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Stavrou G, Tzikos G, Menni AE, Chatziantoniou G, Vouchara A, Fyntanidou B, Grosomanidis V, Kotzampassi K. Endothelial Damage and Muscle Wasting in Cardiac Surgery Patients. Cureus 2022; 14:e30534. [PMID: 36415406 PMCID: PMC9675898 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a post-hoc analysis to assess the effect of anesthesia, surgical trauma, and extracorporeal circuit on endothelial integrity, microvascular permeability, and extracellular fluid balance, as well as on skeletal muscle catabolism, in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. We included 127 well-nourished patients undergoing “on-pump” elective cardiac surgery. One day prior to surgery (D0) and again on postoperative day 7 (POD7), body mass index, body composition assessment, hand-grip strength (HGS), and mid-upper arm muscle circumference (MAMC) were measured. Patients were assigned to early recovery (ER) and late recovery (LR) groups, depending on the duration of ICU stay (cut-off 48 hours). The magnitude of change (Δ) in all parameters studied was assessed in ER versus LR groups, regarding (i) epithelial tissue dysfunction (Δ-Extra-Cellular Water percentage (Δ-ECW%), Δ-Phase Angle (Δ-PhA)), (ii) skeletal muscle mass catabolism (Δ-Skeletal muscle mass reduction%, Δ-Hand Grip Strength (Δ-HGS) and Δ-Mid Upper-Arm Muscle Circumference (Δ-MAMC)). Baseline measurements were similar in both groups. A significant difference was observed in all Δ-parameters studied (Δ-ECW%, Δ-PhA and muscle catabolism, Δ-HGS, Δ-MAMC), the worse results being correlated to the LR group. The results raise the issue that patients with early recovery may silently have pathological conditions, continuing even on the day of discharge - further research should be planned.
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Ma Y, de Groot S, Weijs PJM, Achterberg W, Adriaansen J, Janssen TWJ. Accuracy of bioelectrical impedance analysis and skinfold thickness in the assessment of body composition in people with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2021; 60:228-236. [PMID: 34385607 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-021-00682-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVES This study: (1) investigated the accuracy of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and skinfold thickness relative to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in the assessment of body composition in people with spinal cord injury (SCI), and whether sex and lesion characteristics affect the accuracy, (2) developed new prediction equations to estimate fat free mass (FFM) and percentage fat mass (FM%) in a general SCI population using BIA and skinfolds outcomes. SETTING University, the Netherlands. METHODS Fifty participants with SCI (19 females; median time since injury: 15 years) were tested by DXA, single-frequency BIA (SF-BIA), segmental multi-frequency BIA (segmental MF-BIA), and anthropometry (height, body mass, calf circumference, and skinfold thickness) during a visit. Personal and lesion characteristics were registered. RESULTS Compared to DXA, SF-BIA showed the smallest mean difference in estimating FM%, but with large limits of agreement (mean difference = -2.2%; limits of agreement: -12.8 to 8.3%). BIA and skinfold thickness tended to show a better estimation of FM% in females, participants with tetraplegia, or with motor incomplete injury. New equations for predicting FFM and FM% were developed with good explained variances (FFM: R2 = 0.94; FM%: R2 = 0.66). CONCLUSIONS None of the measurement techniques accurately estimated FM% because of the wide individual variation and, therefore, should be used with caution. The accuracy of the techniques differed in different subgroups. The newly developed equations for predicting FFM and FM% should be cross-validated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Ma
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center
- Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sonja de Groot
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center
- Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J M Weijs
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Center of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy Achterberg
- Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center
- Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas W J Janssen
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center
- Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sakaguchi T, Hirata A, Kashiwase K, Higuchi Y, Ohtani T, Sakata Y, Yasumura Y. Relationship of Central Venous Pressure to Body Fluid Volume Status and Its Prognostic Implication in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. J Card Fail 2020; 26:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Assessment of Body Composition in Health and Disease Using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) and Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA): A Critical Overview. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2019; 2019:3548284. [PMID: 31275083 PMCID: PMC6560329 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3548284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of body composition (BC) represents a valuable tool to assess nutritional status in health and disease. The most used methods to evaluate BC in the clinical practice are based on bicompartment models and measure, directly or indirectly, fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM). Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (nowadays considered as the reference technique in clinical practice) are extensively used in epidemiological (mainly BIA) and clinical (mainly DXA) settings to evaluate BC. DXA is primarily used for the measurements of bone mineral content (BMC) and density to assess bone health and diagnose osteoporosis in defined anatomical regions (femur and spine). However, total body DXA scans are used to derive a three-compartment BC model, including BMC, FM, and FFM. Both these methods feature some limitations: the accuracy of BIA measurements is reduced when specific predictive equations and standardized measurement protocols are not utilized whereas the limitations of DXA are the safety of repeated measurements (no more than two body scans per year are currently advised), cost, and technical expertise. This review aims to provide useful insights mostly into the use of BC methods in prevention and clinical practice (ambulatory or bedridden patients). We believe that it will stimulate a discussion on the topic and reinvigorate the crucial role of BC evaluation in diagnostic and clinical investigation protocols.
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Balik M, Sedivy J, Waldauf P, Kolar M, Smejkalova V, Pachl J. Can Bioimpedance Determine the Volume of Distribution of Antibiotics in Sepsis? Anaesth Intensive Care 2019; 33:345-50. [PMID: 15973917 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x0503300310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between the volume of distribution, assessed according to the two-compartmental pharmacokinetic model, and extracellular water estimated by bioimpedance was studied in mechanically ventilated patients with sepsis and capillary leak. A prospective observational study was performed in a twenty-bed general intensive care unit in the university hospital. Patients received either vancomycin (n=16) or netilmicin (n=12) for more than 48 hours. Those with ascites, pleural effusion, on renal replacement therapy or with haemodynamic instability were excluded. Serum concentrations of drugs were taken for pharmacokinetic analysis before, 1 hour and 4 hours after the 30 minute infusion. Bioimpedance measurement was performed at the time of the third sampling. The protocol was repeated after 24 hours. Fluid balance during the 24 hour interval was recorded. Extracellular water was increased and represented 45.6 to 46.6% of total body water. Fluid balance correlated with the change of extracellular water (r=0.82, P<0.0001) and total body water (r=0.74, P<0.0001). Volumes of distribution of vancomycin (0.677±0.339 l/kg) and netilmicin (0.505±0.172 l/kg) were increased compared to normal values. A correlation was demonstrated between volume of distribution (Vdarea) of vancomycin and extra cellular water/total body ratio (r=0.70, P<0.0001). The central compartment distribution volume (V1) of netilmicin correlated with extracellular water/total body water ratio (r=0.60, P<0.003). Serum concentrations above the recommended therapeutic range were detected in 81.2% of patients on vancomycin and in 50% of patients on netilmicin. Increased volumes of distribution can be estimated by the bioimpedance measurements but are not associated with requirements for higher dosage of the glycopeptide or aminoglycoside antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Balik
- Department of Anaesthesia, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Srobarova, Prague, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Malnutrition continues to be highly prevalent in hospitalized and critically ill patients and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Additionally, survivors of critical illness have an increased risk for sarcopenia, which leads to weakness and physical debilitation that can persist for years. Nutrition risk assessment tools have been developed and validated in critically ill patients but have limitations. Variables such as body weight, body mass index, weight change, or percentage of food intake can be difficult to obtain in critically ill patients and may be misleading given changes in body composition, such as an increase in body water. Assessment of body composition through new techniques provides a unique opportunity to counter some of these limitations and develop improved methods of nutrition risk assessment based on objective data. The present manuscript provides a review of the most commonly available clinical technology for assessment of body composition (bioimpedance, computed tomography, and ultrasound), including data from trials in critically ill patients highlighting the benefits and weaknesses of each modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet S Mundi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jayshil J Patel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Robert Martindale
- Department of General Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Mullie L, Obrand A, Bendayan M, Trnkus A, Ouimet M, Moss E, Chen‐Tournoux A, Rudski LG, Afilalo J. Phase Angle as a Biomarker for Frailty and Postoperative Mortality: The BICS Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e008721. [PMID: 30371163 PMCID: PMC6201414 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.008721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Phase angle (PA) is a bioimpedance measurement that is determined lean body mass and hydration status. Patients with low PA values are more likely to be frail, sarcopenic, or malnourished. Previous work has shown that low PA predicts adverse outcomes after cardiac surgery, but the effect of PA on survival has not previously been assessed in this setting. Methods and Results The BICS (Bioimpedance in Cardiac Surgery) study recruited 277 patients undergoing major cardiac surgery at 2 university-affiliated hospitals in Montreal, QC, Canada. Bioimpedance measurements as well as frailty and nutritional assessments were performed preoperatively. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were 30-day mortality, postoperative morbidity, and hospital length of stay. There were 10 deaths at 1 month of follow-up and 16 deaths at 12 months of follow-up. PA was associated with age, sex, body mass index, comorbidities, and frailty, as measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery and Fried scales. After adjusting for Society of Thoracic Surgeons-predicted mortality, lower PA was associated with higher mortality at 1 month (adjusted odds ratio, 3.57 per 1° decrease in PA ; 95% confidence interval, 1.35-9.47) and at 12 months (adjusted odds ratio, 3.03 per 1° decrease in PA ; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-7.09), a higher risk of overall morbidity (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.51 per 1° decrease in PA ; 95% confidence interval, 1.32-4.75), and a longer hospital length of stay (adjusted β, 4.8 days per 1° decrease in PA ; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-8.2 days). Conclusions Low PA is associated with frailty and is predictive of mortality, morbidity, and length of stay after major cardiac surgery. Further work is needed to determine the responsiveness of PA to interventions aimed at reversing frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Mullie
- Centre for Clinical EpidemiologyLady Davis InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Division of Internal MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Alexandrine Obrand
- Centre for Clinical EpidemiologyLady Davis InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- School of EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA
| | - Melissa Bendayan
- Centre for Clinical EpidemiologyLady Davis InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Division of Experimental MedicineFaculty of MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Amanda Trnkus
- Centre for Clinical EpidemiologyLady Davis InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Marie‐Claude Ouimet
- Centre for Innovative MedicineMcGill University Health CentreMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Emmanuel Moss
- Division of Cardiac SurgeryJewish General HospitalMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | | | - Lawrence G. Rudski
- Centre for Clinical EpidemiologyLady Davis InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Division of CardiologyJewish General HospitalMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Jonathan Afilalo
- Centre for Clinical EpidemiologyLady Davis InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Division of Experimental MedicineFaculty of MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Division of CardiologyJewish General HospitalMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
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Park JH, Jo YI, Lee JH. Clinical usefulness of bioimpedance analysis for assessing volume status in patients receiving maintenance dialysis. Korean J Intern Med 2018; 33:660-669. [PMID: 29961308 PMCID: PMC6030410 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2018.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic volume overload is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and high cardiovascular mortality in patients undergoing dialysis. Therefore, estimating body fluid status is important in these patients. However, most dry-weight assessments are still performed clinically, while attempts have been made to measure the volume status and dry weight of patients undergoing dialysis using bioimpedance analysis (BIA). BIA uses the electrical properties of the human body to alternate current flow and measures resistance values to estimate body water content and composition. BIA is divided into single-frequency BIA, multi-frequency BIA, and bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) according to the number of frequencies used, and into whole-body and segmental BIA according to whether or not the whole body is divided into segments. Extracellular water (ECW), intracellular water, and total body water (TBW) contents can be measured with BIA. Dry weight can be estimated by measuring the volume overload of the patient through the ECW/TBW and ECW-to-body weight ratios. Other estimation methods include the normovolemia/hypervolemia slope method, a resistance-reactance (RXc) graph, overhydration measurements using a body composition monitor, and calf BIS. In this review, we will examine the principles of BIA, introduce various volume status measurement methods, and identify the optimal method for patients undergoing dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Jung Hwan Park, M.D. Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05030, Korea Tel: +82-2-2030-7528 Fax: +82-2-2030-7748 E-mail:
| | - Young-Il Jo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Earthman C, Traughber D, Dobratz J, Howell W. Bioimpedance Spectroscopy for Clinical Assessment of Fluid Distribution and Body Cell Mass. Nutr Clin Pract 2017; 22:389-405. [PMID: 17644693 DOI: 10.1177/0115426507022004389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Body composition assessment has been used to evaluate clinical interventions in research trials, and has the potential to improve patient care in the clinical setting. Body cell mass (BCM) is an important indicator of nutrition status; however, its measurement in the clinic has been limited. BCM can be estimated by the measurement of intracellular water (ICW). The assessment of extracellular water (ECW) is also important because many clinical populations undergo alterations in fluid distribution, particularly individuals with wasting, those receiving dialysis, and obese individuals. Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is a unique bioimpedance approach that differs in underlying basis from the more readily recognized single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (SF-BIA) in that it does not require the use of statistically derived, population-specific prediction equations. It has the potential advantage of not only measuring total body water (TBW), as does SF-BIA, but also offering the unique capacity to differentiate between ECW and ICW and, thus, to provide an estimate of BCM. This literature review was conducted to compare available BIS devices to multiple dilution for measuring fluid compartments or BCM in a number of populations. Variable results regarding the ability of BIS to measure absolute volumes, as well as the observation of wide limits of variation, make BIS problematic for individual assessment in the clinic, particularly in populations with abnormal fluid distribution or body geometry. BIS has been found to be more accurate for measuring changes in fluid volumes or BCM, particularly in post-surgical and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. It is certainly possible that population-specific adjustments may improve the accuracy of BIS for assessing individuals in the clinical setting; however, additional research and development is needed before the method can be accepted for routine clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Earthman
- University of Minnesota, 225 Food Science and Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Song IK, Kim DH, Kim EH, Lee JH, Kim JT, Kim HS. Efficacy of bioelectrical impedance analysis during the perioperative period in children. J Clin Monit Comput 2016; 31:625-630. [DOI: 10.1007/s10877-016-9881-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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The Performance of Five Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Prediction Equations against Dual X-ray Absorptiometry in Estimating Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass in an Adult Australian Population. Nutrients 2016; 8:189. [PMID: 27043617 PMCID: PMC4848658 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) is a diagnostic criterion for sarcopenia. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) offers a bedside approach to measure ASM but the performance of BIA prediction equations (PE) varies with ethnicities and body composition. We aim to validate the performance of five PEs in estimating ASM against estimation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We recruited 195 healthy adult Australians and ASM was measured using single-frequency BIA. Bland-Altman analysis was used to assess the predictive accuracy of ASM as determined by BIA against DXA. Precision (root mean square error (RMSE)) and bias (mean error (ME)) were calculated according to the method of Sheiner and Beal. Four PEs (except that by Kim) showed ASM values that correlated strongly with ASMDXA (r ranging from 0.96 to 0.97, p < 0.001). The Sergi equation performed the best with the lowest ME of -1.09 kg (CI: -0.84--1.34, p < 0.001) and the RMSE was 2.09 kg (CI: 1.72-2.47). In men, the Kyle equation performed better with the lowest ME (-0.32 kg (CI: -0.66-0.02) and RMSE (1.54 kg (CI: 1.14-1.93)). The Sergi equation is applicable in adult Australians (Caucasian) whereas the Kyle equation can be considered in males. The need remains to validate PEs in other ethnicities and to develop equations suitable for multi-frequency BIA.
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Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy to estimate fluid balance in critically ill patients. J Clin Monit Comput 2015; 30:227-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10877-015-9706-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
Both acute and chronic dehydration can have important implications for human behaviour and health. Young children, non-autonomous individuals and the elderly are at a greater risk of dehydration. Mild hypertonic dehydration could be related to less efficient cognitive and physical performance and has been reported to be associated with frequently occurring pathological conditions, especially nephrolithiasis. The assessment of hydration status in a large sample appears to be of interest for conducting epidemiological and large clinical studies aimed at improving preventive and curative care. Especially in large-population studies, methods that are used have to be accurate, cheap, quick and require no technical expertise. Body weight change is widely used to determine acute hydration changes, but seems to be insufficiently accurate in longitudinal studies. Bioimpedance analysis methods enable the assessment of total body water content, but their use is still under debate. Because plasma osmolality directly reflects intracellular osmolality, it constitutes a good marker to assess acute hydration changes, but not chronic hydration status because it changes constantly. Moreover, venepuncture is considered to be invasive and is not suitable for a large-sample study, especially in children. Urinary markers appear to be good alternatives for assessing hydration status in large populations. Collection of urine samples is non-invasive and cheap. High technical expertise is not required to perform urinary marker measurements and these measurements can be carried out quickly. Thus, methods based on urinary markers are very well suited for field studies. Urine colour is probably the least sensitive marker despite its high specificity. Urine osmolality and especially urine specific gravity could be easily used for determining hydration status in large-sample studies.
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Khalil SF, Mohktar MS, Ibrahim F. The theory and fundamentals of bioimpedance analysis in clinical status monitoring and diagnosis of diseases. SENSORS 2014; 14:10895-928. [PMID: 24949644 PMCID: PMC4118362 DOI: 10.3390/s140610895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bioimpedance analysis is a noninvasive, low cost and a commonly used approach for body composition measurements and assessment of clinical condition. There are a variety of methods applied for interpretation of measured bioimpedance data and a wide range of utilizations of bioimpedance in body composition estimation and evaluation of clinical status. This paper reviews the main concepts of bioimpedance measurement techniques including the frequency based, the allocation based, bioimpedance vector analysis and the real time bioimpedance analysis systems. Commonly used prediction equations for body composition assessment and influence of anthropometric measurements, gender, ethnic groups, postures, measurements protocols and electrode artifacts in estimated values are also discussed. In addition, this paper also contributes to the deliberations of bioimpedance analysis assessment of abnormal loss in lean body mass and unbalanced shift in body fluids and to the summary of diagnostic usage in different kinds of conditions such as cardiac, pulmonary, renal, and neural and infection diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami F Khalil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Mas S Mohktar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Fatimah Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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15
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Kafri MW, Potter JF, Myint PK. Multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis for assessing fat mass and fat-free mass in stroke or transient ischaemic attack patients. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:677-82. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Baldwin CE, Paratz JD, Bersten AD. Body Composition Analysis in Critically Ill Survivors. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2012; 36:306-15. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607111433055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Baldwin
- Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
- Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
| | | | - Andrew D. Bersten
- Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
- Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
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Ward LC, Essex T, Cornish BH. Determination of Cole parameters in multiple frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis using only the measurement of impedances. Physiol Meas 2006; 27:839-50. [PMID: 16868350 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/27/9/007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Conventional bioimpedance spectrometers measure resistance and reactance over a range of frequencies and, by application of a mathematical model for an equivalent circuit (the Cole model), estimate resistance at zero and infinite frequencies. Fitting of the experimental data to the model is accomplished by iterative, nonlinear curve fitting. An alternative fitting method is described that uses only the magnitude of the measured impedances at four selected frequencies. The two methods showed excellent agreement when compared using data obtained both from measurements of equivalent circuits and of humans. These results suggest that operational equivalence to a technically complex, frequency-scanning, phase-sensitive BIS analyser could be achieved from a simple four-frequency, impedance-only analyser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh C Ward
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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18
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Buchholz AC, Bartok C, Schoeller DA. The validity of bioelectrical impedance models in clinical populations. Nutr Clin Pract 2005; 19:433-46. [PMID: 16215137 DOI: 10.1177/0115426504019005433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is the most commonly used body composition technique in published studies. Herein we review the theory and assumptions underlying the various BIA and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) models, because these assumptions may be invalidated in clinical populations. Single-frequency serial BIA and discrete multifrequency BIA may be of limited validity in populations other than healthy, young, euvolemic adults. Both models inaccurately predict total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) in populations with changes in trunk geometry or fluid compartmentalization, especially at the level of the individual. Single-frequency parallel BIA may predict body composition with greater accuracy than the serial model. Hand-to-hand and leg-to-leg BIA models do not accurately predict percent fat mass. BIS may predict ECW, but not TBW, more accurately than single-frequency BIA. Segmental BIS appears to be sensitive to fluid accumulation in the trunk. In general, bioelectrical impedance technology may be acceptable for determining body composition of groups and for monitoring changes in body composition within individuals over time. Use of the technology to make single measurements in individual patients, however, is not recommended. This has implications in clinical settings, in which measurement of individual patients is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Buchholz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
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Piccoli A, Pastori G, Guizzo M, Rebeschini M, Naso A, Cascone C. Equivalence of information from single versus multiple frequency bioimpedance vector analysis in hemodialysis. Kidney Int 2005; 67:301-13. [PMID: 15610256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In suspended cells, low-frequency current only passes through extracellular fluids, while current at higher frequencies passes through extra- and intracellular fluids. Cells in soft tissues are in contact with each other, which causes tissue anisotropy, meaning that impedance changes along different cell directions, with part of low-frequency current also passing through cells. Hence, equivalent information on body impedance change is expected at all frequencies, which we proved in a dynamic condition of fluid removal with hemodialysis. METHODS We performed whole-body impedance spectroscopy (496 frequencies from 4 to 1024 kHz, SEAC SFB3 analyzer; Brisbane, Australia) before and during fluid removal (0, 60, 120, 180 min, 2.5 kg) in 67 hemodialysis patients. With increasing current frequency, resistance (R) decreases and reactance (Xc) moves along the Cole's semicircle on the R-Xc plane. RESULTS The Cole's semicircles progressively enlarged and moved to the right on the R-Xc plane following fluid removal (increase in both R and Xc values at any given frequency). Xc values at 5 kHz (expected values close to 0 Ohm) were 70% of the maximun Xc, indicating an intracellular current flows at low frequencies. The correlation coefficient between R at 50 kHz (standard frequency) and R at other frequencies ranged from 0.96 to 0.99, and the correlation coefficient between Xc at 50 kHz and Xc at other frequencies at any time point ranged from 0.65 to 0.99. CONCLUSION From high Xc values at low frequency, tissue anisotropy is inferred. Intra- and extracellular current flow causes equivalence of information based on functions of R and Xc measurements made at 50 kHz versus other frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Piccoli
- Department Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Kyle UG, Bosaeus I, De Lorenzo AD, Deurenberg P, Elia M, Manuel Gómez J, Lilienthal Heitmann B, Kent-Smith L, Melchior JC, Pirlich M, Scharfetter H, M W J Schols A, Pichard C. Bioelectrical impedance analysis-part II: utilization in clinical practice. Clin Nutr 2005; 23:1430-53. [PMID: 15556267 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2004.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1320] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BIA is easy, non-invasive, relatively inexpensive and can be performed in almost any subject because it is portable. Part II of these ESPEN guidelines reports results for fat-free mass (FFM), body fat (BF), body cell mass (BCM), total body water (TBW), extracellular water (ECW) and intracellular water (ICW) from various studies in healthy and ill subjects. The data suggests that BIA works well in healthy subjects and in patients with stable water and electrolytes balance with a validated BIA equation that is appropriate with regard to age, sex and race. Clinical use of BIA in subjects at extremes of BMI ranges or with abnormal hydration cannot be recommended for routine assessment of patients until further validation has proven for BIA algorithm to be accurate in such conditions. Multi-frequency- and segmental-BIA may have advantages over single-frequency BIA in these conditions, but further validation is necessary. Longitudinal follow-up of body composition by BIA is possible in subjects with BMI 16-34 kg/m(2) without abnormal hydration, but must be interpreted with caution. Further validation of BIA is necessary to understand the mechanisms for the changes observed in acute illness, altered fat/lean mass ratios, extreme heights and body shape abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula G Kyle
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
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Shanholtzer BA, Patterson SM. Use of bioelectrical impedance in hydration status assessment: reliability of a new tool in psychophysiology research. Int J Psychophysiol 2004; 49:217-26. [PMID: 14507440 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8760(03)00143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adequate hydration is crucial in maintaining optimal physical and mental functioning and the need for a fast and reliable hydration status assessment in behavioral medicine research has become increasingly important. The goal of this study was to determine the reliability of bioelectrical impedance assessment (BIA) in assessing total body water (TBW), extracellular water (ECW) and intracellular water (ICW) and to assess whether individuals can be reliably classified as being hypohydrated or hyperhydrated using lower and upper quartiles, respectively. TBW, ECW and ICW were assessed via BIA (Bodystat, Isle of Man, UK) in 52 male and 48 female college students on 2 separate days within 1 week. Results revealed strong test-retest reliability for TBW (r=0.983), ECW (r=0.972) and ICW (r=0.988) (all P's<0.001). Following the initial and follow-up assessments, participants were then classified as being either hypohydrated or hyperhydrated based on the percentage of body weight accounted for by TBW. Test-retest reliability of hydration status within classifications was then assessed by gender. Test-retest reliability was found for TBW, ECW and ICW among hypohydrated (r=0.985, r=0.972 and r=0.99, respectively) and hyperhydrated (r=0.994, r=0.989 and r=0.994, respectively) males (all P's<0.001). Significant test-retest correlations were also found for females classified as being hypohydrated (r=0.97, r=0.956 and r=0.976, respectively) and hyperhydrated (r=0.973, r=0.976 and r=0.976, respectively) (all P's<0.001). These findings suggest that hydration status, as indexed by bioelectrical impedance technique, is reliable across time and is also reliable within individuals who are chronically hyperhydrated or hypohydrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit A Shanholtzer
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, 200 Porter Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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22
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Piccoli A. Bioelectric impedance vector distribution in peritoneal dialysis patients with different hydration status. Kidney Int 2004; 65:1050-63. [PMID: 14871426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), total body water (TBW) is estimated by functions of body weight, and by equations of bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA). These procedures may be biased with abnormal tissue hydration. We validated vector BIA (BIVA) patterns of hydration in CAPD patients, based on direct measurements of resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) (RXc graph) without knowledge of the body weight. METHODS Cross-sectional study in 200 adult CAPD patients from two groups: 149 patients (77 males and 72 females) without edema (BMI 24.3 kg/m2), and 51 (29 males and 22 females) with pitting edema (BMI 24.6 kg/m2). Single frequency (50 kHz), whole-body impedance vector was measured with both empty and filled peritoneal cavity. Vector distribution was compared with that from 726 healthy subjects, 1116 hemodialysis patients, and 50 nephrotic patients, all with a same BMI. The performance of BIVA was compared with indications of four anthropometry and four conventional BIA equations for TBW. RESULTS TBW estimates from anthropometry (Watson, Hume and Weyers, Chertow, and Johansson formulas) were misleading, indicating the same hydration in edema. TBW estimates from BIA equations indicated a 10% excess TBW in edema. BIVA were very sensitive to fluid overload, as both R (by 10%) and Xc (by 40%) were reduced in patients with edema (regardless of peritoneal filling). The vector distribution of individual CAPD patients without edema was superposable to that of the healthy, gender-specific, reference population (50%, 75%, and 95% tolerance ellipses, RXc graph) and close to the hemodialysis, presession distribution. Vectors from patients with edema were displaced downward on the RXc graph, out of the 75% ellipse (88% sensitivity and 87% specificity), and close to vectors from nephrotic patients. CONCLUSION CAPD prescription would keep or bring vectors of patients back into the 75% reference ellipse (border for progression from latent to apparent overhydration across the lower pole) regardless of body weight. Whether CAPD patients with vector within the target ellipse have better outcome needs longitudinal evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Piccoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Nephrology Clinic, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Bordelon DJ, Wingfield WE. Monitoring acute fluid shifts with bioelectrical impedance analysis: a review. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1435-6935.2002.00023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lingwood BE, Dunster KR, Colditz PB, Ward LC. Noninvasive measurement of cerebral bioimpedance for detection of cerebral edema in the neonatal piglet. Brain Res 2002; 945:97-105. [PMID: 12113956 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The association of sustained cerebral edema with poor neurological outcome following hypoxia-ischaemia in the neonate suggests that measurement of cerebral edema may allow early prediction of outcome in these infants. Direct measurements of cerebral impedance have been widely used in animal studies to monitor cerebral edema, but such invasive measurements are not possible in the human neonate. This study investigated the ability of noninvasive cerebral impedance measurements to detect cerebral edema following hypoxia-ischaemia. One-day-old piglets were anaesthetized, intubated and ventilated. Hypoxia was induced by reducing the inspired oxygen concentration to 4-6% O(2). Noninvasive cerebral bioimpedance was measured using gel electrodes attached to the scalp. Cerebral bioimpedance was also measured directly by insertion of two silver-silver chloride electrodes subdurally. Noninvasive and invasive measurements were made before, during and after hypoxia. Whole body impedance was measured to assess overall fluid movements. Intracranial pressure was measured continuously via a catheter inserted subdurally, as an index of cerebral edema. There was good agreement between noninvasive and invasive measurements of cerebral impedance although externally obtained responses were attenuated. Noninvasive measurements were also well correlated with intracranial pressure. Whole body impedance changes did not account for increases in noninvasively measured cerebral impedance. Results suggest that noninvasive cerebral impedance measurements do reflect intracranial events, and are able to detect cerebral edema following hypoxia-ischaemia in the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Lingwood
- Perinatal Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Royal Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia.
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Shime N, Ashida H, Chihara E, Kageyama K, Katoh Y, Yamagishi M, Tanaka Y. Bioelectrical impedance analysis for assessment of severity of illness in pediatric patients after heart surgery. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:518-20. [PMID: 11990908 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200203000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether perioperative changes in bioelectrical impedance reflect the severity of illness in pediatric patients after heart surgery. DESIGN Prospective, controlled study. SETTING University-affiliated children's hospital. PATIENTS A total of 107 patients admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit after congenital heart surgery. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Single frequency (50 kHz) bioelectrical impedance was measured in the lower extremities before surgery and immediately, 16 hrs, and 40 hrs after admission (D0, D1, D2) to the pediatric intensive care unit. Postoperative changes in bioelectrical impedance were assessed by calculating values relative to the preoperative data (bioelectrical impedance ratio). These bioelectrical impedance ratios at D0 in both the nonsurviving and surviving patients were 0.84 +/- 0.06 and 0.85 +/- 0.01 (mean +/- SE), respectively, indicating that the initial decrease caused by surgical stress itself was not directly related to the prognosis. The bioelectrical impedance ratio showed an increase toward preoperative values in surviving patients (0.94 +/- 0.02) at D1, and they showed a sustained decrease (0.70 +/- 0.06) in nonsurviving patients. Patients with a bioelectrical impedance ratio at D1 of < 0.8 showed a higher mortality (25%) compared with those patients with a day-1 bioelectrical impedance ratio of > or = 1.0 (0%). The duration of the stay in the pediatric intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation, and inotropic support were all significantly longer in the patients with the lower bioelectrical impedance ratio. CONCLUSIONS Measurement of the relative changes in postoperative bioelectrical impedance, which reflects perioperative alterations in body composition, provides a quantitative estimation of the critical illness in pediatric patients after heart surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Shime
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan.
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Abstract
Catabolism of fat-free mass affects both the quality of life and survival of patients. Because of variations in fluid status during acute illness, changes in body weight are difficult to evaluate and interpret during treatment. Nutritional assessment should therefore evaluate fat-free and fat mass changes during metabolic stress and catabolism. We have chosen to discuss bioelectrical impedance analysis, including the various bioelectrical impedance analysis techniques (i.e. multi-frequency and bioimpedance spectroscopy), as an easy, non-invasive, portable bedside technique that is operator-independent for evaluating fat-free and fat mass compartments and their changes during treatment. Clinical examples of the determination of fat-free mass in healthy and ill individuals are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- U G Kyle
- Clinical Nutrition, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland
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Kööbi T, Kähönen M, Koskinen M, Kaukinen S, Turjanmaa VM. Comparison of bioimpedance and radioisotope methods in the estimation of extracellular water volume before and after coronary artery bypass grafting operation. CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2000; 20:283-91. [PMID: 10886261 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2281.2000.00261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To estimate extracellular water volume (ECW) changes in connection with coronary artery bypass grafting operation, simultaneous ECW estimations by 51Cr-EDTA dilution and whole-body bioimpedance techniques were performed in 15 patients. The assessments of ECW were compared with patients' weighing results. Whole-body bioimpedance-derived ECW correlated significantly with 51Cr-EDTA dilution-based ECW in the pre-operative period (r=0.74; P<0.005); the bias was 0.2 +/- 1.1 l (+/-SD). In the post-operative period, the agreement between these methods was poor, the bias being 0.5 +/- 2.5 l, and no significant correlation between the methods was found (r=0.38; P>0.05). Whole-body bioimpedance-derived ECW changes correlated significantly with weight changes of the patient induced by the operation (r=0.52; P<0.05). 51Cr-EDTA dilution-based ECW changes correlated neither with weight changes (r=0.33; P>0.05) nor with bioimpedance-derived ECW changes (r=0.03; P>0.05). Alterations in radioisotope tracer distribution and loss of it due to blood leakage in the post-operative period were presumed to explain the discrepancy between dilution technique and weighing results. The results suggest that bioimpedance is a useful non-invasive method for assessment of extracellular volume changes induced by coronary artery bypass grafting operations. 51Cr-EDTA dilution-based ECW determination is not suitable in related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kööbi
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Toso S, Piccoli A, Gusella M, Menon D, Bononi A, Crepaldi G, Ferrazzi E. Altered tissue electric properties in lung cancer patients as detected by bioelectric impedance vector analysis. Nutrition 2000; 16:120-4. [PMID: 10696635 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(99)00230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Modifications of body composition are frequent in cancer patients. Bioelectric impedance analysis can specifically detect changes in tissue electric properties, which may be associated with outcome. We evaluated the distribution of the impedance vectors from 63 adult male patients with lung cancer, stages IIIB (33 patients) and IV (30 patients), in supportive therapy. Body weight change over the previous 6 m.o. was the same in both groups (stable/increased 36% and decreased in 62%). Patients were compared with 56 healthy subjects matched for gender, age, and body mass index (25 kg/m2). Impedance measurements (standard tetrapolar electrode placement on the hand and foot) were made with 50-kHz alternating currents. The resistance and reactance of the vector components were standardized by the height of the subjects and were plotted as resistance/reactance graphs. The impedance vector distribution was the same in patients with either stage IIIB or IV cancer. The mean vector position differed significantly between cancer patients and control subjects (Hotelling T2 test, P < 0.01) because of a reduced reactance component (i.e., a smaller phase angle) with preserved resistance component in both cancer groups. Patients with a phase angle smaller than 4.5 degrees had a significantly shorter, i.e., 18 m.o., survival. Body weight loss was not significantly associated with survival. In conclusion, impedance vectors from lung cancer patients were characterized by a reduced reactance component. The altered tissue electric properties were more predictive than weight loss of prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Toso
- Division of Medical Oncology, General Hospital, Rovigo, Italy
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Piccoli A, Pittoni G, Facco E, Favaro E, Pillon L. Relationship between central venous pressure and bioimpedance vector analysis in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:132-7. [PMID: 10667512 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200001000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between central venous pressure values and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA), which may be used as complementary methods in the bedside monitoring of fluid status. DESIGN Cross-sectional evaluation of a consecutive sample. SETTING Intensive care unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS One hundred and twenty-one consecutive Caucasian, adult patients of either gender, for whom routine central venous pressure measurements were available. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Central venous pressure values and impedance vector components (i.e., resistance and reactance) were determined simultaneously. Total body water predictions were obtained from regression equations according to either conventional bioimpedance analysis or anthropometry (Watson and Hume formulas). Variability of total body water predictions was unacceptable for clinical purposes. Central venous pressure values significantly and inversely correlated with individual impedance vector components (r2 = .28 and r2 = .27 with resistance and reactance, respectively), and with both vector components together (R2 = .31). Patients were classified in three groups according to their central venous pressure value: low (0 to 3 mm Hg); medium (4 to 12 mm Hg); and high (13 to 20 mm Hg). Three BIVA patterns were considered: vectors within the target (reference) 75% tolerance ellipse (normal tissue hydration); long vectors out of the upper pole of the target (dehydration); and short vectors out of the lower pole of the target (fluid overload). The agreement between BIVA and central venous pressure indications was good in the high central venous pressure group (93% short vectors), moderate in the medium central venous pressure group (35% normal vectors), and poor in low central venous pressure group (10% long vectors). CONCLUSIONS Central venous pressure values correlated with direct impedance measurements more than with total body water predictions. Whereas central venous pressure values >12 mm Hg were associated with shorter impedance vectors in 93% of patients, indicating fluid overload, central venous pressure values <3 mm Hg were associated with long impedance vectors in only 10% of patients, indicating tissue dehydration. The combined evaluation of intensive care unit patients by BIVA and central venous pressure may be useful in therapy planning, particularly in those with low central venous pressure in whom reduced, preserved, or increased tissue fluid content can be detected by BIVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Piccoli
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Padova, Italy.
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30
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Foley K, Keegan M, Campbell I, Murby B, Hancox D, Pollard B. Use of single-frequency bioimpedance at 50 kHz to estimate total body water in patients with multiple organ failure and fluid overload. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:1472-7. [PMID: 10470752 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199908000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between single-frequency bioimpedance at 50 kHz (both total body impedance and segmental impedance) and total body water, measured using tritiated water in the presence of the severe fluid retention seen in multiple organ failure. DESIGN Prospective, controlled study. SETTING General intensive care unit. SUBJECTS Twenty patients with multiple organ failure and 30 normal volunteers, of whom a subgroup of ten had total body water measured. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Total body water and total and segmental bioimpedance values at 50 kHz were measured using tritiated water and a Holtain body composition analyzer in 20 patients with multiple organ failure and in ten normal volunteers. An additional 20 normal volunteers also had segmental and total body impedance measured. There was no difference in the linear regression lines constructed for the patients and the volunteers, but the SEM in the patients (7.6 L) was four times that seen in the normal subjects (1.9 L). In a further seven patients, the impedance technique overestimated the change in total body water, deduced from acute changes in weight, by between 0% and 46% (median, 12%). In the patients, who were supine, the knee-ankle segment contributed significantly more to total body impedance than it did in the normal volunteers (42.5% vs. 34.4%; p < .001), who were upright and mobile immediately before the measurement. CONCLUSIONS Although single-frequency bioimpedance does give an indication of total body water and change in total body water, it is neither precise nor accurate enough to be the sole guide to fluid therapy. The proportion of total impedance contributed by the knee-ankle segment, which contains relatively little water, was significantly greater in the patients than in the controls, probably reflecting better drainage of fluid from the lower limb in the supine position.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Foley
- Intensive Care Units, Withington Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Matthie JR, Withers PO. Predicting body water changes with bioimpedance using equations derived from mixture theory. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:1217-9. [PMID: 10397233 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199906000-00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Body wasting is a common feature of severe chronic diseases. Determination of body compartments is essential in the evaluation of patients with wasting diseases in order to optimize their nutritional support. The main methods described together with their advantages and disadvantages are anthropometric measurements, bioelectrical impedance analysis, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, total body water, total body potassium and in-vivo neutron activation analysis. The combination of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to measure bone and fat mass and bioelectrical impedance analysis to determine total body water and fat-free mass permits evaluation of body composition and periodic follow-up of body compartments in various pathologies. Total body potassium, total body water and in-vivo neutron activation analysis are research methods that elucidate the abnormal consequences of chronic pathologies on hydration status and body cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pichard
- Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.
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Bracco D, Revelly JP, Berger MM, Chioléro RL. Bedside determination of fluid accumulation after cardiac surgery using segmental bioelectrical impedance. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:1065-70. [PMID: 9635657 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199806000-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is based on the physical property of tissues to conduct electrical currents, impedance being inversely related to tissue fluid content. At high frequency, the electrical current flows across both intracellular and extracellular pathways, making the assessment of fat-free mass possible while a low-frequency current flows through the extracellular space. Similarly, segmental BIA may be used to assess segmental body fluid repartition. The aim of this study was to assess fluid accumulation after cardiac surgery by multiple frequency segmental BIA. DESIGN Observational, clinical study. SETTING A 17-bed, surgical intensive care unit in a university hospital. PATIENTS Twenty-six patients before and after open-heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS After surgery, fluid accumulation resulted in a decrease in whole-body and segmental bioelectrical impedance in the arm and in the trunk. There was a good correlation between the fluid accumulation measured by fluid balance and by whole-body or segmental impedance changes. The major part (71%) of fluid accumulation occurred in the trunk. Multiple frequency measurements did not indicate a fluid shift between the intra- and extracellular compartments. CONCLUSION Cardiac surgery produced a significant decrease in segmental trunk BIA, reflecting fluid accumulation at the trunk level.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bracco
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital CHUV, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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Matthie J, Zarowitz B, De Lorenzo A, Andreoli A, Katzarski K, Pan G, Withers P. Analytic assessment of the various bioimpedance methods used to estimate body water. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998; 84:1801-16. [PMID: 9572833 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1998.84.5.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of patient fluid distribution would be useful clinically. Both single-frequency (SF) and impedance modeling approaches are proposed. The high intercorrelation between body water compartments makes determining the best approach difficult. This study was conducted to evaluate the merits of an SF approach. Mathematical simulation was performed to determine the effect of tissue change on resistance and reactance. Dilution results were reanalyzed, and resistance and parallel reactance were used to predict the intracellular water for two groups. Results indicated that the amount of intracellular and extracellular water conduction at any SF can vary with tissue change, and reactance at any SF is affected by all tissue parameters. Modeling provided a good prediction of dilution intracellular and extracellular water, but an SF method did not. Intracellular, extracellular, and total body water were equally predicted at all frequencies by SF resistance and parallel reactance. Extracellular and intracellular water are best measured through modeling, because only at the zero and infinite frequencies are the results sensitive only to extracellular and intracellular water. At all other frequencies there are other effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matthie
- Medical Department, Xitron Technologies, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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36
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Piccoli A. Identification of operational clues to dry weight prescription in hemodialysis using bioimpedance vector analysis. The Italian Hemodialysis-Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (HD-BIA) Study Group. Kidney Int 1998; 53:1036-43. [PMID: 9551415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.1998.00843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) cyclic body fluid changes are estimated by body weight variations, which may be misleading. Conventional bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) produces biased estimates of fluids in HD due to the assumption of constant tissue hydration. We used an assumption-free assessment of hydration based on direct measurements of the impedance vector. The impedance vector (standard BIA at 50 kHz frequency) was measured in 1367 HD patients, ages 16 to 89 years with BMI 17 to 31 kg/m2, 1116 asymptomatic (680 M and 436 F), and 251 with recurrent HD hypotension (118 M and 133 F) before and after two HD sessions (thrice weekly bicarbonate dialysis, 210 to 240 min) removing 2.7 kg fluid. The vector distribution of HD patients was compared to 726 healthy subjects with the same age and BMI range. Individual vector measurements (resistance and reactance components) were plotted on the gender specific 50th, 75th and 95th percentiles of the vector distribution in the healthy population (reference tolerance ellipses) as a resistance-reactance graph (RXc graph). The wet-dry weight cycling of HD patients was represented on the resistance-reactance plane with a definite, cyclical, backward-forward displacement of the impedance vector. The vectors of patients with HD hypotension were less steep and more often shifted to the right, out of the reference 75% tolerance ellipse, than asymptomatic patients. A wet-dry weight prescription, based on BIA indications, would bring the vectors of patients back into the 75% reference ellipse, where tissue electrical conductivity is restored. Whether HD patients with vector cycling within the normal third quartile ellipse have better outcome awaits confirmation by longitudinal evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Piccoli
- Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Padova, Italy.
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Tatara T, Tsuzaki K. Segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis improves the prediction for extracellular water volume changes during abdominal surgery. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:470-6. [PMID: 9504574 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199803000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis may improve the prediction for intraoperative changes in extracellular water volume (deltaECW) compared with whole body multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis in abdominal surgical patients. DESIGN Prospective, consecutive sample. SETTING Surgical operative patients in a university-affiliated city hospital. PATIENTS Thirty patients who underwent elective gastrointestinal surgery. INTERVENTIONS Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis was conducted preoperatively (before the induction of anesthesia) and postoperatively (after recovery from anesthesia). Resistance values fitted at zero frequency (R0) in the whole body and in each body segment (arm, trunk, and leg) were determined by performing nonlinear curve-fitting and subsequent extrapolation. DeltaECW values were estimated from the whole body resistance between wrist and ankle using two different prediction formulas. In segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis, however, ECW was obtained as the sum of each body segment (arms, trunk, and legs) using the equation newly derived from the cell suspension theory. DeltaECW estimated from both measurements were compared with net fluid balances during surgery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS R0 in whole body and all body segments significantly decreased after surgery (p < .0001). The most striking decrease in post/preoperative ratios was found in the R0 in the trunk. The post/preoperative ratio of the R0 value in the trunk was significantly lower than the post/preoperative ratio of the R0 value in the leg (p = .0007). DeltaECW from segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis was similar to net fluid balance (r2 = .80, bias = -0.03 L), whereas whole body multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis resulted in considerable underestimations of deltaECW (r2 = .50, .51, bias = 0.95, 0.53 L). CONCLUSIONS The difference in the prediction of deltaECW between whole body and segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis may be explained by the significant decrease in the resistance of the trunk, which contributed only minimally to the whole body resistance. Segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis provides a better approach to predict ECW changes in critically ill patients with nonuniform fluid distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tatara
- Department of Anesthesia, Saiseikai Kanagawaken Hospital, Kanagawaken Traffic Trauma Center, Yokohama, Japan
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