1
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Mertelsmann AM, Mukerebe C, Miyaye D, Shigella P, Mhango L, Lutonja P, Corstjens PLAM, de Dood C, van Dam GJ, Colombe S, Maganga JK, Aristide C, Kalluvya SE, Ward MM, Cordeiro AA, Lee MH, Changalucha JM, Downs JA. Clinical and Demographic Factors Associated With Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Shedding in Saliva or Cervical Secretions in a Cohort of Tanzanian Women. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae161. [PMID: 38654970 PMCID: PMC11036159 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Reasons for the high prevalence of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in sub-Saharan Africa, and risk factors leading to viral reactivation and shedding, remain largely undefined. Preliminary studies have suggested that schistosome infection, which has been associated with impaired viral control, is associated with KSHV. In this study we sought to determine the relationship between active Schistosoma mansoni or Schistosoma haematobium infection and KSHV shedding. Methods We quantified KSHV DNA in saliva and cervical swabs from 2 cohorts of women living in northwestern Tanzanian communities endemic for S mansoni or S haematobium by real-time polymerase chain reaction. χ2 and Fisher exact tests were used to determine differences in clinical and demographic factors between those who were and were not shedding KSHV. Results Among 139 total women, 44.6% were KSHV seropositive. Six percent of those with S mansoni and 17.1% of those with S haematobium were actively shedding KSHV in saliva and none in cervical samples. Women from the S mansoni cohort who were shedding virus reported infertility more frequently (80% vs 19.5%, P = .009). There was no difference in frequency of KSHV salivary shedding between schistosome-infected and -uninfected women. Conclusions In an area with high KSHV seroprevalence and endemic schistosome infections, we provide the first report with data demonstrating no association between schistosome infection and salivary or cervical herpesvirus shedding. KSHV salivary shedding was associated with infertility, a known effect of another herpesvirus, human herpesvirus 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Mertelsmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Crispin Mukerebe
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Donald Miyaye
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Peter Shigella
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Loyce Mhango
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Peter Lutonja
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Paul L A M Corstjens
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia de Dood
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Govert J van Dam
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Soledad Colombe
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jane K Maganga
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Christine Aristide
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Maureen M Ward
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Myung Hee Lee
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - John M Changalucha
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Jennifer A Downs
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
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2
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Jary A, Veyri M, Gothland A, Leducq V, Calvez V, Marcelin AG. Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus, the Etiological Agent of All Epidemiological Forms of Kaposi's Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246208. [PMID: 34944828 PMCID: PMC8699694 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is one of the seven oncogenic viruses currently recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Its presence for Kaposi’s sarcoma development is essential and knowledge on the oncogenic process has increased since its discovery in 1994. However, some uncertainties remain to be clarified, in particular on the exact routes of transmission and disparities in KSHV seroprevalence and the prevalence of Kaposi’s sarcoma worldwide. Here, we summarized the current data on the KSHV viral particle’s structure, its genome, the replication, its seroprevalence, the viral diversity and the lytic and latent oncogenesis proteins involved in Kaposi’s sarcoma. Lastly, we reported the environmental, immunological and viral factors possibly associated with KSHV transmission that could also play a role in the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Abstract Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also called human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), is an oncogenic virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. The viral particle is composed of a double-stranded DNA harboring 90 open reading frames, incorporated in an icosahedral capsid and enveloped. The viral cycle is divided in the following two states: a short lytic phase, and a latency phase that leads to a persistent infection in target cells and the expression of a small number of genes, including LANA-1, v-FLIP and v-cyclin. The seroprevalence and risk factors of infection differ around the world, and saliva seems to play a major role in viral transmission. KSHV is found in all epidemiological forms of Kaposi’s sarcoma including classic, endemic, iatrogenic, epidemic and non-epidemic forms. In a Kaposi’s sarcoma lesion, KSHV is mainly in a latent state; however, a small proportion of viral particles (<5%) are in a replicative state and are reported to be potentially involved in the proliferation of neighboring cells, suggesting they have crucial roles in the process of tumorigenesis. KSHV encodes oncogenic proteins (LANA-1, v-FLIP, v-cyclin, v-GPCR, v-IL6, v-CCL, v-MIP, v-IRF, etc.) that can modulate cellular pathways in order to induce the characteristics found in all cancer, including the inhibition of apoptosis, cells’ proliferation stimulation, angiogenesis, inflammation and immune escape, and, therefore, are involved in the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Jary
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.); (V.L.); (V.C.); (A.-G.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-4217-7401
| | - Marianne Veyri
- Service d’Oncologie Médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Adélie Gothland
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.); (V.L.); (V.C.); (A.-G.M.)
| | - Valentin Leducq
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.); (V.L.); (V.C.); (A.-G.M.)
| | - Vincent Calvez
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.); (V.L.); (V.C.); (A.-G.M.)
| | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Service de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.); (V.L.); (V.C.); (A.-G.M.)
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3
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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Human Herpes Virus Type 8 (HHV-8), Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1), and Syphilis among Female Sex Workers in Malindi, Kenya. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2019; 2019:5345161. [PMID: 31320897 PMCID: PMC6610739 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5345161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Human Herpes Virus type 8 (HHV-8), Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and syphilis is high in Sub-Saharan Africa. Studies on HHV-8 in Kenya are few and data on its coinfection with HIV and syphilis scanty. This cross-sectional study among female sex workers (FSWs) in Malindi, Kenya, aimed to determine the prevalence of HHV-8, HIV, and syphilis mono/coinfections and identify associated risk factors. A total of 268 FSWs consented and were administered a structured questionnaire and screened for antibodies against HHV-8, HIV, and syphilis following the National Guidelines. FSWs positive for HHV-8 were 67/268 (25%), HIV 44/268 (16.4%), and 6/268 (2.24%) for syphilis. Eight out of 67 (12%) tested positive for HHV-8/HIV and 2/67 (3%) for HHV-8/syphilis coinfections. Married FSWs had higher odds of HHV-8 infection (OR 2.90, 95%, and P=0.043). Single marital status was inversely associated (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.23-0.94, and P=0.034) with HIV infection. HIV was associated with increasing age (OR 14.79, P<0.001), inconsistent condom use (OR 2.69, P=0.004), increased duration as sex worker ≥6 (OR 3.0, P=0.002) and clients ≥4 (OR 4.0, P<0.001), intravenous drug use (OR 2.5, P=0.043), and early sex debut (P=0.049) unlike HHV-8 which was not associated with high risk sexual behavior. HHV-8/HIV coinfection was associated with increasing age (OR 11.21, P=0.027). Infection by HHV-8 was not significantly associated with HIV (OR 0.62; P=0.257) or syphilis (OR 1.52; P=0.636). There was a high likelihood of infection with HHV-8 compared to HIV (OR 8.6, P=0.014) and syphilis (OR 14.6, P<0.001). The lack of association of HHV-8 with high risk sexual behavior suggests that sexual transmission may not play a significant role in transmission of HHV-8 among FSWs in Malindi.
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4
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Yan L, Majerciak V, Zheng ZM, Lan K. Towards Better Understanding of KSHV Life Cycle: from Transcription and Posttranscriptional Regulations to Pathogenesis. Virol Sin 2019; 34:135-161. [PMID: 31025296 PMCID: PMC6513836 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), is etiologically linked to the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman’s disease. These malignancies often occur in immunosuppressed individuals, making KSHV infection-associated diseases an increasing global health concern with persistence of the AIDS epidemic. KSHV exhibits biphasic life cycles between latent and lytic infection and extensive transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. As a member of the herpesvirus family, KSHV has evolved many strategies to evade the host immune response, which help the virus establish a successful lifelong infection. In this review, we summarize the current research status on the biology of latent and lytic viral infection, the regulation of viral life cycles and the related pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Vladimir Majerciak
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Ke Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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5
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Fox JM, Mutalima N, Molyneux E, Carpenter LM, Taylor GP, Bland M, Newton R, Martin F. Seroprevalence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 amongst mothers and children in Malawi within the context of a systematic review and meta-analysis of HTLV seroprevalence in Africa. Trop Med Int Health 2016; 21:312-24. [PMID: 26700941 PMCID: PMC4819700 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-1 causes T-cell leukaemia and myelopathy. Together with HTLV-2, it is endemic in some African nations. Seroprevalence data from Malawi are scarce, with no reports on associated disease incidence. HTLV seroprevalence and type were tested in 418 healthy mothers from Malawi. In addition, we tested the sera of 534 children to investigate mother-to-child transmission. To provide context, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of HTLV seroprevalence in African women and children. METHODS Stored samples from a previous childhood cancer and BBV study were analysed. ELISA was used for HTLV screening followed by immunoblot for confirmation and typing. Standard methods were used for the systematic review. RESULTS HTLV seroprevalence was 2.6% (11/418) in mothers and 2.2% (12/534) in children. Three mothers carried HTLV-1 alone, seven had HTLV-2 and one was dually infected. Three children carried HTLV-1 alone, seven had HTLV-2 and two were dually infected. Only two corresponding mothers of the 12 HTLV-positive children were HTLV positive. The systematic review included 66 studies of women and 13 of children conducted in 25 African countries. Seroprevalence of HTLV-1 varied from 0 to 17% and of HTLV-2 from 0 to 4%. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to findings from other studies in Africa, the seroprevalence of HTLV-2 was higher than that of HTLV-1 in Malawi and one of the highest for the African region. The lack of mother-child concordance suggests alternative sources of infection among children. Our data and analyses contribute to HTLV prevalence mapping in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Fox
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Nora Mutalima
- Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Molyneux
- Paediatric Department, College of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Graham P Taylor
- National Centre for Human Retrovirology/HTLV clinic, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Robert Newton
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Fabiola Martin
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
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6
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Rohner E, Wyss N, Heg Z, Faralli Z, Mbulaiteye SM, Novak U, Zwahlen M, Egger M, Bohlius J. HIV and human herpesvirus 8 co-infection across the globe: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:45-54. [PMID: 26175054 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
HIV-infection is an important risk factor for developing Kaposi sarcoma (KS), but it is unclear whether HIV-positive persons are also at increased risk of co-infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), the infectious cause of KS. We systematically searched literature up to December 2012 and included studies reporting HHV-8 seroprevalence for HIV-positive and HIV-negative persons. We used random-effects meta-analysis to combine odds ratios (ORs) of the association between HIV and HHV-8 seropositivity and conducted random-effects meta-regression to identify sources of heterogeneity. We included 93 studies with 58,357 participants from 32 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Overall, HIV-positive persons were more likely to be HHV-8 seropositive than HIV-negative persons (OR 1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.70-2.34) with considerable heterogeneity among studies (I(2) 84%). The association was strongest in men who have sex with men (MSM, OR 3.95, 95% CI 2.92-5.35), patients with hemophilia (OR 3.11, 95% CI 1.19-8.11), and children (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.58-3.81), but weaker in heterosexuals who engage in low-risk (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.16-1.74) or high-risk sexual behavior (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.27-2.17), persons who inject drugs (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.28-2.14), and pregnant women (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.15-2.47), p value for interaction <0.001. In conclusion, HIV-infection was associated with an increased HHV-8 seroprevalence in all population groups examined. A better understanding of HHV-8 transmission in different age and behavioral groups is needed to develop strategies to prevent HHV-8 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Rohner
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natascha Wyss
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zina Heg
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zully Faralli
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sam M Mbulaiteye
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Urban Novak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Zwahlen
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Egger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Research, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julia Bohlius
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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7
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Wang J, Liu S, Cao Y, Yang L, Chen Y, Minhas V, Wood C, Zhang T. Prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus among men attending sexually transmitted infections clinics in Anhui, China. J Med Virol 2015; 88:304-11. [PMID: 26147809 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) may be transmitted via sexual contacts, but limited information is available on KSHV infection status among sexually transmitted infection (STI) patients in China. The main objective of the present study was to determine the KSHV seroprevalence and its risk factors among male STI patients. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in three prefectures of Anhui province, China, between June and September 2013. A total of 1,600 male patients who visited an STI clinic were invited, and 1,372 participated in the study. Data were abstracted from the medical records for all the patients. Blood samples were collected and tested for antibodies to KSHV, HIV, HCV, and syphilis. Factors associated with KSHV seropositivity were examined using multivariable logistic regression analysis. The overall prevalence of KSHV, HIV, HCV, and syphilis was 13.3%, 0.7%, 0.6%, and 12.5%, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, KSHV infection was significantly associated with ever having anal sex with men (19 out of 30 males, OR: 8.64, 95%CI: 1.92-38.79) and HIV infection (six out of nine HIV-positive individuals, OR: 8.39, 95%CI: 1.80-39.04). There were no significant associations of KSHV infection with drug use, heterosexual sex behaviors, syphilis, and HCV. Our finding has shown that a relatively moderate prevalence of KSHV was found among male STI patients. While an increased risk for KSHV infection was observed among participants with homosexual contacts. Routine KSHV testing is recommended for male individuals attending STI clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yifei Cao
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Veenu Minhas
- Nebraska Center of Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center of Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
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8
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Pinzone MR, Berretta M, Cacopardo B, Nunnari G. Epstein-Barr Virus– and Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus–Related Malignancies in the Setting of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Semin Oncol 2015; 42:258-71. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Minhas V, Wood C. Epidemiology and transmission of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Viruses 2014; 6:4178-94. [PMID: 25375883 PMCID: PMC4246215 DOI: 10.3390/v6114178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current knowledge pertaining to Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) epidemiology and transmission. Since the identification of KSHV twenty years ago, it is now known to be associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. Many studies have been conducted to understand its epidemiology and pathogenesis and their results clearly show that the worldwide distribution of KSHV is uneven. Some geographical areas, such as sub-Saharan Africa, the Mediterranean region and the Xinjiang region of China, are endemic areas, but Western Europe and United States have a low prevalence in the general population. This makes it imperative to understand the risk factors associated with acquisition of infection. KSHV can be transmitted via sexual contact and non-sexual routes, such as transfusion of contaminated blood and tissues transplants, or via saliva contact. There is now a general consensus that salivary transmission is the main route of transmission, especially in children residing in endemic areas. Therefore, there is a need to better understand the sources of transmission to young children. Additionally, lack of animal models to study transmission, gold standard serological assay and the lack of emphasis on endemic KS research has hampered the efforts to further delineate KSHV transmission in order to design effective prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veenu Minhas
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Morrison Center, 4240 Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Morrison Center, 4240 Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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10
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Zhang T, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wang J, Minhas V, Wood C, He N. Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 and hepatitis C virus among drug users in Shanghai, China. Viruses 2014; 6:2519-30. [PMID: 24960274 PMCID: PMC4074941 DOI: 10.3390/v6062519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate and compare the seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among Chinese drug users, a cross-sectional study of 441 participants, was conducted in Shanghai, China, from 2012 through 2013. Seventy-seven (17.5%) participants were found to be positive for HHV8 antibodies, while 271 (61.5%) participants were positive for HCV. No significant association between HHV8 seropositivity and drug use characteristics, sexual behaviors, HCV, or syphilis was observed. In contrast, a statistically significant association between HCV seropositivity and injected drug history (OR, 2.18, 95% CI 1.41–3.37) was detected, whereas no statistically significant association between HCV seropositivity and syphilis infection (OR, 7.56, 95% CI 0.94–60.57) were observed. Pairwise comparisons showed no significant differences between latent and lytic antibodies regarding HCV and HHV8 serostatus. The study demonstrated a moderate but elevated prevalence of HHV8 infection among drug users. The discordance between HHV8 and HCV infections suggests that blood borne transmission of HHV8 might not be the predominant mode of transmission in this population, which is in contrast to HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yuyan Zhang
- Putuo District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Veenu Minhas
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Na He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, and The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China.
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11
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Phipps W, Saracino M, Selke S, Huang ML, Jaoko W, Mandaliya K, Wald A, Casper C, McClelland RS. Oral HHV-8 replication among women in Mombasa, Kenya. J Med Virol 2014; 86:1759-65. [PMID: 24692069 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) replication in the oropharynx may play an important role in HHV-8 transmission and contribute to the development of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) in some individuals. Studies in the United States and Europe report high rates of HHV-8 DNA detection in saliva of HHV-8 infected men, but little is known about the natural history of HHV-8 among persons in sub-Saharan Africa, where prevalence of HHV-8 infection and KS is greatest. To address this gap, this study evaluated oral HHV-8 replication in a cohort of 40 HHV-8 seropositive Kenyan women. Study clinicians collected daily oral swabs from participants for up to 30 consecutive days, and swab samples were tested for HHV-8 DNA using quantitative, real-time polymerase chain reaction. HHV-8 was detected at least once in 27 (68%) participants, and the overall shedding rate was 23%. On days with HHV-8 detection, mean HHV-8 quantity was 4.5 log10 copies/ml. Among HIV-infected women, CD4 count ≥500 cells/mm(3) versus <500 cells/mm(3) was associated with higher HHV-8 copy number (4.8 log10 copies/ml vs. 3.4 log10 copies/ml; coef 1.2 [95% CI, 0.5-1.9]; P = 0.001) and a higher HHV-8 shedding rate (49% vs.12%; RR, 4.2 [95% CI, 0.8-21.4]; P = 0.08). No other factors were associated with HHV-8 shedding rate or copy number. The study demonstrates high rates and quantity of HHV-8 in the oropharynx of HHV-8 seropositive African women. These findings support the observation that oral replication is an essential feature of HHV-8 infection, with likely implications for HHV-8 transmission and KS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Phipps
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma: outcomes after initiation of antiretroviral therapy at a university-affiliated hospital in urban Zimbabwe. Int J Infect Dis 2013; 17:e902-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Chang JT, Shebl FM, Pfeiffer RM, Biryahwaho B, Graubard BI, Mbulaiteye SM. A population-based study of Kaposi Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus seropositivity in Uganda using principal components analysis. Infect Agent Cancer 2013; 8:3. [PMID: 23324546 PMCID: PMC3599442 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-8-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) seropositivity is associated with sexual, environmental, and socioeconomic exposures. Whether these characteristics are independent risk factors is uncertain because of reliance on selected high-risk or hospital-based populations and incomplete adjustment for confounding. Therefore, we evaluated risk factors for KSHV seropositivity in a population-based study in Uganda using principal components analysis (PCA). Methods The study population comprised 2,681 individuals randomly selected from a nationally-representative population-based HIV/AIDS sero-behavioral survey conducted in 2004/05. Questionnaire and laboratory data (97 variables) were transformed into a smaller set of uncorrelated variables using PCA. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between components and KSHV seropositivity. Results Data were reduced to three principal components (PCs) labeled as Sexual behavioral, Socioeconomic, and Knowledge PCs. In crude analysis, KSHV seropositivity was associated with the Knowledge (ptrend = 0.012) and Socioeconomic components (ptrend = 0.0001), but not with the Sexual-behavioral component (ptrend = 0.066). KSHV seropositivity was associated with the Socioeconomic PC (ptrend = 0.037), but not with the Sexual-behavioral and Knowledge PCs, in the models including PCs, age, gender and geographic region. Conclusions Our results fit with the view that in Uganda socioeconomic characteristic may influence KSHV seropositivity. Conversely, the results fit with the interpretation that in Uganda sexual-behavioral characteristics, if relevant, contribute minimally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne T Chang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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van Bogaert LJ. Anogenital Lesions: Kaposi's Sarcoma and Its Mimicks. ISRN AIDS 2012; 2012:486425. [PMID: 24052876 PMCID: PMC3767349 DOI: 10.5402/2012/486425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a low-grade vascular neoplasm associated with human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) infection, and, in the epidemic form, with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although HHV-8 is present in all body fluids and is sexually transmitted, there are surprisingly few reports of anogenital KS. Clinically, especially in HIV/KS endemic areas, dark stained skin patches or nodules are prone to misdiagnosis, especially in dark-skinned individuals. Therefore, a biopsy is recommended. The histologic appearance spans a broad spectrum of KS and non-KS lesions; therefore, the final diagnosis should be confirmed by HHV-8 immunohistochemistry. We report a series of 36 anogenital biopsies from a group of 16 documented HIV-positive patients; in 20 the HIV serostatus was unknown. There were ten KS (five in HIV-positive patients), and 26 non-KS (11 in HIV-positive subjects) lesions. In the era of HIV/AIDS, anogenital lesions may be the first manifestation of KS in immunocompromised individuals and should be biopsied. The histological diagnosis should be confirmed by HHV-8 immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Jacques van Bogaert
- National Health Laboratory Service, Polokwane/Mankweng Hospital Complex and University of Limpopo, Groblersdal 0470, South Africa
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Morbidity and Mortality Patterns of Hospitalised Adult HIV/AIDS Patients in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy: A 4-year Retrospective Review from Zaria, Northern Nigeria. AIDS Res Treat 2012; 2012:940580. [PMID: 23019521 PMCID: PMC3457591 DOI: 10.1155/2012/940580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. This study, undertaken in major tertiary hospital in northern Nigeria, examined the morbidity and mortality patterns of hospitalised adult HIV/AIDS patients in the HAART era. Methods. Between January 2006 and December 2009, admission records and causes of deaths of hospitalised medical HIV-infected patients were retrieved and analysed according to antiretroviral (ART) status. Results. Of the 207 HIV/AIDS patients reviewed, majority were newly diagnosed (73.4%), and most were hospitalised and died from various AIDS-defining illnesses, mainly disseminated tuberculosis and sepsis. Immune-inflammatory-reconstitution-syndrome, ART-toxicity and ART-failure, contributed to morbidity and mortality in patients receiving ART. Sixty six (31.9%) patients died, with higher mortality in males and in those with lower CD4-cell count, lower PCV, and shorter hospital stay. However, hospital stay ≤3 days and severe anaemia (PCV < 24%) were independent predictors of mortality. Conclusion. In the current HAART era, late presentation and tuberculosis continue to fuel the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Africa, with emerging challenges due to ART-related complications.
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Shebl FM, Dollard SC, Pfeiffer RM, Biryahwaho B, Amin MM, Munuo SS, Hladik W, Parsons R, Graubard BI, Mbulaiteye SM. Human herpesvirus 8 seropositivity among sexually active adults in Uganda. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21286. [PMID: 21712983 PMCID: PMC3119672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sexual transmission of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) has been implicated among homosexual men, but the evidence for sexual transmission among heterosexual individuals is controversial. We investigated the role of sexual transmission of HHV8 in a nationally representative sample in Uganda, where HHV8 infection is endemic and transmitted mostly during childhood. Materials and Methods The study population was a subset of participants (n = 2681) from a population-based HIV/AIDS serobehavioral survey of adults aged 15–59 years conducted in 2004/2005. High risk for sexual transmission was assessed by questionnaire and serological testing for HIV and herpes simplex virus 2. Anti-HHV8 antibodies were measured using two enzyme immunoassays targeting synthetic peptides from the K8.1 and orf65 viral genes. The current study was restricted to 2288 sexually active adults. ORs and 95% CIs for HHV8 seropositivity were estimated by fitting logistic regression models with a random intercept using MPLUS and SAS software. Results The weighted prevalence of HHV8 seropositivity was 56.2%, based on 1302 seropositive individuals, and it increased significantly with age (Ptrend<0.0001). In analyses adjusting for age, sex, geography, education, and HIV status, HHV8 seropositivity was positively associated with reporting two versus one marital union (OR:1.52, 95% CI: 1.17–1.97) and each unit increase in the number of children born (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00–1.08), and was inversely associated with ever having used a condom (OR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.45–0.89). HHV8 seropositivity was not associated with HIV (P = 0.660) or with herpes simplex virus 2 (P = 0.732) seropositivity. Other sexual variables, including lifetime number of sexual partners or having had at least one sexually transmitted disease, and socioeconomic variables were unrelated to HHV8 seropositivity. Conclusion Our findings are compatible with the conclusion that sexual transmission of HHV8 in Uganda, if it occurs, is weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M Shebl
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Uldrick TS, Whitby D. Update on KSHV epidemiology, Kaposi Sarcoma pathogenesis, and treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma. Cancer Lett 2011; 305:150-62. [PMID: 21377267 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Much has been learned since the discovery of KSHV in 1994 about its epidemiology and pathology but much of what has been learned has yet to be translated into clinical practice. In this review, we survey the current state of knowledge on KSHV epidemiology and KS pathogenesis and highlight therapeutic opportunities in both the developed and developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Uldrick
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Mbulaiteye SM, Goedert JJ. Human herpesvirus 8 seropositivity in rural Uganda: maturation of sero-epidemiological studies. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:575-7. [PMID: 21273189 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiq094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Xie Y, Ruan B, Chen Y, Wu N, Hu M, Zhu B. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Med Virol 2011; 83:879-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Butler LM, Were WA, Balinandi S, Downing R, Dollard S, Neilands TB, Gupta S, Rutherford GW, Mermin J. Human herpesvirus 8 infection in children and adults in a population-based study in rural Uganda. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:625-34. [PMID: 21273188 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiq092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. We examined sociodemographic, behavioral, and biological factors associated with HHV-8 infection in children and adults to determine HHV-8 seroprevalence and potential routes of transmission. METHODS Participants were 1383 children and 1477 adults from a population-based sample in a rural community in Uganda. Serum samples were tested for HHV-8 antibodies with use of an enzyme immunoassay against K8.1. RESULTS HHV-8 seroprevalence increased from 16% among children aged 1.5-2 years to 32% among children aged 10-13 years (P <.001) and from 37% among participants aged 14-19 years to 49% among adults aged ≥ 50 years (P <.05). HHV-8 seropositivity in children was independently associated with residing with a seropositive parent (P < .001) and residing with ≥ 1 other seropositive child aged <14 years (P < .001). History of sharing food and/or sauce plates was marginally associated with HHV-8 infection in children (P = .05). Among 1404 participants aged ≥ 15 years , there was no association between correlates of sexual behavior (eg, number of lifetime sex partners and HIV infection) and HHV-8 seropositivity (P > .10). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that HHV-8 is acquired primarily through horizontal transmission in childhood from intrafamilial contacts and that transmission continues into adulthood potentially through nonsexual routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Butler
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics & Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA.
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Olakolu SS, Abioye-Kuteyi EA, Oyegbade OO. Sexually transmitted infections among patients attending the General Practice Clinic, Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa, Nigeria. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/20786204.2011.10874062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- SS Olakolu
- General Practice Department, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals' Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - EA Abioye-Kuteyi
- General Practice Department, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals' Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
- bCommunity Health Department, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - OO Oyegbade
- General Practice Department, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals' Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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Geographic Heterogeneity of Prevalence of the Human Herpesvirus 8 in Sub-Saharan Africa: Clues About Etiology. Ann Epidemiol 2010; 20:958-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dollard SC, Butler LM, Jones AMG, Mermin JH, Chidzonga M, Chipato T, Shiboski CH, Brander C, Mosam A, Kiepiela P, Hladik W, Martin JN. Substantial regional differences in human herpesvirus 8 seroprevalence in sub-Saharan Africa: insights on the origin of the "Kaposi's sarcoma belt". Int J Cancer 2010; 127:2395-401. [PMID: 20143397 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Equatorial Africa has among the highest incidences of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in the world, thus earning the name "KS Belt." This was the case even before the HIV epidemic. To date, there is no clear evidence that HHV-8 seroprevalence is higher in this region but interpretation of the available literature is tempered by differences in serologic assays used across studies. We examined representatively sampled ambulatory adults in Uganda, which is in the "KS Belt," and in Zimbabwe and South Africa which are outside the Belt, for HHV-8 antibodies. All serologic assays were uniformly performed in the same reference laboratory by the same personnel. In the base-case serologic algorithm, seropositivity was defined by reactivity in an immunofluorescence assay or in 2 enzyme immunoassays. A total of 2,375 participants were examined. In Uganda, HHV-8 seroprevalence was high early in adulthood (35.5% by age 21) without significant change thereafter. In contrast, HHV-8 seroprevalence early in adulthood was lower in Zimbabwe and South Africa (13.7 and 10.8%, respectively) but increased with age. After age adjustment, Ugandans had 3.24-fold greater odds of being HHV-8 infected than South Africans (p < 0.001) and 2.22-fold greater odds than Zimbabweans (p < 0.001). Inferences were unchanged using all other serologic algorithms evaluated. In conclusion, HHV-8 infection is substantially more common in Uganda than in Zimbabwe and South Africa. These findings help to explain the high KS incidence in the "KS Belt" and underscore the importance of a uniform approach to HHV-8 antibody testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila C Dollard
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Meschi S, Schepisi MS, Nicastri E, Bevilacqua N, Castilletti C, Sciarrone M, Paglia M, Fumakule R, Mohamed J, Kitwa A, Mangi S, Molteni F, Di Caro A, Vairo F, Capobianchi M, Ippolito G. The prevalence of antibodies to human herpesvirus 8 and hepatitis B virus in patients in two hospitals in Tanzania. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1569-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Cai Q, Verma SC, Lu J, Robertson ES. Molecular biology of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and related oncogenesis. Adv Virus Res 2010; 78:87-142. [PMID: 21040832 PMCID: PMC3142360 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385032-4.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), is the most recently identified human tumor virus,and is associated with the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma and two lymphoproliferative disorders known to occur frequently in AIDS patients-primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman disease. In the 15 years since its discovery, intense studies have demonstrated an etiologic role for KSHV in the development of these malignancies. Here, we review the recent advances linked to understanding KSHV latent and lytic life cycle and the molecular mechanisms of KSHV-mediated oncogenesis in terms of transformation, cell signaling, cell growth and survival, angiogenesis, immune invasion and response to microenvironmental stress, and highlight the potential therapeutic targets for blocking KSHV tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiliang Cai
- Department of Microbiology, Abramson, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Seroepidemiology of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection in injecting drug users. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 138:403-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268809990628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYA cross-sectional study was carried out in injecting drug users (IDUs) from Greece to assess the seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and to identify potentially associated risk factors. A total of 288 IDUs were tested for K8.1 antibodies to HHV-8 lytic antigen. Associations between HHV-8 serostatus and potential risk factors were examined using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Seroprevalence of HHV-8 was 24·3% (95% CI 19·5–29·7), increasing with age from 19·4% in those aged <30 years to 52·9% in those aged ⩾40 years (Pfor trend=0·003). No statistically significant associations between HHV-8-positive status and gender, educational level, age at first drug injection, needle sharing, number of imprisonments, complications from drug overdose, HIV and HCV were observed. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, older age (⩾40vs. <40 years, OR 3·30, 95% CI 1·14–9·56) and report of septicaemia/abscess (yesvs. no, OR 1·80, 95% CI 1·01–3·18) were each independently associated with higher HHV-8 seroprevalence. HHV-8 is highly prevalent in the IDU population in Greece. The independent association between HHV-8 and reported abscess or septicaemia supports the hypothesis that poor hygiene conditions in the setting of drug injection may contribute to HHV-8 transmission.
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Butler LM, Dorsey G, Hladik W, Rosenthal PJ, Brander C, Neilands TB, Mbisa G, Whitby D, Kiepiela P, Mosam A, Mzolo S, Dollard SC, Martin JN. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) seroprevalence in population-based samples of African children: evidence for at least 2 patterns of KSHV transmission. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:430-8. [PMID: 19534596 PMCID: PMC3975590 DOI: 10.1086/600103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection is endemic among adult populations in Africa. A prevailing view is that childhood transmission is primarily responsible for the high seroprevalence of KSHV among adults that is observed throughout the continent. However, few studies have directly examined children, particularly in locations where KS is not commonly endemic. METHODS Participants were children aged 1.5-8.9 years, including 427 children from a population-based sample in South Africa, 422 from a population-based sample in Uganda, and 567 from a clinic-based sample in Uganda. All serum specimens were tested by the same laboratory for KSHV antibodies with use of 2 enzyme immunoassays (against K8.1 and ORF65) and 1 immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS KSHV seroprevalence was 7.5%-9.0% among South African children and was not associated with age. In contrast, in the Ugandan population-based sample, KSHV seroprevalence increased from 10% among 2-year-old children to 30.6% among 8-year-old children (P(trend) < .001). In the Ugandan clinic-based sample, seroprevalence increased from 9.3% among 2-year-old children to 36.4% among 8-year-old children (P(trend) < .001). CONCLUSION Two distinct relationships between age and KSHV infection among children imply that KSHV transmission among children is not uniform throughout Africa and is therefore not always responsible for the high seroprevalence observed in adults. There are at least 2 patterns of KSHV transmission in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Butler
- University of California, San Francisco, 50 Beale St., Suite 120, San Francisco, California 94105, USA.
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Campbell TB, Borok M, Ndemera B, Fiorillo S, White IE, Zhang XQ, Machekano RN, Katzenstein D, Gwanzura L. Lack of evidence for frequent heterosexual transmission of human herpesvirus 8 in Zimbabwe. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:1601-8. [PMID: 19400749 DOI: 10.1086/598978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is conflicting evidence about the contribution of heterosexual transmission to the spread of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) in southern Africa. This study evaluated the hypothesis that HHV-8 infection is associated with risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other sexually transmitted infections among Zimbabwean men. METHODS HHV-8 seroprevalence was determined for 2750 participants in the Zimbabwe AIDS Prevention Project cohort of male factory workers in Harare, Zimbabwe. Potential associations of HHV-8 antibody detection with risk factors for HIV-1 infection were examined by univariate analysis. Variables with P < .1 in the univariate analysis were included in a multivariate logistic regression model. HHV-8 seroprevalence was also determined among 297 heterosexual couples. RESULTS Prevalence of HHV-8, HIV-1, and HHV-8 and HIV-1 coinfection was 28.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 26.8%-30.2%), 19.5% (95% CI, 18.0%-20.9%), and 6.5% (95% CI, 5.6%-7.5%), respectively. Detection of HHV-8 antibodies was independently associated with older age and HIV-1 infection but not with number of recent sex partners, marital status, education, condom use, prior sexually transmitted infections, payment for sex, chronic hepatitis B infection, or incident HIV-1 infection. HHV-8 seroprevalence was 31.7% (95% CI, 26.3-37.0) among wives in the couples tested, but HHV-8 infection of wives was not associated with HHV-8 infection of husbands (odds ratio, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.62-1.88; P = .8). CONCLUSIONS HHV-8 and HIV-1 infection did not have common sexual risk factors among urban Zimbabwean men. Sexual transmission does not explain the high prevalence of HHV-8 in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, USA.
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Dupuy A, Schulz T, Chevret S, Agbalika F, Pellet C, Janier M, Dupin N, Vérola O, Calvo F, Lebbé C. Asymmetrical transmission of human herpesvirus 8 among spouses of patients with Kaposi sarcoma. Br J Dermatol 2009; 160:540-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Adjei AA, Armah HB, Gbagbo F, Boamah I, Adu-Gyamfi C, Asare I. Seroprevalence of HHV-8, CMV, and EBV among the general population in Ghana, West Africa. BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8:111. [PMID: 18706107 PMCID: PMC2528010 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-8-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are prevalent in Africa, but less common elsewhere and the modes of transmission are still subject to debate. Generally, they rarely cause disease in the immunocompetent host but are highly oncogenic when associated with immunosuppression. Although the high prevalence of HHV-8, CMV and EBV has been well documented in Africa, such data are sparse from Ghana. Methods Serum samples from 3275 HIV-seronegative healthy blood donors and 250 HIV-AIDS patients were tested for antibodies specific for HHV-8, CMV and EBV by IgG ELISA assays. Differences in seropositivity rates by gender and age were evaluated using the Chi-square test with Yates correction. Results Of the 3275 HIV-seronegative healthy blood donors tested, 2573 (78.6%) were males and 702 (21.4%) were females, with ages ranging from 18 to 65 years (median 32.6; mean 31.2; mode 30). Of the 250 HIV-AIDS patients tested, 140 (56%) were males and 110 (44%) were females, with ages ranging from 17 to 64 years (median 30.8; mean 30.3; mode 28). Among the HIV-seronegative healthy blood donors, overall seroprevalence of HHV-8, CMV and EBV was 23.7%, 77.6% and 20.0%, respectively. Among the HIV-AIDS patients, overall seroprevalence of HHV-8, CMV and EBV was 65.6%, 59.2% and 87.2%, respectively. The seroprevalence of HHV-8 (p < 0.005) and EBV (p < 0.001) was statistically significantly higher in HIV-AIDS patients compared to HIV-seronegative healthy blood donors. There was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.24) between CMV seroprevalence in HIV-AIDS patients and HIV-seronegative healthy blood donors. Age and gender were not independent determinants (p > 0.05) for all three infections among HIV-seronegative healthy blood donors and HIV-AIDS patients in Ghana. Conclusion The results presented herein indicate that HHV-8, CMV and EBV infections are hyperendemic in both HIV-seronegative and HIV-seropositive Ghanaians, and suggest primarily a horizontal route of transmission of these three viral infections in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Adjei
- Department of Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
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Mbulaiteye SM, Pfeiffer RM, Dolan B, Tsang VCW, Noh J, Mikhail NNH, Abdel-Hamid M, Hashem M, Whitby D, Thomas Strickland G, Goedert JJ. Seroprevalence and risk factors for human herpesvirus 8 infection, rural Egypt. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:586-91. [PMID: 18394276 PMCID: PMC2570936 DOI: 10.3201/eid1404.070935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Human Herpesvirus 8 Infection, Rural Egypt, Salivary and nosocomial transmission are possible. To determine whether human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is associated with schistosomal and hepatitis C virus infections in Egypt, we surveyed 965 rural household participants who had been tested for HHV-8 and schistosomal infection (seroprevalence 14.2% and 68.6%, respectively, among those <15 years of age, and 24.2% and 72.8%, respectively, among those ≥15 years of age). Among adults, HHV-8 seropositivity was associated with higher age, lower education, dental treatment, tattoos, >10 lifetime injections, and hepatitis C virus seropositivity. In adjusted analyses, HHV-8 seropositivity was associated with dental treatment among men (odds ratio [OR] 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–5.2) and hepatitis C virus seropositivity among women (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.4–7.9). HHV-8 association with antischistosomal antibodies was not significant for men (OR 2.1, 95% CI 0.3–16.4), but marginal for women (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0–2.5). Our findings suggest salivary and possible nosocomial HHV-8 transmission in rural Egypt.
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Mohanna S, Portillo JA, Carriquiry G, Vidal J, Ferrufino JC, Sanchez J, Bravo F, Gotuzzo E. Human herpesvirus-8 in Peruvian blood donors: a population with hyperendemic disease? Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:558-61. [PMID: 17243060 DOI: 10.1086/511044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum samples from 128 blood donors were tested for antibodies specific for human herpesvirus-8 by an immunofluorescence assay that detects antibodies against mainly lytic antigens. An overall seroprevalence of 56.25% was found (male donors, 54.68%; female donors, 57.11%). These findings indicate that human herpesvirus-8 infection is hyperendemic in Peruvian blood donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Mohanna
- Human Herpesvirus 8 and Classic Kaposi Sarcoma Working Group, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
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Buckles EL, Lowenstine LJ, DeLong RL, Melin SR, Vittore RK, Wong HN, Ross GL, St Leger JA, Greig DJ, Duerr RS, Gulland FMD, Stott JL. Age-prevalence of Otarine Herpesvirus-1, a tumor-associated virus, and possibility of its sexual transmission in California sea lions. Vet Microbiol 2007; 120:1-8. [PMID: 17208394 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Otarine Herpesvirus-1 (OtHV-1) is a gammaherpesvirus routinely detected in urogenital tumor tissues of adult sea lions dying during rehabilitation, To investigate the epidemiology of this virus and guide the development of a mathematical model of its role in the multifactorial etiology of cancer in California sea lions, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of an OtHV-1 specific fragment of the DNA polymerase gene was used to look for evidence of OtHV-1 infection in urogenital and pharyngeal swabs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of sea lions of different ages. Samples were also examined from pregnant females and their late term in utero or aborted fetuses to investigate potential for vertical transmission. Prevalence of infection in 72 adult females was 22%, whereas it was 46% in 52 adult males, and was significantly lower in 120 juvenile animals (6%). OtHV-1 DNA was most often detected in the lower reproductive tract of the adult animals, especially the males, and rarely in the pharynx or urogenital tract of juvenile animals. These data suggest sexual transmission may an important route of transmission. Additional studies are required to confirm this mode of transmission. Additionally, the virus was detected in a single prematurely born pup, suggesting the possibility of perinatal transmission. No indication of a PBMC associated viremia was evident in adults using standard PCR or in juveniles using standard and real time PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Buckles
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), is an essential factor in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD), and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). Case reports suggest an occasional involvement in bone marrow hypoplasia and haemophagocytic syndrome, but other disease associations are unconfirmed or controversial. KSHV-associated disease is of particular importance in immunosuppressed individuals, in particular in patients with HIV infection and transplant recipients. KSHV establishes a latent infection in the majority of infected cells in KS, MCD, and PEL, but lytic replication occurs in a small fraction of infected cells. Viral proteins expressed during both the latent and the lytic phase of the viral life cycle contribute to the pathogenesis of KSHV-associated diseases.
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Kajumbula H, Wallace RG, Zong JC, Hokello J, Sussman N, Simms S, Rockwell RF, Pozos R, Hayward GS, Boto W. Ugandan Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus phylogeny: evidence for cross-ethnic transmission of viral subtypes. Intervirology 2006; 49:133-43. [PMID: 16428889 DOI: 10.1159/000089374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to test the relationship between Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) phylogeny and host ethnicity at the within-country scale. METHODS KSHV genomic DNA samples were isolated from 31 patients across eleven Ugandan ethnic groups. Amino acid sequences of the ORF-K1 gene were used to construct a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree. RESULTS A5 and B1 variants predominated with no evidence of distinct ethnic or geographic distribution. A new K1 subtype (F) was identified in a member of the Bantu Gisu tribe and a new subtype B variant (B3) among members of the Bantu Ganda tribe. CONCLUSIONS The phylogeny may yet be structured by host ethnicity if members of Ugandan groups have convoluted biological origins, even as they identify with single tribes. An alternative possibility is that KSHV subtype evolution may have preceded major diversification of sub-Saharan Africans into ethnicities as we know them today, with ethnic groups beginning their histories already hosting multiple subtypes. A third alternative is that horizontal transmission of multiple KSHV subtypes may have broken up vertical lineages of the virus passed down within Ugandan populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Kajumbula
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda
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Sissolak G, Mayaud P. AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: epidemiological, diagnostic, treatment and control aspects in sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med Int Health 2005; 10:981-92. [PMID: 16185232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Until the 1980s, little attention had been accorded to endemic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a neoplasm noted in several parts of Southern Europe and the African continent but with relatively slow progression, except in children and young adults. Furthermore, therapeutic approaches based on surgery, radiation and topical treatment were of limited efficacy, mostly used to overcome the disabling and stigmatizing effects of the disease. With the emergence of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, and the profound impact of KS on AIDS-related mortality, the pathogenesis of KS has been better studied, and the realisation that a virus (KS-associated Herpesvirus or Human Herpesvirus 8, or KSHV/HHV-8), combined with immunosuppression and cytokine-induced growth, was responsible for the development of this disease has led to novel therapeutic approaches. These are unfortunately still highly toxic, require careful monitoring, and are expensive, thus limiting their use in most parts of Africa. However, the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which has led to a considerable decline in KS incidence in populations of industrialized countries, constitutes the best hope for the control of this stigmatizing and lethal disease in Africa. Trials comparing different regimens of antiretroviral drugs in combination with systemic chemotherapeutic agents are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Sissolak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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Cohen A, Wolf DG, Guttman-Yassky E, Sarid R. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: clinical, diagnostic, and epidemiological aspects. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2005; 42:101-53. [PMID: 15941082 DOI: 10.1080/10408360590913524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHI) is one of the few viruses proven to be associated with tumorigenesis in humans. Its causal association with all clinical and epidemiological variants of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is well established. KSHV is also involved in the pathogenesis of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and a subset of multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). Possible associations of KSHV with other clinical settings have been extensively examined. The findings from several of these studies are contradictory and are yet to be resolved. Concentrated effort over the last decade, since the initial discovery of KSHV, led to the development of several experimental systems that resulted in a better comprehension of the biological characteristics of KSHV and set the stage for the understanding of mechainisms by which diseases are induced by the virus. The development of molecular, histological, and serological tools for KSHV diagnosis allowed researchers to track the transmission and to study the epidemiology of KSHV. These assays have been applied, in particular in ambiguous cases, in order to confirm clinically and pathologically based diagnoses. Here, we review the advances in the clinical, experimental, diagnostic, and epidemiological research of KSHV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Cohen
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan Universiy, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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41
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Mbulaiteye SM, Biggar RJ, Pfeiffer RM, Bakaki PM, Gamache C, Owor AM, Katongole-Mbidde E, Ndugwa CM, Goedert JJ, Whitby D, Engels EA. Water, socioeconomic factors, and human herpesvirus 8 infection in Ugandan children and their mothers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 38:474-9. [PMID: 15764964 DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000132495.89162.c0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection is common in sub-Saharan Africa, but its distribution is uneven. Transmission occurs during childhood within families by unclear routes. METHODS We evaluated 600 Ugandan children with sickle cell disease and their mothers for factors associated with HHV-8 seropositivity in a cross-sectional study. HHV-8 serostatus was determined using an HHV-8 K8.1 glycoprotein enzyme immunoassay. Odds ratios for seropositivity were estimated using logistic regression, and factor analysis was used to identify clustering among socioeconomic variables. RESULTS One hundred seventeen (21%) of 561 children and 166 (34%) of 485 mothers with definite HHV-8 serostatus were seropositive. For children, seropositivity was associated with age, mother's HHV-8 serostatus (especially for children aged 6 years or younger), lower maternal education level, mother's income, and low-status father's occupation (P < 0.05 for all). Using communal standpipe or using surface water sources were both associated with seropositivity (OR 2.70, 95% CI 0.80-9.06 and 4.02, 95% CI 1.18-13.7, respectively) as compared to using private tap water. These associations remained, albeit attenuated, after adjusting for maternal education and child's age (P = 0.08). In factor analysis, low scores on environmental and family factors, which captured household and parental characteristics, respectively, were positively associated with seropositivity (P(trend) < 0.05 for both). For mothers, HHV-8 seropositivity was significantly associated with water source and maternal income. CONCLUSIONS HHV-8 infection in Ugandan children was associated with lower socioeconomic status and using surface water. Households with limited access to water may have less hygienic practices that increase risk for HHV-8 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam M Mbulaiteye
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Plancoulaine S, Abel L, Trégouët D, Duprez R, van Beveren M, Tortevoye P, Froment A, Gessain A. Respective roles of serological status and blood specific antihuman herpesvirus 8 antibody levels in human herpesvirus 8 intrafamilial transmission in a highly endemic area. Cancer Res 2005; 64:8782-7. [PMID: 15574792 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transmission of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, occurs mainly during childhood in endemic countries and, to a large extent, through intrafamilial contacts. To additionally investigate this familial transmission, and especially the role of plasma anti-HHV-8 antibody titers, we conducted a large survey in a village from Cameroon, Central Africa, including 92 families (608 individuals). Plasma samples were tested for specific IgG directed against HHV-8 lytic antigens by immunofluorescence assay, and titers were determined by 2-fold dilutions. Global HHV-8 seroprevalence was 60%, raising from 32% under 9 years up to a plateau of around 62% between 15 and 40 years. The familial correlation patterns in HHV-8 seropositive/seronegative status showed strong dependence from mother to child and between siblings. In contrast, no familial correlation in anti-HHV-8 antibody levels was observed among infected subjects. In particular, no relationship was observed between the anti-HHV-8 antibody titer of HHV-8 seropositive mothers and the proportion of their HHV-8 seropositive children. Furthermore, a random permutation study of the anti-HHV-8 antibody titers among HHV-8 infected subjects showed that the main risk factor for infection was the HHV-8 serologic status and not the antibody level. In addition, no correlation was found between anti-HHV-8 antibody levels and buffy coat HHV-8 viral loads in a subsample of 95 infected subjects. Overall, these results strongly suggest that, in this highly endemic population from Central Africa, HHV-8 transmission mainly occurs from mother to child and between siblings, and it is independent of plasma antibody levels of HHV-8 infected relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Plancoulaine
- Université René Descartes, INSERM U.550, Faculté de Médecine Necker, Paris, France
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Chen N, Nelson KE, Jenkins FJ, Suriyanon V, Duerr A, Costello C, Robison V, Jacobson LP. Seroprevalence of Human Herpesvirus 8 Infection in Northern Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:1052-8. [PMID: 15472860 DOI: 10.1086/424011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is associated with Kaposi sarcoma (KS) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and KS, classical KS, or endemic KS. Because human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and HIV/AIDS are common in Thailand but KS is very rare (only 0.2% of reported patients with AIDS in Thailand had KS), we determined the HHV-8 seroprevalence among populations who were HIV positive or at risk of HIV infection. METHODS A total of 992 persons from 2 populations underwent testing for lytic antibodies to HHV-8 using an immunofluorescence assay involving a BCBL-1 cell line at serum dilutions of 1 : 50 and 1 : 100. Serum specimens with positive results were titered to end points. Subjects included approximately 400 married couples in which the husband was HIV positive and the wife was HIV positive (200 couples) or HIV negative (200 couples). In addition, 200 HIV-negative men from a sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic were studied. RESULTS The antibody prevalence was 24.2% in the total population. The prevalence was higher among HIV-negative men (13.0%) but was similar among HIV-positive women (27.9%) and HIV-negative women (23.8%). The HHV-8 seroprevalence among wives whose husbands were HIV-1 positive did not differ according to their husband's HHV-8 status. There was no association between HHV-8 seroprevalence and reported sexual behavior or STD history. CONCLUSION Despite the rarity of KS among patients with AIDS in Thailand, HHV-8 infections are common and do not appear to be frequently transmitted sexually in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Chen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Taylor MM, Chohan B, Lavreys L, Hassan W, Huang ML, Corey L, Ashley Morrow R, Richardson BA, Mandaliya K, Ndinya-Achola J, Bwayo J, Kreiss J. Shedding of human herpesvirus 8 in oral and genital secretions from HIV-1-seropositive and -seronegative Kenyan women. J Infect Dis 2004; 190:484-8. [PMID: 15243920 PMCID: PMC6768555 DOI: 10.1086/421466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2003] [Accepted: 12/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the prevalence and correlates of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) in saliva, mouth, cervical, vaginal, plasma, and peripheral-blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples from 174 HHV8-seropositive female prostitutes in Mombasa, Kenya. The prevalence of detection of HHV8 was 32% in saliva samples, 28% in mouth swabs, 4% in cervical swabs, 2.3% in vaginal swabs, 9% in plasma samples, and 18% in PBMC samples. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seropositivity was associated with detection of HHV8 from any mucosal surface (odds ratio, 2.1 [95% confidence interval, 1.1-4.0]). In HIV-1-seropositive women, there was no association between detection of HHV8 and either CD4 count or HIV-1 viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Henke-Gendo C, Schulz TF. Transmission and disease association of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: recent developments. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2004; 17:53-7. [PMID: 15090892 DOI: 10.1097/00001432-200402000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus or human herpesvirus 8, common in sub-Saharan Africa and around the Mediterranean Sea but rare in most other countries, is known to be transmitted in childhood within families in endemic regions, and through sexual contacts among high-risk groups in Western countries. Nevertheless recent developments on other modes of transmission of the virus have been made during the last years and are summarized in this review. Furthermore, recent published disease associations are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS The last year has seen research addressing the question of parenteral transmission, sexual transmission through heterosexual contact, transmission of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-infected cells from organ donors to recipient, as well as the first suggestion that host genetic factors may facilitate infection in childhood. Additional clinical manifestations of infection with the virus such as primary pulmonary hypertension and germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder have been identified. SUMMARY Evidence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus transmission other than between homosexual adults and during childhood - namely transmission through heterosexual contact or injection drug use - is growing although these issues are still incompletely analysed and far away from being fully understood. Despite our increasing knowledge on transmission and disease associations of the virus, implications on the clinical management of associated diseases and public health have to be further evaluated in the coming years.
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Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are notable for their fastidious requirements for transmission and growth in the laboratory and for their high physical and psychosocial morbidity. The combination of subtle or absent symptoms and stigma preventing the seeking of health care, leaves many infections undiagnosed. The development of nucleic-acid amplification tests heralded a new era in sensitive and robust diagnostic procedures for STIs. Unfortunately, many of these tests are not commercially available or are too expensive for the populations that need them most. Single-dose oral azithromycin has improved the treatment of several bacterial STIs, but quinolones are rapidly becoming ineffective for gonorrhoea. Self-treatment of genital warts with podophyllotoxin or imiquimod preparations is attractive to patients and might be cost effective for health services. The prospect of effective vaccines against genital papillomaviruses in the near future is real. Such vaccines could reduce the global incidence of some anogenital cancers. Episodic treatment of genital herpes is getting easier and cheaper, and suppressive treatment can reduce transmission to regular sexual partners. A vaccine against herpes simplex virus type 2 has shown some limited efficacy. Ultimately, better control of STIs, and reduction of their contribution to the spread of HIV, will require a broad health-sector response with adequate resourcing, and a change in social and political attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil Donovan
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Klaskala W, Brayfield BP, Kankasa C, Bhat G, West JT, Mitchell CD, Wood C. Epidemiological characteristics of human herpesvirus-8 infection in a large population of antenatal women in Zambia. J Med Virol 2004; 75:93-100. [PMID: 15543582 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive data describing epidemiological characteristics of the human herpesvirus-8 or Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV-8 or KSHV) infection among pregnant women in a central sub-Saharan Africa are not available. This study determined virus prevalence estimates and the risk factors associated with HHV-8 infection. Cross-sectional, enrollment visit data were analyzed from a prospective cohort study of perinatal transmission of HHV-8 in Lusaka, Zambia. Exposure data were obtained via structured interview, physical examination, medical chart review, and laboratory testing. Among 3,160 antenatal women serologically screened for HHV-8 between September 1998 and October 2000, 40.2% were seropositive. The HHV-8 positive women were more likely to be co-infected with HIV-1 than those who were HHV-8 negative (34% vs. 26%; P < 0.0001). Of 154 variables evaluated by logistic regression analyses, only three risk factors, have emerged as independent predictors of HHV-8 positive serology: diagnosis of genital warts, HIV-1 co-infection and primary education. The association of HHV-8 infection with genital warts and HIV-1 co-infection suggests heterosexual transmission of HHV-8. HIV-1 infection may also act as a marker for particular behaviors, which could be sexual in nature, that are associated with both HIV-1 and HHV-8 transmission. Since HHV-8 facilitates development of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), the results of this study could be utilized to identify specific population groups of pregnant women who are at increased risk for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Klaskala
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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Volpi A, Sarmati L, Suligoi B, Montano M, Rezza G, Andreoni M. Correlates of human herpes virus-8 and herpes simplex virus type 2 infections in Northern Cameroon. J Med Virol 2004; 74:467-72. [PMID: 15368514 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The association between sexual activity and human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) infection has been established, but the mode of acquisition is still unclear. Blood samples from 238 individuals from Northern Cameroon were tested to evaluate the incidence of herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Treponema pallidum, and HHV-8 infections and to identify their possible association. The presence of HSV-2 antibodies was associated significantly with gender, age, and HIV, HHV-8 antilatent, and T. pallidum antibodies, but not with HHV-8 antilytic antibodies. In a multivariate model older age, female gender, seropositivity for HIV, for HHV-8 latent antigens and for T. pallidum were associated independently with seropositivity for HSV-2. HSV-2-seropositive individuals had significantly higher titers of antibodies to both lytic (P = 0.019) and latent (P = 0.021) HHV-8 antigens. These results suggest that HSV-2 infection can contribute to sexual transmission of HHV-8 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Volpi
- Department of Public Health, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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