1
|
Rex TS, Calkins DJ. Women in visual neural regeneration research. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:489-490. [PMID: 38819061 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tonia S Rex
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bellomo TR, Reikersdorfer K, Grobman B, Lella SK, Zacharias N, Abai B, Slaw K, Garcia-Toca M. A Comprehensive Analysis of Leadership Attributes, Discrepancies, and Implications for Gender Equity in Vascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg 2024:S0741-5214(24)01236-9. [PMID: 38838967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2024.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Well-developed leadership skills have been associated with a better understanding of healthcare context, increased team performance, and improved patient outcomes. Surgeons, in particular, stand to benefit from leadership development. While studies have focused on investigating knowledge gaps and needs of surgeons in leadership roles, there is a noticeable gap in the literature concerning leadership in Vascular Surgery. The goal of this study was to characterize current leadership attributes of vascular surgeons and understand demographic influences on leadership patterns. METHODS This retrospective cohort study was a descriptive analysis of vascular surgeons and their observers who took the leadership practice inventory (LPI) from 2020 to 2023. The LPI is a 30 question inventory that measures the frequency of specific leadership behaviors across five practices of leadership. RESULTS A total of 110 vascular surgeons completed the LPI. The majority of participants were white (56%) and identified as male (60%). Vascular surgeons most frequently observed the "enabling others to act" leadership practice style (8.90 ± 0.74) by all evaluators. Vascular surgeons were most frequently above the 70th percentile in the "challenge the process" leadership practice style (49%) compared to the average of other leaders world-wide. Observers rated vascular surgeons as displaying significantly more frequent leadership behaviors than vascular surgeons rated themselves in every leadership practice style (P-value < 0.01). The only demographic variable associated with a significantly increased occurrence of achieving 70th percentile across all five leadership practice styles was the male gender: a multivariable model adjusting for objective experience showed men were at least 3.5 times more likely to be rated above the 70th percentile than women. CONCLUSIONS Vascular surgeons under report the frequency at which they practice leadership skills across all five leadership practice styles and should recognize their strengths of enabling others to act and challenging the process. Men are recognized as exhibiting all five leadership practices more frequently than women, regardless of current position or experience level. This observation may reflect the limited leadership positions available for women, thereby restricting their opportunities to demonstrate leadership practices as frequently or recognizably as their male counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R Bellomo
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
| | | | - Benjamin Grobman
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Srihari K Lella
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Nikolaos Zacharias
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Babak Abai
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ken Slaw
- Society for Vascular Surgery, Rosemont, IL
| | - Manuel Garcia-Toca
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Luigi M, Yin C, Misaghi E, Lao RX, Bogie BJM, Macklin J, Zeng A, Jones N. Training Outcomes and Satisfaction in Canadian MD/PhD and MD/MSc Programs: Findings from a National Survey. CLIN INVEST MED 2024; 47:12-22. [PMID: 38958475 DOI: 10.3138/cim-2024-2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the impact of physician-scientists on scientific discovery and translational medicine, several reports have signalled their declining workforce, reduced funding, and insufficient protected research time. Given the paucity of outcome data on Canadian MD/PhD programs, this study presents a national portrait of the sociodemographic characteristics, training trajectories, productivity, and satisfaction in trainees and alumni from Canadian MD/PhD and MD/MSc programs. METHODS Quantitative data were collected in a national survey launched in 2021. Respondents included 74 MD/PhD alumni and 121 trainees across 12 Canadian MD/PhD and MD/MSc programs. RESULTS Among MD/PhD alumni, 51% were independent practitioners/researchers while others underwent residency training. Most trainees (88%) were in MD/PhD programs. Significantly more alumni identified as men than did trainees. Significantly more alumni conducted clinical and health services research, while more trainees conducted basic science research. Average time to MD/PhD completion was 8 years, with no correlation to subsequent research outcomes. Self-reported research productivity was highest during MD/PhD training. Concerning training trajectories, most alumni completed residency, pursued additional training, and practised in Canada. Finally, regression models showed that trainees and alumni were satisfied with programs, with significant moderators in trainee models. CONCLUSION Survey findings showed Canadian MD/PhD and MD/MSc programs recruit more diverse cohorts of trainees than before, provide productive research years, and graduate alumni who pursue training and academic employment in Canada. Both alumni and trainees are largely satisfied with these training programs. The need to collect in-depth longitudinal data on Canadian MD/PhD graduates to monitor diversity and success metrics is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mimosa Luigi
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Charles Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ehsan Misaghi
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Robert X Lao
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jillian Macklin
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andy Zeng
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicola Jones
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cordeiro AA, Walsh KF, Sundararajan R, Reif LK, McNairy M, Mathad J, Downs JA, Fahme SA. The Female Global Scholars Program: A mixed-methods evaluation of a novel intervention to promote the retention and advancement of women in global health research. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002974. [PMID: 38805417 PMCID: PMC11132512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Fewer than 25% of global health leadership positions worldwide are held by women, adversely impacting women's health and widening gendered health disparities. The Female Global Scholars (FGS) Program, established in 2018 at Weill Cornell Medicine, is a two-year hybrid training and peer-mentorship program that promotes the retention and advancement of early-career female investigators conducting health research in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of the FGS Program on individual career advancement, academic productivity, and research self-efficacy. This mixed-methods study followed an explanatory sequential design. Participants completed an electronic survey collecting information on demographics, academic milestones, and research skill competency. Survey data were descriptively analyzed using R (Version 1.4.1106). In-depth interviews explored perceptions of the impact of the FGS Program on career development. The authors independently reviewed and thematically analyzed de-identified transcripts using NVivo (Version 13). In June 2022, twelve participants completed the survey. The median age was 40 years; 90% carried an MD, PhD, or other post-graduate degree. Since joining the FGS Program, respondents achieved a combined total of eight awarded grants, five academic promotions, 12 oral scientific presentations and 35 first-author peer-reviewed publications. Thematic analysis identified four overarching themes: gaining confidence through mimicry; improved self-efficacy to address gendered challenges; real-world application of scientific and career development skills; and building multi-disciplinary communities in a protected female-only space. We demonstrate that this low-cost training and mentorship program successfully addresses critical barriers that impede women's advancement in global health research. Our data may inform the adaptation of this initiative across other academic institutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A. Cordeiro
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kathleen F. Walsh
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Radhika Sundararajan
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lindsey K. Reif
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Margaret McNairy
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jyoti Mathad
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Downs
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Sasha A. Fahme
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Epidemiology and Population Health Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ipe TS, Tanhehco YC, Booth GS, Adkins BD. Gender differences in scholarly productivity of early-career transfusion medicine physicians. Vox Sang 2024; 119:490-495. [PMID: 38469683 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Promotion in academic medicine requires evidence of the creation and dissemination of scholarly output, primarily through peer-reviewed publications. Studies demonstrate that scholarly activity and impact are lower for women physicians than for men physicians, especially during the early stages of their academic careers. This report reviewed physicians' academic productivity after passing their Blood Banking/Transfusion Medicine (BBTM) subspecialty exam to determine if gender discrepancies exist. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was designed to determine trends in scholarly activity for women physicians versus men physicians in BBTM. Indexed publications were reviewed using iCite, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Portfolio Analysis tool, from 1 January 2017 to 1 December 2021, for BBTM examinees who passed the sub-speciality fellowship exam in the years 2016 through 2018. RESULTS Overall, women physicians had statistically significant fewer total career publications (median 6 vs. 9 cumulative papers, p = 0.03). Women published at a lower rate after passing BBTM boards, which was not statistically significant (0.7 vs. 1.3 publications per year). Other statistically significant findings include fewer early-career BBTM women physicians were first authors compared with men physicians (p = 0.03) and impact as assessed by relative citation ratio was higher for men (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that there are gender differences in scholarly productivity and impact on early-career BBTM physicians. Given that this cohort of BBTM physicians are early-career professionals, the significant difference in first authorship publications between women and men physicians is especially concerning. Publication metrics should be followed to ensure equitable research environments for early-career BBTM physicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina S Ipe
- Center for Apheresis and Regenerative Medicine, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Yvette C Tanhehco
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Garrett S Booth
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brian D Adkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tabaie SA, Dance S, Schmitz M, Lattanza L, Mesfin A. AOA Critical Issues Symposium: Advancing Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Orthopaedic Surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2024:00004623-990000000-01073. [PMID: 38635740 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.23.01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In recent years, the medical field has recognized the pivotal role of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in enhancing patient care and addressing health-care disparities. Orthopaedic surgery has embraced these principles to create a more inclusive and representative workforce. A DEI symposium that was sponsored by the American Orthopaedic Association convened orthopaedic surgeons, researchers, educators, and stakeholders to discuss challenges and strategies for implementing DEI initiatives. The symposium emphasized the importance of equity, and fostered conversations on creating equal opportunities and resources. Speakers covered key topics, including establishing DEI divisions, metrics for success, DEI leadership, and available resources, and promoted excellence and innovation in orthopaedic surgery through a more diverse and inclusive approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Dance
- Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Matthew Schmitz
- San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Proimos J, Boyle JA, Garth B, Loh E, Teede HJ. The role of medical colleges and member organisations in advancing women in health care leadership. Med J Aust 2024; 220:346-351. [PMID: 38451111 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.52244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Proimos
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
- Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | | | - Belinda Garth
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Erwin Loh
- Monash Partners Academic Health Sciences Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Helena J Teede
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
- Monash Partners Academic Health Sciences Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao X, Wider W, Jiang L, Fauzi MA, Tanucan JCM, Lin J, Udang LN. Transforming higher education institutions through EDI leadership: A bibliometric exploration. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26241. [PMID: 38390183 PMCID: PMC10882049 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive bibliometric study analyzes 1820 journal articles from the Web of Science database to explore Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI) leadership in higher education institutions (HEIs). Utilizing co-citation and co-word analysis, the study identifies distinct thematic clusters. The co-citation analysis reveals five key themes: Race, Diversity, and Inclusion (RDI), Diversity, Leadership, and Self-Efficacy (DLSE), Gender Dynamics and Leadership Challenges, Women's Representation in Academic Medicine Leadership, and Transformational Leadership in HEIs. Meanwhile, the co-word analysis highlights three critical areas: Transformative Collaborative Resilience in HEIs, Advancing Gender Equality in Academic Medicine and STEM, and Inclusive Educational Leadership in HEIs. These themes collectively provide a deep understanding of the EDI leadership field's intellectual structure, suggesting significant areas for future research and practical application. The study emphasizes the necessity for HEIs to engage comprehensively in EDI leadership research, shedding light on the importance of transformative collaborative resilience, gender equality in STEM, and inclusive leadership. This research offers valuable insights for developing effective EDI leadership policies and practices, highlighting the interconnectedness of these themes in fostering a more equitable, diverse, and inclusive environment in higher education and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangge Zhao
- School of Foreign Languages for International Business, Hebei Finance University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Walton Wider
- Faculty of Business and Communications, INTI International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Leilei Jiang
- Faculty of Education and Liberal Arts, INTI International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ashraf Fauzi
- Faculty of Industrial Management, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Gambang, Malaysia
| | | | - Jiaming Lin
- School of Economics and Management, Quanzhou University of Information Engineering, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lester Naces Udang
- School of Liberal Arts, Metharath University, Pathumthani, Thailand
- Educational Psychology, College of Education, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Malik E, Halling T, Dreher A, Marazia C, Esposito I, Loerbroks A, Hansson N. [Awards in pathology-a man's world?]. PATHOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 45:59-66. [PMID: 37861701 PMCID: PMC10827953 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-023-01239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Awards provide their recipients with fame and recognition, and subsequently facilitate publications and acquisition of external funding through increased visibility. We hypothesize that despite increasing representation in pathology, women are underrepresented as awardees in the German Society of Pathology and consequently there is an associated imbalance between genders. MATERIAL AND METHODS Published data from the German Society of Pathology on female awardees during the period from 2000 to 2022 were examined. Only awards specifically dedicated to the field of pathology were considered. In addition, the publicly available data of the German Medical Association on gender and age distribution of pathologists in Germany were considered as reference material. RESULTS A total of six different awards were included in the analysis. Among the 143 awardees across 150 individual awards in the period from 2000 to 2022, 55 (38.4%) of the awardees were female compared to an average percentage of 31% of women working in the field of pathology in the 23-year period under consideration. Consequently, female awardees in pathology were not underrepresented when compared to the national figures on the proportion of women in the field of pathology. However, the distribution of female awardees across individual awards suggests that women were increasingly represented in less prestigious research and doctoral awards, while men made up a large proportion of awardees of honorary awards (0% women) and prestigious awards (17% women).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Malik
- Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Centre for Health and Society, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - Thorsten Halling
- Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Centre for Health and Society, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - Annegret Dreher
- Institut für Arbeits-, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, Centre for Health and Society, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - Chantal Marazia
- Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Centre for Health and Society, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - Adrian Loerbroks
- Institut für Arbeits-, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, Centre for Health and Society, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - Nils Hansson
- Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Centre for Health and Society, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Blumenthal KG, Bansal P, Youssef CM, Pappalardo AA. Women in Allergy and Immunology: The Future Is Female, Let Us Soar! THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2023; 11:3569-3577. [PMID: 37315689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite increases in the number of female physicians in the past 50 years, women remain underrepresented in key areas of medicine, such as practice owners and partners, professional society leaders, principal investigators, full professors, chairs, and deans. Women are paid less, oftentimes for more work. Allergy and Immunology (AI), as a specialty, lacks substantial workforce research, but trends across specialties are consistent. We review what is currently known about women in AI and consider barriers to practice, advancement, and contribution. Through a new inquiry, we find that the challenges women in AI encounter can be summarized through 6 themes: work-life balance, professional advancement, salary equity, mentorship and sponsorship, bias, and sexual harassment and misconduct. Together, we must address these challenges head-on and provide an equitable environment for women in AI to thrive, especially those affected by intersectionality. To do so, we suggest targeted, tangible actions to promote opportunities, offer institutional support, and advance reporting and culture change outlets across AI settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly G Blumenthal
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Priya Bansal
- Asthma and Allergy Wellness Center, St. Charles, Ill; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Caroline M Youssef
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Andrea A Pappalardo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill; Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abraham J, Panchal K, Varshney L, Lakshmi Narayan K, Rahman S. Gender Disparities in First Authorship in Publications Related to Attention Deficit Hyperkinetic Disorder (ADHD) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Cureus 2023; 15:e49714. [PMID: 38161901 PMCID: PMC10757506 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The medical profession has experienced a significant increase in the number of women practitioners in recent decades, leading to a reduction in the gender gap. According to the United States Medical Association, approximately 25% of physicians in the United States are now women. Although this progress is evident in the clinical setting, women's representation in academic medicine remains disproportionately low. The underrepresentation of women in academia has various consequences, including limited access to academic resources and hindered career growth. Previous studies have attempted to analyze these disparities, but results have been inconsistent, and the issue's complexity has not been fully understood. This study aims to examine the disparity in the gender of first authors in academic publications related to " Artificial intelligence (AI) and Attention Deficit Hyperkinetic Disorder (ADHD)" between 2010 and 2023. Analysis was conducted on June 21st, 2023, using the database PubMed. The search term "AI" AND "ADHD" was used to derive all articles over a period of 13 years, from January 1st, 2010, to December 31st, 2022, excluding the year 2023 due to limited available publications. The relevant articles were downloaded in Microsoft Excel sheets. The gender of the first authors was determined using the NamSor app V.2, an application programming interface (API) with a large dataset of names and countries of origin. A total of 204 articles were considered for this study. There were 78 female first authors and 126 male first authors. The highest number of publications with a male first author occurred in 2022, with 32 publications. The Netherlands, Singapore, Turkey, and China have the highest gender ratios, indicating a more favourable representation of both genders. The p-value of 0.2664 suggests that there is no significant association between gender and country. The findings revealed a gender disparity, with a higher number of male first authors. By addressing and rectifying these disparities, we can enhance the overall quality, diversity, and inclusivity of research in the field of ADHD and Artificial Intelligence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeby Abraham
- General Medicine, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, IND
| | - Kashyap Panchal
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, American University of Barbados, St. Michael, BRB
| | - Leena Varshney
- Preventive Medicine, Windsor University School of Medicine, Troy, USA
| | | | - Saman Rahman
- Internal Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi, IND
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Read CE, Tracz JA, Mhaimeed N, Mainville RN, Elzie CA. Examination of residency program websites for the use of gendered language and imagery. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:697. [PMID: 37752546 PMCID: PMC10523617 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant disparity in gender distribution exists among medical specialties. Residency program websites are a main source of preliminary program information for candidates, and website content may influence a prospective applicant's sense of belongingness within a particular program. Given the importance of the residency program website as a recruiting tool, this study sought to examine and compare the presence of gendered language and imagery on residency program websites across various specialties. METHODS A list of words considered masculine or feminine was used to evaluate residency program websites of the two most male-dominated specialties (orthopedic and thoracic surgery), female-dominated specialties (pediatrics and obstetrics and gynecology), and gender-balanced specialties (dermatology and family medicine) in the United States in 2022. Forty-five residency programs were randomly selected from each specialty across different regions of the US, with the exception of thoracic surgery of which there are only 33 programs. Masculine and feminine words were evaluated using a parsing and scraping program. Representation of female and male-presenting team members in photos on program websites was also evaluated. RESULTS Masculine wording occurred more frequently in male-dominated specialties compared to gender-balanced (p = 0.0030), but not female-dominated specialties (p = 0.2199). Feminine language was used more frequently in female-dominated compared to male dominated fields (p = 0.0022), but not gender balanced (p = 0.0909). The ratio of masculine-to-feminine words used was significantly higher in male-dominated specialties compared to both gender-balanced (p < 0.0001) and female-dominated specialties. (p < 0.0001). There was an average of 1, 7, and 10 female-presenting residency team members pictured on each male-dominated, gender balanced, and female-dominated specialty RPW respectively, with significantly more female-presenting team members pictured in the photographs on female-dominated specialty websites when compared to male-dominated and gender-balanced specialty websites (p < 0.0001, p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS The use of gendered language and female representation in photographs varies significantly across specialties and is directly correlated with gender representation within the specialty. Given that students' perceptions of specialty programs may be affected by the use of language and photos on residency program websites, programs should carefully consider the language and pictures depicted on their program websites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Read
- School of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | - Jovanna A Tracz
- School of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | - Nour Mhaimeed
- School of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | - Rylie N Mainville
- School of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | - Carrie A Elzie
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy/Medical Education, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 78229, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sebo P, Schwarz J. The level of the gender gap in academic publishing varies by country and region of affiliation: A cross-sectional study of articles published in general medical journals. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291837. [PMID: 37733710 PMCID: PMC10513280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women are generally under-represented as authors of publications, and especially as last authors, but this under-representation may not be uniformly distributed across countries. We aimed to document by country and region the proportion of female authors (PFA) in high-impact general medical journals. METHODS We used PyMed, a Python library that provides access to PubMed, to retrieve all PubMed articles published between January 2012 and December 2021 in the fifty general internal medicine journals with the highest 2020 impact factor according to Journal Citation Reports. We extracted first/last authors' main country of affiliation for all these articles using regular expressions and manual search, and grouped the countries into eight regions (North/Latin America, Western/Eastern Europe, Asia, Pacific, Middle East, and Africa). We used NamSor to determine first/last authors' gender and computed the PFA for each country/region. RESULTS We retrieved 163,537 publications for first authors and 135,392 for last authors. Gender could be determined for 160,891 and 133,373 publications, respectively. The PFA was 41% for first authors and 33% for last authors, but it varied widely by country (first authors: >50% for eight countries, maximum = 63% in Romania, minimum = 19% in Japan; last authors: >50% for two countries, maximum = 53% in Romania, minimum = 9% in Japan). The PFA also varied by region. It was highest for Eastern Europe (first authors = 53%, last authors = 40%), and lowest for Asia (36% and 29%) and the Middle East (35% and 27%). CONCLUSION We found that the PFA varied widely by country and region, and was lowest in Asia, particularly Japan, and the Middle East. The under-representation of women as authors of publications, especially in these two regions, needs to be addressed and correcting persistent gender discrimination in research should be a top priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Sebo
- University Institute for Primary Care (IuMFE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joëlle Schwarz
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Russel SM, Carter TM, Wright ST, Hirshfield LE. How Do Academic Medicine Pathways Differ for Underrepresented Trainees and Physicians? A Critical Scoping Review. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2023; 98:00001888-990000000-00537. [PMID: 37556817 PMCID: PMC10834859 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000005364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Academic medicine faces difficulty recruiting and retaining a diverse workforce. The proportion of medical students who are underrepresented in medicine (URiM) is smaller than the proportion of URiM's in the general population, and these numbers worsen with each step up the academic medicine ladder. Previously known as the "leaky pipeline," this phenomenon may be better understood as disparate "pathways with potholes," which acknowledges the different structural barriers that URiM trainees and faculty face in academic medicine. This critical scoping review analyzed current literature to determine what variables contribute to the inequitable "pathways and potholes" URiM physicians experience in academic medicine. METHOD The authors combined scoping review methodology with a critical lens. The comprehensive search strategy used terms about academic medicine, underrepresented groups, and leaving academic medical careers. One reviewer conducted screening, full text review, and data extraction while in consultation with members of the research team. Data extraction focused on themes related to pathways and potholes, such as attrition, recruitment, and retention in academic medicine. Themes were iteratively merged, and quality of contribution to the field and literature gaps were noted. RESULTS Included papers clustered into attrition, recruitment, and retention. Those pertaining to attrition noted that URiM faculty are less likely to get promoted even when controlling for scholarly output, and a hostile work environment may exacerbate attrition. Recruitment and retention strategies were most effective when multi-pronged approaches changed every step of the recruitment and promotion processes. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide examples of various "potholes" that can affect representation in academic medicine of URiM trainees and faculty. However, only a few studies examined the link between isolating and hostile work environments, the so-called "chilly climate," and attrition from academic medicine. Understanding these concepts is key to producing the most effective interventions to improve diversity in medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Russel
- S.M. Russel is a third-year resident physician, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9299-8047
| | - Taylor M Carter
- T.M. Carter is a fourth-year resident physician, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and a surgical education fellow, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sarah T Wright
- S.T. Wright is a librarian, Health Sciences Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Laura E Hirshfield
- L.E. Hirshfield is The Dr. Georges Bordage Medical Education Faculty Scholar and associate professor of medical education and sociology, Department of Medical Education, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0894-2994
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Levine MC, Lin T, Baird J, Constantine E. The Gender Landscape of Academic Pediatric Emergency Medicine: An Observational Study of Leadership Positions as Described by Fellowship Programs' Online Presence. Pediatr Emerg Care 2023; 39:418-422. [PMID: 37159344 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although many areas of medicine are male dominated, pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) is a female-dominated subspecialty. Despite this, executive leadership within PEM remains male dominated. The aim of this study was to describe the gender landscape of the key positions within academic PEM fellowship programs within the United States, as described by PEM fellowships' online presence. METHODS Using the 2021-2022 Electronic Residency Application Service American Association of Medical Colleges Pediatric Fellowships ( services.aamc.org/eras/erasstats/par/ ) application service, we were able to identify published information from 84 academic PEM fellowship programs in the United States. Each program's Web site was evaluated to determine which individuals held the position of chief or chair, medical director, and fellowship director. These individuals' genders were then cross-referenced with the National Provider Inventory database. RESULTS There were 154 executive leadership roles (division chief or medical director) in total. The executive leadership role was significantly different by gender ( z score: 2.54, P < 0.01), with greater male representation (n = 61; 62.9%) among identified executive leadership roles (n = 97). There were significantly more men for the medical director role ( z score: 2.06, P < 0.05). Female representation was greater than male in the fellowship program director role (n = 53; 67.9%) among listed roles ( z score: -3.17, P < 0.001). This gender landscape among key leadership positions was not influenced by the geographic location of the PEM fellowship program. CONCLUSIONS Although PEM is a female-dominated specialty, executive leadership positions continue to be male dominated. To promote improved gender representation within leadership positions in PEM, PEM fellowship programs must provide consistent and easily accessible executive leadership descriptions within their online storefront.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marla C Levine
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Timmy Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University and Injury Prevention Center, Providence, RI
| | - Janette Baird
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University and Injury Prevention Center, Providence, RI
| | - Erika Constantine
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Beland L, Jeng G, Aibel K, Aro T, Kreshover JE. Authorship in Urology: A Gender Reveal. Urology 2023; 172:224-227. [PMID: 36535363 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2022.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate female author representation in urologic literature as compared to the proportion of female practicing urologists. METHODS A cross-sectional study was designed to analyze trends in women authorship of urology publications in 2019 as compared to AUA 2019 census data. The 5 highest impact urologic journals in 2019 were identified using the publicly available SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) indices. Author genders and study categorization were independently determined by 2 authors. Chi-squared test was used for statistical analyses. RESULTS The 5 highest impact urologic journals in 2019 as per SJR were European Urology, Journal of Urology, British Journal of Urology International, Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases, and Nature Reviews Urology. A total of 501 publications were included for analysis. Women comprised 22.1% of first authors and 14.6% of senior authors. The proportion of publications authored by women was significantly higher than would be expected based on population proportions from the AUA 2019 census data for women as both first (P < .0001) and senior author (P =.0005). Similarly, women authorship was significantly higher than expected for basic science (P < .0001), clinical medicine (P <.0001), economics/practice management (P =.0002), editorial (P =.0027), and review/meta-analysis (P <.0001) publications. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that women contribute to the urologic literature significantly more than would be expected based on the proportion of practicing female urologists. However, with the persistence of gender gap in academic medicine promotions, further research into contributing factors and strategies for improvement are needed to promote greater women representation in academia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah Beland
- Northwell Health - The Smith Institute for Urology, New Hyde Park, NY.
| | - Ginnie Jeng
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY
| | - Kelli Aibel
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY
| | - Tareq Aro
- Northwell Health - The Smith Institute for Urology, New Hyde Park, NY; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY
| | - Jessica E Kreshover
- Northwell Health - The Smith Institute for Urology, New Hyde Park, NY; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rawlley B, Marchina S, Cappucci SP, Gogia B, Wang JY, Stillman A, Kumar S. Investigation on Gender Differences in Leadership of Stroke-Related Clinical Trials. Stroke 2023; 54:295-303. [PMID: 36300372 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.039173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender disparities among principal investigators of clinical trials (CT) can have implications regarding the areas of investigation, methods, conduct, trial enrollment, and interpretation of results. An estimation of the gender gap in the leadership of stroke-related CTs from North America has to date not been undertaken. METHODS We extracted information about stroke-related CTs between 2011 and 2020 from www. CLINICALTRIALS gov and PubMed. We examined the gender distribution according to the academic credentials and the trial type. The gender of PIs and authors was determined using gender package in R, which identifies gender using historical data from the United States. Additionally, we obtained information from Association of American Medical Colleges and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education data resource books on the gender composition of full-time neurology faculty, neurology residents and vascular neurology fellows. RESULTS In these analyses of 821 CTs registered on Clinicaltrials.gov and 110 trials published on PubMed, we found that gender disparity among the PIs, first and last authors have persisted over the last decade without any significant trend toward parity (P>0.05). On examining the gender distribution according to academic credentials and trial type, we found that men were over-represented in the sub-group of PIs with an MD degree (78.11% versus 21.87%; P<0.01) and those leading acute stroke trials (86.04% versus 13.89%; P<0.01). We also found that a lower proportion of women neurology residents pursued a vascular neurology fellowship during this period (33.5% versus 42.5%; P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the favorable trend toward gender parity seen in Neurology faculty over the last decade has not translated to the same in the leadership of CTs. Our findings merit further investigation and a re-examination of efforts toward inclusion of women as leaders of stroke-related CTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Rawlley
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York (B.R.)
| | - Sarah Marchina
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (S.M., S.P.C., B.G., J.-Y.W., A.S., S.K.)
| | - Stefanie P Cappucci
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (S.M., S.P.C., B.G., J.-Y.W., A.S., S.K.)
| | - Bhanu Gogia
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (S.M., S.P.C., B.G., J.-Y.W., A.S., S.K.)
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (S.M., S.P.C., B.G., J.-Y.W., A.S., S.K.)
| | - Alexandra Stillman
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (S.M., S.P.C., B.G., J.-Y.W., A.S., S.K.)
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (S.M., S.P.C., B.G., J.-Y.W., A.S., S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Female author representation differs between journals from the United States of America, Europe, and Asia: a 10-year comparison of five medical disciplines. Scientometrics 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-022-04612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractTo provide information for targeted support of female scientists, the objective of this study was to evaluate how female authors are represented in journals of five medical disciplines with varying rates of female physicians from the United States of America (USA), Europe, and Asia. For this retrospective bibliometric study 15 representative gynecologic, pediatric, radiologic, urologic, and surgical journals from the USA, Europe, and Asia were selected from the Web of Science database. From these, all n = 24182 publications of the years 2007/2008 and 2017/2018 were included. Gender and affiliations were assigned to first and senior authors using a software (Gender API, Passau, Germany), native speakers, and a web-based search. For statistics mixed logistic and multinomial logistic regression were applied. In pediatrics, radiology, and urology, highest female first and senior author shares were consistently found in journals from the USA. In European journals proportions across all disciplines tripled (odds ratio 2.96 [95% CI 2.60–3.37], P < .0001). Asian journals showed three-times fewer female authorships than journals from the USA or Europe and the smallest increase (1.36 [1.11–1.66], P = .0026). Compared to the proportion of female physicians within each specialty, female first authors remained underrepresented in Asian journals and female senior authors in journals of all regions. In journals from the USA most female authors originated from institutes within the USA (36.2%), in European journals from the USA (21.1%) or Europe (21.7%). Women from Asian institutes were worst represented in journals of all regions with lowest rates in Asian journals (9.4%). In conclusion female first authors remained underrepresented in Asian journals, female senior authors and women from Asian institutes in journals from all regions. Programs for gender equality in science are thus particularly necessary to support female senior authors, for Asian journals, and women from Asian institutes.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hobgood CD, Draucker C. Barriers, Challenges, and Solutions: What Can We Learn About Leadership in Academic Medicine From a Qualitative Study of Emergency Medicine Women Chairs? ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2022; 97:1656-1664. [PMID: 35703191 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Women have made significant gains in leadership across all disciplines in academic medicine but have not yet achieved leadership parity as department chairs. The authors investigated the challenges experienced by one cohort of women department chairs in emergency medicine (EM) and the solutions they proposed to address these challenges. METHOD The authors conducted a qualitative descriptive study of 19 of 20 possible current and emeritus emergency medicine women department chairs at academic medical centers between April and December 2020. Participant interviews elicited self-reported demographic characteristics and narrative responses to a semistructured interview template that focused on the role of gender in their leadership and career trajectories. Interviews were transcribed, blinded, and iteratively coded and categorized. RESULTS The analysis demonstrated 4 common challenges and 5 enacted or proposed solutions. The challenges discussed by the participants were: feeling unprepared for the role of department chair, being one of few women in leadership, inheriting unhealthy department cultures, and facing negative faculty reactions. The individual- and institutional-level solutions discussed by the participants were: gaining and maintaining confidence (individual), maintaining accountability and mission alignment (individual), facilitating teamwork (individual), supporting women's leadership (institution), and creating safe leadership cultures (institution). CONCLUSIONS Women department chairs in EM were successful academic leaders despite confronting several challenges to their leadership. Considering the study findings through the lens of the concept of second-generation gender bias further illuminates the influence of gender on leadership in academic medicine. These findings suggest several possible strategies that can combat gender bias, increase gender parity among academic medicine's leadership, and improve the leadership experience for women leaders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cherri D Hobgood
- C.D. Hobgood is professor of emergency medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4860-1385
| | - Claire Draucker
- C. Draucker is the Angela Barron McBride Professor of Psychiatric Nursing, Indiana University School of Nursing, Indianapolis, Indiana; ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9844-351X
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Analyse des Einflusses der zunehmenden Feminisierung im Gesundheitswesen auf die Urologie. DIE UROLOGIE 2022; 61:1083-1092. [PMID: 36085184 PMCID: PMC9550724 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-022-01931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hintergrund und Fragestellung Ziel dieser wissenschaftlichen Arbeit war es, Genderaspekte und Trends in Klinik, Forschung und Niederlassung in der Urologie zu analysieren. Dabei lag der Fokus auf der Objektivierung des genderspezifischen Wandels im Fachgebiet „Urologie“ zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt und in der Zukunft. Material und Methoden Es erfolgte eine digitale Umfrage bei urologischen Ärzt:innen in Deutschland über das Portal SurveyMonkey©, welche über den E‑Mail-Verteiler der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Urologie e. V. (DGU) und des Berufsverbands der Deutschen Urologen e. V. (BvDU) an alle eingetragenen Mitglieder verschickt wurde. Es wurden Basisdaten im ambulanten und stationären Sektor erhoben, sowie geschlechtsspezifische Daten in Bezug auf Arbeitsplatzverteilung, Ziele, Zufriedenheit und Gründe für berufliche Entscheidungen. Ergebnisse Die Auswertung von 398 Antworten ergab, dass urologische Kolleg:innen in der Niederlassung seltener weiblich (23,6 %) und deutlich älter (mittleres Alter 53 Jahre) waren als im stationären Sektor (Frauenanteil 47,2 %, mittleres Alter 43 Jahre). Niedergelassene Vertragsärzt:innen waren mehr Männer (49,4 %) als Frauen (29,9 %) und die Niederlassung wurde von mehr Männern als Berufswunsch angegeben (28,1 % vs. 22,8 %). Die Gründe für die Niederlassung lagen bei Frauen häufiger im familiären Bereich als bei den Männern (Hauptgründe gute Gelegenheit oder Berufswunsch). Frauen arbeiteten häufiger Teilzeit (27,0 % vs. 11,5 %) und strebten häufiger eine Karriere als Oberärztin an (29,1 % der Frauen, 9,4 % der Männer). Entsprechend war der Wunsch nach einer Habilitation oder Professur bei den Frauen häufiger als bei den Männern (20,5 % vs. 15 %). Signifikant mehr Urologinnen sahen eine Ungleichheit bei den beruflichen Aufstiegschancen (59,7 % vs. 17,5 %, p < 0,001) und 73,3 % (vs. 18,5 % der Männer, p < 0,001) empfanden ihr Geschlecht als Ursache einer Benachteiligung. Dies führte zu einer signifikant geringeren Zufriedenheit von Frauen mit ihrem beruflichen Status (p = 0,008), sowie einem geringeren Gefühl der Wertschätzung (p < 0,001). Schlussfolgerung Um die Urologie zukunftsfähig zu machen ist es essenziell, Genderaspekte noch stärker zu berücksichtigen. Der eingeschlagene Weg, der nächsten Generation von Urolog:innen ein modernes Fachgebiet zu bieten, in dem alle Ärzt:innen unabhängig von ihrem Geschlecht gerne arbeiten, wertgeschätzt werden und Chancengleichheit herrscht, sollte unbedingt weiter verfolgt und intensiviert werden, um die Urologie für die Zukunft gut aufzustellen. Zusatzmaterial online Die Online-Version dieses Beitrags (10.1007/s00120-022-01931-3) enthält eine Tabellarische Darstellung der vollständigen Umfrageergebnisse „Genderaspekte in Klinik und Niederlassung“.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abuzeyad FH, Al Qasem L, Bashmi L, Arekat M, Al Qassim G, Alansari A, Haji EA, Malik A, Das P, Almusalam A, Abuzeyad MF. Women's contribution to medicine in Bahrain: leadership and workforce. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2022; 20:67. [PMID: 36064535 PMCID: PMC9444121 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-022-00762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women make up a significant proportion of workforce in healthcare. However, they remain underrepresented in leadership positions relating to healthcare for a multitude of reasons: balancing personal and work duties, favoritism toward men, lack of support from colleagues and mentors, as well as other factors. This study aims to recognize the contribution made by women in the Bahraini healthcare sector by determining the gender distribution in Bahrain's medical schools, government hospitals, Ministry of Health, and National Health Regulatory Authority. METHODS Data were collected from the Bahraini Ministry of Health, National Health Regulatory Authority, Salmaniya Medical Complex, King Hamad University Hospital, Bahrain Defence Force Royal Medical Services, the College of Medicine and Medical Sciences in the Arabian Gulf University, and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain. Only physicians who held a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery and a valid license to practice from NHRA were eligible to participate. Descriptive statistics were used to derive the frequencies and percentages of physicians with the following leadership positions: (1) top administrative positions (e.g., Chief executive officer); (2) heads of departments; (3) heads of committees; and (4) academic positions (e.g., Professor). Data were also collected from the two medical schools in Bahrain to see the trend in female enrollment into medical schools since 2004. RESULTS The results of the study indicated that leadership positions were mostly held by males in Bahrain (59.4% vs. 40.6%). However, Bahraini males and females equally dominated academic positions. Male physicians also dominated surgical specialties; however, female Bahraini physicians slightly surpassed male Bahraini physicians at the specialist and consultant levels (female to male: 11.9% vs. 10.4% and 33.2% vs. 30.4%, respectively). Furthermore, more females were reported to have general licenses. A trend analysis since 2004 showed that female medical students' representation was higher than males over the years. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the increasing trend of women's participation and contribution to medicine in Bahrain. The data indicated continued growth in the number of female medical students and physicians. As such, it is likely that females will have a bigger impact on healthcare in the future with potential to hold more leadership positions in Bahrain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feras H Abuzeyad
- Emergency Medicine, King Hamad University Hospital, Building 2435, Road 2835, Block 228, P.O. Box 24343, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain.
| | | | - Luma Bashmi
- Department of Health Psychology, School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Mona Arekat
- Internal Medicine Department, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Ghada Al Qassim
- Emergency Medicine Department, Bahrain Defence Force Hospital, Royal Medical Services, Riffa, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Ahmed Alansari
- Department of General Surgery, Bahrain Defence Force Hospital, Royal Medical Services, Riffa, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Eman Ahmed Haji
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | | | - Priya Das
- Research Department, King Hamad University Hospital, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Abdulla Almusalam
- Research Department, King Hamad University Hospital, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mencia MM, Bidaisee S, Quan Soon C, Cawich SO. Greater Gender Diversity Observed at Orthopaedic Conferences in the Caribbean Than in the United States or England. Cureus 2022; 14:e28224. [PMID: 36158370 PMCID: PMC9487172 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.28224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
23
|
Massella V, Sinha M, Pietropaolo A, Geraghty R, Cresswell MJ, Philip J, Shrotri N, Somani BK. Ethnic and gender trends at the annual British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) meeting: A review of BAUS programmes over a 13-year period (2009–2021). JOURNAL OF CLINICAL UROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/20514158221101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: In this paper, we wanted to review the annual British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) programme to analyse the female and ethnic minority (EM) representation and find out whether there is ethnic and gender disparity, and if it does reflect the reality of the workforce. Methods: To investigate gender and EM representation, we requested data for BAUS annual meetings over a 13-year period (2009–2021). All speakers and chairpersons for all four sub-sections including Endourology, Oncology, Andrology and Female, Neurological and Urodynamic urology (FNUU) were collated. We also looked at the geographic distribution of the speakers (London area, rest of England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales). Data were analysed separately before and after the COVID-19 pandemic (cut-off March 2020), as in the latter 2 years, the meeting was held virtually. Results: A total of 2569 speakers (range: 135–323 speakers/year) were included in our analysis and 2187 (85%) speakers were from the United Kingdom. Of the UK speakers, more than three-quarters (76.6%, n = 1676) were males and females of White ethnicity and (23.4%, n = 511) were EM. The vast majority of speakers throughout the years were males (86%, n = 1891) with only 14% ( n = 296) females regardless of their origin and ethnicity. The presence of EM females was only 1.9% ( n = 43). The percentage of female representation rose consistently over time from 6.7% ( n = 8) in 2009 to 21.1% ( n = 44) in 2020, suggesting an upward trend. Regional distribution showed 31%, 63%, 3.6%, 1.6% and 0.2% from London, Rest of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, respectively. Both gender and EM representation doubled in the last 2 years during the pandemic ( p < 0.001). Conclusion: Annual BAUS meetings have seen a higher proportion of ethnic and gender representation in recent years. However, considering the workforce within urology, more needs to be done to address this historical disparity. Hopefully, the BAUS 10-point programme will provide a framework for addressing Equality, Diversity and Inclusion issues related to this bias. Level of evidence: Not applicable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nitin Shrotri
- Consultant Urologist, Chaucer hospital, Canterbury, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tsukahara Y, Novak M, Takei S, Asif IM, Yamasawa F, Torii S, Akama T, Matsumoto H, Day C. Gender bias in sports medicine: an international assessment of sports medicine physicians' perceptions of their interactions with athletes, coaches, athletic trainers and other physicians. Br J Sports Med 2022; 56:961-969. [PMID: 35738877 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the difference between female and male sports medicine physicians regarding disrespectful attitudes and sexual harassment perceived from athletes, coaches, physicians, athletic trainers (ATs) and organisations/administrations. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN anonymous survey was distributed to sports medicine physicians practicing in 51 countries. χ2 analysis was used to detect differences between female and male sports medicine physicians and logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent variables that affect disrespectful attitudes and sexual harassment from sports participants. RESULTS 1193 sports medicine physicians (31.9% female) participated from 51 countries. The survey revealed that female physicians, compared with male physicians, perceive significantly more disrespect or have their judgement questioned more by the following categories: male and female athletes, male and female coaches, female physicians with more years of experience, male physicians (regardless of years of experience), male and female ATs and organisation/administrations (all p<0.05). The only category where the frequency of disrespect was perceived equally by male and female physicians was during their interactions with female physicians who have the same or lesser years of experience. Female sports medicine physicians noted more sexual harassment than male physicians during interactions with male athletes, coaches, ATs and physicians (all p<0.001). In the logistic regression, gender was a related factor for perceiving disrespect, especially from male coaches (OR=2.01) and physicians with more years of experience (OR=2.18). CONCLUSIONS Female sports medicine physicians around the world experience disrespectful attitudes, questioning of their judgement and are sexually harassed significantly more often than male counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Tsukahara
- Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Melissa Novak
- Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Seira Takei
- Waseda Institute of Human Growth and Development, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Irfan M Asif
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Suguru Torii
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takao Akama
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Carly Day
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Sports Medicine, Franciscan Physician Network, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pelfrey CM, Cola PA, Gerlick JA, Edgar BK, Khatri SB. Breaking Through Barriers: Factors That Influence Behavior Change Toward Leadership for Women in Academic Medicine. Front Psychol 2022; 13:854488. [PMID: 35645903 PMCID: PMC9136302 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.854488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Under-representation of women in leadership at Academic Medical Centers (AMCs) is a known challenge such that, in 2021, women made up only 28% of department chairs. AMCs are addressing the dearth of women leaders through targeted programming to create leadership pipelines of qualified women. The FLEX Leadership Development Program at the Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) School of Medicine prepares women faculty for increased leadership opportunities. FLEX includes the opportunity to leverage executive coaching to accomplish individual goals. The FLEX program has the explicit goal of increasing the number of women in visible leadership positions in academic medicine and health sciences. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 graduates from seven FLEX cohorts (2012–2018). Participants reflected diversity in academic rank, terminal degree, racial/ethnic background, years of employment, and institutional affiliation. Interviews consisted of eight questions with additional probes to elicit lived experiences. Analysis consisted of two-stage open- and axial-coding of interview transcripts to understand: What factors facilitated behavior change following FLEX training? The analysis revealed five overarching themes: (1) Communication skills; (2) Self-Efficacy; (3) Networking; (4) Situational Awareness; and (5) Visioning. FLEX graduates reported achieving both personal and professional growth by drawing upon peer networks to proactively seek new leadership opportunities. These results suggest that the enduring benefits of the FLEX Program include improved communication skills, expanded situational awareness and relational capacity, greater self-efficacy and self-confidence, improved networking with an understanding of the value of networking. All these factors led FLEX graduates to have greater visibility and to engage with their colleagues more effectively. Similarly, FLEX graduates could better advocate for themselves and for others as well as paying it forward to mentor and train the next generation of faculty. Finally, participants learned to re-evaluate their goals and their career vision to be able to envision themselves in greater leadership roles. The five factors that strongly influenced behavior change provide valuable constructs for other programs to examine following leadership development training. Ongoing studies include examining successful leadership position attainment, personal goal attainment, and measuring changes in leadership self-efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara M. Pelfrey
- Clinical and Translational Science Collaborative, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Clara M. Pelfrey,
| | - Philip A. Cola
- Clinical and Translational Science Collaborative, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Design and Innovation, Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Joshua A. Gerlick
- Department of Design and Innovation, Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Billie K. Edgar
- Clinical and Translational Science Collaborative, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sumita B. Khatri
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Talbott JMV, Wasson MN. Sex and Racial/Ethnic Diversity in Accredited Obstetrics and Gynecology Specialty and Subspecialty Training in the United States. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2022; 79:818-827. [PMID: 35033485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare trends in racial and gender diversity in Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN) residency and fellowship programs from beginning of program accreditation in 2012 to the most recently published report for 2018. DESIGN Data was abstracted in August 2020 from publicly available reports on the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) website. Reports from 2012 to 2018 were compared with Chi-square tests and the Cochran-Armitage trend test assessed trends over time. PARTICIPANTS U.S. medical residents and fellows, with a focus on those in accredited OBGYN fellowship programs (Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery (FPMRS), Gynecologic Oncology (GYNONC), Maternal Fetal Medicine (MFM), and Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility (REI)). RESULTS From 2012 to 2018 men in all residency programs increased 0.88% (from 53.92% male to 54.80%, p < 0.0001). Across all years there were less men in OBGYN (16.89%) compared to all residency programs (54.39%, p < 0.0001). All OBGYN fellowships combined had more men proportionately than OBGYN residencies (24.14% vs. 16.89%, p < 0.0001). MFM had the most men (26.7%) then GYNONC (25.18%), FPMRS (21.36%), and REI (20.09%) (p = 0.024). There were no statistically significant trends in sex or race over time. From 2012 to 2018 residents overall were 42.96% white. OBGYN residents overall were 54.20% white. GYNONC had the highest percentage of white trainees (73.45%), followed by MFM (67.8%), REI (65.62%), then FPMRS (60%) (p = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS According to ACGME core competencies, residents are expected to demonstrate sensitivity and responsiveness to diverse patient populations (professionalism) and advocate for improvements to systems-based practice. These results may suggest systemic issues in the recruitment of women and people of color into competitive sub-specialty programs. Such deficiencies in representation can impact patient care. Future research is needed to assess trends over time as data become available and to evaluate specific barriers to applications and selection of minority applicants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan N Wasson
- Department of Medical and Surgical Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hobgood C, Draucker C. Gender Differences in Experiences of Leadership Emergence Among Emergency Medicine Department Chairs. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e221860. [PMID: 35267032 PMCID: PMC8914574 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The number of women entering medicine continues to increase, but women remain underrepresented at all tiers of academic rank and chair leadership in EM. The proportion of female chairs in EM has not exceeded 12% in 2 decades. OBJECTIVE To compare how male and female EM chairs experience leadership emergence, with attention to factors associated with support of the emergence of female chairs. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This qualitative descriptive study was conducted between April 2020 and February 2021 at 36 US academic EM departments. Eligible participants were all current and emeritus female EM academic department chairs (with a possible cohort of 20 individuals) and an equal number of randomly selected male chairs. INTERVENTIONS Semistructured interviews were conducted via teleconferencing with an 11-item interview guide. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Qualitative findings identifying similarities and gender differences in leadership emergence were collected. RESULTS Among 20 female chairs in EM, 19 women (mean [SD] age, 56.2 [7.1] years) participated in the study (95.0% response rate). There were 13 active chairs, and 6 women were within 5 years of chair leadership. Among 77 male chairs in EM identified and randomized, 37 men were invited to participate, among whom 19 individuals (51.4%) agreed to participate; 18 men (mean [SD] age, 52.2 [7.5] years) completed their interviews. Reflecting upon their experiences of leadership emergence, male chairs saw leadership as their destiny, were motivated to be chairs to gain influence, were dismissive of risks associated with chairing a department, and were sponsored by senior male leaders to advance in leadership. Female chairs saw leadership as something they had long prepared for, were motivated to be chairs to make a difference, were cautious of risks associated with chairing a department that could derail their careers, and relied on their own efforts to advance in leadership. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found that experiences of leadership emergence differed by gender. These results suggest that leadership development strategies tailored to women should promote early internalization of leadership identity, tightly link leadership to purpose, cultivate active sponsorship, and encourage women's risk tolerance through leadership validation to support women's development as leaders and demonstrate a commitment to gender equity in EM leadership.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cherri Hobgood
- Emergency Medicine at Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Claire Draucker
- Angela Barron McBride Professor of Psychiatric Nursing at Indiana University School of Nursing, Indianapolis
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kim KY, Kearsley EL, Yang HY, Walsh JP, Jain M, Hopkins L, Wazzan AB, Khosa F. Sticky Floor, Broken Ladder, and Glass Ceiling in Academic Obstetrics and Gynecology in the United States and Canada. Cureus 2022; 14:e22535. [PMID: 35345751 PMCID: PMC8956275 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the gender proportion in academic obstetrics and gynecology faculty across the United States and Canada and further assess any gender differences in academic ranks, leadership positions, and research productivity. Methods Obstetrics and gynecology programs were searched from the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA) (n=145) and the Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS) (n=13) to compile a database of gender and academic profiles of faculty physicians with Medical Doctorate (MD) or Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) degrees. Elsevier's Scopus was used to gather individual research metrics for analysis, and the data were analyzed using Strata v14.2 (StataCorp. 2015. Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP). Results Among 3556 American and 689 Canadian Obstetrics and Gynaecology physicians, women comprised 60.9% and 61.4%, respectively. Among physicians with professorships, women physicians comprised 36.2% and 35.8% in the United States and Canada, respectively. When examining the gender proportion of physicians in leadership roles, women comprised 52.2% and 56.1% in the United States and Canada, respectively. The h-index between men and women physicians showed a significant difference overall in both the United States (p<0.001) and Canada (p<0.001), indicating that men have higher academic output. Conclusion Although the overall proportion of women academic staff physicians in Obstetrics and Gynaecology is higher than the proportion of men, there are more men who had a full professor rank. Men also had higher academic productivity.
Collapse
|
29
|
Nwokolo OO, Coombs AAT, Eltzschig HK, Butterworth JF. Diversity and Inclusion in Anesthesiology. Anesth Analg 2022; 134:1166-1174. [PMID: 35130194 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In today's world, departments of anesthesiology and professional organizations are rightfully expected to have racial, ethnic, and gender diversity. Diversity and inclusiveness are considered important contributors to an effective and collaborative work environment by promoting excellence in patient care, education, and research. This has been re-emphasized in the racial reckoning in the summer of 2020, and the ongoing health care disparities manifested by the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Moreover, the negative consequences of a lack of diversity and inclusion in health care have been shown to impact recruitment, retention, and the economic well-being of academic departments. In the present article, we review the current state of diversity in anesthesiology departments and professional organizations in the United States. We discuss strategies and important approaches to further enhance diversity to promote an inclusive perioperative work environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omonele O Nwokolo
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Alice A T Coombs
- Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, West Hospital, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - John F Butterworth
- Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, West Hospital, Richmond, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
O'Brien K, Petra V, Lal D, Kwai K, McDonald M, Wallace J, Jeanmonod C, Jeanmonod R. Gender coding in job advertisements for academic, non-academic, and leadership positions in emergency medicine. Am J Emerg Med 2022; 55:6-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
31
|
Takasu C, Kono E, Morine Y, Yoshikawa K, Tokunaga T, Nishi M, Kashihara H, Yoshimoto T, Yamashita S, Shimada M. A "diversity and inclusion" lecture for promoting self-awareness among medical students. Surg Today 2022; 52:964-970. [PMID: 35001195 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-021-02424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The concept of 'diversity and inclusion' is being adopted worldwide, but it is not yet understood well in Japan. We conducted this study to evaluate the impact of a lecture aimed at increasing awareness of academic careers and the benefits of having diversity and inclusion. METHODS Two female surgeons delivered a 120-min lecture on "diversity and inclusion" to third-year medical students at Tokushima University. To assess the impact of the lecture, a questionnaire was distributed, for participants to complete anonymously before and after the lecture. RESULTS Eighty-two students participated in the study (39 men, 38 women, and 5 unknown). Based on the questionnaire responses, 57.1% of the students had already perceived inequality in conduct because of gender. A comparison of pre- and post-lecture responses revealed a significant increase in confidence to succeed in their medical career (56.5% vs. 77.5%, p < 0.01). Learners were more likely to believe that gender would not become a barrier to career development (42.4% vs. 66.7%, p < 0.01). Moreover, 90.4% of the students felt positively about a career in surgery following the lecture. CONCLUSION The lecture promoted awareness about diversity, self-awareness, and career development and motivated students to consider specializing in surgery later in their career.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chie Takasu
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto 3-18-15, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Emiko Kono
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Yuji Morine
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto 3-18-15, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kozo Yoshikawa
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto 3-18-15, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takuya Tokunaga
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto 3-18-15, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nishi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto 3-18-15, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hideya Kashihara
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto 3-18-15, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshimoto
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto 3-18-15, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shoko Yamashita
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto 3-18-15, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University, Kuramoto 3-18-15, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hart KL, Boitano LT, Tanious A, Conrad MF, Eagleton MJ, Lillemoe KD, Perlis RH, Srivastava SD. Trends in Female Authorship in High Impact Surgical Journals Between 2008 and 2018. Ann Surg 2022; 275:e115-e123. [PMID: 32590539 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000004057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the distribution of authorship by sex over the last 10 years among the top 25 surgical journals. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Despite an increase in women entering surgical residency, there remains a sex disparity in surgical leadership. Scholarly activity is the foundation for academic promotion. However, few studies have evaluated productivity by sex in surgical literature. METHODS Original research in the 25 highest-impact general surgery/subspecialty journals were included (1/2008-5/2018). Journals with <70% identified author sex were excluded. Articles were categorized by sex of first, last, and overall authorship. We examined changes in proportions of female first, last, and overall authorship over time, and analyzed the correlation between these measurements and journal impact factor. RESULTS There were 71,867 articles from 19 journals included. Sex was successfully predicted for 87.3% of authors (79.1%-92.5%). There were significant increases in the overall percentage of female authors (β = 0.55, P < 0.001), female first authors (β = 0.97, P < 0.001), and female last authors (β = 0.53, P < 0.001) over the study period. Notably, all cardiothoracic subspecialty journals did not significantly increase the proportion of female last authors over the study period. There were no correlations between journal impact factor and percentage of overall female authors (rs = 0.39, P = 0.09), female first authors (rs = 0.29, P = 0.22), or female last author (rs = 0.35, P = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS This study identifies continued but slow improvement in female authorship of high-impact surgical journals during the contemporary era. However, the improvement was more apparent in the first compared to senior author positions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamber L Hart
- Center for Quantitative Health and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura T Boitano
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adam Tanious
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark F Conrad
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew J Eagleton
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keith D Lillemoe
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roy H Perlis
- Center for Quantitative Health and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sunita D Srivastava
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Motter SB, Brandão GR, Iaroseski J, Alves AV, Konopka ALK, de Assis Brasil CM, Silva GS, Spadoa JL, Reis RJ. Gender-Related Trends in Publication Authorship: A 10-Year Analysis of a Brazilian Surgical Journal. Cureus 2021; 13:e18993. [PMID: 34853736 PMCID: PMC8608355 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a gender gap in the representation of women in the authorship of surgical literature worldwide. In Brazil, data on the gender distribution of the authorship of articles are scarce; and hence, there is a lack of awareness about the contemporary situation of women surgeons within the academic surgery in the country. In light of this, we conducted this study with an aim to describe and evaluate the authorship trends in a Brazilian surgical journal over a period of 10 years (2010-2019). We included 4,301 authors from 792 articles extracted from 60 editions of this journal. We analyzed the female representation as authors in general, first and last authors, and the female surgeons' representation as first and last authors for 568 original articles. We found that, in general, women represented 27.8% of all authors. Regarding original articles, women surgeons represented 8.4% and 6.1% of first and last authors, respectively. The linear regression analysis demonstrated that there was an increase over the years in women authorship. However, despite this increase over the years, a gender gap still persists in terms of women's representation as authors in the Brazilian surgical literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Motter
- Medicine, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, BRA
| | - Gabriela R Brandão
- Medicine, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, BRA
| | - Júlia Iaroseski
- Medicine, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, BRA
| | - Amanda V Alves
- Medicine, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, BRA
| | - Ana Luíza K Konopka
- Medicine, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, BRA
| | | | - Gabriela S Silva
- Medicine, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, BRA
| | - Joana L Spadoa
- Medicine, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, BRA
| | - Rosilene J Reis
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, BRA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Snyder A, Xiang D, Smith A, Esswein S, Toubat O, Di Capua J, Kwan JM, Daye D. Gender disparities among medical students choosing to pursue careers in medical research: a secondary cross-sectional cohort analysis. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:591. [PMID: 34823508 PMCID: PMC8620216 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-03004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though the proportion of women in medical schools has increased, gender disparities among those who pursue research careers still exists. In this study, we seek to better understand the main factors contributing to the existing gender disparities among medical students choosing to pursue careers in medical research. METHODS A secondary cross-sectional cohort analysis of previously published data was conducted using a 70-item survey that was sent to 16,418 medical students at 32 academic medical centers, and was IRB exempt from the need for ethical approval at the University of Illinois at Chicago and the University of Pennsylvania. Data was collected from September 2012 to December 2014. Survey results were analyzed using chi-square tests and Cramer's V to determine gender differences in demographic characteristics (training stage, race/ethnicity, marital status, parental status, financial support, and parental career background), career sector choice, career content choice, specialty choice, foreseeable career obstacles, and perceptions about medical research careers. RESULTS Female respondents were more likely to be enrolled in MD-only programs, while male respondents were more likely to be enrolled in MD/PhD programs. More male students selected academia as their first-choice career sector, while more female respondents selected hospitalist as their first-choice career sector. More female respondents identified patient care and opportunities for community service as their top career selection factors, while more male respondents identified research and teaching as their top career selection factors. Student loan burden, future compensation, and work/life balance were the most reported obstacles to pursuing a career in medical research. CONCLUSIONS There are many factors from a medical student's perspective that may contribute to the existing gender disparities in pursuing a career in medical research. While much progress has been made in attracting nearly equal numbers of men and women to the field of medicine, active efforts to bridge the gap between men and women in medical research careers are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alison Smith
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Omar Toubat
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, USA
| | - John Di Capua
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jennifer M Kwan
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Dania Daye
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mendoza CS, Gomez APB, Tobar V, Carvajal LC, Vega J, Jaimes LMB. Liderazgo femenino en medicina y su evolución en el tiempo: 50 años de análisis bibliométrico. Rev Urol 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1724045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Resumen
Objetivo Realizar un análisis bibliométrico sobre el liderazgo femenino en medicina para conocer el panorama actual y dirigir futuras investigaciones.
Métodos Se realizó un análisis bibliométrico descriptivo retrospectivo de la literatura disponible en MEDLINE en relación con el liderazgo de mujeres médicas de 1973 al 2019.Se utilizó Pubmed y FABUMED, y la siguiente estrategia: ("Leadership"[Mesh]) AND "Physicians, Women"[Mesh] (1973:2019[dp]). Se incluyeron artículos originales, de revista, ensayos, informes científicos y reseñas, para analizar toda la literatura indexada relacionada.Para la obtención del factor de impacto (FI), se utilizó el Journal Citation Reports (7)2017/2018 de las revistas encontradas para estimar la calidad de cada una de ellas.
Resultados Un total de 310 referencias fueron encontradas en 139 revistas publicadas, el 71,2% fueron artículos originales, el resto revisiones. Hubo un incremento en las publicaciones de 1996 al 2019 en un 11,9%. Las revistas con mayor porcentaje de publicaciones fueron: Academic Medicine y J Womens Health (Larchmt), con 7,7% y 7,1%. Los países con mayores publicaciones fueron Estados Unidos, con 66 (56%) y Reino Unido con 10 (8,6%). América latina tiene cuatro publicaciones y Colombia no cuenta con ninguna publicación indexada.
Conclusión El liderazgo femenino en medicina y las publicaciones sobre el tema han aumentado en las últimas décadas en países industrializados. Por su parte, Latinoamérica debe aumentar sus esfuerzos en publicar en revistas con alto factor de impacto para trabajar por la equidad de género.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veronica Tobar
- Uróloga - Transplante renal, Clínica Foscal, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | | | - Johanna Vega
- Uróloga - Magister en Epidemiología, Hospital La Samaritana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Konanur A, Egro FM, Kettering CE, Smith BT, Corcos AC, Stofman GM, Ziembicki JA. Gender Disparities Among Burn Surgery Leadership. J Burn Care Res 2021; 41:674-680. [PMID: 31996921 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/iraa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Gender disparities have been described in the plastic surgery and general surgery literature, but no data have been reported in burn surgery. The aim of this study is to determine gender disparities among burn surgery leadership. A cross-sectional study was performed. Burn surgeons included were directors of American Burn Association (ABA)-verified burn centers, past presidents of the ABA, and International Society for Burn Injuries (ISBI), and editors of the Journal of Burn Care & Research, Burns, Burns & Trauma, Annals of Burns & Fire Disasters, and the International Journal of Burns and Trauma. Training, age, H-index, and academic level and leadership position were compared among surgeons identified. Among the 69 ABA and ISBI past presidents, 203 burn journals' editorial board members, and 71 burn unit directors, females represented only 2.9%, 10.5%, and 17%, respectively. Among burn unit directors, females completed fellowship training more recently than males (female = 2006, male = 1999, P < .02), have lower H-indexes (female = 8.6, male = 17.3, P = .03), and are less represented as full professors (female = 8.3%, male = 42.4%, P = .026). There were no differences in age, residency, research fellowship, or number of fellowships. Gender disparities exist in burn surgery and are highlighted at the leadership level, even though female surgeons have a similar age, residency training, and other background factors. However, gender diversity in burn surgery may improve as females in junior faculty positions advance in their careers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Konanur
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA
| | - Francesco M Egro
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA.,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Mercy Burn Center, PA
| | | | - Brandon T Smith
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA
| | | | - Guy M Stofman
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Arjani S, Tasnim S, Sumra H, Zope M, Riner AN, Reyna C, Henry M, Anand T. It begins with the search committee: Promoting faculty diversity at the source. Am J Surg 2021; 223:432-435. [PMID: 34482952 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2021.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simran Arjani
- Association of Women Surgeons, Publications Committee, USA; Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 108 S Orange Ave, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Sadia Tasnim
- Association of Women Surgeons, Publications Committee, USA; Cleveland Clinic Department of Surgery, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Hibba Sumra
- Association of Women Surgeons, Publications Committee, USA; University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Madhushree Zope
- Association of Women Surgeons, Publications Committee, USA; The University of Alabama School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 1720 2nd Ave. S, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3412, USA
| | - Andrea N Riner
- Association of Women Surgeons, Publications Committee, USA; University of Florida Department of Surgery, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Chantal Reyna
- Association of Women Surgeons, Publications Committee, USA; Crozer Health System, 2100 Keystone, Drexel Hill, PA, 19026, USA
| | - Marion Henry
- Association of Women Surgeons, Publications Committee, USA; University of Chicago Department of Surgery, 3841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Tanya Anand
- Association of Women Surgeons, Publications Committee, USA; University of Arizona Department of Surgery, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Rm 5411, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Humphries MD, Mikityuk A, Harris L, Simons JP, Aulivola B, Bush R, Freischlag JA, Reed AB. Representation of women in vascular surgery science and societies. J Vasc Surg 2021; 74:15S-20S. [PMID: 34303453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2021.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Medical schools and surgical residencies have seen an increase in the proportion of female matriculants, with 30% of current vascular surgery trainees being women over the past decade. There is widespread focus on increasing diversity in medicine and surgery in an effort to provide optimal quality of patient care and the advancement of science. The presence of gender diversity and opportunities to identify with women in leadership positions positively correlates with women choosing to enter traditionally male-dominated fields. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the representation of women in regional and national vascular surgical societies over the last 20 years. METHODS A retrospective review of the meeting programs of vascular surgery societies was performed. Data were collected on abstract presenters, moderators, committee members and chairs, and officers (president, president-elect, vice president, secretary, and treasurer). The data were divided into early (1999-2009) and late (2010-2019) time periods. RESULTS Five regional and five national societies' data were analyzed, including 139 meetings. The mean percentage of female abstract presenters increased significantly from 10.9% in the early period to 20.6% in the late period (P < .001). Female senior authors increased slightly from 8.7% to 11.5%, but this change was not statistically significant (P = .22). Female meeting moderators increased significantly from 7.8% to 17.2% (P < .001), as well as female committee members increased from 10.9% to 20.3% (P = .003). Female committee chairs increased slightly from 10.9% to 16.9%, but this difference was not statistically significant (P = .13). Female society officers increased considerably from 6.4% to 14.8%. (P = .002). Significant variation was noted between societies, with five societies (three regional and two national) having less than 10% women at the officer level in 2019. There was a wide variation noted between societies in the percentage of female abstract presenters (range, 7.6%-34.9%), senior authors (3.9%-17.9%), and meeting moderators (5.4%-40.7%). CONCLUSIONS Over the past two decades, there has been a significant increase in the representation of women in vascular surgery societies among those presenting scientific work, serving as meeting moderators, and serving as committee members. However, the representation of women among committee chairs, senior authors, and society leadership has not kept up pace with the increase noted at other levels. Efforts to recruit women into the field of vascular surgery as well as to support the professional development of female vascular surgeons are facilitated by the presence of women in leadership roles. Increasing the representation of women in vascular society leadership positions may be a key strategy in promoting gender diversity in the vascular surgery field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misty D Humphries
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, Calif.
| | - Angelina Mikityuk
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, Calif
| | - Linda Harris
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY
| | - Jessica P Simons
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass
| | - Bernadette Aulivola
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Loyola University Health System, Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Ruth Bush
- University of Houston College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | | | - Amy B Reed
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Brower BA, Butterworth ML, Crawford ME, Jennings MM, Tan Z, Moore JD, Suzuki S, Carpenter BB. The Podiatric Medical Profession: A Gender Comparison. J Foot Ankle Surg 2021; 59:997-1007. [PMID: 32747184 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The number of women in podiatric medicine and surgery has increased steadily over the past 4 decades; however, there appears to be a large and continued gender gap with respect to representation in academic medicine and other positions of power. National and state level organizational data were obtained from multiple podiatry professional societies to evaluate the rate at which women achieved leadership roles within the podiatric profession over time. A secondary questionnaire was also developed and electronically mailed to 8684 doctors of podiatric medicine to help capture additional leadership information and to provide further insight into the trends observed. The response rate was 26% (2276/8684). Female representation in academia, research/publications, most leadership positions, and board certifications has increased over time, but at a slower rate than the number of women entering the profession. We observed a decreasing trend of females completing fellowships, speaking at national meetings, becoming residency directors, and receiving American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons- and American Podiatric Medical Association-sponsored grants/awards. Based on the survey results, female podiatric physicians were more likely to be single, have fewer children, spend more time in a clinical setting, be less satisfied with work, and experience higher work stress levels than their male colleagues. Of the female respondents, 73% described experiencing gender discrimination at some point in their career, and 42% reported experiencing sexual harassment, compared with only 6% and 5% of men, respectively. There continues to be a gender gap in leadership roles, which may be explained partially by work/life balance issues, gender discrimination, and other issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Brower
- Third Year Chief Resident Physician, John Peter Smith Hospital, Fort Worth, TX.
| | | | - Mary E Crawford
- Staff Physician, Providence Regional Medical Center, Private Practice at the Ankle & Foot Clinics Northwest, Everett, WA
| | - Meagan M Jennings
- Attending, Silicon Valley Foot & Ankle Reconstructive Surgery Fellowship; Staff Surgeon, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Mountain View, CA
| | - Zhengqi Tan
- PhD Student, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Jonathan D Moore
- PhD Student, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Sumihiro Suzuki
- Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Brian B Carpenter
- Professor, Department of Orthopedics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Establishing a Women in Radiology Group: A Toolkit From the American Association for Women in Radiology. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2021; 217:1452-1460. [PMID: 34106756 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.21.25966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite increasing representation in medical schools and surgical specialties, recruitment of women into radiology has failed to exhibit commensurate growth. Furthermore, women in radiology are less likely to advance to leadership roles. A Women in Radiology (WIR) group provides a robust support system that has been shown to produce numerous benefits to the group's individual participants as well as the group's institution or practice. These benefits include development of mentorship relationships, guidance of career trajectories, improved camaraderie, increased participation in scholarly projects, and increased awareness of gender-specific issues. This article describes a recommended pathway to establishing a WIR group, with the goal of fostering sponsorship and promoting leadership, recruitment, and advancement of women in radiology. Barriers to implementation are considered, and resources to facilitate success, including a range of resources provided by the American Association for Women in Radiology, are reviewed. By implementing the provided framework, radiologists at any career stage can start a WIR group, to promote the advancement of their female colleagues.
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female physicians are underrepresented across a broad range of medical specialties, especially at senior levels. Previous research demonstrated poor representation of women in sports medicine leadership roles in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) compared to their male colleagues. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the distribution of men and women among team physicians on the medical staffs of National Basketball Association (NBA) and Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) teams in the last 10 years and assess regional differences in representation of female physicians. METHODS A Google search of publicly available data regarding team physician gender, medical specialty, and medical degree was conducted in October 2019 for team physicians in the NBA and WNBA over the last 10 years. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. This data was then stratified by physician specialty and region of country in which NBA/WNBA franchises are located to provide regional comparison of team physician characteristics. RESULTS We identified 125 team physicians for NBA franchises. Of these, 122 (97.6%) were male and 3 (2.4%) were female. In the WNBA, a total of 28 physicians were identified. 20 (71.4%) were male and 8 (28.6%) were female. The Northeast had the highest proportion of female team physicians, with 5 of 18 (27.8%). Female physicians were represented in the remaining geographic regions as follows: 3 of 41 (7.3%) in the Midwest, 2 of 45 (4.4%) in the South, and 1 of 48 (2.1%) in the West. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a substantial difference in the number of female physicians with leadership roles in both the NBA and WNBA compared to male physicians. It is important to try to understand what barriers female physicians face in their pursuit of upper level positions in sports medicine and to implement strategies to provide equal opportunities to both male and female physicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Symone M Brown
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Mary K Mulcahey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lydon S, Madden C, De Bhulbh Á, Maher S, Byrne D, O'Connor P. Do Gender-Based Disparities in Authorship and Editorship Exist in Healthcare Simulation Journals? A Bibliometric Review of the Research. Simul Healthc 2021; 16:136-141. [PMID: 32433184 DOI: 10.1097/sih.0000000000000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY STATEMENT Publication in peer-reviewed journals, and serving on editorial boards, is considered an indicator of academic productivity and success, and a means of influencing discourse and practice in a field. This bibliometric review explored gender in authorship, and editorship, across the 3 existing English language, nonspecialty specific healthcare simulation journals. In total, 40.4% of publications had women first authors and 34.4% had women senior authors. There were no differences by journal and no apparent changes over time. Poor participation of women on editorial boards (38.1% of editorial board members were women) was observed. The observed level of representation of women as first and senior authors, and on editorial boards, is comparable with other health sciences domains but nonetheless warrants attention and improvement. Future research examining the profile of those working within simulation or evaluating strategies to improve the participation of women within healthcare simulation research and journals would be of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad Lydon
- From the School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (S.L., A.D.B., D.B.), Department of General Practice (C.M., P.O.C.), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway; Galway University Hospital (S.M., A.D.B.); and Irish Centre for Applied Patient Safety and Simulation (S.L., C.M., A.D.B., S.M., D.B., P.O.C.), National University of Ireland Galway, County Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rachid E, Noureddine T, Tamim H, Makki M, Naalbandian S, Al-Haddad C. Gender disparity in research productivity across departments in the faculty of medicine: a bibliometric analysis. Scientometrics 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-021-03953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
44
|
Taha B, Sadda P, Winston G, Odigie E, Londono C, Greenfield JP, Pannullo SC, Hoffman C. Increases in female academic productivity and female mentorship highlight sustained progress in previously identified neurosurgical gender disparities. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 50:E3. [PMID: 33789232 DOI: 10.3171/2020.12.focus20939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A meta-analysis was performed to understand disparities in the representation of female authorship within the neurosurgical literature and implications for career advancement of women in neurosurgery. METHODS Author names for articles published in 16 of the top neurosurgical journals from 2002 to 2019 were obtained from MEDLINE. The gender of each author was determined using automated prediction methods. Publication trends were compared over time and across subdisciplines. Female authorship was also compared to the proportionate composition of women in the field over time. RESULTS The metadata obtained from 16 major neurosurgical journals yielded 66,546 research articles. Gender was successfully determined for 96% (127,809/133,578) of first and senior authors, while the remainder (3.9%) were unable to be determined through prediction methods. Across all years, 13.3% (8826) of articles had female first authorship and 9.1% (6073) had female senior authorship. Female first authorship increased significantly over time from 5.8% in 2002 to 17.2% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Female senior authorship also increased significantly over time, from 5.5% in 2002 to 12.0% in 2019 (p < 0.001). The journals with the highest proportions of female first authors and senior authors were the Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics (33.5%) and the Asian Journal of Neurosurgery (23.8%), respectively. Operative Neurosurgery had the lowest fraction of female first (12.4%) and senior (4.7%) authors. There was a significant difference between the year-by-year proportion of female neurosurgical trainees and the year-by-year proportion of female neurosurgical first (p < 0.001) and senior (p < 0.001) authors. Articles were also more likely to have a female first author if the senior author of the article was female (OR 2.69, CI 2.52-2.86; p < 0.001). From 1944 to 2019, the Journal of Neurosurgery showed a steady increase in female first and senior authorship, with a plateau beginning in the 1990s. CONCLUSIONS Large meta-analysis techniques have the potential to effectively leverage large amounts of bibliometric data to quantify the representation of female authorship in the neurosurgical literature. The proportion of female authors in major neurosurgical journals has steadily increased. However, the rate of increase in female senior authorship has lagged behind the rate of increase in first authorship, indicating a disparity in academic advancement in women in neurosurgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birra Taha
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Praneeth Sadda
- 2Department of Medicine, Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Graham Winston
- 3Department of Neurological Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College; and
| | - Eseosa Odigie
- 3Department of Neurological Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College; and
| | | | - Jeffrey P Greenfield
- 3Department of Neurological Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College; and
| | - Susan C Pannullo
- 3Department of Neurological Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College; and
| | - Caitlin Hoffman
- 3Department of Neurological Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College; and
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lydon S, O'Dowd E, Walsh C, O'Dea A, Byrne D, Murphy AW, O'Connor P. Systematic review of interventions to improve gender equity in graduate medicine. Postgrad Med J 2021; 98:300-307. [PMID: 33637640 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Women are substantially underrepresented in senior and leadership positions in medicine and experience gendered challenges in their work settings. This systematic review aimed to synthesise research that has evaluated interventions for improving gender equity in medicine. English language electronic searches were conducted across MEDLINE, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, PsycINFO and Web of Science. Reference list screening was also undertaken. Peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and March 2020 that evaluated interventions to improve gender equity, or the experiences of women, in academic or clinical medicine were reviewed. Dual reviewer data extraction on setting, participants, type of intervention, measurement and outcomes was completed. Methodological rigour and strength of findings were evaluated. In total, 34 studies were included. Interventions were typically focused on equipping the woman (82.4%), that is, delivering professional development activities for women. Fewer focused on changing cultures (20.6%), ensuring equal opportunities (23.5%) or increasing the visibility or valuing of women (23.5%). Outcomes were largely positive (87.3%) but measurement typically relied on subjective, self-report data (69.1%). Few interventions were implemented in clinical settings (17.6%). Weak methodological rigour and a low strength of findings was observed. There has been a focus to-date on interventions which Equip the Woman Interventions addressing systems and culture change require further research consideration. However, institutions cannot wait on high quality research evidence to emerge to take action on gender equity. Data collated suggest a number of recommendations pertaining to research on, and the implementation of, interventions to improve gender equity in academic and clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad Lydon
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland .,Irish Centre for Applied Patient Safety and Simulation, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Emily O'Dowd
- Department of General Practice, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Chloe Walsh
- Department of General Practice, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Angela O'Dea
- Department of Surgical Affairs, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dara Byrne
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Applied Patient Safety and Simulation, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andrew W Murphy
- Department of General Practice, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Paul O'Connor
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Department of General Practice, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The demographics of the United States is changing with 51% of the population being female, and 32% of the population identifying as an underrepresented minority (URM, ie, African American/black, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian/Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander). Women and URMs have been historically underrepresented in medicine and in academic anesthesiology. This article provides an overview of the current status of women and URM faculty in academic anesthesiology and provides a framework for academic advancement. Throughout the text, the terms woman/women are used, as opposed to female, as the terms woman/women refer to gender, and female refers to biological sex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Toledo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 251 East Huron Street, F5-704, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Choy R Lewis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 251 East Huron Street, F5-704, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Elizabeth M S Lange
- Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 251 East Huron Street, F5-704, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sabourin S, Omoruan M, Khazen O, DiMarzio M, Sofatzis T, Staples S, Feustel PJ, Petersen E, Casini G, Spinoza ZT, Pilitsis JG. Diversity in Neuromodulators: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go. Neuromodulation 2020; 23:145-149. [PMID: 32103592 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Sabourin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Moje Omoruan
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Olga Khazen
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Marisa DiMarzio
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Tia Sofatzis
- International Neuromodulation Society, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Staples
- International Neuromodulation Society, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Staples, Etc., LLC, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Paul J Feustel
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Erika Petersen
- International Neuromodulation Society, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Gianna Casini
- International Neuromodulation Society, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Pain Management, Parkview Physician's Group, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - Zulma T Spinoza
- International Neuromodulation Society, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Upstate University Hospital, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Julie G Pilitsis
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.,International Neuromodulation Society, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Xu RF, Varady NH, Chen AF. Trends in Gender Disparities in Authorship of Arthroplasty Research. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2020; 102:e131. [PMID: 33269894 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.20.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite efforts to address gender disparities in medicine, female representation in orthopaedics lags behind that of other fields, and little work has evaluated gender disparities within the subspecialty of arthroplasty surgery. The objective of this study was to analyze female authorship trends in arthroplasty research from 2002 to 2019. METHODS Articles published from 2002 to 2019 in 12 clinical orthopaedic and arthroplasty journals were extracted from PubMed. Articles that provided the full name of the first author and contained the terms "arthroplasty," "hip replacement," "knee replacement," or "joint replacement" in the title and/or as keywords were analyzed. The gender of the author was determined with the validated Genderize algorithm, and publication trends were analyzed over time. Descriptive and comparative statistics were computed, and logistic regression was used to evaluate gender trends. RESULTS From 2002 to 2019, 14,692 articles met the inclusion criteria, and the gender of 63,628 authors was identified. There were 23,626 unique authors; 4,003 (16.9%) were women and 19,623 (83.1%) were men. Female involvement in arthroplasty publications increased from 11.1% in 2002 to 12.6% in 2019 (p < 0.001), and the percentage of female first authors increased from 5.0% in 2002 to 11.3% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Critically, however, the proportion of women as senior authors significantly declined from 8.5% in 2002 to 6.2% in 2019 (p < 0.001). From our analysis of U.S. publications with physician senior authors, the proportion of female senior authors remained relatively stable from 1.7% in 2002 to 2.4% in 2019 without a significantly increasing trend (p = 0.88). Overall, on average, women published a mean (and 95% confidence interval) of 1.9 ± 0.1 publications, while men published 2.9 ± 0.1 publications (p < 0.001). The proportion of female senior authors in arthroplasty publications (6.6%) was lower than that of other orthopaedic subspecialties such as sports medicine (9.2%), spine (13.6%), and foot and ankle (13.1%). CONCLUSIONS While overall female representation and first authorship in arthroplasty literature have increased over time, the paucity of women in senior author roles remains troubling. Future studies should examine why the proportion of women publishing in arthroplasty remains lower than that in most other orthopaedic subspecialties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raylin F Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Are Women Proportionately Represented as Speakers at Orthopaedic Surgery Annual Meetings? A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2020; 478:2729-2740. [PMID: 32667757 PMCID: PMC7899418 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000001359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spite of efforts to improve gender diversity in orthopaedic surgery, women remain underrepresented, particularly with increasing academic rank. Opportunities to speak at society meetings are an important component of building a national reputation and achieving academic promotions. However, little is known about the gender diversity of orthopaedic society annual meeting speakers. Data on this topic are needed to determine whether these speaking roles are equitably distributed between men and women, which is fundamental to equalizing professional opportunity in academic orthopaedic surgery. QUESTION/PURPOSES: (1) Is the gender diversity of invited speakers at annual orthopaedic subspecialty society meetings proportional to society membership? (2) Are there differences in the proportion of women invited to speak in technical sessions (defined as sessions on surgical outcomes, surgical technique, nonsurgical musculoskeletal care, or basic science) versus nontechnical sessions (such as sessions on diversity, work-life balance, work environment, social media, education, or peer relationships)? (3) Does the presence of women on the society executive committee and annual meeting program committee correlate with the gender diversity of invited speakers? (4) Do societies with explicit diversity efforts (the presence of a committee, task force, award, or grant designed to promote diversity, or mention of diversity as part of the organization's mission statement) have greater gender diversity in their invited speakers? METHODS Seventeen national orthopaedic societies in the United States were included in this cross-sectional study of speakership in 2018. Each society provided the number of men and women members for their society in 2018. The genders of all invited speakers were tabulated using each society's 2018 annual meeting program. Speakers of all credentials and degrees were included. All manuscript/abstract presenters were excluded from all analyses because these sessions are selected by blinded scientific review. A Fisher's exact test was used to compare the proportion of women versus men in nontechnical speaking roles. The relationship between women in society leadership roles and women in all speaking roles was investigated using a linear regression analysis. A chi square test was used to compare the proportion of women in all speaking roles between societies with stated diversity efforts with societies without such initiatives. RESULTS Overall, women society members were proportionately represented as annual meeting speakers, comprising 13% (4389 of 33,051) of all society members and 14% (535 of 3928) of all annual meeting speakers (% difference 0.6% [95% CI -0.8 to 1.5]; p = 0.60); however, representation of women speakers ranged from 0% to 33% across societies. Women were more likely than men to have nontechnical speaking roles, with 6% (32 of 535) of women's speaking roles being nontechnical, compared with 2% (51 of 3393) of men's speaking roles being nontechnical (OR 4.2 [95% CI 2.7 to 6.5]; p < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between the proportion of women in society leadership roles and the proportion of women in speaking roles (r = 0.73; p < 0.001). Societies with a stated diversity effort had more women as conference speakers; with 19% (375 of 1997) women speakers for societies with a diversity effort compared with 8% (160 of 1931) women speakers in societies without a diversity effort (OR 2.6 [95% CI 2.1 to 3.1]; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although the percentage of women in speaking roles was proportional to society membership overall, our study identified opportunities to improve gender representation in several societies and in technical versus nontechnical sessions. Positioning more women in leadership roles and developing stated diversity efforts are two interventions that may help societies improve proportional representation; we recommend that all societies monitor the gender representation of speakers at their annual meetings and direct conference organizing committees to create programs with gender equity. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Society leadership, national oversight committees, invited speakers, and conference attendees all contribute to the layers of accountability for equitable speakership at annual meetings. National steering committees such as the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Diversity Advisory Board should monitor and report conference speaker diversity data to create systemwide accountability. Conference attendees and speakers should critically examine conference programs and raise concerns if they notice inequities. With these additional layers of accountability, orthopaedic surgery annual meetings may become more representative of their society members.
Collapse
|
50
|
Fassiotto M, Flores B, Victor R, Altamirano J, Garcia LC, Kotadia S, Maldonado Y. Rank Equity Index: Measuring Parity in the Advancement of Underrepresented Populations in Academic Medicine. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2020; 95:1844-1852. [PMID: 32889948 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000003720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
As educators, researchers, clinicians, and administrators, faculty serve pivotal roles in academic medical centers (AMCs). Thus, the quality of faculty members' experiences is inseparable from an AMC's success. In seeking new methods to assess equity in advancement in academic medicine, the authors developed the Rank Equity Index (REI)-adapted from the Executive Parity Index, a scale previously implemented within the business sector-to examine national data on gender and racial/ethnic equity across faculty ranks. The REI was employed on self-reported demographic data, collected by the Association of American Medical Colleges, from U.S. medical school faculty in 2017, to make pairwise rank comparisons of the professoriate by demographic characteristics and department. Overall results indicated that women did not attain parity at any pairwise rank comparison, while men were above parity at all ranks. Similar results were observed across all departments surveyed: women in the basic sciences had REIs closest to parity, women in pediatrics had the highest representation but had REIs that were further from parity than REIs in the basic sciences, and women in surgery demonstrated the lowest REIs. Nationally, REIs were below 1.00 for all racial/ethnic group rank comparisons except for White and, in one case, multiple-race non-Hispanic/Latinx. Across all analyzed departments, Black/African American, Asian, Hispanic/Latinx, and multiple-race Hispanic/Latinx faculty had REIs below parity at all ranks except in 2 cases. In a comparison of 2017 and 2007 data, REIs across both race/ethnicity and gender were lower in 2007 for nearly all groups. REI analyses can highlight inequities in faculty rank that may be masked when using aggregate faculty proportions, which do not account for rank. The REI provides AMCs with a new tool to better analyze institutional data to inform efforts to increase parity across all faculty ranks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magali Fassiotto
- M. Fassiotto is associate dean for faculty development and diversity, Office of Faculty Development and Diversity, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Brenda Flores
- B. Flores is research and program officer, Office of Faculty Development and Diversity, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Robert Victor
- R. Victor is research and program officer, Office of Faculty Development and Diversity, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jonathan Altamirano
- J. Altamirano is senior research analyst, Office of Faculty Development and Diversity and Global Child Health Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Luis C Garcia
- L.C. Garcia is a medical student and research assistant, Office of Faculty Development and Diversity, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Shaila Kotadia
- S. Kotadia is director of culture and inclusion, Office of Faculty Development and Diversity, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Yvonne Maldonado
- Y. Maldonado is professor of pediatrics and of epidemiology and population health, and senior associate dean for faculty development and diversity, Office of Faculty Development and Diversity, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| |
Collapse
|