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Nainu F, Ophinni Y, Shiratsuchi A, Nakanishi Y. Apoptosis and Phagocytosis as Antiviral Mechanisms. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:77-112. [PMID: 38159224 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Viruses are infectious entities that make use of the replication machinery of their hosts to produce more progenies, causing disease and sometimes death. To counter viral infection, metazoan hosts are equipped with various defense mechanisms, from the rapid-evoking innate immune responses to the most advanced adaptive immune responses. Previous research demonstrated that cells in fruit flies and mice infected with Drosophila C virus and influenza, respectively, undergo apoptosis, which triggers the engulfment of apoptotic virus-infected cells by phagocytes. This process involves the recognition of eat-me signals on the surface of virus-infected cells by receptors of specialized phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils in mice and hemocytes in fruit flies, to facilitate the phagocytic elimination of virus-infected cells. Inhibition of phagocytosis led to severe pathologies and death in both species, indicating that apoptosis-dependent phagocytosis of virus-infected cells is a conserved antiviral mechanism in multicellular organisms. Indeed, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying apoptosis-dependent phagocytosis of virus-infected cells has shed a new perspective on how hosts defend themselves against viral infection. This chapter explores the mechanisms of this process and its potential for developing new treatments for viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firzan Nainu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
| | - Youdiil Ophinni
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory of Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akiko Shiratsuchi
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Biological Function and Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
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Frequency and functional profile of circulating TCRαβ + double negative T cells in HIV/TB co-infection. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:890. [PMID: 36443691 PMCID: PMC9703676 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased frequency of circulating double negative T (DNT, CD4-CD8-CD3+) cells with protective immune function has been observed in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and tuberculosis (TB). Here the role of circulating TCRαβ+ DNT cells was further investigated in HIV/TB co-infection. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the frequency and functional profiles of peripheral TCRαβ+ DNT cells including apoptosis, chemokine and cytokine expression among healthy individuals and patients with TB, HIV infection and HIV/TB co-infection by cell surface staining and intracellular cytokine staining combined with flow cytometry. RESULTS Significantly increased frequency of TCRαβ+ DNT cells was observed in HIV/TB co-infection than that in TB (p < 0.001), HIV infection (p = 0.039) and healthy controls (p < 0.001). Compared with TB, HIV/TB co-infection had higher frequency of Fas expression (p = 0.007) and lower frequency of Annexin V expression on TCRαβ+ DNT cells (p = 0.049), and the frequency of Annexin V expression on Fas+TCRαβ+ DNT cells had no significant difference. TCRαβ+ DNT cells expressed less CCR5 in HIV/TB co-infection than that in TB (p = 0.014), and more CXCR4 in HIV/TB co-infection than that in HIV infection (p = 0.043). Compared with healthy controls, TB and HIV/TB co-infection had higher frequency of TCRαβ+ DNT cells secreting Granzyme A (p = 0.046; p = 0.005). In TB and HIV/TB co-infection, TCRαβ+ DNT cells secreted more granzyme A (p = 0.002; p = 0.002) and perforin (p < 0.001; p = 0.017) than CD4+ T cells but similar to CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Reduced apoptosis may take part in the mechanism of increased frequency of peripheral TCRαβ+ DNT cells in HIV/TB co-infection. TCRαβ+ DNT cells may play a cytotoxic T cells-like function in HIV/TB co-infection.
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Ghare SS, Chilton PM, Rao AV, Joshi-Barve S, Peyrani P, Reyes Vega A, McClain CJ, Bryant K, Cook RL, Freiberg M, Barve S. Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying HIV-Infection Induced Susceptibility of CD4+ T Cells to Enhanced Activation-Induced FasL Expression and Cell Death. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 86:128-137. [PMID: 33093334 PMCID: PMC8384352 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic immune activation and CD4 T cell depletion are significant pathogenic features of HIV infection. Expression of Fas ligand (FasL), a key mediator of activation-induced cell death in T cells, is elevated in people living with HIV-1 infection (PLWH). However, the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the enhanced induction of FasL expression in CD4 T lymphocytes in PLWH are not completely elucidated. Hence, the current work examined the effect of HIV infection on FasL promoter-associated histone modifications and transcriptional regulation in CD4 T lymphocytes in PLWH. METHOD Flow cytometric analysis was performed to examine the Fas-FasL expression on total CD4 T cells and naïve/memory CD4 T cell subsets. Epigenetic FasL promoter histone modifications were investigated by chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis using freshly isolated total CD4 T lymphocytes from HIV-1 infected and noninfected individuals. RESULTS All naïve/memory CD4 T cell subsets from PLWH showed markedly greater frequency of FasL expression. Notably, examination of functional outcome of FasL/Fas co-expression demonstrated the preferential susceptibility of Tcm and Tem subsets to activation-induced apoptosis. Importantly, these CD4 T cells collectively demonstrated a distinct FasL promoter histone profile involving a coordinated cross-talk between histone H3 modifications leading to enhanced FasL gene expression. Specifically, levels of transcriptionally permissive histone H3K4-trimethylation (H3K4Me3) and histone H3K9-acetylation (H3K9Ac) were increased, with a concomitant decrease in the repressive H3K9-trimethylation (H3K9Me3). CONCLUSION The present work demonstrates that epigenetic mechanisms involving promoter-histone modifications regulate transcriptional competence and FasL expression in CD4 T cells from PLWH and render them susceptible to activation-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita S. Ghare
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center (ULARC), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Paula M. Chilton
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center (ULARC), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Aakarsha V. Rao
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Swati Joshi-Barve
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center (ULARC), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Paula Peyrani
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center (ULARC), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Andrea Reyes Vega
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center (ULARC), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center (ULARC), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Kendall Bryant
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert L. Cook
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Mathew Freiberg
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Shirish Barve
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center (ULARC), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
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Karampoor S, Zahednasab H, Amini R, Esghaei M, Sholeh M, Keyvani H. Maraviroc attenuates the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 80:106138. [PMID: 32007705 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that the blockade of chemokine receptor type 5 can dampen inflammatory reaction within the central nervous system (CNS). In the present study, we utilized maraviroc, a potent antagonist o CCR5, to examine whether this drug can mitigate neuroinflammation in the spinal cord of mice induced by experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), considered a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS). For this aim, mice were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG35-55), followed by pertussis toxin to induce paralysis in EAE mice. The animals intraperitoneally received various doses of maraviroc (5, 25, and 50 mg/kg body weight) when the early clinical signs of EAE appeared. The results demonstrated that the administration of maraviroc led to a marked decrease in the clinical score and improvement in behavioral motor functions. Moreover, our finding indicated that the administration of maraviroc significantly attenuates the infiltration of inflammatory cells to the spinal cord, microgliosis, astrogliosis, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and cell death in EAE mice. The flow cytometry data indicated that a decreased number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of mice with EAE without affecting the number of T regulatory cells (CD4 + CD25+ forkhead box protein 3+). Finally, it seems that maraviroc is well-tolerated, and targeting CCR5 could open up a new horizon in the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Karampoor
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Zahednasab
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Amini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sholeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Virus Infection and Death Receptor-Mediated Apoptosis. Viruses 2017; 9:v9110316. [PMID: 29077026 PMCID: PMC5707523 DOI: 10.3390/v9110316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infection can trigger extrinsic apoptosis. Cell-surface death receptors of the tumor necrosis factor family mediate this process. They either assist persistent viral infection or elicit the elimination of infected cells by the host. Death receptor-mediated apoptosis plays an important role in viral pathogenesis and the host antiviral response. Many viruses have acquired the capability to subvert death receptor-mediated apoptosis and evade the host immune response, mainly by virally encoded gene products that suppress death receptor-mediated apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the current information on virus infection and death receptor-mediated apoptosis, particularly focusing on the viral proteins that modulate death receptor-mediated apoptosis.
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Panda S, Padhiary SK, Routray S. Chemokines accentuating protumoral activities in oral cancer microenvironment possess an imperious stratagem for therapeutic resolutions. Oral Oncol 2016; 60:8-17. [PMID: 27531867 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines, the chemotactic cytokines have established their role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Studies, which explored their role in oral cancer for protumoral activity, point towards targeting chemokines for oral squamous cell carcinoma therapy. The need of the hour is to emphasize/divulge in the activities of chemokine ligands and their receptors in the tumor microenvironment for augmentation of such stratagems. This progressing sentience of chemokines and their receptors has inspired this review which is an endeavour to comprehend their role as an aid in accentuating hallmarks of cancer and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagatika Panda
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar 751030, India.
| | - Subrat Kumar Padhiary
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar 751030, India.
| | - Samapika Routray
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar 751030, India.
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Tsao LC, Guo H, Jeffrey J, Hoxie JA, Su L. CCR5 interaction with HIV-1 Env contributes to Env-induced depletion of CD4 T cells in vitro and in vivo. Retrovirology 2016; 13:22. [PMID: 27026376 PMCID: PMC4812640 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4 T cell depletion during HIV-1 infection is associated with AIDS disease progression, and the HIV-1 Env protein plays an important role in the process. Together with CXCR4, CCR5 is one of the two co-receptors that interact with Env during virus entry, but the role of CCR5 in Env-induced pathogenesis is not clearly defined. We have investigated CD4 T cell depletion mechanisms caused by the Env of a highly pathogenic CXCR4/CCR5 dual-tropic HIV-1 isolate R3A. RESULTS We report here that R3A infection induced depletion of both infected and uninfected "bystander" CD4 T cells, and treatment with CCR5 antagonist TAK-779 inhibited R3A-induced bystander CD4 T cell depletion without affecting virus replication. To further define the role of Env-CCR5 interaction, we utilized an Env-mutant of R3A, termed R3A-5/6AA, which has lost CCR5 binding capability. Importantly, R3A-5/6AA replicated to the same level as wild type R3A by using CXCR4 for viral infection. We found the loss of CCR5 interaction resulted in a significant reduction of bystander CD4 T cells death during R3A-5/6AA infection, whereas stimulation of CCR5 with MIP1-β increased bystander pathogenesis induced by R3A-5/6AA. We confirmed our findings using a humanized mouse model, where we observed similarly reduced pathogenicity of the mutant R3A-5/6AA in various lymphoid organs in vivo. CONCLUSION We provide the first evidence that shows CCR5 interaction with a dual-tropic HIV-1 Env played a significant role in Env-induced depletion of CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chung Tsao
- Curriculum of Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Haitao Guo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jerry Jeffrey
- Curriculum of Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James A Hoxie
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lishan Su
- Curriculum of Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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van Lelyveld SFL, Drylewicz J, Krikke M, Veel EM, Otto SA, Richter C, Soetekouw R, Prins JM, Brinkman K, Mulder JW, Kroon F, Middel A, Symons J, Wensing AMJ, Nijhuis M, Borghans JAM, Tesselaar K, Hoepelman AIM. Maraviroc Intensification of cART in Patients with Suboptimal Immunological Recovery: A 48-Week, Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132430. [PMID: 26208341 PMCID: PMC4514679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The immunomodulatory effects of the CCR5-antagonist maraviroc might be beneficial in patients with a suboptimal immunological response, but results of different cART (combination antiretroviral therapy) intensification studies are conflicting. Therefore, we performed a 48-week placebo-controlled trial to determine the effect of maraviroc intensification on CD4+ T-cell counts and immune activation in these patients. DESIGN Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. METHODS Major inclusion criteria were 1. CD4+ T-cell count <350 cells/μL while at least two years on cART or CD4+ T-cell count <200 cells/μL while at least one year on cART, and 2. viral suppression for at least the previous 6 months. HIV-infected patients were randomized to add maraviroc (41 patients) or placebo (44 patients) to their cART regimen for 48 weeks. Changes in CD4+ T-cell counts (primary endpoint) and other immunological parameters were modeled using linear mixed effects models. RESULTS No significant differences for the modelled increase in CD4+ T-cell count (placebo 15.3 CD4+ T cells/μL (95% confidence interval (CI) [1.0, 29.5] versus maraviroc arm 22.9 CD4+ T cells/μL (95% CI [7.4, 38.5] p = 0.51) or alterations in the expression of markers for T-cell activation, proliferation and microbial translocation were found between the arms. However, maraviroc intensification did increase the percentage of CCR5 expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, and the plasma levels of the CCR5 ligand MIP-1β. In contrast, the percentage of ex-vivo apoptotic CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells decreased in the maraviroc arm. CONCLUSIONS Maraviroc intensification of cART did not increase CD4+ T-cell restoration or decrease immune activation as compared to placebo. However, ex-vivo T-cell apoptosis was decreased in the maraviroc arm. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00875368.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F. L. van Lelyveld
- Department of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine & Gastroenterology, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Drylewicz
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Krikke
- Department of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen M. Veel
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrid A. Otto
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens Richter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Soetekouw
- Department of Internal Medicine & Gastroenterology, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M. Prins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Infection and Immunity, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Brinkman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Kroon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ananja Middel
- Department of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jori Symons
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie M. J. Wensing
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andy I. M. Hoepelman
- Department of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Slauenwhite D, Johnston B. Regulation of NKT Cell Localization in Homeostasis and Infection. Front Immunol 2015; 6:255. [PMID: 26074921 PMCID: PMC4445310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a specialized subset of T lymphocytes that regulate immune responses in the context of autoimmunity, cancer, and microbial infection. Lipid antigens derived from bacteria, parasites, and fungi can be presented by CD1d molecules and recognized by the canonical T cell receptors on NKT cells. Alternatively, NKT cells can be activated through recognition of self-lipids and/or pro-inflammatory cytokines generated during infection. Unlike conventional T cells, only a small subset of NKT cells traffic through the lymph nodes under homeostatic conditions, with the largest NKT cell populations localizing to the liver, lungs, spleen, and bone marrow. This is thought to be mediated by differences in chemokine receptor expression profiles. However, the impact of infection on the tissue localization and function of NKT remains largely unstudied. This review focuses on the mechanisms mediating the establishment of peripheral NKT cell populations during homeostasis and how tissue localization of NKT cells is affected during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Slauenwhite
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada
| | - Brent Johnston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada ; Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada ; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada ; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute , Halifax, NS , Canada
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Deng A, Chen C, Ishizaka Y, Chen X, Sun B, Yang R. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr increases hepatitis C virus RNA replication in cell culture. Virus Res 2014; 184:93-102. [PMID: 24589706 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with an increased HCV RNA level, as well as a more rapid progression to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. However, the mechanism underlying this effect is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of HIV-1 Vpr in HCV infection and clearly demonstrated that Vpr increased the replication of both the infectious HCV full-length genome and the subgenomic replicon. We also demonstrated that Vpr increased HCV infection by enhancing RNA replication but not viral entry or translation. Further, we showed that Vpr could partially overcome the anti-HCV effect of PEG-IFN. Our findings not only partially explain the clinical observation that patients coinfected with HIV and HCV have higher levels of HCV RNA and viral load than HCV mono-infected patients but also provide important information for HCV treatment in HIV/HCV coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amei Deng
- Research Group of HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology, Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Chao Chen
- Research Group of HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology, Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Yukihito Ishizaka
- Department of Intractable Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Xinwen Chen
- Research Group of HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology, Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Binlian Sun
- Research Group of HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology, Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China.
| | - Rongge Yang
- Research Group of HIV Molecular Epidemiology and Virology, Center for Emerging Infectious Disease, The State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China.
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Pandhare J, Addai AB, Mantri CK, Hager C, Smith RM, Barnett L, Villalta F, Kalams SA, Dash C. Cocaine enhances HIV-1-induced CD4(+) T-cell apoptosis: implications in disease progression in cocaine-abusing HIV-1 patients. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:927-936. [PMID: 24486327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Substance abuse is a major barrier in eradication of the HIV epidemic because it serves as a powerful cofactor for viral transmission, disease progression, and AIDS-related mortality. Cocaine, one of the commonly abused drugs among HIV-1 patients, has been suggested to accelerate HIV disease progression. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Therefore, we tested whether cocaine augments HIV-1-associated CD4(+) T-cell decline, a predictor of HIV disease progression. We examined apoptosis of resting CD4(+) T cells from HIV-1-negative and HIV-1-positive donors in our study, because decline of uninfected cells plays a major role in HIV-1 disease progression. Treatment of resting CD4(+) T cells with cocaine (up to 100 μmol/L concentrations) did not induce apoptosis, but 200 to 1000 μmol/L cocaine induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, treatment of CD4(+) T cells isolated from healthy donors with both HIV-1 virions and cocaine significantly increased apoptosis compared with the apoptosis induced by cocaine or virions alone. Most important, our biochemical data suggest that cocaine induces CD4(+) T-cell apoptosis by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and inducing mitochondrial depolarization. Collectively, our results provide evidence of a synergy between cocaine and HIV-1 on CD4(+) T-cell apoptosis that may, in part, explain the accelerated disease observed in HIV-1-infected drug abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui Pandhare
- Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Amma B Addai
- Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Chinmay K Mantri
- Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Cynthia Hager
- Infectious Disease Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rita M Smith
- Infectious Disease Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Louis Barnett
- Infectious Disease Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Fernando Villalta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Spyros A Kalams
- Infectious Disease Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- Laboratory of Retrovirology and Epigenetics, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee.
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Abbas W, Herbein G. Plasma membrane signaling in HIV-1 infection. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:1132-42. [PMID: 23806647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane is a multifunctional structure that acts as the initial barrier against infection by intracellular pathogens. The productive HIV-1 infection depends upon the initial interaction of virus and host plasma membrane. Immune cells such as CD4+ T cells and macrophages contain essential cell surface receptors and molecules such as CD4, CXCR4, CCR5 and lipid raft components that facilitate HIV-1 entry. From plasma membrane HIV-1 activates signaling pathways that prepare the grounds for viral replication. Through viral proteins HIV-1 hijacks host plasma membrane receptors such as Fas, TNFRs and DR4/DR5, which results in immune evasion and apoptosis both in infected and uninfected bystander cells. These events are hallmark in HIV-1 pathogenesis that leads towards AIDS. The interplay between HIV-1 and plasma membrane signaling has much to offer in terms of viral fitness and pathogenicity, and a better understanding of this interplay may lead to development of new therapeutic approaches. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Viral Membrane Proteins - Channels for Cellular Networking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Abbas
- Department of Virology, EA 4266 "Pathogens & Inflammation", SFR FED4234, University of Franche-Comte, CHRU Besançon, F-25030 Besançon, France.
| | - Georges Herbein
- Department of Virology, EA 4266 "Pathogens & Inflammation", SFR FED4234, University of Franche-Comte, CHRU Besançon, F-25030 Besançon, France.
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13
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Walker TN, Cimakasky LM, Coleman EM, Madison MN, Hildreth JE. Antibody against integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 inhibits HIV type 1 infection in primary cells through caspase-8-mediated apoptosis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:371-83. [PMID: 22697794 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection induces formation of a virological synapse wherein CD4, chemokine receptors, and cell-adhesion molecules such as lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) form localized domains on the cell surface. Studies show that LFA-1 on the surface of HIV-1 particles retains its adhesion function and enhances virus attachment to susceptible cells by binding its counterreceptor intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). This virus-cell interaction augments virus infectivity by facilitating binding and entry events. In this study, we demonstrate that inhibition of the LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction by a monoclonal antibody leads to decreased virus production and spread in association with increased apoptosis of HIV-infected primary T cells. The data indicate that the LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction may limit apoptosis in HIV-1-infected T cells. This phenomenon appears similar to anoikis wherein epithelial cells are protected from apoptosis conferred by ligand-bound integrins. These results have implications for further understanding HIV pathogenesis and replication in peripheral compartments and lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany N. Walker
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Ebony M. Coleman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - M. Nia Madison
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James E.K. Hildreth
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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14
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Depletion and dysfunction of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in HIV disease: mechanisms, impacts and therapeutic implications. Cell Mol Immunol 2012; 10:42-9. [PMID: 23241900 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disrupts the balance among γδ T cell subsets, with increasing Vδ1+ cells and substantial depletion of circulating Vδ2+ cells. Depletion is an indirect effect of HIV in CD4-negative Vδ2 cells, but is specific for phosphoantigen-responsive subpopulations identified by the Vγ2-Jγ1.2 (also called Vγ9-JγP) T cell receptor rearrangement. The extent of cell loss and recovery is related closely to clinical status, with highest levels of functional Vδ2 cells present in virus controllers (undetectable viremia in the absence of antiretroviral therapy). We review the mechanisms and clinical consequences for Vδ2 cell depletion in HIV disease. We address the question of whether HIV-mediated Vδ2 cell depletion, despite being an indirect effect of infection, is an important part of the immune evasion strategy for this virus. The important roles for Vδ2 cells, as effectors and immune regulators, identify key mechanisms affected by HIV and show the strong relationships between Vδ2 cell loss and immunodeficiency disease. This field is moving toward immune therapies based on targeting Vδ2 cells and we now have clear goals and expectations to guide interventional clinical trials.
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15
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Morou AK, Porichis F, Krambovitis E, Sourvinos G, Spandidos DA, Zafiropoulos A. The HIV-1 gp120/V3 modifies the response of uninfected CD4 T cells to antigen presentation: mapping of the specific transcriptional signature. J Transl Med 2011; 9:160. [PMID: 21943198 PMCID: PMC3203262 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The asymptomatic phase of HIV-1 infection is characterized by a progressive depletion of uninfected peripheral effector/memory CD4+ T cells that subsequently leads to immune dysfunction and AIDS symptoms. We have previously demonstrated that the presence of specific gp120/V3 peptides during antigen presentation can modify the activation of normal T-cells leading to altered immune function. The aim of the present study was to map the specific transcriptional profile invoked by an HIV-1/V3 epitope in uninfected T cells during antigen presentation. Methods We exposed primary human peripheral blood monocytes to V3 lipopeptides using a liposome delivery system followed by a superantigen-mediated antigen presentation system. We then evaluated the changes in the T-cell transcriptional profile using oligonucleotide microarrays and performed Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and DAVID analysis. The results were validated using realtime PCR, FACS, Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Results Our results revealed that the most highly modulated transcripts could almost entirely be categorized as related to the cell cycle or transcriptional regulation. The most statistically significant enriched categories and networks identified by IPA were associated with cell cycle, gene expression, immune response, infection mechanisms, cellular growth, proliferation and antigen presentation. Canonical pathways involved in energy and cell cycle regulation, and in the co-activation of T cells were also enriched. Conclusions Taken together, these results document a distinct transcriptional profile invoked by the HIV-1/V3 epitope. These data could be invaluable to determine the underlying mechanism by which HIV-1 epitopes interfere with uninfected CD4+ T-cell function causing hyper proliferation and AICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antigone K Morou
- Department of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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16
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HIV envelope-mediated, CCR5/α4β7-dependent killing of CD4-negative γδ T cells which are lost during progression to AIDS. Blood 2011; 118:5824-31. [PMID: 21926353 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-05-356535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infects and replicates in CD4+ T cells but effects on host immunity and disease also involve depletion, hyper-activation, and modification of CD4-negative cell populations. In particular, the depletion of CD4-negative γδ T cells is common to all HIV+ individuals. We found that soluble or cell-associated envelope glycoproteins from CCR5-tropic strains of HIV could bind, activates the p38-caspase pathway, and induce the death of γδ cells. Envelope binding requires integrin α4β7 and chemokine receptor CCR5 which are at high levels and form a complex on the γδ T cell membrane. This receptor complex facilitated V3 loop binding to CCR5 in the absence of CD4-induced conformational changes. Cell death was increased by antigen stimulation after exposure to envelope glycoprotein. Direct signaling by envelope glycoprotein killed CD4-negative γδ T cells and reproduced a defect observed in all patients with HIV disease.
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17
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Wilkin TJ, Ribaudo HR, Tenorio AR, Gulick RM. The relationship of CCR5 antagonists to CD4+ T-cell gain: a meta-regression of recent clinical trials in treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients. HIV CLINICAL TRIALS 2011; 11:351-8. [PMID: 21239363 DOI: 10.1310/hct1106-351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lower CD4+ T-cell counts are related to increased morbidity and mortality despite virologic suppression. CCR5 antagonists are associated with robust CD4+ T-cell responses. We examined the relationship of CCR5 antagonists to CD4+ T-cell gains. DESIGN Meta-regression of recent phase 2-3 trials evaluating new antiretroviral agents in treatment-experienced subjects. METHODS We analyzed the relationship of CCR5 antagonists to CD4+ T-cell count increase 24 weeks after initiating the new regimen using a linear model with generalized estimating equations controlling for differing rates of virologic suppression. Each treatment group was treated as a data point weighted by sample size. RESULTS We included 46 treatment groups from 17 trials (11 groups from 5 trials used CCR5 antagonists). Controlling for average baseline HIV-1 RNA and proportion of subjects achieving HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL, use of a CCR5 antagonist was associated with an additional significant CD4+ T-cell gain of +30/μL (95% CI, 19-42) at 24 weeks compared to treatment groups not using a CCR5 antagonist. CONCLUSIONS Use of a CCR5 antagonist was associated with an enhanced CD4+ T-cell count response independent of virologic suppression. This observation supports further evaluation of CCR5 antagonists in patients with discordant immunologic and virologic responses to ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Wilkin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10011, USA.
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18
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Li H, Pauza CD. Rapamycin increases the yield and effector function of human γδ T cells stimulated in vitro. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 60:361-70. [PMID: 21107834 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0945-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Clinical strategies to exploit Vγ2Vδ2 T cell responses for immunotherapy are confronted with short-term increases in cell levels or activity and the development of anergy that reduces the response to therapy with succeeding treatments. We are exploring strategies to increase the yield and durability of elicited Vγ2Vδ2 T cell responses. One approach focuses on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is important for regulating T cell metabolism and function. In Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, mTOR phosphorylates the S6K1 and eIF4EBP1 signaling intermediates after antigen stimulation. Rapamycin inhibited these phosphorylation events without impacting Akt or Erk activation, even though specific inhibition of Akt or Erk in turn reduced the activation of mTOR. The effects of rapamycin on the T cell receptor signaling pathway lead to increased proliferation of treated and antigen-exposed Vγ2Vδ2 cells. Rapamycin altered the phenotype of antigen-specific Vγ2Vδ2 cells by inducing a population shift from CD62L + CD69- to CD62L-CD69+, higher expression of CD25 or Bcl-2, lower levels of CCR5 and increased resistance to Fas-mediated cellular apoptosis. These changes were consistent with rapamycin promoting cell activation while decreasing the susceptibility to cell death that might occur by CCR5 or Fas signaling. Rapamycin treatment during antigen-stimulation of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells may be a strategy for overcoming current obstacles in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Li
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 W. Lombard St. Rm. N546, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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19
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Wan ZT, Chen XL. Mechanisms of HIV envelope-induced T lymphocyte apoptosis. Virol Sin 2010; 25:307-15. [PMID: 20960177 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-010-3148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is characterized by a progressive depletion of CD4 T lymphocytes, which leads to dysfunction of the immune system. Although a variety of mechanisms may contribute to the gradual T cell decline that occurs in HIV-infected patients, abnormal apoptosis of infected or bystander T lymphocytes is an important event leading to immunodeficiency. The HIV envelope glycoprotein plays a crucial role in HIV associated apoptosis through both death receptor-mediated and mitochondria-dependent pathways. This review summarizes current knowledge of Env-mediated T lymphocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Tao Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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20
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Chang M, Smith S, Thorpe A, Barratt MJ, Karim F. Evaluation of phenoxybenzamine in the CFA model of pain following gene expression studies and connectivity mapping. Mol Pain 2010; 6:56. [PMID: 20846436 PMCID: PMC2949723 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-6-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously used the rat 4 day Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) model to screen compounds with potential to reduce osteoarthritic pain. The aim of this study was to identify genes altered in this model of osteoarthritic pain and use this information to infer analgesic potential of compounds based on their own gene expression profiles using the Connectivity Map approach. Results Using microarrays, we identified differentially expressed genes in L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) from rats that had received intraplantar CFA for 4 days compared to matched, untreated control animals. Analysis of these data indicated that the two groups were distinguishable by differences in genes important in immune responses, nerve growth and regeneration. This list of differentially expressed genes defined a "CFA signature". We used the Connectivity Map approach to identify pharmacologic agents in the Broad Institute Build02 database that had gene expression signatures that were inversely related ('negatively connected') with our CFA signature. To test the predictive nature of the Connectivity Map methodology, we tested phenoxybenzamine (an alpha adrenergic receptor antagonist) - one of the most negatively connected compounds identified in this database - for analgesic activity in the CFA model. Our results indicate that at 10 mg/kg, phenoxybenzamine demonstrated analgesia comparable to that of Naproxen in this model. Conclusion Evaluation of phenoxybenzamine-induced analgesia in the current study lends support to the utility of the Connectivity Map approach for identifying compounds with analgesic properties in the CFA model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiping Chang
- Indications Discovery Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
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21
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Wade J, Sterjovski J, Gray L, Roche M, Chiavaroli L, Ellett A, Jakobsen MR, Cowley D, Pereira CDF, Saksena N, Wang B, Purcell DFJ, Karlsson I, Fenyö EM, Churchill M, Gorry PR. Enhanced CD4+ cellular apoptosis by CCR5-restricted HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein variants from patients with progressive HIV-1 infection. Virology 2009; 396:246-55. [PMID: 19913863 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CCR5-using (R5) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains cause CD4+ T-cell loss in most infected individuals, but mechanisms underlying cytopathicity of R5 viruses are poorly understood. We investigated mechanisms contributing to R5 envelope glycoprotein (Env)-mediated cellular apoptosis by constructing a panel of retroviral vectors engineered to co-express GFP and R5 Envs derived from two HIV-1-infected subjects spanning asymptomatic (Early, E-R5 Envs) to late stages of infection (Late, L-R5 Envs). The L-R5 Envs induced significantly more cellular apoptosis than E-R5 Envs, but only in Env-expressing (GFP-positive) cells, and only in cells where CD4 and CCR5 levels were limiting. Studies with fusion-defective Env mutants showed induction of apoptosis required membrane-fusing events. Our results provide evidence for an intracellular mechanism of R5 Env-induced apoptosis of CD4+ cells that requires membrane fusion. Furthermore, they contribute to a better understanding of mechanisms involved in CD4+ T-cell loss in subjects experiencing progressive R5 HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wade
- Center for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Plasmacytoid dendritic cells express TRAIL and induce CD4+ T-cell apoptosis in HIV-1 viremic patients. Blood 2009; 114:3854-63. [PMID: 19690337 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-04-217927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial Toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) ligands can endow plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-dependent lytic properties. Keeping in mind that ssRNA serves as natural TLR7/8 ligand, we searched for TRAIL-expressing cells in persons infected with HIV and identified TRAIL+ pDCs in HIV-1 viremic persons, but not in nonviremic and healthy persons. TRAIL expression on pDCs was directly correlated with individual viral loads. Conversely, HIV-1 viremia was found to be associated with the up-regulation of the apoptosis-transmitting receptor TRAIL R1 on activated CD4+ T cells. As a consequence, the latter became susceptible to TRAIL-dependent pDC-mediated killing. In contrast, initiation of antiretroviral therapy led to the up-regulation of apoptosis-inhibiting TRAIL R4 on CD4+ T cells, which subsequently became resistant against pDC-mediated cellular injury. Definition of pDCs as killers of CD4+ T cells implies a new mechanism of disease progression in HIV infection.
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23
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Wu Y. The co-receptor signaling model of HIV-1 pathogenesis in peripheral CD4 T cells. Retrovirology 2009; 6:41. [PMID: 19409100 PMCID: PMC2679705 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-mediated CD4 depletion is the hallmark of AIDS and is the most reliable predictor of disease progression. While HIV replication is associated with CD4 depletion in general, plasma viremia by itself predicts the rate of CD4 loss only minimally in untreated patients. To resolve this paradox, I hypothesize the existence of a subpopulation of R5X4-signaling viruses. I also suggest that the gradual evolution and emergence of this subpopulation are largely responsible for the slow depletion of peripheral CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Wu
- Department of Molecular and Microbiology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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24
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Camargo JF, Quinones MP, Mummidi S, Srinivas S, Gaitan AA, Begum K, Jimenez F, VanCompernolle S, Unutmaz D, Ahuja SS, Ahuja SK. CCR5 expression levels influence NFAT translocation, IL-2 production, and subsequent signaling events during T lymphocyte activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:171-82. [PMID: 19109148 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ligands of CCR5, the major coreceptor of HIV-1, costimulate T lymphocyte activation. However, the full impact of CCR5 expression on T cell responses remains unknown. Here, we show that compared with CCR5(+/+), T cells from CCR5(-/-) mice secrete lower amounts of IL-2, and a similar phenotype is observed in humans who lack CCR5 expression (CCR5-Delta32/Delta32 homozygotes) as well as after Ab-mediated blockade of CCR5 in human T cells genetically intact for CCR5 expression. Conversely, overexpression of CCR5 in human T cells results in enhanced IL-2 production. CCR5 surface levels correlate positively with IL-2 protein and mRNA abundance, suggesting that CCR5 affects IL-2 gene regulation. Signaling via CCR5 resulted in NFAT transactivation in T cells that was blocked by Abs against CCR5 agonists, suggesting a link between CCR5 and downstream pathways that influence IL-2 expression. Furthermore, murine T cells lacking CCR5 had reduced levels of intranuclear NFAT following activation. Accordingly, CCR5 expression also promoted IL-2-dependent events, including CD25 expression, STAT5 phosphorylation, and T cell proliferation. We therefore suggest that by influencing a NFAT-mediated pathway that regulates IL-2 production and IL-2-dependent events, CCR5 may play a critical role in T cell responses. In accord with our prior inferences from genetic-epidemiologic studies, such CCR5-dependent responses might constitute a viral entry-independent mechanism by which CCR5 may influence HIV-AIDS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F Camargo
- Veterans Administration Research Center for AIDS and HIV-1 Infection, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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25
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Jack J, Păun A, Rodríguez-Patón A. Effects of HIV-1 Proteins on the Fas-Mediated Apoptotic Signaling Cascade: A Computational Study of Latent CD4+ T Cell Activation. MEMBRANE COMPUTING 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-95885-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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26
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Gutierrez-Sanmartin D, Varela-Ledo E, Aguilera A, Romero-Yuste S, Romero-Jung P, Gomez-Tato A, Regueiro BJ. Implication of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase isoforms (alpha, beta, gamma and delta) in CD4+ T-cell infection with human immunodeficiency virus type I. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:1661-1671. [PMID: 18559936 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD4(+) T-cell reduction characteristic of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is thought to result, in addition to infected T-cell death, mainly from uninfected bystander T-cell apoptosis. Nevertheless, the immunological and virological mechanisms leading to T-cell death during HIV-1 infection are not yet fully understood. In the present study, we analysed the individual implication of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) isoforms (p38alpha, p38beta, p38gamma and p38delta) during apoptosis induced by HIV-1, taking into account that HIV-1 replication is known to be blocked by p38 inhibitors. For this purpose, we used the SupT1 cell line, where death induced by HIV-1 mainly occurs by uninfected bystander cell apoptosis. A variety of SupT1-based cell lines were constructed constitutively expressing, under the control of cytomegalovirus promoter (PCMV), each dominant-negative (dn) p38 isoform and each wild-type p38 isoform as a control. An enhanced green fluorescent protein marker gene, under the control of the HIV-1 promoter, was inserted in all of them. These cell lines were infected with HIV-1 and analysed by flow cytometry. We found that survival in SupT1-based cell lines infected by HIV-1 was increased by the p38alphadn, p38gammadn and p38deltadn isoforms, but not by the p38betadn isoform. HIV-1 replication was delayed most by p38deltadn and to a lesser extent by p38alphadn and p38gammadn. Moreover, these three isoforms, p38alphadn, p38gammadn and p38deltadn, reduced apoptosis induced by HIV-1. These results suggest that, in SupT1-based cell lines, p38alpha, p38gamma and p38delta, but not p38beta, are implicated in both HIV-1 induced replication and apoptosis in infected and uninfected bystander cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Gutierrez-Sanmartin
- Clinical Microbiology, Hospital de Conxo, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eduardo Varela-Ledo
- Clinical Microbiology, Hospital de Conxo, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Aguilera
- Clinical Microbiology, Hospital de Conxo, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Susana Romero-Yuste
- Rheumatology, Hospital Provincial, Complejo Hospitalario de Pontevedra (CHOP), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Patricia Romero-Jung
- Clinical Microbiology, Hospital de Conxo, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Gomez-Tato
- Facultad de Matematicas, Universidad de Santiago (Campus Sur), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Benito J Regueiro
- Clinical Microbiology, Hospital de Conxo, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Attenuated disease in SIV-infected macaques treated with a monoclonal antibody against FasL. Clin Dev Immunol 2008; 2007:93462. [PMID: 18317535 PMCID: PMC2248700 DOI: 10.1155/2007/93462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute SIVmac infection in macaques is accompanied by high levels of plasma viremia that decline with the appearance of viral immunity and is a model for acute HIV disease in man. Despite specific immune responses, the virus establishes a chronic, persistent infection. The destruction of CD4+
and CD4- lymphocyte subsets in macaques
contributes to viral persistence and suggests the
importance of mechanisms for depleting both infected
and uninfected (bystander) cells. Bystander cell killing
can occur when FasL binds the Fas receptor on activated lymphocytes,
which include T and B cell subpopulations that are responding to the
infection. Destruction of specific immune cells could be an important
mechanism for blunting viral immunity and establishing persistent infection
with chronic disease. We inhibited the Fas pathway in vivo with a monoclonal
antibody against FasL (RNOK203). Here we show that treatment with anti-FasL
reduced cell death in circulating T and B cells, increased CTL and antibody
responses to viral proteins, and lowered the setpoint viremia. By blocking
FasL during only the first few weeks after infection, we attenuated SIVmac
disease and increased the life span for infected and treated macaques.
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28
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Py B, Bouchet J, Jacquot G, Sol-Foulon N, Basmaciogullari S, Schwartz O, Biard-Piechaczyk M, Benichou S. The Siva protein is a novel intracellular ligand of the CD4 receptor that promotes HIV-1 envelope-induced apoptosis in T-lymphoid cells. Apoptosis 2008; 12:1879-92. [PMID: 17653867 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its positive signaling function in the antigen presentation process, CD4 acts as the primary receptor for HIV-1. Contact between CD4 and the viral envelope leads to virus entry, but can also trigger apoptosis of uninfected CD4+ T-cells through a mechanism that is poorly understood. We show that Siva-1, a death domain-containing proapoptotic protein, associates with the cytoplasmic domain of CD4. This interaction is mediated by the cysteine-rich region found in the C-terminal part of the Siva-1 protein. Expression of Siva-1 specifically increases the susceptibility of both T-cell lines and unstimulated human primary CD4+ T-lymphocytes to CD4-mediated apoptosis triggered by the HIV-1 envelope, and results in activation of a caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway. The same susceptibility is observed in T-cells expressing a truncated form of CD4 that is able to recruit Siva-1 but fails to associate with p56Lck, indicating that Siva-1 participates in a pathway independent of the p56Lck kinase activity. Altogether, these results suggest that Siva-1 might participate in the CD4-initiated signaling apoptotic pathway induced by the HIV-1 envelope in T-lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Py
- Institut Cochin, CNRS (UMR 8104), Université Paris Descartes, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
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Lin W, Weinberg EM, Tai AW, Peng LF, Brockman MA, Kim KA, Kim SS, Borges CB, Shao RX, Chung RT. HIV increases HCV replication in a TGF-beta1-dependent manner. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:803-11. [PMID: 18325393 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection increases hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related progression of hepatic fibrosis, increases HCV persistence, and decreases response rates to interferon-based anti-HCV therapy. It has remained unclear how HIV, a nonhepatotropic virus, accelerates the progression of liver disease by HCV. METHODS We explored the possibility that circulating HIV and/or its proteins contribute to the pathogenesis of HCV through engagement of extracellular coreceptors on hepatocytes. RESULTS In this study, we found that inactivated HIV or gp120 increases HCV replication and enhances HCV-regulated transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 expression in both a replicon and an infectious model of HCV. This proviral effect of HIV and gp120 on HCV replication is neutralized by antibodies to CCR5 or CXCR4. However, HIV and gp120 did not alter type I interferon-mediated signaling in these HCV models, indicating that HIV regulates HCV replication through an alternative mechanism. Interestingly, we found that human TGF-beta1 also enhanced HCV replication. The effect of HIV on HCV replication was blocked by a neutralizing antibody to TGF-beta1, indicating that its effects on HCV replication are TGF-beta1 dependent. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a novel mechanism by which HIV not only enhances HCV replication but also contributes to progression of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Lin
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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30
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Chunsong H, Yuling H, Li W, Jie X, Gang Z, Qiuping Z, Qingping G, Kejian Z, Li Q, Chang AE, Youxin J, Jinquan T. CXC Chemokine Ligand 13 and CC Chemokine Ligand 19 Cooperatively Render Resistance to Apoptosis in B Cell Lineage Acute and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia CD23+CD5+B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6713-22. [PMID: 17082584 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.6713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CXCL13/CXCR5 and CCL19/CCR7 play a quite important role in normal physiological conditions, but the functions of both chemokine/receptor pairs in pathophysiological events are not well-investigated. We have investigated expression and functions of CXCL13/CXCR5 and CCL19/CCR7 in CD23+CD5+ and CD23+CD5- B cells from cord blood (CB) and patients with B cell lineage acute or chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL or B-CLL). CXCR5 and CCR7 are selectively expressed on B-ALL, B-CLL, and CB CD23+CD5+ B cells at high frequency, but not on CD23+CD5- B cells. Although no significant chemotactic responsiveness was observed, CXCL13 and CCL19 cooperatively induce significant resistance to TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis in B-ALL and B-CLL CD23+CD5+ B cells, but not in the cells from CB. B-ALL and B-CLL CD23+CD5+ B cells express elevated levels of paternally expressed gene 10 (PEG10). CXCL13 and CCL19 together significantly up-regulate PEG10 expression in the same cells. We have found that CXCL13 and CCL19 together by means of activation of CXCR5 and CCR7 up-regulate PEG10 expression and function, subsequently stabilize caspase-3 and caspase-8 in B-ALL and B-CLL CD23+CD5+ B cells, and further rescue the cells from TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis. Therefore, we suggest that normal lymphocytes, especially naive B and T cells, use CXCL13/CXCR5 and CCL19/CCR7 for migration, homing, maturation, and cell homeostasis as well as secondary lymphoid tissues organogenesis. In addition, certain malignant cells take advantages of CXCL13/CXCR5 and CCL19/CCR7 for infiltration, resistance to apoptosis, and inappropriate proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Burkitt Lymphoma/immunology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology
- CD5 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Chemokine CCL19
- Chemokine CXCL13
- Chemokines, CC/physiology
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Fetal Blood/cytology
- Fetal Blood/immunology
- Fetal Blood/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Proteins/metabolism
- Proteins/physiology
- RNA-Binding Proteins
- Receptors, CCR7
- Receptors, CXCR5
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgE/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Chunsong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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31
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King CA, Baillie J, Sinclair JH. Human cytomegalovirus modulation of CCR5 expression on myeloid cells affects susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2171-2180. [PMID: 16847113 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
For some time there has been evidence suggesting an interaction between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the pathogenesis of AIDS. Here, the interaction of HCMV and HIV-1 was examined in monocyte/macrophage cells, two cell types known to be targets for both viruses in vivo. Infection experiments demonstrated that prior infection with HCMV impeded subsequent superinfection with HIV-1. In contrast, uninfected bystander cells within the population were still permissive for HIV-1 infection and were also found to express increased levels of Gag after HIV-1 superinfection. Analysis of CCR5, a co-receptor for HIV-1, on HCMV-infected and bystander cells showed a substantial loss of surface CCR5 expression on infected cells due to HCMV-induced reduction of total cellular CCR5. In contrast, uninfected bystander cells displayed increased surface CCR5 expression. Furthermore, the data suggested that soluble factor(s) secreted from HCMV-infected cells were responsible for the observed upregulation of CCR5 on uninfected bystander cells. Taken together, these results suggest that, whilst HCMV-infected monocytes/macrophages are refractory to infection with HIV-1, HCMV-uninfected bystander cells within a population are more susceptible to HIV-1 infection. On this basis, HCMV infection may contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A King
- Department of Medicine, Level 5, Box 157, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Joan Baillie
- Department of Medicine, Level 5, Box 157, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - John H Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, Level 5, Box 157, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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32
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Ma B, Liu W, Homer RJ, Lee PJ, Coyle AJ, Lora JM, Lee CG, Elias JA. Role of CCR5 in the Pathogenesis of IL-13-Induced Inflammation and Remodeling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:4968-78. [PMID: 16585593 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.8.4968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IL-13 is a major effector at sites of Th2 inflammation and tissue remodeling. In these locations, it frequently coexists with the CCR5 chemokine receptor and its ligands MIP-1alpha/CCL3 and MIP-1beta/CCL4. We hypothesized that CCR5 induction and activation play important roles in the pathogenesis of IL-13-induced tissue responses. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the effects of IL-13 on the expression of CCR5 in the murine lung. We also compared the effects of lung-targeted transgenic IL-13 in mice treated with anti-CCR5 or an Ab control and mice with wild-type or null CCR5 loci. These studies demonstrate that IL-13 is a potent stimulator of epithelial cell CCR5 expression. They also demonstrate that CCR5 neutralization or a deficiency of CCR5 significantly decreases IL-13-induced inflammation, alveolar remodeling, structural and inflammatory cell apoptosis, and respiratory failure and death. Lastly, these studies provide mechanistic insights by demonstrating that CCR5 is required for optimal IL-13 stimulation of select chemokines (MIP-1alpha/CCL3, MIP-1beta/CCL4, MCP-1/CCL-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 and cell death regulators (Fas, TNF, TNFR1, TNFR2, Bid), optimal IL-13 inhibition of alpha1-antitrypsin, and IL-13-induction of and activation of caspases-3, -8, and-9. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that CCR5 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of IL-13-induced inflammation and tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ma
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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33
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Abstract
The unexpected encounter, 10 years ago, between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the chemokine system has dramatically advanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of AIDS, opening new perspectives for the development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic measures. To initiate infection, the HIV-1 external envelope glycoprotein, gp120, sequentially interacts with two cellular receptors, CD4 and a chemokine receptor (or coreceptor) like CCR5 or CXCR4. This peculiar two-stage receptor-interaction strategy allows gp120 to maintain the highly conserved coreceptor-binding site in a cryptic conformation, protected from neutralizing antibodies. The differential use of CCR5 and CXCR4 defines three HIV-1 biological variants (R5, R5X4, X4), which vary in their prevalence during the disease course. The evolutionary choice of HIV-1 to exploit chemokine receptors as cellular entry gateways has turned their chemokine ligands into endogenous antiviral factors that variably modulate viral transmission, disease progression and vaccine responses. Likewise, the natural history of HIV-1 infection is influenced by specific polymorphisms of chemokine and chemokine-receptor genes. The imminent clinical availability of coreceptor-targeted viral entry inhibitors raises new hope for bridging the gap towards a definitive cure of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Lusso
- Unit of Human Virology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Appay V, Boutboul F, Autran B. The HIV infection and immune activation: "to fight and burn". Curr Infect Dis Rep 2006; 7:473-9. [PMID: 16225786 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-005-0050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune activation, a normal immune reaction to pathogens, is now recognized as a major driving force of the CD4 T-cell depletion and immune disorders caused by HIV. By contrast, the natural hosts of its ancestor virus, simian immunodeficiency virus, have adapted to this virus by blocking immune activation and remaining healthy. This review will focus on evidence demonstrating how immune activation associated with HIV infection exhausts immune defenses to HIV as well as the immune system, thus leading to immunosenescence and immunodeficiency, and how treatment can disrupt this vicious and ultimately fatal circle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Appay
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75634 Paris cedex 13, France
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35
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Ma B, Kang MJ, Lee CG, Chapoval S, Liu W, Chen Q, Coyle AJ, Lora JM, Picarella D, Homer RJ, Elias JA. Role of CCR5 in IFN-gamma-induced and cigarette smoke-induced emphysema. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:3460-72. [PMID: 16284650 PMCID: PMC1280966 DOI: 10.1172/jci24858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Th1 inflammation and remodeling characterized by tissue destruction frequently coexist in human diseases. To further understand the mechanisms of these responses, we defined the role(s) of CCR5 in the pathogenesis of IFN-gamma-induced inflammation and remodeling in a murine emphysema model. IFN-gamma was a potent stimulator of the CCR5 ligands macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha/CCL-3 (MIP-1alpha/CCL-3), MIP-1beta/CCL-4, and RANTES/CCL-5, among others. Antibody neutralization or null mutation of CCR5 decreased IFN-gamma-induced inflammation, DNA injury, apoptosis, and alveolar remodeling. These interventions decreased the expression of select chemokines, including CCR5 ligands and MMP-9, and increased levels of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. They also decreased the expression and/or activation of Fas, FasL, TNF, caspase-3, -8, and -9, Bid, and Bax. In accordance with these findings, cigarette smoke induced pulmonary inflammation, DNA injury, apoptosis, and emphysema via an IFN-gamma-dependent pathway(s), and a null mutation of CCR5 decreased these responses. These studies demonstrate that IFN-gamma is a potent stimulator of CC and CXC chemokines and highlight the importance of CCR5 in the pathogenesis of IFN-gamma-induced and cigarette smoke-induced inflammation, tissue remodeling, and emphysema. They also demonstrate that CCR5 is required for optimal IFN-gamma stimulation of its own ligands, other chemokines, MMPs, caspases, and cell death regulators and the inhibition of antiproteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ma
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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36
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Moreno C, Gustot T, Nicaise C, Quertinmont E, Nagy N, Parmentier M, Le Moine O, Devière J, Louis H. CCR5 deficiency exacerbates T-cell-mediated hepatitis in mice. Hepatology 2005; 42:854-62. [PMID: 16175603 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Experimental T-cell-mediated hepatitis induced by concanavalin A (Con A) involves the production of different cytokines and chemokines and is characterized by leukocyte infiltration. Because the chemokine receptor CCR5 and its ligands (CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5) regulate leukocyte chemotaxis and activation, we investigated the role of CCR5 during Con A-induced liver injury. Serum levels of CCR5 ligands and their hepatic transcript levels were significantly increased after Con A injection, whereas CCR5+ liver mononuclear cells were recruited to the liver. CCR5-deficient (CCR5-/-) mice disclosed increased mortality and liver injury following Con A administration compared with wild-type mice. CCR5-/- mice also exhibited increased production of interleukin 4, tumor necrosis factor alpha, CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, and a prominent liver mononuclear cell infiltrate, among which many cells were CCR1+. In vivo neutralization of CCR5 ligands in CCR5-/- mice afforded a protection against hepatitis only when CCL5 was neutralized. In conclusion, CCR5 deficiency exacerbates T-cell-mediated hepatitis, and leads to increased levels of CCR5 ligands and a more pronounced liver mononuclear infiltrate, suggesting that CCR5 expression can modulate severity of immuno-mediated liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Moreno
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepato-Pancreatology, Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.
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37
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Spagnolo P, Renzoni EA, Wells AU, Copley SJ, Desai SR, Sato H, Grutters JC, Abdallah A, Taegtmeyer A, du Bois RM, Welsh KI. C-C Chemokine Receptor 5 Gene Variants in Relation to Lung Disease in Sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:721-8. [PMID: 15976369 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200412-1707oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Genetic factors are likely to influence the clinical course and pattern of sarcoidosis, a granulomatous disease of unknown origin. OBJECTIVES We tested this hypothesis for C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), a molecule involved in recruitment and activation of mononuclear cells. METHODS In addition to the known CCR5 Delta 32 insertion/deletion, we evaluated a further eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 106 British patients and 142 British unaffected subjects, and second-setted the results in 112 Dutch patients and 169 healthy Dutch control subjects. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In the British population, the frequency of one of the identified haplotypes (HHC) was strongly associated with the presence of parenchymal disease (radiographic stage >or= II versus stages 0 and I) at presentation (odds ratio [OR], 5.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.96-13.7; corrected p = 0.02), at 2 (OR, 6.6; 95% CI, 2.5-17.6; corrected p = 0.006), and at 4 years follow-up (OR, 6.8; 95% CI, 2.5-18.0; corrected p = 0.0045). In the Dutch population, the same association was seen at 2 (OR, 6.7; 95% CI, 2.8-16.4; corrected p = 0.002), and 4 years follow-up (OR, 9.0; 95% CI, 3.5-23.1; corrected p = 0.0009). CONCLUSIONS No association between the CCR5 haplotype HHC and susceptibility to sarcoidosis was observed, indicating that this relevant gene only operates after disease induction. In summary, we report a strong association between CCR5 haplotype HHC and persistent lung involvement in sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Spagnolo
- Clinical Genomic Group, National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK.
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38
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Lum JJ, Schnepple DJ, Badley AD. Acquired T-cell sensitivity to TRAIL mediated killing during HIV infection is regulated by CXCR4-gp120 interactions. AIDS 2005; 19:1125-33. [PMID: 15990565 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000176212.16205.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensitivity towards apoptosis induced by ligation of the tumor necrosis factor family of death receptors is controlled in part by death receptor expression. Whereas cellular activation enhances Fas receptor expression and induces Fas sensitivity, such cellular activation neither alters TRAIL receptor expression nor induces TRAIL sensitivity. Cells infected by HIV acquire sensitivity to TRAIL induced death, although the mechanisms by which this is achieved are undefined. OBJECTIVE To define the mechanism by which cells from HIV infected patients acquire sensitivity to TRAIL mediated killing. DESIGN In vitro assessment of TRAIL receptor expression and TRAIL sensitivity. METHODS Treatment of Jurkat T cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes from HIV negative donors, or human osteogenic seroma (HOS) cells expressing CD4, CXCR4 or CCR5 with T tropic gp120, M tropic gp120, or agonistic antibodies against CD4, CXCR4 or CCR5. TRAIL receptors were measured by flow cytometry or reverse transcription-PCR and TRAIL sensitivity was assessed by incubation with recombinant TRAIL followed by Annexin V fluorescein isothiocyanate/Propidium Iodide (PI) staining. RESULTS Treatment of uninfected Jurkat T cells, as well as primary T cells with gp120 results in the upregulation of TRAIL death receptor expression and acquired sensitivity to TRAIL mediated cell death. The increase in TRAIL death receptor expression and acquisition of TRAIL sensitivity requires the chemokine coreceptor CXCR4 but not CCR5 or the CD4 receptor. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that chemokine receptor interactions regulate TRAIL receptor expression and provide an explanation for the acquired T cell sensitivity to TRAIL mediated killing death during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian J Lum
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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39
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Holm GH, Gabuzda D. Distinct mechanisms of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation and bystander apoptosis induced by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions. J Virol 2005; 79:6299-311. [PMID: 15858014 PMCID: PMC1091688 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.10.6299-6311.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of uninfected bystander T cells contributes to T-cell depletion during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. HIV-1 envelope/receptor interactions and immune activation have been implicated as contributors to bystander apoptosis. To better understand the relationship between T-cell activation and bystander apoptosis during HIV-1 pathogenesis, we investigated the effects of the highly cytopathic CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 variant ELI6 on primary CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Infection of primary T-cell cultures with ELI6 induced CD4(+) T-cell depletion by direct cell lysis and bystander apoptosis. Exposure of primary CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells to nonreplicating ELI6 virions induced bystander apoptosis through a Fas-independent mechanism. Bystander apoptosis of CD4(+) T cells required direct contact with virions and Env/CXCR4 binding. In contrast, the apoptosis of CD8(+) T cells was triggered by a soluble factor(s) secreted by CD4(+) T cells. HIV-1 virions activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells to express CD25 and HLA-DR and preferentially induced apoptosis in CD25(+)HLA-DR(+) T cells in a CXCR4-dependent manner. Maximal levels of binding, activation, and apoptosis were induced by virions that incorporated MHC class II and B7-2 into the viral membrane. These results suggest that nonreplicating HIV-1 virions contribute to chronic immune activation and T-cell depletion during HIV-1 pathogenesis by activating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, which then proceed to die via apoptosis. This mechanism may represent a viral immune evasion strategy to increase viral replication by activating target cells while killing immune effector cells that are not productively infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey H Holm
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, JFB 816, 44 Binney St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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40
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Petrovas C, Mueller YM, Katsikis PD. Apoptosis of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells: an HIV evasion strategy. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12 Suppl 1:859-70. [PMID: 15818412 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Petrovas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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41
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Satoh JI, Nakanishi M, Koike F, Miyake S, Yamamoto T, Kawai M, Kikuchi S, Nomura K, Yokoyama K, Ota K, Kanda T, Fukazawa T, Yamamura T. Microarray analysis identifies an aberrant expression of apoptosis and DNA damage-regulatory genes in multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 18:537-50. [PMID: 15755681 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2004] [Revised: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 10/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying multiple sclerosis (MS)-promoting autoimmune process, we have investigated a comprehensive gene expression profile of T cell and non-T cell fractions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from 72 MS patients and 22 age- and sex-matched healthy control (CN) subjects by using a cDNA microarray. Among 1258 genes examined, 173 genes in T cells and 50 genes in non-T cells were expressed differentially between MS and CN groups. Downregulated genes greatly outnumbered upregulated genes in MS. More than 80% of the top 30 most significant genes were categorized into apoptosis signaling-related genes of both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic classes. They included upregulation in MS of orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 (NR4A2), receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 (RIPK2), and silencer of death domains (SODD), and downregulation in MS of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL2), and death-associated protein 6 (DAXX). Furthermore, a set of the genes involved in DNA repair, replication, and chromatin remodeling was downregulated in MS. These results suggest that MS lymphocytes show a complex pattern of gene regulation that represents a counterbalance between promoting and preventing apoptosis and DNA damage of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Satoh
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
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Röth A, Baerlocher GM, Schertzer M, Chavez E, Dührsen U, Lansdorp PM. Telomere loss, senescence, and genetic instability in CD4+ T lymphocytes overexpressing hTERT. Blood 2005; 106:43-50. [PMID: 15741219 PMCID: PMC1895130 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-10-4144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the long-term consequences of overexpression of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene in T lymphocytes. To address this issue, we transduced polyclonal as well as clonally derived populations of naive and memory CD44 T cells from 2 healthy donors (aged 24 and 34 years) with retroviral vectors encoding green fluorescence protein (GFP) and hTERT (GFP-hTERT) or GFP alone. After transduction, cells were sorted on the basis of GFP expression and cultured in vitro until senescence. T cells transduced with hTERT exhibited high stable telomerase activity throughout the culture period. Relative to GFP controls, minor changes in overall gene expression were observed yet the proliferative lifespan of the hTERT-transduced populations was significantly increased and the rate of telomere loss was lower. Nevertheless, hTERT-transduced cells showed progressive telomere loss and had shorter telomeres at senescence than controls (2.3 +/- 0.3 kilobase [kb] versus 3.4 +/- 0.1 kb). Furthermore, a population of cells with 4N DNA consisting of binucleated cells with connected nuclei emerged in the hTERT-transduced cells prior to senescence. We conclude that overexpression of hTERT in CD4+ T cells provides a proliferative advantage independent of the average telomere length but does not prevent eventual genetic instability and replicative senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Röth
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 12th floor, 675 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
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43
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Qiuping Z, Jie X, Youxin J, Qun W, Wei J, Chun L, Jin W, Yan L, Chunsong H, Mingzhen Y, Qingping G, Qun L, Kejian Z, Zhimin S, Junyan L, Jinquan T. Selectively frequent expression of CXCR5 enhances resistance to apoptosis in CD8(+)CD34(+) T cells from patients with T-cell-lineage acute lymphocytic leukemia. Oncogene 2005; 24:573-84. [PMID: 15580304 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated CD4(+)CD34(+), CD8(+)CD34(+), CD4(+)CD34(-), and CD8(+)CD34(-) T cells from cord blood and from typical patients with T-cell-lineage acute lymphocytic leukemia and T-cell-lineage chronic lymphocytic leukemia in terms of expression and functions of CXCR5/CXCL13. We found that CXCR5 was selectively frequently expressed on T-cell-lineage acute (chronic) lymphocytic leukemia (T-ALL) CD8(+)CD34(+) T cells, but not on T-ALL CD4(+)CD34(+), CD4(+)CD34(-), and CD8(+)CD34(-) T cells. CXCR5 was rarely expressed on all types of CD34(+) and CD34(-) CB or T-CLL T cells. CXCL13/B cells attracting chemokine 1 induced significant resistance to TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis in T-ALL CD8(+)CD34(+) T cells, instead of induction of chemotactic and adhesive responsiveness. A proliferation-inducing ligand expression in T-ALL CD8(+)CD34(+) T cells was upregulated by CXCL13/BCA-1 (B-cell attracting chemokine 1). The CXCR5/CXCL13 pair by means of activation of APRIL (A proliferation-inducing ligand) induced resistance to apoptosis in T-ALL CD8(+)CD34(+) T cells in livin-dependent manner. In this process, cell-cell contact in culture was necessary. Based on our findings, we suggested that there were differential functions of CXCR5/CXCL13 in distinct types of cells. Normal lymphocytes, especially naive B and T cells, utilized CXCR5/CXCL13 for migration, homing, maturation, and cell homeostasis, as well as secondary lymphoid tissue organogenesis. Meanwhile, certain malignant cells took advantages of CXCR5/CXCL13 for infiltration, resistance to apoptosis, and inappropriate proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Qiuping
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Allergy and Immune-related Diseases, Centre for Medical Research, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Dong Hu Road 115, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China
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Qiuping Z, Jei X, Youxin J, Wei J, Chun L, Jin W, Qun W, Yan L, Chunsong H, Mingzhen Y, Qingping G, Kejian Z, Zhimin S, Qun L, Junyan L, Jinquan T. CC Chemokine Ligand 25 Enhances Resistance to Apoptosis in CD4+ T Cells from Patients with T-Cell Lineage Acute and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia by Means of Livin Activation. Cancer Res 2004; 64:7579-87. [PMID: 15492285 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated CD4 and CD8 double-positive thymocytes, CD4(+) T cells from typical patients with T-cell lineage acute lymphocytic leukemia (T-ALL) and T cell lineage chronic lymphocytic leukemia (T-CLL), and MOLT4 T cells in terms of CC chemokine ligand 25 (CCL25) functions of induction of resistance to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-mediated apoptosis. We found that CCL25 selectively enhanced resistance to TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis in T-ALL and T-CLL CD4(+) T cells as well as in MOLT4 T cells, but CD4 and CD8 double-positive thymocytes did not. One member protein of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, Livin, was selectively expressed in the malignant cells at higher levels, particularly in T-ALL CD4(+) T cells, in comparison with the expression in CD4 and CD8 double-positive thymocytes. After stimulation with CCL25 and apoptotic induction with TNF-alpha, the expression levels of Livin in these malignant cells were significantly increased. CCL25/thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK), by means of CC chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) ligation, selectively activated Livin to enhance resistance to TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis in c-jun-NH(2)-kinase 1 (JNK1) kinase-dependent manner. These findings suggested differential functions of CCR9/CCL25 in distinct types of cells. CD4 and CD8 double-positive thymocytes used CCR9/CCL25 for migration, homing, development, maturation, selection, cell homeostasis, whereas malignant cells, particularly T-ALL CD4(+) T cells, used CCR9/CCL25 for infiltration, resistance to apoptosis, and inappropriate proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/immunology
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Division/immunology
- Chemokines, CC/immunology
- Humans
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8/immunology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Qiuping
- Department of Immunology, and Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Allergy and Immune-related Diseases and Center for Medical Research, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, Republic of China
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45
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Algood HMS, Flynn JL. CCR5-Deficient Mice ControlMycobacterium tuberculosisInfection despite Increased Pulmonary Lymphocytic Infiltration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3287-96. [PMID: 15322191 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.3287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is dependent on the development of an adaptive immune response, which is mediated by granulomas. The granuloma is a dynamic structure that forms in the lung and consists primarily of macrophages and lymphocytes. For this structure to be effective in containment of the bacillus, it must develop in an organized and timely manner. The formation of the granuloma is dependent on recruitment of activated cells through adhesion molecules and chemokines. M. tuberculosis infection causes an increase in the expression of beta-chemokines CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, and their receptor CCR5, in the lungs. In this study, we demonstrate that CCR5-transgenic knockout mice were capable of recruiting immune cells to the lung to form granulomas. CCR5(-/-) mice successfully induced a Th1 response and controlled infection. Unexpectedly, M. tuberculosis infection in these mice resulted in greater numbers of lymphocytes migrating to the lung and higher levels of many inflammatory cytokines, compared with wild-type mice, without apparent long-term detrimental effects. In the absence of CCR5, there were more dendritic cells in the lung-draining lymph nodes and more primed T lymphocytes in these mice. Bacterial numbers in the lymph nodes were also higher in CCR5(-/-) mice. Therefore, CCR5 may play a role in the migration of dendritic cells to and from the lymph nodes during M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Scott Algood
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Petrovas C, Mueller YM, Dimitriou ID, Bojczuk PM, Mounzer KC, Witek J, Altman JD, Katsikis PD. HIV-specific CD8+ T cells exhibit markedly reduced levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:4444-53. [PMID: 15034060 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8(+) T cells are highly sensitive to spontaneous and CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis, and this sensitivity may impair their ability to control HIV infection. To elucidate the mechanism behind this sensitivity, in this study we examined the levels of antiapoptotic molecules Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) in HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells from HIV-infected individuals. Bcl-2 expression was markedly decreased in HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells compared with CMV-specific and total CD8(+) T cells from HIV-infected individuals as well as total CD8(+) T cells from healthy donors. CD8(+) T cell Bcl-2 levels inversely correlated with spontaneous and CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis of CD8(+) T cells from HIV-infected individuals. HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells also had significantly lower levels of Bcl-x(L) compared with CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Finally, IL-15 induces both Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) expression in HIV-specific and total CD8(+) T cells, and this correlated with apoptosis inhibition and increased survival in both short- and long-term cultures. Our data indicate that reduced Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) may play an important role in the increased sensitivity to apoptosis of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells and suggest a possible mechanism by which IL-15 increases their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Petrovas
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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Blanco J, Barretina J, Clotet B, Esté JA. R5 HIV gp120-mediated cellular contacts induce the death of single CCR5-expressing CD4 T cells by a gp41-dependent mechanism. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:804-11. [PMID: 15258189 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0204100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) by X4 and R5 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelopes (Env) influences HIV cytopathicity. Here, we have evaluated the role of CCR5 and gp41 in Env-induced cell death occurring during the contacts of uninfected, primary cells with MOLT cells infected with different R5 and X4 HIV isolates. As reported for X4-Env, R5 HIV-infected cells destroyed CD4 T cells expressing the appropriate coreceptor by inducing the formation of syncytia and the death of single target cells. Therefore, only the small (<10%) CCR5+ subset of primary CD4 T cells was sensitive to cellular presentation of R5-Env, and CCR5-CD4 T cells showed complete resistance to R5-Env-mediated cell death. X4- and R5-infected cells killed single primary cells by a common mechanism that was dependent on gp41 function and induced a rapid loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and plasma membrane integrity in target cells. Single-cell death was not affected by the blockade of HIV replication in target cells or G-protein signaling through CXCR4/CCR5. In contrast, caspase inhibition (Z-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone) profoundly changed the outcome of cell-to-cell contacts by reducing the number of single dead CD4 T cells and increasing the rate of syncytium formation. In conclusion, X4 and R5 HIV Env share a common gp41-dependent mechanism to kill CD4 T cells during cellular contacts. Env tropism and coreceptor expression but not differential killing mechanisms seem to govern the extent of cytopathic effects induced by HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julià Blanco
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Fundació irsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Decrion AZ, Varin A, Estavoyer JM, Herbein G. CXCR4-mediated T cell apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:1471-1478. [PMID: 15166430 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.79933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of CXCR4-mediated T lymphocyte apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are poorly understood. The authors used peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from HIV type 1-infected subjects and assessed both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell apoptosis in the presence and absence of CXCR4 blockade by AMD3100. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell apoptosis could be inhibited by CXCR4 blockade, mostly in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome subjects and more weakly in asymptomatic HIV-positive subjects, and depended only partially on the syncytium-inducing/non-syncytium-inducing viral envelope phenotype. Immune activation of CD8(+), but not CD4(+), T cells was CXCR4-dependent, resulting in increased T cell apoptosis. In the presence of monocyte-derived macrophages, CXCR4-mediated apoptosis targeted mostly CD8(+) T cells, with CD4(+) T cells being more weakly affected. Several immune and viral factors thus play a role in CXCR4-mediated T cell apoptosis in HIV infection: CD4/CD8 phenotype, viral envelope phenotype, T cell activation and T cell-macrophage intercellular contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Zélie Decrion
- Department of Virology and Institut d'Etude et de Transfert de Genes, University of Franche-Comte School of Medicine, Hôpital Saint-Jacques, 2 place Saint-Jacques, F-25030 Besançon cedex, France
| | - Audrey Varin
- Department of Virology and Institut d'Etude et de Transfert de Genes, University of Franche-Comte School of Medicine, Hôpital Saint-Jacques, 2 place Saint-Jacques, F-25030 Besançon cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marie Estavoyer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Franche-Comte School of Medicine, Hôpital Saint-Jacques, 2 place Saint-Jacques, F-25030 Besançon cedex, France
| | - Georges Herbein
- Department of Virology and Institut d'Etude et de Transfert de Genes, University of Franche-Comte School of Medicine, Hôpital Saint-Jacques, 2 place Saint-Jacques, F-25030 Besançon cedex, France
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Ahr B, Robert-Hebmann V, Devaux C, Biard-Piechaczyk M. Apoptosis of uninfected cells induced by HIV envelope glycoproteins. Retrovirology 2004; 1:12. [PMID: 15214962 PMCID: PMC446229 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-1-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a key event in biologic homeostasis but is also involved in the pathogenesis of many human diseases including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Although multiple mechanisms contribute to the gradual T cell decline that occurs in HIV-infected patients, programmed cell death of uninfected bystander T lymphocytes, including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, is an important event leading to immunodeficiency. The HIV envelope glycoproteins (Env) play a crucial role in transducing this apoptotic signal after binding to its receptors, the CD4 molecule and a coreceptor, essentially CCR5 and CXCR4. Depending on Env presentation, the receptor involved and the complexity of target cell contact, apoptosis induction is related to death receptor and/or mitochondria-dependent pathways. This review summarizes current knowledge of Env-mediated cell death leading to T cell depletion and clinical complications and covers the sometimes conflicting studies that address the possible mechanisms of T cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ahr
- Laboratoire Infections Rétrovirales et Signalisation Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5121-UM1, Institut de Biologie, 4, Bd Henri IV, CS 89508, 34960 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Véronique Robert-Hebmann
- Laboratoire Infections Rétrovirales et Signalisation Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5121-UM1, Institut de Biologie, 4, Bd Henri IV, CS 89508, 34960 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Christian Devaux
- Laboratoire Infections Rétrovirales et Signalisation Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5121-UM1, Institut de Biologie, 4, Bd Henri IV, CS 89508, 34960 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Martine Biard-Piechaczyk
- Laboratoire Infections Rétrovirales et Signalisation Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5121-UM1, Institut de Biologie, 4, Bd Henri IV, CS 89508, 34960 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
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50
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Régulier EG, Reiss K, Khalili K, Amini S, Zagury JF, Katsikis PD, Rappaport J. T-cell and neuronal apoptosis in HIV infection: implications for therapeutic intervention. Int Rev Immunol 2004; 23:25-59. [PMID: 14690854 DOI: 10.1080/08830180490265538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of HIV infection involves the selective loss of CD4+ T cells contributing to immune deficiency. Although loss of T cells leading to immune dysfunction in HIV infection is mediated in part by viral infection, there is a much larger effect on noninfected T cells undergoing apoptosis in response to activation stimuli. In the subset of patients with HIV dementia complex, neuronal injury, loss, and apoptosis are observed. Viral proteins, gp120 and Tat, exhibit proapoptotic activities when applied to T cell and neuronal cultures by direct and indirect mechanisms. The pathways leading to cell death involve the activation of one or more death receptor pathways (i.e., TNF-alpha, Fas, and TRAIL receptors), chemokine receptor signaling, cytokine dysregulation, caspase activation, calcium mobilization, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. In this review, the mechanisms involved in T-cell and neuronal apoptosis, as well as antiapoptotic pathways potentially amenable to therapeutic application, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel G Régulier
- Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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