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Wu YL, Zhu AQ, Zhou XT, Zhang KW, Yuan XJ, Yuan M, He J, Pineda MA, Li KP. A Novel Ultrafiltrate Extract of Propolis Exerts Anti-inflammatory Activity through Metabolic Rewiring. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301315. [PMID: 38189169 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Thousands of years ago, humans started to use propolis because of its medicinal properties, and modern science has successfully identified several bioactive molecules within this resinous bee product. However, a natural propolis extract which has been removed the adhesive glue and preserved propolis bioactive compounds is urgently needed to maximise the therapeutic opportunities. In this study, a novel ultrafiltrate fraction from Brazilian green propolis, termed P30K, was demonstrated with anti-inflammatory properties, both in vitro and in vivo. Total flavonoids and total phenolic acids content in P30K were 244.6 mg/g and 275.8 mg/g respectively, while the IC50 value of inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was 8.30 μg/mL. The anti-inflammatory activity of P30K was furtherly corroborated in experimental models of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced acute liver and lung injury. Mechanistically, integrated GC-MS and LC-MS based serum metabolomics analysis revealed that P30K modulated citrate cycle (TCA), pyruvate, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism pathways to inhibit secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Results of network pharmacology and molecular docking suggested that P30K targeted catechol-O-methyltransferases (COMT), 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD11B1), and monoamine oxidases (MAOA and MAOB) to promote cellular metabolomic rewiring. Collectively, our work reveals P30K as an efficient therapeutic agent against inflammatory conditions and its efficacy is related to metabolic rewiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Lin Wu
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 280 East Road, Outer Ring, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China, 510006
| | - An-Qi Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 280 East Road, Outer Ring, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China, 510006
| | - Xiao-Ting Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 280 East Road, Outer Ring, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China, 510006
| | - Ke-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 280 East Road, Outer Ring, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China, 510006
| | - Xu-Jiang Yuan
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Min Yuan
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 280 East Road, Outer Ring, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China, 510006
| | - Jian He
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition & Health., Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Miguel A Pineda
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, University of Glasgow, University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Kun-Ping Li
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 280 East Road, Outer Ring, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China, 510006
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García-Revilla J, Herrera AJ, de Pablos RM, Venero JL. Inflammatory Animal Models of Parkinson’s Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S165-S182. [PMID: 35662128 PMCID: PMC9535574 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-213138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that microglia and peripheral immune cells may play determinant roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Consequently, there is a need to take advantage of immune-related models of PD to study the potential contribution of microglia and peripheral immune cells to the degeneration of the nigrostriatal system and help develop potential therapies for PD. In this review, we have summarised the main PD immune models. From a historical perspective, we highlight first the main features of intranigral injections of different pro-inflammogens, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thrombin, neuromelanin, etc. The use of adenoviral vectors to promote microglia-specific overexpression of different molecules in the ventral mesencephalon, including α-synuclein, IL-1β, and TNF, are also presented and briefly discussed. Finally, we summarise different models associated with peripheral inflammation whose contribution to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is now an outstanding question. Illustrative examples included systemic LPS administration and dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan García-Revilla
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Herrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Rocío M. de Pablos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José Luis Venero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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Ionov ID, Pushinskaya II, Gorev NP, Frenkel DD, Severtsev NN. Anticataleptic activity of nicotine in rats: involvement of the lateral entorhinal cortex. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2471-2483. [PMID: 34002247 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05870-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Recently, it was found that cyclosomatostatin-induced catalepsy in middle-aged rats is accompanied by neuronal hypoactivation in the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEntCx); this hypoactivation was reversed by systemic administration of nicotine combined with diphenhydramine. These findings suggest the ability of nicotine to regulate catalepsy and the involvement of the LEntCx in this nicotine effect. OBJECTIVES The study was aimed to assess whether nicotine alone influences catalepsy when injected into the LEntCx and some other neuroanatomical structures. METHODS Experiments were conducted with male Wistar rats of 540-560 days of age. Catalepsy was induced by intracerebroventricular injection of cyclosomatostatin and assessed by the standard bar test. Nicotine was injected into the LEntCx, prelimbic cortex (PrCx), or basolateral amygdala (BLA). The tissue levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine, and DOPAC in the substantia nigra pars compacta and dorsal striatum were measured with use of HPLC and ELISA. RESULTS Injections of nicotine into the LEntCx but not into the PrCx and BLA produced anticataleptic effect; the nicotine effect was significantly reversed by intra-LEntCx administration of NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists. Nicotine also attenuated cataleptogen-induced changes in nigrostriatal dopamine metabolism. CONCLUSIONS This may be the first demonstration of anticataleptic activity of nicotine. The results show that the effect is mediated by nicotine receptors in the LEntCx, via a glutamatergic mechanism. These findings may help advance the development of novel treatments for extrapyramidal disorders, including parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya D Ionov
- Centre On Theoretical Problems in Physical and Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 123-4-63, Moscow, 117513, Russia.
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The Link between Gut Dysbiosis and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease. Neuroscience 2020; 432:160-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Pisa D, Alonso R, Carrasco L. Parkinson's Disease: A Comprehensive Analysis of Fungi and Bacteria in Brain Tissue. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1135-1152. [PMID: 32174790 PMCID: PMC7053320 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.42257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by motor disorders and the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. In addition to motor disability, many patients with PD present a spectrum of clinical symptoms, including cognitive decline, psychiatric alterations, loss of smell and bladder dysfunction, among others. Neuroinflammation is one of the most salient features of PD, but the nature of the trigger remains unknown. A plausible mechanism to explain inflammation and the range of clinical symptoms in these patients is the presence of systemic microbial infection. Accordingly, the present study provides extensive evidence for the existence of mixed microbial infections in the central nervous system (CNS) of patients with PD. Assessment of CNS sections by immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies revealed the presence of both fungi and bacteria. Moreover, different regions of the CNS were positive for a variety of microbial morphologies, suggesting infection by a number of microorganisms. Identification of specific fungal and bacterial species in different CNS regions from six PD patients was accomplished using nested PCR analysis and next-generation sequencing, providing compelling evidence of polymicrobial infections in the CNS of PD. Most of the fungal species identified belong to the genera Botrytis, Candida, Fusarium and Malassezia. Some relevant bacterial genera were Streptococcus and Pseudomonas, with most bacterial species belonging to the phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. Interestingly, we noted similarities and differences between the microbiota present in the CNS of patients with PD and that in other neurodegenerative diseases. Overall, our observations lend strong support to the concept that mixed microbial infections contribute to or are a risk factor for the neuropathology of PD. Importantly, these results provide the basis for effective treatments of this disease using already approved and safe antimicrobial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luis Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM). c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco. 28049 Madrid. Spain
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Ionov ID, Pushinskaya II, Gorev NP, Shpilevaya LA. Synergistic anticataleptic effect of imipramine and nicotine in a rotenone-induced rat model. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:3125-3133. [PMID: 31069424 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Some antidepressants have been previously found to produce anti-parkinsonian effect; nicotine was known to mitigate experimental neurotoxic lesions. The anticataleptic efficacy of antidepressant-nicotine co-administration is unstudied. OBJECTIVES This work aimed to evaluate anticataleptic action of imipramine-nicotine combination in rotenone model. METHODS Catalepsy was measured by the bar test. Concentrations of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine, and DOPAC were determined in the substantia nigra and dorsal striatum using ELISA and HPLC techniques; additionally, dopamine/DOPAC ratio was calculated for both areas. RESULTS Imipramine and nicotine alone were ineffective; however, co-administration of the drugs significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited rotenone-induced catalepsy and mitigated neurochemical changes in the nigrostriatal system. Anticataleptic effect of the combination exceeded that of levodopa, a standard drug for anti-parkinsonian treatment. CONCLUSION The combined use of imipramine and nicotine at relatively low doses inhibits neurotoxin-induced catalepsy and nigrostriatal neurochemical changes. The co-administration of these drugs might be a new approach to the treatment of extrapyramidal dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya D Ionov
- Centre on Theoretical Problems in Physical and Chemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 123-4-63, Moscow, 117513, Russia.
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O'Brien JA, Austin PJ. Effect of Photobiomodulation in Rescuing Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Dopaminergic Cell Loss in the Male Sprague-Dawley Rat. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080381. [PMID: 31430990 PMCID: PMC6723099 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) provides neuroprotection against dopaminergic cell death and associated motor deficits in rodent and primate models of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, it has not yet been tested in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model of PD, which leads to dopaminergic cell death through microglia-evoked neuroinflammation. We investigated whether transcranial PBM could protect against dopaminergic cell death within the substantia nigra in male Sprague–Dawley rats following supranigral LPS injection. PBM fully protected rats from 10 µg LPS which would have otherwise caused 15% cell loss, but there was no significant neuroprotection at a 20 µg dose that led to a 50% lesion. Cell loss at this dose varied according to the precise site of injection and correlated with increased local numbers of highly inflammatory amoeboid microglia. Twenty microgram LPS caused motor deficits in the cylinder, adjusted stepping and rotarod tests that correlated with dopaminergic cell loss. While PBM caused no significant improvement at the group level, motor performance on all three tests no longer correlated with the lesion size caused by 20 µg LPS in PBM-treated rats, suggesting extranigral motor improvements in some animals. These results provide support for PBM as a successful neuroprotective therapy against the inflammatory component of early PD, provided inflammation has not reached a devastating level, as well as potential benefits in other motor circuitries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayden A O'Brien
- Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paul J Austin
- Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Beier EE, Neal M, Alam G, Edler M, Wu LJ, Richardson JR. Alternative microglial activation is associated with cessation of progressive dopamine neuron loss in mice systemically administered lipopolysaccharide. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 108:115-127. [PMID: 28823928 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation arising from central and/or peripheral sources contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). Emerging data suggest that differential activation of glia could lead to the pathogenesis and progression of PD. Here, we sought to determine the relationship between lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment, loss of dopaminergic neurons and differential activation of glia. Using a model of repeated injections with LPS (1mg/kg, i.p. for 4days), we found that LPS induced a 34% loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra 19days after initiation of treatment, but no further cell loss was observed at 36days. LPS induced a strong pro-inflammatory response with increased mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory markers, including tumor necrosis factor-α (4.8-fold), inducible nitric oxide synthase (2.0-fold), interleukin-1 beta (8.9-fold), interleukin-6 (10.7-fold), and robust glial activation were observed at 1day after final dose of LPS. These pro-inflammatory genes were then reduced at 19days after treatment, when there was a rise in the anti-inflammatory genes Ym1 (1.8-fold) and arginase-1 (2.6-fold). Additionally, 36days after the last LPS injection there was a significant increase in interleukin-10 (2.1-fold) expression. The qPCR data results were supported by protein data, including cytokine measurements, western blotting, and immunofluorescence in brain microglia. Taken together, these data demonstrate that progressive neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra following LPS is likely arrested by microglia shifting to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Thus, strategies to promote resolution of neuroinflammation may be a promising avenue to slow the progressive loss of dopamine neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Beier
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Matthew Neal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Gelerah Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Melissa Edler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States.
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Mansur A, Liese B, Steinau M, Ghadimi M, Bergmann I, Tzvetkov M, Popov AF, Beissbarth T, Bauer M, Hinz J. The CD14 rs2569190 TT Genotype Is Associated with an Improved 30-Day Survival in Patients with Sepsis: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127761. [PMID: 26020644 PMCID: PMC4447461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
According to previous investigations, CD14 is suggested to play a pivotal role in initiating and perpetuating the pro-inflammatory response during sepsis. A functional polymorphism within the CD14 gene, rs2569190, has been shown to impact the pro-inflammatory response upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, a central mediator of inflammation in sepsis. In this study, we hypothesized that the strong pro-inflammatory response induced by the TT genotype of CD14 rs2569190 may have a beneficial effect on survival (30-day) in patients with sepsis. A total of 417 adult patients with sepsis (and of western European descent) were enrolled into this observational study. Blood samples were collected for rs2569190 genotyping. Patients were followed over the course of their stay in the ICU, and the 30-day mortality risk was recorded as the primary outcome parameter. Sepsis-related organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores were quantified at sepsis onset and throughout the observational period to monitor organ failure as a secondary variable. Moreover, organ support-free days were evaluated as a secondary outcome parameter. TT-homozygous patients were compared to C-allele carriers. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed a higher 30-day mortality risk among C-allele carriers compared with T homozygotes (p = 0.0261). To exclude the effect of potential confounders (age, gender, BMI and type of infection) and covariates that varied at baseline with a p-value < 0.2 (e.g., comorbidities), we performed multivariate Cox regression analysis to examine the survival time. The CD14 rs2569190 C allele remained a significant covariate for the 30-day mortality risk in the multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.08-4.12; p = 0.0282). The 30-day mortality rate among C allele carriers was 23%, whereas the T homozygotes had a mortality rate of 13%. Additionally, an analysis of organ-specific SOFA scores revealed a significantly higher SOFA-Central nervous system score among patients carrying the C allele compared with T-homozygous patients (1.9±1.1 and 1.6±1.0, respectively; p = 0.0311). In conclusion, CD14 rs2569190 may act as a prognostic variable for the short-term outcome (30-day survival) in patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashham Mansur
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin Liese
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Steinau
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Ghadimi
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Bergmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mladen Tzvetkov
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Aron Frederik Popov
- Department of Cardiothoracic Transplantation & Mechanical Support, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital, Harefield, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Beissbarth
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Martin Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - José Hinz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
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Liu RP, Zou M, Wang JY, Zhu JJ, Lai JM, Zhou LL, Chen SF, Zhang X, Zhu JH. Paroxetine ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia activation via differential regulation of MAPK signaling. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:47. [PMID: 24618100 PMCID: PMC3995780 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paroxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor for counteracting depression, has been recently suggested as having a role in prevention of dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in substantia nigra, a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). The pathogenesis of this type of neurological disorders often involves the activation of microglia and associated inflammatory processes. Thus in this study we aimed to understand the role of paroxetine in microglia activation and to elucidate the underlying mechanism(s). METHODS BV2 and primary microglial cells were pretreated with paroxetine and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cells were assessed for the responses of pro-inflammatory mediator and cytokines, and the related signaling pathways were evaluated and analyzed in BV2 cells. RESULTS Paroxetine significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β. Further analysis showed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-1β were attenuated by paroxetine pretreatment. Analyses in signaling pathways demonstrated that paroxetine led to suppression of LPS-induced JNK1/2 activation and baseline ERK1/2 activity, but had little effect on the activation of p38 and p65/NF-κB. Interference with specific inhibitors revealed that paroxetine-mediated suppression of NO production was via JNK1/2 pathway while the cytokine suppression was via both JNK1/2 and ERK1/2 pathways. Furthermore, conditioned media culture showed that paroxetine suppressed the microglia-mediated neurotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Paroxetine inhibits LPS-stimulated microglia activation through collective regulation of JNK1/2 and ERK1/2 signaling. Our results indicate a potential role of paroxetine in neuroprotection via its anti-neuroinflammatory effect besides targeting for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology & Geriatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
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Babri S, Doosti MH, Salari AA. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha during neonatal brain development affects anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in adult male and female mice. Behav Brain Res 2014; 261:305-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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On the association between lipopolysaccharide induced catalepsy and serotonin metabolism in the brain of mice genetically different in the predisposition to catalepsy. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 111:71-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Dos Santos ACD, Castro MAV, Jose EAK, Delattre AM, Dombrowski PA, Da Cunha C, Ferraz AC, Lima MM. REM sleep deprivation generates cognitive and neurochemical disruptions in the intranigral rotenone model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1508-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina D. Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba Paraná Brasil
| | - Marcela Alexandra V. Castro
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba Paraná Brasil
| | - Elis Angela K. Jose
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba Paraná Brasil
| | - Ana Márcia Delattre
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba Paraná Brasil
| | - Patrícia A. Dombrowski
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Farmacologia do Sistema Nervoso Central, Departamento de Farmacologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba Paraná Brasil
| | - Claudio Da Cunha
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Farmacologia do Sistema Nervoso Central, Departamento de Farmacologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba Paraná Brasil
| | - Anete C. Ferraz
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba Paraná Brasil
| | - Marcelo M.S. Lima
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba Paraná Brasil
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Doursout MF, Schurdell MS, Young LM, Osuagwu U, Hook DM, Poindexter BJ, Schiess MC, Bick DLM, Bick RJ. Inflammatory cells and cytokines in the olfactory bulb of a rat model of neuroinflammation; insights into neurodegeneration? J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:376-83. [PMID: 23600861 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined inflammatory cell and cytokine production in brain tissue from a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rat model that mimics many of the neuropathologic changes associated with neurodegenerative diseases We also monitored the appearance of a glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and circulating nitric oxide (NO) levels, as well as an immune system-associated cells in a selected area of the brain, the olfactory lobe. The studies were based on the hypothesis that LPS treatment stimulates temporal changes within the brain and that these responses include immune cell recruitment, increased tissue levels of immune modulating cytokines and NO, as well as greater glial cell activation resulting in increased production of GDNF. As previously reported by other investigators, our animal model of systemic LPS treatment leads to an increase in the concentrations of circulating cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-Iβ, and IL-6, with a maximum response 6 h post LPS administration. Concomitant with cytokine elevations, circulating NO levels were elevated for several hours post LPS administration. The brain content of the GDNF was also elevated over a similar time frame. Lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, plasma cells, and cytokines were all seen in various areas of LPS-treated brains, often around blood vessels associated with the meninges, with these localizations possibly indicating involvement of both the blood-brain and blood-cerebral spinal fluid barriers in these inflammatory episodes. Our results suggest an involvement of both the peripheral and the central nervous system immune components in response to inflammation and inflammatory episodes. This leads us to propose that inflammation initiates an immune response by activating both microglia and astrocytes and that the presence of continuing and increasing proinflammatory mechanisms results in a situation, where cellular protective mechanisms are overcome and the more susceptible cells enter into cell death pathways, initiating a train of events that is a major part of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Francoise Doursout
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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15
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Hoban DB, Connaughton E, Connaughton C, Hogan G, Thornton C, Mulcahy P, Moloney TC, Dowd E. Further characterisation of the LPS model of Parkinson's disease: a comparison of intra-nigral and intra-striatal lipopolysaccharide administration on motor function, microgliosis and nigrostriatal neurodegeneration in the rat. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 27:91-100. [PMID: 23044176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation has been established as one of the many processes involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Because of this, researchers have attempted to replicate this pathogenic feature in animal models using the potent inflammagen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in order to gain better understanding of immune-mediated events in PD. However, although the effect of intra-cerebral LPS on neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration has been relatively well characterised, its impact on motor function has been less well studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to further characterise the neuropathological and behavioural impact of intra-nigral and intra-striatal administration of LPS. To do, LPS (10 μg) or vehicle (sterile saline) were stereotaxically injected into the adult rat substantia nigra or striatum on one side only. The effect of LPS administration on lateralised motor function was assessed using the Corridor, Stepping and Whisker tests for two weeks post-injection, after which, amphetamine-induced rotational asymmetry was completed. Post-mortem, the impact of LPS on nigrostriatal degeneration and microgliosis was assessed using quantitative tyrosine hydroxylase and OX-42 immunohistochemistry respectively. We found that intra-nigral administration of LPS led to localised microgliosis in the substantia nigra and this was accompanied by nigrostriatal neurodegeneration and stable spontaneous motor deficits. In contrast, intra-striatal administration of LPS led to localised microgliosis in the striatum but this did not lead to any nigrostriatal neurodegeneration and only induced transient motor dysfunction. In conclusion, this study reveals the impact of intra-cerebral LPS administration on PD-related neuropathology and motor function, and it indicates that the intra-nigral model may be a highly relevant model as it is associated with stable motor decline underpinned by nigral microgliosis and nigrostriatal neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre B Hoban
- The Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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16
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Behavioral, neurochemical and histological alterations promoted by bilateral intranigral rotenone administration: a new approach for an old neurotoxin. Neurotox Res 2011; 21:291-301. [PMID: 21953489 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotenone exposure in rodents provides an interesting model for studying mechanisms of toxin-induced dopaminergic neuronal injury. However, several aspects remain unclear regarding the effects and the accuracy of rotenone as an animal model of Parkinson's disease (PD). In order to counteract these limitations, this study characterized a precise neurotoxin-delivery strategy employing the bilateral intranigral administration protocol of rotenone as a reliable model of PD. We performed bilateral intranigral injections of rotenone (12 μg) and subsequent general activity (1, 10, 20, and 30 days after rotenone) and cognitive (7, 8, 15, and 30 days after rotenone) evaluations followed by neurochemical and immunohistochemical tests. We have observed that rotenone was able to produce a remarkable reduction on the percentage of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons (about 60%) within the substantia nigra pars compacta. Dopamine (DA) was severely depleted at 30 days after rotenone administration, similarly to its metabolites. In addition, an increase in DA turnover was detected at the same time-point. In parallel, striatal serotonin and its metabolite were found to be increased 30 days after the neurotoxic insult, without apparent modification in the serotonin turnover. Besides, motor behavior was impaired, mainly 1 day after rotenone. Furthermore, learning and memory processes were severely disrupted in different time-points, particularly at the training and test session (30 days). We now provide further evidence of a time-dependent neurodegeneration associated to cognitive impairment after the single bilateral intranigral administration of rotenone. Thus, it is proposed that the current rotenone protocol provides an improvement regarding the existing rotenone models of PD.
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17
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Liu M, Bing G. Lipopolysaccharide animal models for Parkinson's disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2011; 2011:327089. [PMID: 21603177 PMCID: PMC3096023 DOI: 10.4061/2011/327089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria, acts as a potent stimulator of microglia and has been used to study the inflammatory process in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and anti-inflammatory therapy for PD treatment. Here, we review the growing body of literature on both in vitro and in vivo LPS PD models. Primary cell cultures from mesencephalic tissue were exposed to LPS in vitro; LPS was stereotaxically injected into the substantia nigra, striatum, or globus pallidus of brain or injected into the peritoneal cavity of the animal in vivo. In conclusion, the LPS PD models are summarized as (1) local and direct LPS treatment and (2) systemic LPS treatment. Mechanisms underlying the PD models are investigated and indicated that LPS induces microglial activation to release a variety of neurotoxic factors, and damaged neurons may trigger reactive microgliosis, which lead to progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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18
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Abstract
Microglia mediate neuroprotection and neuropathogenesis but have not been directly associated with behavior. As gatekeepers of the brain's immune system, microglia protect the brain from pathogens but also contribute to inflammation, which may negatively affect neurons. A recent study demonstrates a role for Hoxb8-expressing microglia in modulating behavior, a finding that is interesting from both the pathology and developmental biology perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mathew Antony
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5.
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Ariza D, Lima MMS, Moreira CG, Dombrowski PA, Avila TV, Allemand A, B Mendes DAG, Cunha CD, Vital MABF. Intranigral LPS Administration Produces Dopamine, Glutathione but not Behavioral Impairment in Comparison to MPTP and 6-OHDA Neurotoxin Models of Parkinson’s Disease. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1620-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Hunter RL, Cheng B, Choi DY, Liu M, Liu S, Cass WA, Bing G. Intrastriatal lipopolysaccharide injection induces parkinsonism in C57/B6 mice. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:1913-21. [PMID: 19224579 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A role for inflammation has been hypothesized in the etiology and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we generated, characterized, and validated the first progressive PD-related mouse model (C57/B6) with intrastriatal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We showed progressive and specific dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra, which is accompanied by striatal dopamine depletion and progressive behavioral impairment, which was alleviated by the use of the PD drug L-Dopa. We focused on the role of nitric oxide (NO) in inflammation-promoted cell death and suggest that the expression of the inducible NO synthase plays a role in the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons but not the initial loss induced by LPS. With this model, future research can be performed in gene knockout mice to study other potential mechanisms of inflammation-induced neurodegeneration. In addition, this model can be used to screen therapeutics for PD at a more clinically relevant time (i.e., after LPS injection but before manifestation of PD-related behavioral impairment), because most PD drugs are screened in animal models in which inhibitors are given predisease induction. Thus, this novel PD-related model should be further characterized and strongly considered as a tool for future drug studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy L Hunter
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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21
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Abstract
Background Sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with unknown cause, but it has been suggested that neuroinflammation may play a role in pathogenesis of the disease. Neuroinflammatory component in process of PD neurodegeneration was proposed by postmortem, epidemiological and animal model studies. However, it remains unclear how neuroinflammatory factors contribute to dopaminergic neuronal death in PD. Findings In this study, we analyzed the relationship among inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-derived NO, mitochondrial dysfunction and dopaminergic neurodegeneration to examine the possibility that microglial neuroinflammation may induce dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra. Unilateral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the striatum of rat was followed by immunocytochemical, histological, neurochemical and biochemical analyses. In addition, behavioral assessments including cylinder test and amphetamine-induced rotational behavior test were employed to validate ipsilateral damage to the dopamine nigrostriatal pathway. LPS injection caused progressive degeneration of the dopamine nigrostriatal system, which was accompanied by motor impairments including asymmetric usage of forelimbs and amphetamine-induced turning behavior in animals. Interestingly, some of the remaining nigral dopaminergic neurons had intracytoplasmic accumulation of α-synuclein and ubiquitin. Furthermore, defect in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and extensive S-nitrosylation/nitration of mitochondrial complex I were detected prior to the dopaminergic neuronal loss. The mitochondrial injury was prevented by treatment with L-N6-(l-iminoethyl)-lysine, an iNOS inhibitor, suggesting that iNOS-derived NO is associated with the mitochondrial impairment. Conclusions These results implicate neuroinflammation-induced S-nitrosylation/nitration of mitochondrial complex I in mitochondrial malfunction and subsequent degeneration of the nigral dopamine neurons.
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Jenner P. Functional models of Parkinson's disease: a valuable tool in the development of novel therapies. Ann Neurol 2009; 64 Suppl 2:S16-29. [PMID: 19127585 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Functional models of Parkinson's disease (PD) have led to effective treatment for the motor symptoms. Toxin-based models, such as the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated primate, have resulted in novel dopaminergic therapies and new therapeutic strategies. They have also been used to study processes underlying motor complications, particularly dyskinesia, and for developing pharmacological approaches to dyskinesia avoidance and suppression. Symptomatic models of PD based on nigrostriatal degeneration have a high degree of predictability of clinical effect of dopaminergic drugs on motor symptoms in humans. However, the effects of nondopaminergic drugs in these models do not translate effectively into clinical efficacy. Newer experimental models of PD have attempted to reproduce the pathogenic process and to involve all areas of the brain pathologically affected in humans. In addition, models showing progressive neuronal death have been sought but so far unsuccessfully. Pathogenic modeling has been attempted using a range of toxins, as well as through the use of transgenic models of gene defects in familial PD and mutant rodent strains. However, there are still no accepted progressive models of PD that mimic the processes known to occur during cell death and that result in the motor deficits, pathology, biochemistry, and drug responsiveness as seen in humans. Nevertheless, functional models of PD have led to many advances in treating the motor symptoms of the disorder, and we have been fortunate to have them available. They are an important reason the treatment of PD is so much better compared with treatments for related illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jenner
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Centre, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom.
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23
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Venneti S, Lopresti BJ, Wang G, Slagel SL, Mason NS, Mathis CA, Fischer ML, Larsen NJ, Mortimer AD, Hastings TG, Smith AD, Zigmond MJ, Suhara T, Higuchi M, Wiley CA. A comparison of the high-affinity peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands DAA1106 and (R)-PK11195 in rat models of neuroinflammation: implications for PET imaging of microglial activation. J Neurochem 2007; 102:2118-2131. [PMID: 17555551 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Activated microglia are an important feature of many neurological diseases and can be imaged in vivo using 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (PK11195), a ligand that binds the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR). N-(2,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-N-(5-fluoro-2-phenoxyphenyl) acetamide (DAA1106) is a new PBR-specific ligand that has been reported to bind to PBR with higher affinity compared with PK11195. We hypothesized that this high-affinity binding of DAA1106 to PBR will enable better delineation of microglia in vivo using positron emission tomography. [(3)H]DAA1106 showed higher binding affinity compared with [(3)H](R)-PK11195 in brain tissue derived from normal rats and the rats injected intrastriatally with 6-hydroxydopamine or lipopolysaccharide at the site of the lesion. Immunohistochemistry combined with autoradiography in brain tissues as well as correlation analyses showed that increased [(3)H]DAA1106 binding corresponded mainly to activated microglia. Finally, ex vivo autoradiography and positron emission tomography imaging in vivo showed greater retention of [(11)C]DAA1106 compared with [(11)C](R)-PK11195 in animals injected with either lipopolysaccaride or 6-hydroxydopamine at the site of lesion. These results indicate that DAA1106 binds with higher affinity to microglia in rat models of neuroinflammation when compared with PK11195, suggesting that [(11)C]DAA1106 may represent a significant improvement over [(11)C](R)-PK11195 for in vivo imaging of activated microglia in human neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Venneti
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAMolecular Neuroimaging Group, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Brian J Lopresti
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAMolecular Neuroimaging Group, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Guoji Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAMolecular Neuroimaging Group, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Susan L Slagel
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAMolecular Neuroimaging Group, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - N Scott Mason
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAMolecular Neuroimaging Group, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chester A Mathis
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAMolecular Neuroimaging Group, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Michelle L Fischer
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAMolecular Neuroimaging Group, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Niccole J Larsen
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAMolecular Neuroimaging Group, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Amanda D Mortimer
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAMolecular Neuroimaging Group, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Teresa G Hastings
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAMolecular Neuroimaging Group, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Amanda D Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAMolecular Neuroimaging Group, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Michael J Zigmond
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAMolecular Neuroimaging Group, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAMolecular Neuroimaging Group, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAMolecular Neuroimaging Group, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Clayton A Wiley
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USADepartment of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAMolecular Neuroimaging Group, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
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24
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Hunter RL, Dragicevic N, Seifert K, Choi DY, Liu M, Kim HC, Cass WA, Sullivan PG, Bing G. Inflammation induces mitochondrial dysfunction and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the nigrostriatal system. J Neurochem 2007; 100:1375-86. [PMID: 17254027 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that chronic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress play significant and perhaps synergistic roles in Parkinson's disease (PD), where the primary pathology is significant loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs for PD treatment has been proposed, and inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) or activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) yields neuroprotection in MPTP-induced PD. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces inflammation-driven dopaminergic neurodegeneration. We tested the hypothesis that celecoxib (Celebrex, COX-2 inhibitor) or pioglitazone (Actos, PPAR-gamma agonist) will reduce the LPS-induced inflammatory response, spare mitochondrial bioenergetics, and improve nigral dopaminergic neuronal survival. Rats were treated with vehicle, celecoxib, or pioglitazone and were intrastriatally injected with LPS. Inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, decreased dopamine, and nigral dopaminergic neuronal loss were observed post-LPS. Celecoxib and pioglitazone provided neuroprotective properties by decreasing inflammation and restoring mitochondrial function. Pioglitazone also attenuated oxidative stress and partially restored striatal dopamine as well as demonstrated dopaminergic neuroprotection and reduced nigral microglial activation. In summary, intrastriatal LPS served as a model for inflammation-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration, anti-inflammatory drugs provided protective properties, and pioglitazone or celecoxib may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of neuro-inflammation and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy L Hunter
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
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25
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Fan LW, Pang Y, Lin S, Tien LT, Ma T, Rhodes PG, Cai Z. Minocycline reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced neurological dysfunction and brain injury in the neonatal rat. J Neurosci Res 2006; 82:71-82. [PMID: 16118791 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preferential brain white matter injury and hypomyelination induced by intracerebral administration of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the neonatal rat brain has been characterized as associated with the activation of microglia. To examine whether inhibition of microglial activation might provide protection against LPS-induced brain injury and behavioral deficits, minocycline (45 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 12 hr before and immediately after an LPS (1 mg/kg) intracerebral injection in postnatal day 5 (P5) Sprague-Dawley rats and then every 24 hr for 3 days. Brain injury and myelination were examined on postnatal day 21 and the tests for neurobehavioral toxicity were carried out from P3 to P21. LPS administration resulted in severe white matter injury, enlarged ventricles, deficits in the hippocampus, loss of oligodendrocytes and tyrosine hydroxylase neurons, damage to axons and dendrites, and impaired myelination as indicated by the decrease in myelin basic protein immunostaining in the P21 rat brain. LPS administration also significantly affected physical development (body weight) and neurobehavioral performance, such as righting reflex, wire hanging maneuver, cliff avoidance, locomotor activity, gait analysis, and responses in the elevated plus-maze and passive avoidance task. Treatment with minocycline significantly attenuated the LPS-induced brain injury and improved neurobehavioral performance. The protective effect of minocycline was associated with its ability to attenuate LPS-induced microglial activation. These results suggest that inhibition of microglial activation by minocycline may have long-term protective effects in the neonatal brain on infection-induced brain injury and associated neurologic dysfunction in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lir-Wan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216-4504, USA
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Masilamoni JG, Vignesh S, Kirubagaran R, Jesudason EP, Jayakumar R. The neuroprotective efficacy of alpha-crystallin against acute inflammation in mice. Brain Res Bull 2005; 67:235-41. [PMID: 16144660 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Acute inflammation activates macrophages or monocytes and subsequently releases several inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. These proinflammatory cytokines activate astrocytes and trigger neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, we chose to address the mechanistic aspects of alpha-crystallin's protective function in inflammation-triggered neurotoxicity in mice. Alpha-crystallin, a lens structural protein, comprising alpha-A and alpha-B subunits is an ubiquitous molecular chaperone, which have been shown to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and enhance cellular glutathione level in the acute inflammation-induced mice. Results show that the proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and nitric oxide (NO) were significantly high (P<0.05) in the plasma, liver, cortex and hippocampus of inflammation-induced mice when compared to control. Alpha-crystallin pretreatment prevents inflammation-induced cytokines and NO production. In addition, a significant (P<0.05) reduction of dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) was also observed in the inflammation-induced mice. Nevertheless, their metabolites, such as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) increased significantly (P<0.05) as compared to control. The results indicate that alpha-crystallin pretreatment controls the inflammation-induced DA, 5-HT and NE catabolism and suggest that alpha-crystallin has the potential to act as an anti-inflammatory agent in the neuroprotective processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gunasingh Masilamoni
- Bio-Organic and Neurochemistry Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600020, Tamil Nadu, India
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27
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Iravani MM, Leung CCM, Sadeghian M, Haddon CO, Rose S, Jenner P. The acute and the long-term effects of nigral lipopolysaccharide administration on dopaminergic dysfunction and glial cell activation. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 22:317-30. [PMID: 16045485 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sustained reactive microgliosis may contribute to the progressive degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD), in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) exposed human and in non-human primates. However, the temporal relationship between glial cell activation and nigral cell death is relatively unexplored. Consequently, the effects of acute (24 h) and chronic (30 days) glial cell activation induced by unilateral supranigral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration were studied in rats. At 24 h, LPS administration caused a marked reduction in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) but striatal TH-ir was unaffected. By 30 days, the loss of TH-positive neurons in the LPS-treated nigra was no greater than at 24 h although a heterogeneous loss of striatal TH-ir was present. The loss of nigrostriatal neurons was of functional significance, as at 30 days, LPS-treated rats exhibited ipsiversive circling in response to (+)-amphetamine administration. At 24 h, there was a moderate increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-ir astrocytes in the SN but a marked elevation of p47phox positive OX-42-ir microglia, and intense inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-ir and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT)-ir was present. However, by 30 days the morphology of OX-42-ir microglia returned to a resting state, the numbers were greatly reduced and no 3-NT-ir was present. At 30 days, GFAP-ir astrocytes were markedly increased in number and iNOS-ir was present in fibrillar astrocyte-like cells. This study shows that acute glial activation leading to dopaminergic neuron degeneration is an acute short-lasting response that does not itself perpetuate cell death or lead to prolonged microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Iravani
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Centre, GKT School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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He Y, Imam SZ, Dong Z, Jankovic J, Ali SF, Appel SH, Le W. Role of nitric oxide in rotenone-induced nigro-striatal injury. J Neurochem 2003; 86:1338-45. [PMID: 12950443 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rotenone, a widely used pesticide, causes a syndrome in rats that mimics, both behaviorally and pathologically, the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. The present study evaluated the role of nitric oxide in rotenone-induced nigro-striatal injury. After administration of rotenone in rats for 40 days, there was a moderate but significant injury of the nigro-striatal pathway indicated by a 47% decrease in striatal dopamine levels and a 28% loss of substantia nigra tyrosine hydroxylase-immunopositive neurons. Furthermore, a significant (37%) increase in the number of cells positive for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) in the striatum was observed, accompanied by a 83% increase in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and a significant increase in the production of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT). There was a significant increase (45%) in the optical density of NADPH-d staining and an increase (72%) in NOS activity in the substantia nigra. Moreover, administration of the neuronal NOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole significantly attenuated the increased NOS activity and 3-NT production, and provided significant protection against rotenone-induced nigro-striatal injury. Our data suggest that chronic rotenone administration can lead to significant injury to the nigro-striatal system, mediated by increased generation of nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Liu B, Gao HM, Hong JS. Parkinson's disease and exposure to infectious agents and pesticides and the occurrence of brain injuries: role of neuroinflammation. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2003; 111:1065-73. [PMID: 12826478 PMCID: PMC1241555 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) is a devastating movement disorder characterized by selective degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. Neurodegeneration usually starts in the fifth decade of life and progresses over 5-10 years before reaching the fully symptomatic disease state. Despite decades of intense research, the etiology of sporadic PD and the mechanism underlying the selective neuronal loss remain unknown. However, the late onset and slow-progressing nature of the disease has prompted the consideration of environmental exposure to agrochemicals, including pesticides, as a risk factor. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that early-life occurrence of inflammation in the brain, as a consequence of either brain injury or exposure to infectious agents, may play a role in the pathogenesis of PD. Most important, there may be a self-propelling cycle of inflammatory process involving brain immune cells (microglia and astrocytes) that drives the slow yet progressive neurodegenerative process. Deciphering the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing those intricate interactions would significantly advance our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of PD and aid the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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