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Mangala C, Fokam J, Maulot-Bangola D, Rebienot-Pellegrin O, Nkoa T. Genetic diversity of the human immunodeficiency virus of type 1 in Gabonese transfusional settings. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:191. [PMID: 36997860 PMCID: PMC10061732 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high endemicity of transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs) in sub-Saharan Africa is a real public health problem. To reduce the risk of HIV transmission through blood donation, the NBTC of Gabon has launched in recent years a reorganization of its blood transfusion system. This study aims to characterize the molecular strains of HIV-1 circulating in donors and to estimate the risk of viral transmission. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out during the period from August 2020 to August 2021 among 381 donors who had agreed to donate blood at the National Blood Transfusion Center (NBTC). Viral load was determined by Abbott Real-Time (Abbott m2000®, Abbott) and sequencing by the Sanger method (ABI 3500 Hitachi®). The phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA X software. Data were checked, entered, and analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 software, with p ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 381 donors were enrolled in the study. Among the 359 seronegative donors, five (5) seronegative donors were detected positive for HIV-1 using Real-Time PCR. The residual risk was 648 per 1,000,000 donations. The prevalence of residual infection was 1.4% [0,01; 0,03]. Sixteen (16) samples were sequenced. The strains obtained were CRF02_AG (50%), subtype A1 (18.8%), subtype G (12.5%), CRF45_cpx (12.5%) and subtype F2 (6.2%). Six sequences clustered with A1, G, CRF02_AG, and CRF45_cpx subtypes. CONCLUSION The residual risk of HIV-1 transmission by blood transfusion remains a concern in the Gabonese transfusional settings. A policy based on improving the current screening strategy would involve the implementation of the nucleic acid test (NAT) in order to optimize the safety of the donation by detecting the HIV-1 subtypes in circulation in the donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mangala
- Catholic University of Central Africa (CUCA), Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Libreville, Gabon.
| | - Joseph Fokam
- Chantal Biya International Reference Center (CBIRC)), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Denis Maulot-Bangola
- Catholic University of Central Africa (CUCA), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Libreville, Gabon
| | | | - Thérèse Nkoa
- Catholic University of Central Africa (CUCA), Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-Related Diseases May Constitute a Threat to the Elimination of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, by 2030, in Gabon, Central Africa. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122808. [PMID: 36560812 PMCID: PMC9785256 DOI: 10.3390/v14122808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) has adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to end the HIV/AIDS epidemic by 2030. Several factors related to the non-suppression of HIV, including interruptions of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and opportunistic infections could affect and delay this projected epidemic goal. Human T-Cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) appears to be consistently associated with a high risk of opportunistic infections, an early onset of HTLV-1 and its associated pathologies, as well as a fast progression to the AIDS phase in co-infected individuals, when compared to HIV-1 or HTLV-1 mono-infected individuals. In Gabon, the prevalence of these two retroviruses is very high and little is known about HTLV-1 and the associated pathologies, leaving most of them underdiagnosed. Hence, HTLV-1/HIV-1 co-infections could simultaneously imply a non-diagnosis of HIV-1 positive individuals having developed pathologies associated with HTLV-1, but also a high mortality rate among the co-infected individuals. All of these constitute potential obstacles to pursue targeted objectives. A systematic review was conducted to assess the negative impacts of HTLV-1/HIV-1 co-infections and related factors on the elimination of HIV/AIDS by 2030 in Gabon.
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Mombo LE, Bisseye C, Mickala P, Ossari S, Makuwa M. Genotyping of CCR5 gene, CCR2b and SDF1 variants related to HIV-1 infection in Gabonese subjects. Intervirology 2015; 58:22-6. [PMID: 25592723 DOI: 10.1159/000369016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given the magnitude of the HIV epidemic infection, many viral and human factors were analyzed, and the most decisive was the variant CCR5-Δ32. The presence of a low HIV prevalence (1.8%) in Gabon in the 1990s, compared to neighboring countries, represents a paradox that led us to search for viral and human genetic variants in this country. In this study, only variants of coreceptors and chemokines were investigated. METHODS Variants of the coding region of the CCR5 gene were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and then variants of SDF1 and CCR2b were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS Four rare variants of the CCR5 coreceptor were found, while CCR5-Δ32 and CCR5m303 variants were not found. No association with CCR2b-V64I (17%) and SDF1-3'A (2%) variants was determined in relation to HIV-1 infection in Gabonese patients. CONCLUSION The paradox of HIV seroprevalence in Gabon, which ended in the 2000s, was not caused by human genetic variants but rather by environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landry Erik Mombo
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
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Ebbert MTW, Mallory MA, Wilson AR, Dooley SK, Hillyard DR. Application of a new informatics tool for contamination screening in the HIV sequencing laboratory. J Clin Virol 2013; 57:249-53. [PMID: 23583427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current HIV-1 sequencing-based methods for detecting drug resistance-associated mutations are open and susceptible to contamination. Informatic identification of clinical sequences that are nearly identical to one another may indicate specimen-to-specimen contamination or another laboratory-associated issue. OBJECTIVES To design an informatic tool to rapidly identify potential contamination in the clinical laboratory using sequence analysis and to establish reference ranges for sequence variation in the HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase regions among a U.S. patient population. STUDY DESIGN We developed an open-source tool named HIV Contamination Detection (HIVCD). HIVCD was utilized to make pairwise comparisons of nearly 8000 partial HIV-1 pol gene sequences from patients across the United States and to calculate percent identities (PIDs) for each pair. ROC analysis and standard deviations of PID data were used to determine reference ranges for between-patient and within-patient comparisons and to guide selection of a threshold for identifying abnormally high PID between two unrelated sequences. RESULTS The PID reference range for between-patient comparisons ranged from 83.8 to 95.7% while within-patient comparisons ranged from 96 to 100%. Interestingly, 48% of between-patient sequence pairs with a PID>96.5 were geographically related. The selected threshold for abnormally high PIDs was 96 (AUC=0.993, sensitivity=0.980, specificity=0.999). During routine use, HIVCD identified a specimen mix-up and the source of contamination of a negative control. CONCLUSIONS In our experience, HIVCD is easily incorporated into laboratory workflow, useful for identifying potential laboratory errors, and contributes to quality testing. This type of analysis should be incorporated into routine laboratory practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T W Ebbert
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories, 500 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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Caron M, Lekana-Douki SE, Makuwa M, Obiang-Ndong GP, Biba O, Nkoghé D, Kazanji M. Prevalence, genetic diversity and antiretroviral drugs resistance-associated mutations among untreated HIV-1-infected pregnant women in Gabon, central Africa. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:64. [PMID: 22433277 PMCID: PMC3359209 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Africa, the wide genetic diversity of HIV has resulted in emergence of new strains, rapid spread of this virus in sub-Saharan populations and therefore spread of the HIV epidemic throughout the continent. Methods To determine the prevalence of antibodies to HIV among a high-risk population in Gabon, 1098 and 2916 samples were collected from pregnant women in 2005 and 2008, respectively. HIV genotypes were evaluated in 107 HIV-1-positive samples to determine the circulating subtypes of strains and their resistance to antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). Results The seroprevalences were 6.3% in 2005 and 6.0% in 2008. The main subtype was recombinant CRF02_AG (46.7%), followed by the subtypes A (19.6%), G (10.3%), F (4.7%), H (1.9%) and D (0.9%) and the complex recombinants CRF06_cpx (1.9%) and CRF11_cpx (1.9%); 12.1% of subtypes could not be characterized. Analysis of ARVs resistance to the protease and reverse transcriptase coding regions showed mutations associated with extensive subtype polymorphism. In the present study, the HIV strains showed reduced susceptibility to ARVs (2.8%), particularly to protease inhibitors (1.9%) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (0.9%). Conclusions The evolving genetic diversity of HIV calls for continuous monitoring of its molecular epidemiology in Gabon and in other central African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Caron
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville BP 769, Gabon
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Mintsa-Ndong A, Caron M, Plantier JC, Makuwa M, Le Hello S, Courgnaud V, Roques P, Kazanji M. High HIV Type 1 prevalence and wide genetic diversity with dominance of recombinant strains but low level of antiretroviral drug-resistance mutations in untreated patients in northeast Gabon, Central Africa. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:411-8. [PMID: 19320567 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The northeast of Gabon, central Africa is characterized by high population density and a high rate of immigration from the surrounding countries. To determine the prevalence, circulating subtypes, and antiretroviral resistance mutations of HIV-1, 810 blood samples were collected from the general population of the two main cities (Oyem and Makokou) of this region. Of these, 61 (7.5%) were found to be positive for HIV-1. Analysis of the env (gp120), pol, and gag (p24) sequences as well as phylogenetic analyses showed at least eight different viral lineages. The most prevalent strains were CRF02 recombinants, followed by subtypes A, D, and C. The remaining strains were found to be F, J, G, and also, for the first time in Gabon, the recombinant form CRF11cpx. Analysis of antiretroviral drug-resistance mutations in protease and reverse transcriptase from this untreated population showed a low level of specific mutations. These mutations were associated with subtype polymorphism rather than with resistance to antiretroviral drugs. The wide diversity and the emergence of recombinant strains are in accordance with the rapid spread of new HIV strains in the population and, thus, the dynamic evolution of the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armel Mintsa-Ndong
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Melanie Caron
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- Service de Coopération et d'Action Culturelle, French Embassy, Libreville, Gabon
| | | | - Maria Makuwa
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Simon Le Hello
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Valerie Courgnaud
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherches 5535, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Roques
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- Service de Coopération et d'Action Culturelle, French Embassy, Libreville, Gabon
- Service d'Immuno-virologie, Unité Mixte de Recherches E1, Pais XI, Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Unité de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- Service de Coopération et d'Action Culturelle, French Embassy, Libreville, Gabon
- Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Gisselquist D. Emergence of the HIV type 1 epidemic in the twentieth century: comparing hypotheses to evidence. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2003; 19:1071-8. [PMID: 14709242 DOI: 10.1089/088922203771881158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of multiple groups of HIV-1 and HIV-2 suggests that zoonotic transmissions of SIV have occurred at a low rate for centuries. Hence, an increase in the rate of human-to-human transmission may be necessary and sufficient to explain the emergence of HIV as an epidemic in the twentieth century. Three common hypotheses to explain accelerated transmission are (1) social changes accelerated sexual transmission, (2) health care changes accelerated parenteral transmission, and (3) serial passaging adapted HIV for persistent infection and sexual transmission. These hypotheses can be compared to a range of evidence. Temporal and geographic discontinuities in HIV epidemic growth are not easily explained by supposed increases in sexual transmission over time. Large historic changes in sexual transmission are hard to explain based on weak evidence associating HIV prevalence in African communities with differences in sexual behavior. On the other hand, documented iatrogenic outbreaks show high rates of parenteral transmission. The distribution of hepatitis C virus infections and the history of multiinjection treatment for trypanosomiasis in Central Africa suggest widespread parenteral transmission of blood-borne viruses during 1920-1940, coinciding in time and place with the early HIV epidemic. This suggests an important role for parenteral transmission in the early spread of HIV. Further research could improve our understanding of the early HIV epidemic.
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Zhong P, BUrda S, Konings F, Urbanski M, Ma L, Zekeng L, Ewane L, Agyingi L, Agwara M, Afane ZE, Kinge T, Zolla-Pazner S, Nyambi P. Genetic and biological properties of HIV type 1 isolates prevalent in villagers of the Cameroon equatorial rain forests and grass fields: further evidence of broad HIV type 1 genetic diversity. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2003; 19:1167-78. [PMID: 14717120 DOI: 10.1089/088922203771881284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the evolution of HIV-1, the genetic and biological characteristics of viruses that infect persons living in regions in which the virus has been evolving for several decades must be studied. Thus, we investigated teh genetic subtypes, coreceptor usage, and syncytium-inducing ability of viruses in 47 HIV-1-infected blood samples from individuals living in rural villages in the equatorial rain forest and grass field regions in Cameroon. Heteroduplex mobility analysis (HMA) of gag (part of p24 and p7) and env (C2V5) or sequence and phylogenetic analysis of gag (part of p24 and p7), pol (protease), and env (C2V5), revealed a broad HIV-1 group M genetic diversity. Subtype analysis revealed genetic evidence of seven subtypes (A, C, D, F, G, H, and J) and three circulating recombinant froms (CRFs) (CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG, and CRF11_cpx). Only 15 (32%) of the 47 samples analyzed revealed a concordant subtype in all three genes (gag, pol, and env), while discordant subtypes and CRFs were identified for the remaining 32 (68%) samples. Two patterns of HIV-1 diversity could be discerned in two provinces. While more concordant subtypes in gag, pol, and env genes were identified in villages of South province (10 of 13, 77%), the HIV-1 diversity in the West province was characterized by intersubtype recombinants (63%). Five new intersubtype recombinants were identified including Agag Jpol Genv, Ggag Upol Aenv, AGgag Jpol Aenv, Agag AGpol Henv, and Cgag AGpol AGenv. All of the 40 viruses tested used the R5 coreceptor, of which four also used the X4 coreceptor. Four viruses were able to induce syncytia in MT-2 cells, however, syncytium induction did not correlate with coreceptor usage. This study further reveals the complexity of HIV-1 infection in rural Cameron and points to the future of the global epidemic, which may be characterized by more genetically diverse viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhong
- Department of Pathology adn New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, USA
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Pandrea I, Robertson DL, Onanga R, Gao F, Makuwa M, Ngari P, Bedjabaga I, Roques P, Simon F, Apetrei C. Analysis of partial pol and env sequences indicates a high prevalence of HIV type 1 recombinant strains circulating in Gabon. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:1103-16. [PMID: 12396449 DOI: 10.1089/088922202320567842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-one HIV-1 strains from Gabonese patients were studied according to the following strategy: nested polymerase chain reaction were performed to obtain an approximately 1,100-bp fragment containing the protease gene and the 5' half of the reverse transcriptase gene. Additional amplifications were carried out to obtain an approximately 700-bp fragment encompassing the C2V3 env gene. Fragments of 600 to 1,200 bp in the gag gene overlapping the pol sequences were used for the study of recombination patterns. Phylogenetic analyses of the different fragments were used to investigate HIV-1 diversity in Gabon. Thirty-one strains were sequenced in the env and pol genes and phylogenetic analyses classified them as subtype A (n = 2), D (n = 4), G (n = 1), H (n = 1), CRF02 (n = 8), and CRF MAL-like (n = 6); in addition, there were 6 unique recombinant forms and 1 unclassified strain, and in 2 cases pol/env sequences classified strains as subtype D whereas gag phylogeny classified them as subtype A. In 10 cases only 1 fragment was available: 4 env (2 subtype D, 1 subtype H, and 1 subtype U) and 6 pol (1 subtype A, 1 subtype C, 2 subtype G, and 2 subtype U). Minor mutations associated with viral resistance to antiretroviral drugs were observed in more than 80% of analyzed strains. Our study confirms the extensive HIV-1 diversity found in Central Africa, with more than 70% of strains from Gabon exhibiting discordant clustering in pol and env genomic regions and less than 60% concordance between sequencing and heteroduplex mobility assay genotyping. These findings highlight the fact that Central Africa represents the epicenter for the origin of HIV-1. The strategy of sequencing pol in association with env has proved to be useful for analysis of the recombinant strains. The main advantage of this approach is that it also allows for evaluation of genotypic susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs without the need for supplementary analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Pandrea
- Laboratoire de Retroviologie, Centre International de Recherches Medicales, Franceville, Gabon
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Makuwa M, Souquière S, Niangui MT, Rouquet P, Apetrei C, Roques P, Simon F. Reliability of rapid diagnostic tests for HIV variant infection. J Virol Methods 2002; 103:183-90. [PMID: 12008012 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(02)00026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of one ELISA method, six HIV-1/HIV-2 rapid screening tests, and one confirmatory test was evaluated in comparison with a third-generation EIA method (taken as the 'gold standard') and Western blot on well-characterized panels of sera. HIV diversity was represented by 50 HIV-1 group M subtype A to H, nine HIV-1 group O, 12 HIV-2, two HIV1+2 positive and six indeterminate Western blot profiles. Sensitivity during HIV-1 seroconversion was studied on 39 serial samples collected from six patients during early primary infection. Serial samples obtained from two primates during experimental primary SIV infection were used to mimic HIV-2 seroconversion samples. The sensitivity ranged from 100 to 94.6% according to the test. During seroconversion, rapid tests became positive 2-8 days later than the third-generation EIA. This reveals a major limitation of rapid tests, which are being recommended for use in developing countries. The lack of sensitivity seen during early HIV-1 seroconversion and/or limited specificity in some of the evaluated tests present serious limitations to their use in countries with high HIV incidence and variability. It is suggested that, as soon as possible, less sensitive rapid tests for blood bank screening should be abandoned in favor of highly sensitive rapid tests and/or more robust, more sensitive and cheaper ELISAs. These results stress the need for better screening tools and specific local evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Makuwa
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales, Franceville, Gabon.
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Simon F, Souquière S, Damond F, Kfutwah A, Makuwa M, Leroy E, Rouquet P, Berthier JL, Rigoulet J, Lecu A, Telfer PT, Pandrea I, Plantier JC, Barré-Sinoussi F, Roques P, Müller-Trutwin MC, Apetrei C. Synthetic peptide strategy for the detection of and discrimination among highly divergent primate lentiviruses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:937-52. [PMID: 11461679 DOI: 10.1089/088922201750290050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a simple, rapid, inexpensive, and highly sensitive and specific strategy for the detection and lineage differentiation of primate lentiviruses (PIV-ELISA). It is based on the use of two indirect ELISA methods using synthetic peptides mapping the gp41/36 region (detection component) and the V3 region (differentiation component) of four lentivirus lineages, namely SIVcpz/HIV-1 (groups M, O, N, and SIVcpz-gab), SIVmnd, SIVagm, and SIVsm/SIVmac/HIV-2. This strategy was evaluated with panels of sera originating from both humans and nonhuman primates. The human reference panel consisted of 144 HIV Western blot (WB)-positive sera in which the corresponding virus had been genotyped (HIV-1: 72 group M, 28 group O, and 6 group N; HIV-2: 21 subtype A and 10 subtype B; and 7 HIV-1+2) and 105 HIV WB-negative samples. The nonhuman primate reference panel consisted of 24 sera from monkeys infected by viruses belonging to the four lineages included in the PIV-ELISA strategy (5 chimpanzees, 5 macaques, 8 mandrills, and 6 vervets) and 42 samples from seronegative animals. Additional field evaluation panels consisted of 815 human sera from Gabon, Cameroon, and France and 537 samples from 25 nonhuman primate species. All the samples from the two reference panels were correctly detected and discriminated by PIV-ELISA. In the human field evaluation panel, the gp41/36 component correctly identified all the test samples, with 98% specificity. The V3 component discriminated 206 HIV-1 group M, 98 group O, 12 group M+O, and 128 HIV-2 sera. In the primate field evaluation panel, both gp41/36 and V3 detected and discriminated all the WB-positive samples originating from monkeys infected with SIVcpz, SIVagm-ver, SIVmnd-1, SIVmnd-2, SIVdrl, or SIVsun. These results were confirmed by genotyping in every case. Four SIV-infected red-capped mangabeys (confirmed by PCR) were correctly identified by gp41/36, but only two reacted with the V3 peptides in the absence of a specific SIVrcm V3 peptide. Addition of a V3 SIVrcm peptide discriminated all the SIVrcm-positive samples. Fourteen Papio papio samples were positive for SIVsm gp 36 and by WB, but negative by PCR, whereas three Papio cynocephalus samples were positive by gp41/36 but indeterminate by WB and negative by PCR. This combined ELISA system is thus highly sensitive and specific for antibodies directed against HIV and SIV. In addition, the V3-based serotyping results always agreed with genotyping results. This method should prove useful for studies of lentivirus prevalence and diversity in human and nonhuman primates, and may also have the potential to detect previously undescribed SIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Simon
- Laboratoire de Virologie and Centre de Primatologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales, Franceville, Gabon
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Ortiz M, Sanchez I, Gonzalez MP, León MI, Abeso N, Asumu E, García-Sáiz A. Molecular epidemiology of HIV type 1 subtypes in equatorial guinea. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:851-5. [PMID: 11429126 DOI: 10.1089/088922201750252043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Equatorial Guinea is endemic for HIV-1. This country borders to the north with Cameroon, where different subtypes belonging to group M, as well as group O strains, are circulating simultaneously. To assess the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Equatorial Guinea we analyzed 76 plasma samples collected throughout 1999 from seropositive individuals. Phylogenetic analysis of the gp41 region revealed that 53 were of subtype A, with 64% of these sequences clustering with CRF02_AG reference strains; 11 were of subtype C; 4 were of subtype D; 2 (closely related to subtype F2) were of subtype F; 3 were of subtype G, two of them forming a separate cluster with the recombinant circulating forms CRF06_cpx; 1 was of subtype H; and 2 were unclassifiable. Although subtype A is predominant, the presence of 14% of subtype C is also noteworthy. This work represents the first HIV-1 subtype distribution study in Equatorial Guinea.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ortiz
- Servicio de Diagnóstico y Referencia de Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda-Madrid, Spain.
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