 9–10 years old). Reading performances were collected based on the “Alouette-R” test, a standardized test for reading text in French. Voxel-based morphometry analysis of gray matter showed that only the right insula volume was different between the two groups. Moreover, the reading group showed that the volumes of the left fusiform gyrus (corresponding to the well-known visual word form area, VWFA), the anterior part of the left inferior occipital gyrus and the left thalamus were significantly modulated by reading performance. This study reinforces the crucial role of the Visual Word Form Area in reading and correlation analyses performed between ROIs volumes suggesting that the VWFA is fully connected with the traditional left-hemispheric language brain network.
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24
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Chen TC, Kuo WJ, Chiang MC, Tseng YJ, Lin YY. Over-activation in bilateral superior temporal gyrus correlated with subsequent forgetting effect of Chinese words. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2013; 126:203-207. [PMID: 23796961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the subsequent memory and forgotten effects for Chinese using event-related fMRI. Sixteen normal subjects were recruited and performing incidental memory tasks where semantic decision was required during memory encoding. Consistent with previous studies, our results showed bilateral frontal regions as the main locus for the subsequent memory effect. However, contrast between miss and hit responses revealed larger activation in bilateral superior temporal gyrus. We proposed that larger activation in the superior temporal gyrus may reflect alteration of self-monitoring process which resulted in unsuccessful memory encoding for the miss items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ching Chen
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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MEI L, XUE G, LU ZL, HE Q, ZHANG M, XUE F, CHEN C, DONG Q. Orthographic transparency modulates the functional asymmetry in the fusiform cortex: an artificial language training study. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2013; 125:165-172. [PMID: 22434043 PMCID: PMC3381927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The laterality difference in the occipitotemporal region between Chinese (bilaterality) and alphabetic languages (left laterality) has been attributed to their difference in visual appearance. However, these languages also differ in orthographic transparency. To disentangle the effect of orthographic transparency from visual appearance, we trained subjects to read the same artificial script either as an alphabetic (i.e., transparent orthography) or a logographic (i.e., nontransparent orthography) language. Consistent with our previous results, both types of phonological training enhanced activations in the left fusiform gyrus. More interestingly, the laterality in the fusiform gyrus (especially the posterior region) was modulated by the orthographic transparency of the artificial script (more left-lateralized activation after alphabetic training than after logographic training). These results provide an alternative account (i.e., orthographic transparency) for the laterality difference between Chinese and alphabetic languages, and may have important implications for the role of the fusiform in reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei MEI
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Gui XUE
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Zhong-Lin LU
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging and Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Qinghua HE
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Mingxia ZHANG
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Feng XUE
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Chuansheng CHEN
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Qi DONG
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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26
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Hsiao JH, Lam SM. The Modulation of Visual and Task Characteristics of a Writing System on Hemispheric Lateralization in Visual Word Recognition-A Computational Exploration. Cogn Sci 2013; 37:861-90. [DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sze Man Lam
- Department of Psychology; University of Hong Kong
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27
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Hsiao JH, Cheng L. The modulation of stimulus structure on visual field asymmetry effects: the case of Chinese character recognition. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2013; 66:1739-55. [PMID: 23391072 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2013.764902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent research suggests that visual field (VF) asymmetry effects in visual recognition may be influenced by information distribution within the stimuli for the recognition task in addition to hemispheric processing differences: Stimuli with more information on the left have a right VF (RVF) advantage because the left part is closer to the centre, where the highest visual acuity is obtained. It remains unclear whether visual complexity distribution of the stimuli also has similar modulation effects. Here we used Chinese characters with contrasting structures-left-heavy, symmetric, and right-heavy, in terms of either visual complexity of components or information distribution defined by location of the phonetic component-and examined participants' naming performance. We found that left-heavy characters had the largest RVF advantage, followed by symmetric and right-heavy characters; this effect was only observed in characters that contrasted in information distribution, in which information for pronunciation was skewed to the phonetic component, but not in those that contrasted only in visual complexity distribution and had no phonetic component. This result provides strong evidence for the influence of information distribution within the stimuli on VF asymmetry effects; in contrast, visual complexity distribution within the stimuli does not have similar modulation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet H Hsiao
- a Department of Psychology , University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
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28
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Wu H, Mai X, Tang H, Ge Y, Luo YJ, Liu C. Dissociable somatotopic representations of Chinese action verbs in the motor and premotor cortex. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2049. [PMID: 23787364 PMCID: PMC6504820 DOI: 10.1038/srep02049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The embodied view of language processing holds that language comprehension involves the recruitment of sensorimotor information, as evidenced by the somatotopic representation of action verbs in the motor system. However, this review has not yet been examined in logographic scripts such as Chinese, in which action verbs can provide explicit linguistic cues to the effectors (arm, leg, mouth) that conduct the action (hit, jump, drink). We compared the somatotopic representation of Chinese verbs that contain such effector cues and those that do not. The results showed that uncued verbs elicited similar somatotopic representation in the motor and premotor cortex as found in alphabetic scripts. However, effector-cued verbs demonstrated an inverse somatotopic pattern by showing reduced activation in corresponding motor areas, despite that effector-cued verbs actually are rated higher in imageability than uncued verbs. Our results support the universality of somatotopic representation of action verbs in the motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaoqin Mai
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Honghong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yue Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yue-Jia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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29
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Chen JY, Chen TM. Word form encoding in mandarin Chinese typewritten word production: evidence from the implicit priming task. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2013; 142:148-53. [PMID: 23261962 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Employing the implicit priming task, we examined whether Chinese words that shared the initial onset consonant could be typed, using the phonetic-based method (called zhuyin), with faster response times than words that did not share the initial onset consonant. We also examined the effect of sharing the initial tonal syllable. A significant onset preparation effect and a significant syllable preparation effect were both observed. The latter was found to vary linearly with the number of segments in the syllable. The slope of 63ms was similar to the 70-ms onset effect, suggesting that the syllable effect was segment-based. The results contrasted with the lack of an onset effect previously reported for speaking, and were interpreted as supporting the output constraint hypothesis which states that the kind of outputs a production system is designed to produce (speaking vs. typing) can flexibly and adaptively alter the way the system is organized and operates.
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30
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Wang X, Han Z, He Y, Liu L, Bi Y. Resting-state functional connectivity patterns predict Chinese word reading competency. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44848. [PMID: 23028644 PMCID: PMC3454382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) offers a novel approach to reveal the temporal synchronization of functionally related brain regions. Recent studies have identified several RSFCs whose strength was associated with reading competence in alphabetic languages. In the present study, we examined the role of intrinsic functional relations for reading a non-alphabetic language – Chinese – by correlating RSFC maps of nine Chinese reading-related seed regions and reaction time in the single-character reading task. We found that Chinese reading efficiency was positively correlated with the connection between left inferior occipital gyrus and left superior parietal lobule, between right posterior fusiform gyrus and right superior parietal lobule, and between left inferior temporal gyrus and left inferior parietal lobule. These results could not be attributed to inter-individual differences arising from the peripheral processes of the reading task such as visual input detection and articulation. The observed RSFC-reading correlation relationships are discussed in the framework of Chinese character reading, including visuospatial analyses and semantic/phonological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zaizhu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchao Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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31
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Neural strategies for reading Japanese and Chinese sentences: A cross-linguistic fMRI study of character-decoding and morphosyntax. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:2598-604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Wu CY, Ho MHR, Chen SHA. A meta-analysis of fMRI studies on Chinese orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing. Neuroimage 2012; 63:381-91. [PMID: 22759996 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of neuroimaging evidence has shown that Chinese character processing recruits differential activation from alphabetic languages due to its unique linguistic features. As more investigations on Chinese character processing have recently become available, we applied a meta-analytic approach to summarize previous findings and examined the neural networks for orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing of Chinese characters independently. The activation likelihood estimation (ALE) method was used to analyze eight studies in the orthographic task category, eleven in the phonological and fifteen in the semantic task categories. Converging activation among three language-processing components was found in the left middle frontal gyrus, the left superior parietal lobule and the left mid-fusiform gyrus, suggesting a common sub-network underlying the character recognition process regardless of the task nature. With increasing task demands, the left inferior parietal lobule and the right superior temporal gyrus were specialized for phonological processing, while the left middle temporal gyrus was involved in semantic processing. Functional dissociation was identified in the left inferior frontal gyrus, with the posterior dorsal part for phonological processing and the anterior ventral part for semantic processing. Moreover, bilateral involvement of the ventral occipito-temporal regions was found for both phonological and semantic processing. The results provide better understanding of the neural networks underlying Chinese orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing, and consolidate the findings of additional recruitment of the left middle frontal gyrus and the right fusiform gyrus for Chinese character processing as compared with the universal language network that has been based on alphabetic languages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Yi Wu
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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33
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Zhang H, Chen C, Zhou X. Neural correlates of numbers and mathematical terms. Neuroimage 2012; 60:230-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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34
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Chen JY, Li CY. Word form encoding in Chinese word naming and word typing. Cognition 2011; 121:140-6. [PMID: 21689811 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The process of word form encoding was investigated in primed word naming and word typing with Chinese monosyllabic words. The target words shared or did not share the onset consonants with the prime words. The stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was 100ms or 300ms. Typing required the participants to enter the phonetic letters of the target word, which correspond roughly to the onset and the rhyme of the word's syllable. Regardless of SOAs, response times were shorter in the related condition than in the unrelated condition (an onset priming effect) for word typing, but were similar for word naming. The results suggest that naming and typing in Chinese may involve somewhat different word form encoding processes (syllable driven in naming, but segment driven in typing) even though both tasks require accessing the phonological codes. It appears, then, that the kind of outputs a production system is designed to produce can flexibly and adaptively alter the way the system is organized and operates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenn-Yeu Chen
- Institute of Cognitive Science, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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35
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Kuchinsky SE, Vaden KI, Keren NI, Harris KC, Ahlstrom JB, Dubno JR, Eckert MA. Word intelligibility and age predict visual cortex activity during word listening. Cereb Cortex 2011; 22:1360-71. [PMID: 21862447 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The distractibility that older adults experience when listening to speech in challenging conditions has been attributed in part to reduced inhibition of irrelevant information within and across sensory systems. Whereas neuroimaging studies have shown that younger adults readily suppress visual cortex activation when listening to auditory stimuli, it is unclear the extent to which declining inhibition in older adults results in reduced suppression or compensatory engagement of other sensory cortices. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging study examined the effects of age and stimulus intelligibility in a word listening task. Across all participants, auditory cortex was engaged when listening to words. However, increasing age and declining word intelligibility had independent and spatially similar effects: both were associated with increasing engagement of visual cortex. Visual cortex activation was not explained by age-related differences in vascular reactivity but rather auditory and visual cortices were functionally connected across word listening conditions. The nature of this correlation changed with age: younger adults deactivated visual cortex when activating auditory cortex, middle-aged adults showed no relation, and older adults synchronously activated both cortices. These results suggest that age and stimulus integrity are additive modulators of crossmodal suppression and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie E Kuchinsky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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36
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Bai J, Shi J, Jiang Y, He S, Weng X. Chinese and Korean characters engage the same visual word form area in proficient early Chinese-Korean bilinguals. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22765. [PMID: 21818386 PMCID: PMC3144942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of recent studies consistently show an area, known as the visual word form area (VWFA), in the left fusiform gyrus that is selectively responsive for visual words in alphabetic scripts as well as in logographic scripts, such as Chinese characters. However, given the large difference between Chinese characters and alphabetic scripts in terms of their orthographic rules, it is not clear at a fine spatial scale, whether Chinese characters engage the same VWFA in the occipito-temporal cortex as alphabetic scripts. We specifically compared Chinese with Korean script, with Korean script serving as a good example of alphabetic writing system, but matched to Chinese in the overall square shape. Sixteen proficient early Chinese-Korean bilinguals took part in the fMRI experiment. Four types of stimuli (Chinese characters, Korean characters, line drawings and unfamiliar Chinese faces) were presented in a block-design paradigm. By contrasting characters (Chinese or Korean) to faces, presumed VWFAs could be identified for both Chinese and Korean characters in the left occipito-temporal sulcus in each subject. The location of peak response point in these two VWFAs were essentially the same. Further analysis revealed a substantial overlap between the VWFA identified for Chinese and that for Korean. At the group level, there was no significant difference in amplitude of response to Chinese and Korean characters. Spatial patterns of response to Chinese and Korean are similar. In addition to confirming that there is an area in the left occipito-temporal cortex that selectively responds to scripts in both Korean and Chinese in early Chinese-Korean bilinguals, our results show that these two scripts engage essentially the same VWFA, even at the level of fine spatial patterns of activation across voxels. These results suggest that similar populations of neurons are engaged in processing the different scripts within the same VWFA in early bilinguals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian'e Bai
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jinfu Shi
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sheng He
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SH); (XW)
| | - Xuchu Weng
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (SH); (XW)
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37
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Tang Y, Hojatkashani C, Dinov ID, Sun B, Fan L, Lin X, Qi H, Hua X, Liu S, Toga AW. The construction of a Chinese MRI brain atlas: a morphometric comparison study between Chinese and Caucasian cohorts. Neuroimage 2010; 51:33-41. [PMID: 20152910 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a novel brain atlas template to facilitate computational brain studies of Chinese subjects and populations using high quality magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and well-validated image analysis techniques. To explore the ethnicity-based structural brain differences, we used the MRI scans of 35 Chinese male subjects (24.03+/-2.06 years) and compared them to an age-matched cohort of 35 Caucasian males (24.03+/-2.06 years). Global volumetric measures were used to identify significant group differences in the brain length, width, height and AC-PC line distance. Using the LONI BrainParser, 56 brain structures were automatically labeled and analyzed for all subjects. We identified significant ethnicity differences in brain structure volumes, suggesting that a population-specific brain atlas may be more appropriate for studies involving Chinese populations. To address this, we constructed a 3D Chinese brain atlas based on high resolution 3.0T MRI scans of 56 right-handed male Chinese volunteers (24.46+/-1.81 years). All Chinese brains were spatially normalized by using linear and nonlinear transformation via the "AIR Make Atlas" pipeline workflow within the LONI pipeline environment. This high-resolution Chinese brain atlas was compared to the ICBM152 template, which was constructed using Caucasian brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchun Tang
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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38
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Assessing effects of viewing distance on normal Chinese reading: some methodological and theoretical implications. Behav Res Methods 2010; 41:971-6. [PMID: 19897806 DOI: 10.3758/brm.41.4.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Viewing distance determines a range of factors affecting reading performance. Previous studies of Chinese-character reading have shown considerable disagreement and inconsistency in their choice of viewing distances, however, with obvious implications for research in this area. The present study aimed to resolve this issue by determining the optimal viewing distance for studies of normal Chinese reading. Stimuli were pages of text that were composed of a standard Chinese typeface (Song) that was presented in a standard size (10.5 pt). Forty reading distances were used, ranging from 2.5 to 100.0 cm. Distances within the range of 7.5-55.0 cm produced faster reading rates than did the distances at either end of the continuum, and a regression model showed that 35 cm was the optimal viewing distance. These findings indicate an optimal range of retinal image sizes between 2.0 degrees and 0.3 degrees per character. The implications of these findings for understanding the processes that are involved in Chinese reading and for the appropriate presentation of Chinese stimuli in experiments are discussed.
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39
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Chan ST, Tang SW, Tang KW, Lee WK, Lo SS, Kwong KK. Hierarchical coding of characters in the ventral and dorsal visual streams of Chinese language processing. Neuroimage 2009; 48:423-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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40
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Cao F, Lee R, Shu H, Yang Y, Xu G, Li K, Booth JR. Cultural constraints on brain development: evidence from a developmental study of visual word processing in mandarin chinese. Cereb Cortex 2009; 20:1223-33. [PMID: 19773547 PMCID: PMC2852508 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental differences in phonological and orthographic processing in Chinese were examined in 9 year olds, 11 year olds, and adults using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Rhyming and spelling judgments were made to 2-character words presented sequentially in the visual modality. The spelling task showed greater activation than the rhyming task in right superior parietal lobule and right inferior temporal gyrus, and there were developmental increases across tasks bilaterally in these regions in addition to bilateral occipital cortex, suggesting increased involvement over age on visuo-orthographic analysis. The rhyming task showed greater activation than the spelling task in left superior temporal gyrus and there were developmental decreases across tasks in this region, suggesting reduced involvement over age on phonological representations. The rhyming and spelling tasks included words with conflicting orthographic and phonological information (i.e., rhyming words spelled differently or nonrhyming words spelled similarly) or nonconflicting information. There was a developmental increase in the difference between conflicting and nonconflicting words in left inferior parietal lobule, suggesting greater engagement of systems for mapping between orthographic and phonological representations. Finally, there were developmental increases across tasks in an anterior (Broadman area [BA] 45, 46) and posterior (BA 9) left inferior frontal gyrus, suggesting greater reliance on controlled retrieval and selection of posterior lexical representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Cao
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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41
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Cao F, Peng D, Liu L, Jin Z, Fan N, Deng Y, Booth JR. Developmental differences of neurocognitive networks for phonological and semantic processing in Chinese word reading. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:797-809. [PMID: 18330872 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental differences in the neurocognitive networks for phonological and semantic processing in Chinese word reading were examined in 13 adults and 13 children using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Rhyming and semantic association judgments were made to two-character words that were presented sequentially in the visual modality. These lexical tasks were compared with a nonlinguistic control task involving judgment of line patterns. The first main finding was that adults showed greater activation than children in right middle occipital gyrus on both the meaning and rhyming task, suggesting adults more effectively engage right hemisphere brain regions involved in the visual-spatial analysis of Chinese characters. The second main finding was that adults showed greater activation than children in left inferior parietal lobule for the rhyming as compared with the meaning task, suggesting greater specialization of phonological processing in adults. The third main finding was that children who had better performance in the rhyming task on characters with conflicting orthographic and phonological information relative to characters with nonconflicting information showed greater activation in left middle frontal gyrus, suggesting greater engagement of brain regions involved in the integration of orthography and phonology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Cao
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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42
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Nelson JR, Liu Y, Fiez J, Perfetti CA. Assimilation and accommodation patterns in ventral occipitotemporal cortex in learning a second writing system. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:810-20. [PMID: 18381767 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Using fMRI, we compared the patterns of fusiform activity produced by viewing English and Chinese for readers who were either English speakers learning Chinese or Chinese-English bilinguals. The pattern of fusiform activity depended on both the writing system and the reader's native language. Native Chinese speakers fluent in English recruited bilateral fusiform areas when viewing both Chinese and English. English speakers learning Chinese, however, used heavily left-lateralized fusiform regions when viewing English, but recruited an additional right fusiform region for viewing Chinese. Thus, English learners of Chinese show an accommodation pattern, in which the reading network accommodates the new writing system by adding neural resources that support its specific graphic requirements. Chinese speakers show an assimilation pattern, in which the reading network established for L1 includes procedures sufficient for the graphic demands of L2 without major change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Learning Research and Development Center, Liaoning Normal University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. or
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43
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The inversion effect in visual word form processing. Cortex 2009; 46:217-30. [PMID: 19446799 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reading is one of the best well-practiced visual tasks for modern people. We investigated how the visual cortex analyzes spatial configuration in written words by studying the inversion effect in Chinese character processing. We measured the psychometric functions and brain activations for upright real-characters and non-characters and their inverted (upside down) versions. In the psychophysical experiment, the real-characters showed an inversion effect at both 1 degrees and 4 degrees eccentricities, while the non-characters showed no inversion effect for all eccentricities tested. In the functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI) experiment, the left fusiform gyrus and a small area in the bilateral lateral occipital regions showed a significant differential activation between upright and inverted real-characters. The bilateral fusiform gyri also show differential activation between upright real- and non-characters. The dorsal lateral occipital regions showed character-selective activation when compared with scrambled lines. The result suggested that the occipitoparietal regions may analyze the local features of an object regardless of its familiarity. Therefore, the lateral occipital regions may play an intermediate role in integrating the local information in an object. Finally, the fusiform gyrus plays a critical role in analyzing global configurations of a visual word form. This is consistent with the notion that the human visual cortex analyzes an object in a hierarchical way.
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Chen C, Xue G, Mei L, Chen C, Dong Q. Cultural neurolinguistics. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2009; 178:159-71. [PMID: 19874968 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17811-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As the only species that evolved to possess a language faculty, humans have been surprisingly generative in creating a diverse array of language systems. These systems vary in phonology, morphology, syntax, and written forms. Before the advent of modern brain-imaging techniques, little was known about how differences across languages are reflected in the brain. This chapter aims to provide an overview of an emerging area of research - cultural neurolinguistics - that examines systematic cross-cultural/crosslinguistic variations in the neural networks of languages. We first briefly describe general brain networks for written and spoken languages. We then discuss language-specific brain regions by highlighting differences in neural bases of different scripts (logographic vs. alphabetic scripts), orthographies (transparent vs. nontransparent orthographies), and tonality (tonal vs. atonal languages). We also discuss neural basis of second language and the role of native language experience in second-language acquisition. In the last section, we outline a general model that integrates culture and neural bases of language and discuss future directions of research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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45
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Wang XD, Wang MT, Lee DJ. Neuroimaging study of partial differential equation reading in brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcice.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Liu C, Zhang WT, Tang YY, Mai XQ, Chen HC, Tardif T, Luo YJ. The Visual Word Form Area: Evidence from an fMRI study of implicit processing of Chinese characters. Neuroimage 2008; 40:1350-61. [PMID: 18272399 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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47
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48
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Li G, Cheung RTF, Gao JH, Lee TMC, Tan LH, Fox PT, Jack CR, Yang ES. Cognitive processing in Chinese literate and illiterate subjects: an fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2006; 27:144-52. [PMID: 16080160 PMCID: PMC6871360 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2004] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) were used to map brain activation during language tasks. While previous studies have compared performance between alphabetic literate and illiterate subjects, there have been no such data in Chinese-speaking individuals. In this study, we used fMRI to examine the effects of education on neural activation associated with silent word recognition and silent picture-naming tasks in 24 healthy right-handed Chinese subjects (12 illiterates and 12 literates). There were 30 single Chinese characters in the silent word recognition task and 30 meaningful road-signs in the silent picture-naming task. When we compared literate and illiterate subjects, we observed education-related differences in activation patterns in the left inferior/middle frontal gyrus and both sides of the superior temporal gyrus for the silent word recognition task and in the bilateral inferior/middle frontal gyrus and left limbic cingulated gyrus for the silent picture-naming task. These results indicate that the patterns of neural activation associated with language tasks are strongly influenced by education. Education appears to have enhanced cognitive processing efficiency in language tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Li
- The Jockey Club MRI Center, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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49
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Booth JR, Lu D, Burman DD, Chou TL, Jin Z, Peng DL, Zhang L, Ding GS, Deng Y, Liu L. Specialization of phonological and semantic processing in Chinese word reading. Brain Res 2006; 1071:197-207. [PMID: 16427033 PMCID: PMC2626184 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the neurocognitive network for processing visual word forms in native Chinese speakers using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In order to compare the processing of phonological and semantic representations, we developed parallel rhyming and meaning association judgment tasks that required explicit access and manipulation of these representations. Subjects showed activation in left inferior/middle frontal gyri, bilateral medial frontal gyri, bilateral middle occipital/fusiform gyri, and bilateral cerebella for both the rhyming and meaning tasks. A direct comparison of the tasks revealed that the rhyming task showed more activation in the posterior dorsal region of the inferior/middle frontal gyrus (BA 9/44) and in the inferior parietal lobule (BA 40). The meaning task showed more activation in the anterior ventral region of the inferior/middle frontal gyrus (BA 47) and in the superior/middle temporal gyrus (BA 22,21). These findings are consistent with previous studies in English that suggest specialization of inferior frontal regions for the access and manipulation of phonological vs. semantic representations, but also suggest that this specialization extends to the middle frontal gyrus for Chinese. These findings are also consistent with the suggestion that the left middle temporal gyrus is involved in representing semantic information and the left inferior parietal lobule is involved in mapping between orthographic and phonological representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Booth
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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Yoon HW, Chung JY, Kim KH, Song MS, Park HW. An fMRI study of Chinese character reading and picture naming by native Korean speakers. Neurosci Lett 2006; 392:90-5. [PMID: 16219423 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chinese characters appear in the currently used Korean language, and the system used for writing system the Korean language consists of a mixture of the Korean alphabet and Chinese characters. In the present study, neural mechanisms involved in reading a single Chinese character words and naming pictures by Korean native speakers were investigated using a functional magnetic resonance imaging technique. The findings show a right hemispheric dominance within the occipito-temporal and the left middle/medial frontal area for both reading Chinese characters and naming pictures. This should reflect the specific visual processing of reading Chinese characters. Additional activations in inferior frontal and cingulage gyrus were also observed. The activations of inferior parietal region and thalamus are of interest, since we assume that these activations are strongly related to the phonological status of single Chinese character words rather than two character words that are typically used by Korean native speakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Woon Yoon
- fMRI Laboratory of Brain Science Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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