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Yetisir F, Abaci Turk E, Adalsteinsson E, Wald LL, Grant PE. Local SAR management strategies to use two-channel RF shimming for fetal MRI at 3 T. Magn Reson Med 2024; 91:1165-1178. [PMID: 37929768 PMCID: PMC10843691 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluates the imaging performance of two-channel RF-shimming for fetal MRI at 3 T using four different local specific absorption rate (SAR) management strategies. METHODS Due to the ambiguity of safe local SAR levels for fetal MRI, local SAR limits for RF shimming were determined based on either each individual's own SAR levels in standard imaging mode (CP mode) or the maximum SAR level observed across seven pregnant body models in CP mode. Local SAR was constrained either indirectly by further constraining the whole-body SAR (wbSAR) or directly by using subject-specific local SAR models. Each strategy was evaluated by the improvement of the transmit field efficiency (average |B1 + |) and nonuniformity (|B1 + | variation) inside the fetus compared with CP mode for the same wbSAR. RESULTS Constraining wbSAR when using RF shimming decreases B1 + efficiency inside the fetus compared with CP mode (by 12%-30% on average), making it inefficient for SAR management. Using subject-specific models with SAR limits based on each individual's own CP mode SAR value, B1 + efficiency and nonuniformity are improved on average by 6% and 13% across seven pregnant models. In contrast, using SAR limits based on maximum CP mode SAR values across seven models, B1 + efficiency and nonuniformity are improved by 13% and 25%, compared with the best achievable improvement without SAR constraints: 15% and 26%. CONCLUSION Two-channel RF-shimming can safely and significantly improve the transmit field inside the fetus when subject-specific models are used with local SAR limits based on maximum CP mode SAR levels in the pregnant population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Yetisir
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging & Developmental Science Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Esra Abaci Turk
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging & Developmental Science Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elfar Adalsteinsson
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lawrence L. Wald
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P. Ellen Grant
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging & Developmental Science Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Yao A, Li Z, Ma M. Impact of MRI RF coil design on the RF-induced heating of medical implants: fixed B1+rmsexposure versus normal operating mode. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:055021. [PMID: 38324901 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
A direct comparison of the impact of RF coil design under specific absorption rate andB1+rmslimitations are investigated and quantified using RF coils of different geometries and topologies at 64 MHz and 128 MHz. The RF-inducedin vivoelectric field and power deposition of a 50 cm long pacemaker and 55 cm long deep brain stimulator (DBS) are evaluated within two anatomical models exposed with these RF coils. The associated uncertainty is quantified and analyzed under a fixedB1+rmsincident and normal operating mode. For a fixedB1+rmsincident, thein vivoincident field shows a much higher uncertainty (>5.6 dB) to the RF coil diameter compared to other design parameters (e.g. <2.2 dB for coil length and topology), while the associated uncertainty reduced greatly (e.g. <1.5 dB) under normal operating mode exposure. Similar uncertainties are observed in the power deposition near the pacemaker and DBS electrode. Compared to the normal operating mode, applying a fixedB1+rmsfield to the untested implant will lead to a large variation in the induced incident and power deposition of the implant, as a result, a larger safe margin when different coil designs (e.g. coil diameter) are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Yao
- School of Information Engineering, Nanchang University, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Li
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjuan Ma
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, People's Republic of China
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3
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Tewari AB, Saini A, Sharma D. Extirpating the cancer stem cell hydra: Differentiation therapy and Hyperthermia therapy for targeting the cancer stem cell hierarchy. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:3125-3145. [PMID: 37093450 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of cancer stem cells (CSCs), they have progressively attracted more attention as a therapeutic target. Like the mythical hydra, this subpopulation of cells seems to contribute to cancer immortality, spawning more cells each time that some components of the cancer cell hierarchy are destroyed. Traditional modalities focusing on cancer treatment have emphasized apoptosis as a route to eliminate the tumor burden. A major problem is that cancer cells are often in varying degrees of dedifferentiation contributing to what is known as the CSCs hierarchy and cells which are known to be resistant to conventional therapy. Differentiation therapy is an experimental therapeutic modality aimed at the conversion of malignant phenotype to a more benign one. Hyperthermia therapy (HT) is a modality exploiting the changes induced in cells by the application of heat produced to aid in cancer therapy. While differentiation therapy has been successfully employed in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia, it has not been hugely successful for other cancer types. Mounting evidence suggests that hyperthermia therapy may greatly augment the effects of differentiation therapy while simultaneously overcoming many of the hard-to-treat facets of recurrent tumors. This review summarizes the progress made so far in integrating hyperthermia therapy with existing modules of differentiation therapy. The focus is on studies related to the successful application of both hyperthermia and differentiation therapy when used alone or in conjunction for hard-to-treat cancer cell niche with emphasis on combined approaches to target the CSCs hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit B Tewari
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Anamika Saini
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Deepika Sharma
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
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4
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Vogel P, Rückert MA, Greiner C, Günther J, Reichl T, Kampf T, Bley TA, Behr VC, Herz S. iMPI: portable human-sized magnetic particle imaging scanner for real-time endovascular interventions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10472. [PMID: 37380707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37351-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Minimally invasive endovascular interventions have become an important tool for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic heart disease, peripheral artery disease, and stroke. X-ray fluoroscopy and digital subtraction angiography are used to precisely guide these procedures, but they are associated with radiation exposure for patients and clinical staff. Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is an emerging imaging technology using time-varying magnetic fields combined with magnetic nanoparticle tracers for fast and highly sensitive imaging. In recent years, basic experiments have shown that MPI has great potential for cardiovascular applications. However, commercially available MPI scanners were too large and expensive and had a small field of view (FOV) designed for rodents, which limited further translational research. The first human-sized MPI scanner designed specifically for brain imaging showed promising results but had limitations in gradient strength, acquisition time and portability. Here, we present a portable interventional MPI (iMPI) system dedicated for real-time endovascular interventions free of ionizing radiation. It uses a novel field generator approach with a very large FOV and an application-oriented open design enabling hybrid approaches with conventional X-ray-based angiography. The feasibility of a real-time iMPI-guided percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is shown in a realistic dynamic human-sized leg model.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vogel
- Department of Experimental Physics 5 (Biophysics), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - M A Rückert
- Department of Experimental Physics 5 (Biophysics), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Greiner
- Department of Experimental Physics 5 (Biophysics), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - J Günther
- Department of Experimental Physics 5 (Biophysics), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - T Reichl
- Department of Experimental Physics 5 (Biophysics), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - T Kampf
- Department of Experimental Physics 5 (Biophysics), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - T A Bley
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - V C Behr
- Department of Experimental Physics 5 (Biophysics), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Herz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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5
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Cook N, Shelton N, Gibson S, Barnes P, Alinaghi-Zadeh R, Jameson MG. ACPSEM position paper: the safety of magnetic resonance imaging linear accelerators. Phys Eng Sci Med 2023; 46:19-43. [PMID: 36847966 PMCID: PMC10030425 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-023-01224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Imaging linear-accelerator (MRI-linac) equipment has recently been introduced to multiple centres in Australia and New Zealand. MRI equipment creates hazards for staff, patients and others in the MR environment; these hazards must be well understood, and risks managed by a system of environmental controls, written procedures and a trained workforce. While MRI-linac hazards are similar to the diagnostic paradigm, the equipment, workforce and environment are sufficiently different that additional safety guidance is warranted. In 2019 the Australasian College of Physical Scientists and Engineers in Medicine (ACPSEM) formed the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Linear-Accelerator Working Group (MRILWG) to support the safe clinical introduction and optimal use of MR-guided radiation therapy treatment units. This Position Paper is intended to provide safety guidance and education for Medical Physicists and others planning for and working with MRI-linac technology. This document summarises MRI-linac hazards and describes particular effects which arise from the combination of strong magnetic fields with an external radiation treatment beam. This document also provides guidance on safety governance and training, and recommends a system of hazard management tailored to the MRI-linac environment, ancillary equipment, and workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Cook
- Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nikki Shelton
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Reza Alinaghi-Zadeh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael G Jameson
- GenesisCare, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Arslan MT, Ozaslan AA, Kurt S, Muslu Y, Saritas EU. Rapid TAURUS for Relaxation-Based Color Magnetic Particle Imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2022; 41:3774-3786. [PMID: 35921341 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2022.3195694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a rapidly developing medical imaging modality that exploits the non-linear response of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Color MPI widens the functionality of MPI, empowering it with the capability to distinguish different MNPs and/or MNP environments. The system function approach for color MPI relies on extensive calibrations that capture the differences in the harmonic responses of the MNPs. An alternative calibration-free x-space-based method called TAURUS estimates a map of the relaxation time constant, τ , by recovering the underlying mirror symmetry in the MPI signal. However, TAURUS requires a back and forth scanning of a given region, restricting its usage to slow trajectories with constant or piecewise constant focus fields (FFs). In this work, we propose a novel technique to increase the performance of TAURUS and enable τ map estimation for rapid and multi-dimensional trajectories. The proposed technique is based on correcting the distortions on mirror symmetry induced by time-varying FFs. We demonstrate via simulations and experiments in our in-house MPI scanner that the proposed method successfully estimates high-fidelity τ maps for rapid trajectories that provide orders of magnitude reduction in scanning time (over 300 fold for simulations and over 8 fold for experiments) while preserving the calibration-free property of TAURUS.
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7
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Oh S, Hong SE, Choi HD. Proposed Safety Guidelines for Patient Assistants in an Open MRI Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15185. [PMID: 36429902 PMCID: PMC9690638 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The wide-open side of an open magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system allows a patient to easily contact the patient assistant during MRI scans. A wide-open-shaped magnet is highly effective when interventional procedures are necessary. Patient assistants can provide comfort by holding a part of the patient's body. Because current regulations or guidelines are concerned with only patient radio frequency (RF) safety, investigations on the safety of patient assistants exposed to high-magnetic field MRI (up to 1.2 T) are required. In this study, five different poses of patient assistants were numerically simulated at a 1.2 T open MRI system to determine the impact of poses on the RF exposure level. The 10-g averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) levels were analyzed for the poses of each patient assistant wearing gloves. Compared with the patient, up to 29.8% of the patient SAR was observed in the patient assistant. When the patient assistant wore latex gloves, a 63.7% reduction in the 10-g averaged SAR level was observed, which could be a remedy to minimize possible RF hazards. To prevent possible RF hazards during MRI scans, certain clauses regarding the patient assistant's poses or wearing gloves must be added to the existing MRI screening forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhoon Oh
- Bio-Chemical Analysis Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Eui Hong
- Radio & Satellite Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Do Choi
- Radio & Satellite Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
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8
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The role of ultrasound and MRI in diagnosing of obstetrics cardiac disorders: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cerebrovascular disorders during pregnancy and puerperium are uncommon but potentially serious entities. This review aims to provide guidance on the diagnosis and management of these diseases, according to the most recent findings. RECENT FINDINGS Proteinuria is no longer a mandatory criterion for the diagnosis of preeclampsia. Favourable long-term foetal and maternal outcomes are achieved in most patients with ruptured cerebral arterial malformations during pregnancy receiving interventional treatment prior to delivery. Despite the recent recommendations, physicians still hesitate to administer thrombolysis in pregnant women. In women with a history of cerebral venous thrombosis, prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin during pregnancy and puerperium is associated with lower rates of recurrent thrombotic events and miscarriage. SUMMARY Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a continuum of failure of autoregulation mechanisms that may lead to eclampsia, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and stroke. MRI is the preferred imaging modality of choice. In the absence of specific contraindications, treatment of cerebrovascular complications should not be withheld from pregnant women, including reperfusion therapies in acute ischemic stroke and treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms. Previous history of stroke alone does not contraindicate future pregnancy, but counselling and implementation of prevention strategies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Santos
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria - CHULN
| | - Diana Aguiar de Sousa
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria - CHULN
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisbon, Portugal
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10
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Tang F, Giaccone L, Hao J, Freschi F, Wu T, Crozier S, Liu F. Exposure of Infants to Gradient Fields in a Baby MRI Scanner. Bioelectromagnetics 2022; 43:69-80. [PMID: 35005795 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In pediatric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), infants are exposed to rapid, time-varying gradient magnetic fields, leading to electric fields induced in the body of infants and potential safety risks (e.g. peripheral nerve stimulation). In this numerical study, the in situ electric fields in infants induced by small-sized gradient coils for a 1.5 T MRI scanner were evaluated. The gradient coil set was specially designed for the efficient imaging of infants within a small-bore (baby) scanner. The magnetic flux density and induced electric fields by the small x, y, z gradient coils in an infant model (8-week-old with a mass of 4.3 kg) were computed using the scalar potential finite differences method. The gradient coils were driven by a 1 kHz sinusoidal waveform and also a trapezoidal waveform with a 250 µs rise time. The model was placed at different scan positions, including the head area (position I), chest area (position II), and body center (position III). It was found that the induced electric fields in most tissues exceeded the basic restrictions of the ICNIRP 2010 guidelines for both waveforms. The electric fields were similar in the region of interest for all coil types and model positions but different outside the imaging region. The y-coil induced larger electric fields compared with the x- and z- coils. © 2022 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Tang
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luca Giaccone
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Jiahao Hao
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, China
| | - Fabio Freschi
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Tongning Wu
- China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Stuart Crozier
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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11
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Noetscher GM, Serano P, Wartman WA, Fujimoto K, Makarov SN. Visible Human Project® female surface based computational phantom (Nelly) for radio-frequency safety evaluation in MRI coils. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260922. [PMID: 34890429 PMCID: PMC8664205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative modeling of specific absorption rate and temperature rise within the human body during 1.5 T and 3 T MRI scans is of clinical significance to ensure patient safety. This work presents justification, via validation and comparison, of the potential use of the Visible Human Project (VHP) derived Computer Aided Design (CAD) female full body computational human model for non-clinical assessment of female patients of age 50–65 years with a BMI of 30–36 during 1.5 T and 3 T based MRI procedures. The initial segmentation validation and four different application examples have been identified and used to compare to numerical simulation results obtained using VHP Female computational human model under the same or similar conditions. The first application example provides a simulation-to-simulation validation while the latter three application examples compare with measured experimental data. Given the same or similar coil settings, the computational human model generates meaningful results for SAR, B1 field, and temperature rise when used in conjunction with the 1.5 T birdcage MRI coils or at higher frequencies corresponding to 3 T MRI. Notably, the deviation in temperature rise from experiment did not exceed 2.75° C for three different heating scenarios considered in the study with relative deviations of 10%, 25%, and 20%. This study provides a reasonably systematic validation and comparison of the VHP-Female CAD v.3.0–5.0 surface-based computational human model starting with the segmentation validation and following four different application examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Noetscher
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- NEVA Electromagnetics, LLC, Yarmouth Port, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Serano
- Ansys, Inc., Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - William A. Wartman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kyoko Fujimoto
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sergey N. Makarov
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- NEVA Electromagnetics, LLC, Yarmouth Port, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Kowal R, Prier M, Pannicke E, Vick R, Rose G, Speck O. Simulation of SAR Induced Heating in Infants undergoing 1.5 T Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2021; 2021:3382-3386. [PMID: 34891965 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RF absorption in patients undergoing MRI procedures poses a major safety risk due to resulting heating in the tissue. In order to stay below permitted temperature limits the SAR has to be quantified and limited. Based on the model of an infant inside a birdcage coil we have investigated the SAR distribution in the body at 1.5T. Thermal simulations could thus be performed to establish a relationship between the limitations of SAR and temperature. Results show a thermal hotspot in the neck region caused by high local absorption. The temperature limits in this local area were exceeded after 7min of excitation within regulatory SAR limits. For a long-term exposure critical organs in the body's core also undergo thermal stress beyond limitations. This indicates the need for constraints in regard to long MR procedures to consider the temporal aspect of heating.Clinical Relevance-This work establishes a relationship between SAR and temperature in infants undergoing MRI and shows potential risks of long-term procedures due to induced thermal stress.
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Hartwig V, Virgili G, Mattei FE, Biagini C, Romeo S, Zeni O, Scarfì MR, Massa R, Campanella F, Landini L, Gobba F, Modenese A, Giovannetti G. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in magnetic resonance environment: an update on regulation, exposure assessment techniques, health risk evaluation, and surveillance. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 60:297-320. [PMID: 34586563 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most-used diagnostic imaging methods worldwide. There are ∼50,000 MRI scanners worldwide each of which involves a minimum of five workers from different disciplines who spend their working days around MRI scanners. This review analyzes the state of the art of literature about the several aspects of the occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in MRI: regulations, literature studies on biological effects, and health surveillance are addressed here in detail, along with a summary of the main approaches for exposure assessment. The original research papers published from 2013 to 2021 in international peer-reviewed journals, in the English language, are analyzed, together with documents published by legislative bodies. The key points for each topic are identified and described together with useful tips for precise safeguarding of MRI operators, in terms of exposure assessment, studies on biological effects, and health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Hartwig
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, San Cataldo, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Virgili
- Virgili Giorgio, Via G. Pastore 2, 26040, Crespina-Lorenzana, Italy
| | - F Ederica Mattei
- West Systems S.R.L, Via Don Mazzolari 25, 56025, Pontedera, PI, Italy
| | - Cristiano Biagini
- Associazione Italiana Tecnici Dell'Imaging in Risonanza Magnetica, AITIRM, Via XX Settembre 76, 50129, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Romeo
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA) , Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Naples, Italy
| | - Olga Zeni
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA) , Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Scarfì
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA) , Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Massa
- Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA) , Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Diocleziano 328, 80124, Naples, Italy.,Department of Physics, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Campanella
- Dipartimento di medicina, epidemiologia, Igiene del Lavoro E Ambientale, Inail, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Landini
- Fondazione Toscana "G. Monasterio", Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, San Cataldo, Italy
| | - Fabriziomaria Gobba
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Alberto Modenese
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulio Giovannetti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, San Cataldo, Italy
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Yao A, Murbach M, Goren T, Zastrow E, Kainz W, Kuster N. Induced radiofrequency fields in patients undergoing MR examinations: insights for risk assessment. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34433143 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac212d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. To characterize and quantify the induced radiofrequency (RF) electric (E)-fields andB1+rmsfields in patients undergoing magnetic resonance (MR) examinations; to provide guidance on aspects of RF heating risks for patients with and without implants; and to discuss some strengths and limitations of safety assessments in current ISO, IEC, and ASTM standards to determine the RF heating risks for patients with and without implants.Methods. InducedE-fields andB1+rmsfields during 1.5 T and 3 T MR examinations were numerically estimated for high-resolution patient models of the Virtual Population exposed to ten two-port birdcage RF coils from head to feet imaging landmarks over the full polarization space, as well as in surrogate ASTM phantoms.Results. Worst-caseB1+rmsexposure greater than 3.5μT (1.5 T) and 2μT (3 T) must be considered for all MR examinations at the Normal Operating Mode limit. Representative inducedE-field and specific absorption rate distributions under different clinical scenarios allow quick estimation of clinical factors of high and reduced exposure.B1shimming can cause +6 dB enhancements toE-fields along implant trajectories. The distribution and magnitude of inducedE-fields in the ASTM phantom differ from clinical exposures and are not always conservative for typical implant locations.Conclusions.Field distributions in patient models are condensed, visualized for quick estimation of risks, and compared to those induced in the ASTM phantom. InducedE-fields in patient models can significantly exceed those in the surrogate ASTM phantom in some cases. In the recent 19ε2revision of the ASTM F2182 standard, the major shortcomings of previous versions have been addressed by requiring that the relationship between ASTM test conditions andin vivotangentialE-fields be established, e.g. numerically. With this requirement, the principal methods defined in the ASTM standard for passive implants are reconciled with those of the ISO 10974 standard for active implantable medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Yao
- IT'IS Foundation, 8004 Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Kainz
- US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Niels Kuster
- IT'IS Foundation, 8004 Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Arduino A, Zanovello U, Hand J, Zilberti L, Brühl R, Chiampi M, Bottauscio O. Heating of hip joint implants in MRI: The combined effect of RF and switched-gradient fields. Magn Reson Med 2021; 85:3447-3462. [PMID: 33483979 PMCID: PMC7986841 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate how the simultaneous exposure to gradient and RF fields affects the temperature rise in patients with a metallic hip prosthesis during an MRI session. METHODS In silico analysis was performed with an anatomically realistic human model with CoCrMo hip implant in 12 imaging positions. The analysis was performed at 1.5 T and 3 T, considering four clinical sequences: turbo spin-echo, EPI, gradient-echo, and true fast imaging sequence with steady precession. The exposure to gradient and RF fields was evaluated separately and superposed, by adopting an ad hoc computational algorithm. Temperature increase within the body, rather than specific absorption rate, was used as a safety metric. RESULTS With the exception of gradient-echo, all investigated sequences produced temperature increases higher than 1 K after 360 seconds, at least for one body position. In general, RF-induced heating dominates the turbo spin-echo sequence, whereas gradient-induced heating prevails with EPI; the situation with fast imaging sequence with steady precession is more diversified. The RF effects are enhanced when the implant is within the RF coil, whereas the effects of gradient fields are maximized if the prosthesis is outside the imaging region. Cases for which temperature-increase thresholds were exceeded were identified, together with the corresponding amount of tissue mass involved and the exposure time needed to reach these limits. CONCLUSION The analysis confirms that risky situations may occur when a patient carrying a hip implant undergoes an MRI exam and that, in some cases, the gradient field heating may be significant. In general, exclusion criteria only based on whole-body specific absorption rate may not be sufficient to ensure patients' safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeff Hand
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging SciencesKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Luca Zilberti
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM)TorinoItaly
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch‐Technische BundesanstaltBraunschweig and BerlinGermany
| | - Mario Chiampi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM)TorinoItaly
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16
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Proença F, Guerreiro C, Sá G, Reimão S. Neuroimaging safety during pregnancy and lactation: a review. Neuroradiology 2021; 63:837-845. [PMID: 33704518 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-021-02675-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Imaging studies are crucial adjuncts when studying acute and chronic diseases, so pregnant and lactating women are as likely to be evaluated with one of the available imaging modalities. Due to the specific condition of the mother and child in this time period it is crucial to make an appropriate selection of imaging studies. METHODS We review the existing literature and analyse the latest evidence and guidelines regarding neuroimaging safety during pregnancy and lactation, proposing an algorithm of action based on risk/benefits assessment. RESULTS Choosing the most appropriate neuroimaging modality implicates assessing the pretest pertinence of the study-the possibility of a serious treatable neurologic disease, pondering what is the most useful imaging modality for the diagnosis and evaluating the associated risks. Among physicians (and patients), however, the risk component is perhaps the least well understood, with misperceptions regarding safety and potential hazards. Computed tomography (CT) risks are principally related to ionizing radiation and intravenous (IV) administration of iodinated contrast. However, as very low risks for the mother and foetus have been reported and CT remains the most available tool for initial rapid diagnosis of acute neurological conditions, it should not be withheld in urgent situations. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), unlike CT, does not use ionizing radiation or iodinated contrast mediums, having the best anatomical detail possible. However, there are some usage safety concerns regarding the magnetic field strength and gadolinium-based contrast use. CONCLUSION There are lacking longitudinal and prospective studies to sustain evidence based choices of imaging studies during pregnancy and lactation. Ultimately the decision should be based on the risk/benefit, taking into account the patient's safety, care and outcomes. However, using a specific algorithm can guide decisions in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Proença
- Serviço de Imagiologia Neurológica, CHULN - Hospital Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C Guerreiro
- Serviço de Imagiologia Neurológica, CHULN - Hospital Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - G Sá
- Serviço de Imagiologia Neurológica, CHULN - Hospital Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Reimão
- Serviço de Imagiologia Neurológica, CHULN - Hospital Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal.
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17
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Gui B, Cambi F, Micco M, Sbarra M, Petta F, Autorino R, De Vincenzo R, Valentini V, Scambia G, Manfredi R. MRI in pregnant patients with suspected abdominal and pelvic cancer: a practical guide for radiologists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26:183-192. [PMID: 32071031 DOI: 10.5152/dir.2019.19343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of abdominal and pelvic cancer in pregnancy is low, but it is rising as the population of pregnant women gets older. Depending on disease stage, gestational age and patient's preference, active surveillance as well as surgery and chemotherapy are feasible options during pregnancy. Correct diagnosis and staging of the tumor is crucial for choosing the best therapeutic approach. Moreover, a reproducible modality to assess the treatment response is requested. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used with good results for the local staging and treatment response evaluation of most abdominal and pelvic cancers in nonpregnant patients, and it is considered relatively safe during pregnancy. The purpose of this article is to analyze the most relevant topics regarding the use of MRI in pregnant women with abdominal and pelvic cancer. We discuss MRI safety during pregnancy, including the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs), how to prepare the patient for the exam and MRI technique. This will be followed by a brief review on the most common malignancies diagnosed during pregnancy and their MRI appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Gui
- General Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Diagnostic Imaging Area, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radiation Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Cambi
- General Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Diagnostic Imaging Area, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radiation Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy;Institute of Radiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Maura Micco
- General Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Diagnostic Imaging Area, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radiation Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Martina Sbarra
- General Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Diagnostic Imaging Area, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radiation Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy;Institute of Radiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Federica Petta
- General Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Diagnostic Imaging Area, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radiation Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy;Institute of Radiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Rosa Autorino
- Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Area, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radiation Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Rosa De Vincenzo
- Department of Woman and Child Health Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy;Institute of Obstetric and Gynaecology Clinic, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Valentini
- Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology Area, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radiation Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy;Institute of Radiation Oncology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Department of Woman and Child Health Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy;Institute of Obstetric and Gynaecology Clinic, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Manfredi
- General Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Diagnostic Imaging Area, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Radiation Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy;Institute of Radiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
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18
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McJury MJ. Acoustic Noise and Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Narrative/Descriptive Review. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 55:337-346. [PMID: 33629790 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging generates unwanted acoustic noise. This review describes the work characterizing the acoustic noise, and the various solutions to control and attenuate the acoustic noise. There are also discussions about the permissible limits, and guidance regarding acoustic noise exposure for staff, patients, and volunteers. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J McJury
- Department of Clinical Physics & Bio-Engineering, Level 2, Imaging Centre of Excellence, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Campus, Glasgow, UK
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19
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Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for Assessing Abdominal Conditions in Pregnancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56120675. [PMID: 33302381 PMCID: PMC7762549 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56120675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Native ultrasound is the most common imaging modality in obstetrics. The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) during pregnancy has not been officially approved by leading societies for obstetrics and ultrasound. The present study aims to monitor the safety and diagnostic performance of CEUS for assessing abdominal issues in five pregnant women. Materials and Methods: Five pregnant patients who underwent a total of 11 CEUS examinations between June 2020 and October 2020 were included (mean age: 34 years; mean time of pregnancy: 21 weeks). All CEUS scans were interpreted by one experienced consultant radiologist (EFSUMB Level 3). Results: Upon contrast application, no maternal nor fetal adverse effects were observed. Moreover, no fetal contrast enhancement was observed in any patient. CEUS helped to diagnose renal angiomyolipoma, pyelonephritis, necrotic uterine fibroid, gallbladder polyp, and superior mesenteric vein thrombosis. Conclusions: In our study, off-label use of CEUS showed an excellent safety profile allowing the avoidance of ionizing radiation exposure as well as contrast agents in case of CT or use of gadolinium-based contrast agents in case of MRI. CEUS is a promising diagnostic instrument for facilitating clinical decision-making and improving the management of pregnant women.
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20
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Fetal cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Radiol 2020; 50:1881-1894. [PMID: 33252756 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-020-04902-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fetal cardiovascular MRI is showing promise as a clinical diagnostic tool in the setting of congenital heart disease when the cardiac anatomy is unresolved by US or when complementary quantitative data on blood flow, oxygen saturation and hematocrit are required to aid in management. Compared with postnatal cardiovascular MRI, prenatal cardiovascular MRI still has some technical limitations. However, ongoing technical advances continue to improve the robustness and usability of fetal cardiovascular MRI. In this review, we provide an overview of the state of the art of fetal cardiovascular MRI and summarize the current focus of clinical application for this versatile technique.
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21
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Kurt S, Muslu Y, Saritas EU. Partial FOV Center Imaging (PCI): A Robust X-Space Image Reconstruction for Magnetic Particle Imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2020; 39:3441-3450. [PMID: 32746094 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2020.2995410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is an emerging medical imaging modality that images the spatial distribution of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles using their nonlinear response to applied magnetic fields. In standard x-space approach to MPI, the image is reconstructed by gridding the speed-compensated nanoparticle signal to the instantaneous position of the field free point (FFP). However, due to safety limits on the drive field, the field-of-view (FOV) needs to be covered by multiple relatively small partial field-of-views (pFOVs). The image of the entire FOV is then pieced together from individually processed pFOVs. These processing steps can be sensitive to non-ideal signal conditions such as harmonic interference, noise, and relaxation effects. In this work, we propose a robust x-space reconstruction technique, Partial FOV Center Imaging (PCI), with substantially simplified pFOV processing. PCI first forms a raw image of the entire FOV by mapping MPI signal directly to pFOV center locations. The corresponding MPI image is then obtained by deconvolving this raw image by a compact kernel, whose fully-known shape solely depends on the pFOV size. We analyze the performance of the proposed reconstruction via extensive simulations, as well as imaging experiments on our in-house FFP MPI scanner. The results show that PCI offers a trade-off between noise robustness and interference robustness, outperforming standard x-space reconstruction in terms of both robustness against non-ideal signal conditions and image quality.
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22
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Koreshin E, Efimtcev A, Gulko A, Popov S, Orlov I, Trufanov G, Zubkov M. Design of a RF-resonant set improving locally the B1+ efficiency. Applications for clinical MRI in andrology and urology. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 317:106774. [PMID: 32589584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Modern diagnostic imaging methods for andrology and urology fall behind other well-developed applications such as cardiology or neurology. Particularly, MRI despite its superior soft tissue contrast is hardly used for MR-imaging of the penis, primarily due to the lack of the corresponding receive or transmit coils. In order to fix this, a new radio frequency resonator, based on the birdcage operating principles has been designed, simulated, fabricated, tested and compared experimentally to existing RF coils. In order to provide high transmit efficiency and high sensitivity, while maintaining the coil safety, the resonator spatially separates alternating magnetic and electric fields. The transmitted magnetic field (B1+) is concentrated in the centre of the imaging volume, while the electric field remains on its edge and does not lead to tissue heating. The resonator design was optimised for human MRI in 1.5 T scanners. Both simulations and experiment showed the resonator to provide around 100-fold specific absorption rate reduction, around 10-fold improvement of the transmit efficiency and more than 10-fold enhancement of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) in a phantom compared to the body coil, around 2-fold SNR enhancement in a phantom compared to the commercial flexible 4-element coil, and up to 1.5-fold enhancement compared to the same coil in-vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Koreshin
- ITMO University, Department of Physics and Engineering, 16 Birgevaya Line, St. Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander Efimtcev
- Federal Almazov North West Medical Research, 2 Akkuratova Street, St. Petersburg 197341, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander Gulko
- City Center of Endourology and New Technologies, 46 Chugunnaya Street, St. Petersburg 195009, Russian Federation.
| | - Sergey Popov
- City Center of Endourology and New Technologies, 46 Chugunnaya Street, St. Petersburg 195009, Russian Federation
| | - Igor Orlov
- City Center of Endourology and New Technologies, 46 Chugunnaya Street, St. Petersburg 195009, Russian Federation
| | - Gennady Trufanov
- Federal Almazov North West Medical Research, 2 Akkuratova Street, St. Petersburg 197341, Russian Federation.
| | - Mikhail Zubkov
- ITMO University, Department of Physics and Engineering, 16 Birgevaya Line, St. Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation.
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Aris A, Yiannis K, Charilaos T, Alkhorayef M, Sulieman A, Ioannis T, Kiki T, Constantin K. EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT IN THE VICINITY OF WIND TURBINES. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2020; 189:395-400. [PMID: 32409836 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an exponential growth of public concern worldwide regarding the exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) generated by wind turbines. The high concern of the general population enhances the fact that EMF exposure remains a crucial issue that demands specific actions and reliable data to evaluate possible health hazards. MATERIALS AND METHODS EMF exposure measurements were conducted in two wind farm (W/F) areas in Greece. The magnetic field strength concentrated in the proximity of 22 wind turbines (20 type of Gamesa Eolica Siemens of total power of 17 MW and 2 type of E53 Enercon, 800 KW each). Measurements were conducted using a Narda-NBM-550 basic unit (Narda Safety Test Solutions Company) using EHP-50F probe. The EMF exposure measurements were processed applying the weighted peak method (WPM), according to the 2013/35/EU Directive. WPM provides correction of the measured value of pulse signals, taking into account the phases of the various frequency components. The data were classified under two scenarios of EMF exposure: 'high wind' and 'low wind' conditions. RESULTS The variation of the magnetic field strength was calculated between 1.13 and 1.42% (WPM). Measurements indicate that the intensity of the emitted magnetic field at the base of the wind turbines, in both high and low wind conditions, was relatively low (mean = 0.146 μT), while decreasing rapidly with increasing distance and reaching background values 6 m from the base. CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicate that EMF levels are similar or even lower compared to those in urban areas and well below the national and international safety limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aris
- Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - K Yiannis
- Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - T Charilaos
- Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - M Alkhorayef
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Sulieman
- Radiology and Medical Imaging Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - T Ioannis
- Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - T Kiki
- Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - K Constantin
- Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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24
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Barrera CA, Francavilla ML, Serai SD, Edgar JC, Jaimes C, Gee MS, Roberts TPL, Otero HJ, Adzick NS, Victoria T. Specific Absorption Rate and Specific Energy Dose: Comparison of 1.5-T versus 3.0-T Fetal MRI. Radiology 2020; 295:664-674. [PMID: 32255418 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2020191550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background MRI performed at 3.0 T offers greater signal-to-noise ratio and better spatial resolution than does MRI performed at 1.5 T; however, for fetal MRI, there are concerns about the potential for greater radiofrequency energy administered to the fetus at 3.0-T MRI. Purpose To compare the specific absorption rate (SAR) and specific energy dose (SED) of fetal MRI at 1.5 and 3.0 T. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, all fetal MRI examinations performed with 1.5- and 3.0-T scanners at one institution between July 2012 and October 2016 were evaluated. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) steady-state free precession (SSFP), single-shot fast spin-echo, 2D and 3D T1-weighted spoiled gradient-echo (SPGR), and echo-planar imaging sequences were performed. SAR, SED, accumulated SED, and acquisition time were retrieved from the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine header. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Two one-sided tests with equivalence bounds of 0.5 (Cohen d effect size) were performed, with statistical equivalence considered at P < .05. Results A total of 2952 pregnant women were evaluated. Mean maternal age was 30 years ± 6 (age range, 12-49 years), mean gestational age was 24 weeks ± 6 (range, 17-40 weeks). A total of 3247 fetal MRI scans were included, with 2784 (86%) obtained at 1.5 T and 463 (14%) obtained at 3.0 T. In total, 93 764 sequences were performed, with 81 535 (87%) performed at 1.5 T and 12 229 (13%) performed at 3.0 T. When comparing 1.5- with 3.0-T MRI sequences, mean SAR (1.09 W/kg ± 0.69 vs 1.14 W/kg ± 0.61), mean SED (33 J/kg ± 27 vs 38 J/kg ± 26), and mean accumulated SED (965 J/kg ± 408 vs 996 J/kg ± 366, P < .001) were equivalent. Conclusion Fetal 1.5- and 3.0-T MRI examinations were found to have equivalent energy metrics in most cases. The 3.0-T sequences, such as two-dimensional T1-weighted spoiled gradient-echo and three-dimensional steady-state free precession, may require modification to keep the energy delivered to the patient as low as possible. © RSNA, 2020 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Barrera
- From the Departments of Radiology (C.A.B., M.L.F., S.D.S., J.C.E., T.P.L.R., H.J.O., T.V.) and Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.C.E., T.P.L.R.); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass (C.J.); and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (M.S.G.)
| | - Michael L Francavilla
- From the Departments of Radiology (C.A.B., M.L.F., S.D.S., J.C.E., T.P.L.R., H.J.O., T.V.) and Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.C.E., T.P.L.R.); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass (C.J.); and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (M.S.G.)
| | - Suraj D Serai
- From the Departments of Radiology (C.A.B., M.L.F., S.D.S., J.C.E., T.P.L.R., H.J.O., T.V.) and Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.C.E., T.P.L.R.); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass (C.J.); and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (M.S.G.)
| | - J Christopher Edgar
- From the Departments of Radiology (C.A.B., M.L.F., S.D.S., J.C.E., T.P.L.R., H.J.O., T.V.) and Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.C.E., T.P.L.R.); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass (C.J.); and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (M.S.G.)
| | - Camilo Jaimes
- From the Departments of Radiology (C.A.B., M.L.F., S.D.S., J.C.E., T.P.L.R., H.J.O., T.V.) and Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.C.E., T.P.L.R.); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass (C.J.); and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (M.S.G.)
| | - Michael S Gee
- From the Departments of Radiology (C.A.B., M.L.F., S.D.S., J.C.E., T.P.L.R., H.J.O., T.V.) and Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.C.E., T.P.L.R.); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass (C.J.); and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (M.S.G.)
| | - Timothy P L Roberts
- From the Departments of Radiology (C.A.B., M.L.F., S.D.S., J.C.E., T.P.L.R., H.J.O., T.V.) and Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.C.E., T.P.L.R.); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass (C.J.); and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (M.S.G.)
| | - Hansel J Otero
- From the Departments of Radiology (C.A.B., M.L.F., S.D.S., J.C.E., T.P.L.R., H.J.O., T.V.) and Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.C.E., T.P.L.R.); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass (C.J.); and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (M.S.G.)
| | - N Scott Adzick
- From the Departments of Radiology (C.A.B., M.L.F., S.D.S., J.C.E., T.P.L.R., H.J.O., T.V.) and Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.C.E., T.P.L.R.); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass (C.J.); and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (M.S.G.)
| | - Teresa Victoria
- From the Departments of Radiology (C.A.B., M.L.F., S.D.S., J.C.E., T.P.L.R., H.J.O., T.V.) and Surgery (N.S.A.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (J.C.E., T.P.L.R.); Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass (C.J.); and Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (M.S.G.)
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Demirel OB, Kilic T, Çukur T, Saritas EU. Anatomical measurements correlate with individual magnetostimulation thresholds for kHz-range homogeneous magnetic fields. Med Phys 2020; 47:1836-1844. [PMID: 31958146 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Magnetostimulation, also known as peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS), is the dominant safety constraint in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the gradient magnetic fields that operate around 0.1-1 kHz, and for the homogeneous drive field in magnetic particle imaging (MPI) that operates around 10-150 kHz. Previous studies did not report correlations between anatomical measures and magnetostimulation thresholds for the gradient magnetic fields in MRI. In contrast, a strong linear correlation was shown between the thresholds and the inverse of body part size in MPI. Yet, the effects of other anatomical measures on the thresholds for the drive field remain unexplored. Here, we investigate the effects of fat percentage on magnetostimulation thresholds for kHz-range homogeneous magnetic fields such as the drive field in MPI, with the ultimate goal of predicting subject-specific thresholds based on simple anatomical measures. METHODS Human subject experiments were performed on the upper arms of 10 healthy male subjects (age: 26 ± 2 yr) to determine magnetostimulation thresholds. Experiments were repeated three times for each subject, with brief resting periods between repetitions. Using a solenoidal magnetostimulation coil, a homogeneous magnetic field at 25 kHz with 100 ms pulse duration was applied at 4-s intervals, while the subject reported stimulation via a mouse click. To determine the thresholds, individual subject responses were fitted to a cumulative distribution function modeled by a sigmoid curve. Next, anatomical images of the upper arms of the subjects were acquired on a 3 T MRI scanner. A two-point Dixon method was used to obtain separate images of water and fat tissues, from which several anatomical measures were derived: the effective outer radius of the upper arm, the effective inner radius (i.e., the muscle radius), and fat percentage. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between the threshold and anatomical measures. This statistical analysis was repeated after factoring out the expected effects of body part size. An updated model for threshold prediction is provided, where in addition to scaling in proportion with the inverse of the outer radius, the threshold has an affine dependence on fat percentage. RESULTS A strong linear correlation (r = 0.783, P < 0.008) was found between magnetostimulation threshold and fat percentage, and the correlation became stronger after factoring out the effects of outer radius (r = 0.839, P < 0.003). While considering body part size alone did not explain any significant variance in measured thresholds (P > 0.398), the updated model that also incorporates fat percentage yielded substantially improved threshold predictions with R 2 = 0.654 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This work shows for the first time that fat percentage strongly correlates with magnetostimulation thresholds for kHz-range homogenous magnetic fields such as the drive field in MPI, and that the correlations get even stronger after factoring out the effects of body part size. These results have important practical implications for predicting subject-specific thresholds, which in turn can increase the performance of the drive field and improve image quality while remaining within the safety limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Burak Demirel
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.,National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Toygan Kilic
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.,National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Tolga Çukur
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.,National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.,Neuroscience Program, Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Emine Ulku Saritas
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.,National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.,Neuroscience Program, Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
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26
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Marini D, Xu J, Sun L, Jaeggi E, Seed M. Current and future role of fetal cardiovascular MRI in the setting of fetal cardiac interventions. Prenat Diagn 2019; 40:71-83. [PMID: 31834624 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, technical developments resulting in the feasibility of fetal cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) have provided a new diagnostic tool for studying the human fetal heart and circulation. During the same period, we have witnessed the arrival of several minimally invasive fetal cardiac interventions (FCI) as a possible form of treatment in selected congenital heart diseases (CHDs). The role of fetal CMR in the planning and monitoring of FCI is not yet clear. Indeed, high-quality fetal CMR is not available or routinely offered at most centers caring for patients with prenatally detected CHD. However, in theory, fetal CMR could have much to offer in the setting of FCI by providing complementary anatomic and physiologic information relating to the specific intervention under consideration. Similarly, fetal CMR may be useful as an alternative imaging modality when ultrasound is hampered by technical limitations, for example, in the setting of oligohydramnios and in late gestation. In this review, we summarize current experience of the use of fetal CMR in the diagnosis and monitoring of fetuses with cardiopathies in the setting of a range of invasive in utero cardiac and vascular interventions and medical treatments and speculate about future directions for this versatile imaging medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Marini
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liqun Sun
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edgar Jaeggi
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mike Seed
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Abaci Turk E, Yetisir F, Adalsteinsson E, Gagoski B, Guerin B, Grant PE, Wald LL. Individual variation in simulated fetal SAR assessed in multiple body models. Magn Reson Med 2019; 83:1418-1428. [PMID: 31626373 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We generate 12 models from 4 pregnant individuals to evaluate individual differences in local specific absorption rate (SAR) for differing body habitus and fetal and maternal positions. METHODS Structural MR images from 4 pregnant subjects (including supine and left-lateral maternal positions) were manually segmented to create 12 body models by rotating the fetus, modifying the fat content, and altering the maternal arm position in 1 of the subjects. Electromagnetic simulations modeled at 3 Tesla determined the average and peak local SAR in the maternal trunk, fetus, fetal brain, and amniotic fluid. RESULTS We observed a significant range of fetal and maternal peak local SAR across the models (maternal trunk: 19.14-44.03 watts/kg, fetus: 9.93-18.79 watts/kg, fetal brain 3.36-10.3 watts/kg). We found that maternal body habitus changes introduced a significant variation in the maternal peak local SAR but not the fetal local SAR. However, the maternal position (either rotating the mother to left-lateral position or altering the arm position) introduced changes in fetal peak local SAR (range: 11.9-17.9 watts/kg). Rotating the fetus also introduced variation in the fetal and fetal brain peak local SAR. CONCLUSION The observed variation in SAR emphasizes the need for more anatomical models to enable better safety management of individuals during fetal MRI, including a wider range of gestational ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Abaci Turk
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging & Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Filiz Yetisir
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging & Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elfar Adalsteinsson
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Borjan Gagoski
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging & Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bastien Guerin
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - P Ellen Grant
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging & Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lawrence L Wald
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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28
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Marini D, van Amerom J, Saini BS, Sun L, Seed M. MR imaging of the fetal heart. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 51:1030-1044. [PMID: 31190452 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, technological advances have enabled the acquisition of high spatial and temporal resolution cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the fetus. Fetal cardiac MRI has emerged as an alternative to ultrasound, which may be helpful to confirm a diagnosis of congenital heart disease when ultrasound assessment is hampered, for example in late gestation or in the setting of oligohydramnios. MRI also provides unique physiologic information, including vessel blood flow, oxygen saturation and hematocrit, which may be helpful to investigate cardiac and placental diseases. In this review, we summarize some of the main techniques and significant advances in the field to date. Level of Evidence: 5 Technical Efficacy: Stage 5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:1030-1044.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Marini
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua van Amerom
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brahmdeep S Saini
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liqun Sun
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mike Seed
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Pednekar AS, Jadhav S, Noel C, Masand P. Free-breathing Cardiorespiratory Synchronized Cine MRI for Assessment of Left and Right Ventricular Volume and Function in Sedated Children and Adolescents with Impaired Breath-holding Capacity. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging 2019; 1:e180027. [PMID: 33778501 PMCID: PMC7970102 DOI: 10.1148/ryct.2019180027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prospectively compare left ventricular and right ventricular volume, function, and image quality of a free-breathing (FB) cardiorespiratory synchronized balanced steady-state free precession cine MRI sequence with that of a standard of reference breath-hold (BH) technique in sedated children and adolescents who are unable to perform BHs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cohort 1 included 30 patients able to perform BHs (mean age, 19 years; age range, 9-69 years). Cohort 1 underwent both BH and FB cine short-axis imaging with identical acquisition parameters. Cohort 2 included 63 patients unable to perform BHs (50 sedated patients [mean age, 9 years; age range, 4 months to 28 years], 13 unsedated patients [mean age, 21 years; age range, 8-58 years]). Cohort 2 underwent FB cine imaging in multiple views with spatiotemporal resolution equivalent to BH imaging. Comparative quantitative analysis was performed for left ventricular and right ventricular volumes in cohort 1 and for qualitative image quality scores in all patients. RESULTS Global left ventricular and right ventricular volumetric indexes and image quality scores were comparable between BH and FB sequences in cohort 1. FB image quality was graded as excellent (37 sequences), good (197 sequences), adequate (26 sequences), and suboptimal (three sequences) for 263 cine sequences in cohort 2. In cohort 1, de facto image acquisition time for FB (6.1 minutes ± 1.9 [standard deviation]) was comparable to the equivalent for BH (6.1 minutes ± 2.6) for a stack of 14 sections. CONCLUSION In cohorts of sedated children, adolescents, and young adults unable to perform BHs consistently, left ventricular and right ventricular volumes and function were comparable and image quality was noninferior between FB and standard of reference BH techniques.© RSNA, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol S. Pednekar
- From the Edward B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology (A.S.P., S.J., P.M.) and Department of Pediatric Cardiology (C.N.), Texas Children’s Hospital, Mark A. Wallace Tower, 6701 Fannin St, Suite 470, Houston, TX 77030-2399
| | - Siddharth Jadhav
- From the Edward B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology (A.S.P., S.J., P.M.) and Department of Pediatric Cardiology (C.N.), Texas Children’s Hospital, Mark A. Wallace Tower, 6701 Fannin St, Suite 470, Houston, TX 77030-2399
| | - Cory Noel
- From the Edward B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology (A.S.P., S.J., P.M.) and Department of Pediatric Cardiology (C.N.), Texas Children’s Hospital, Mark A. Wallace Tower, 6701 Fannin St, Suite 470, Houston, TX 77030-2399
| | - Prakash Masand
- From the Edward B. Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology (A.S.P., S.J., P.M.) and Department of Pediatric Cardiology (C.N.), Texas Children’s Hospital, Mark A. Wallace Tower, 6701 Fannin St, Suite 470, Houston, TX 77030-2399
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Numerical studies of radiofrequency of the electromagnetic radiation power absorption in paediatrics undergoing brain magnetic resonance imaging. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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da Silva NA, Vassallo J, Sarian LO, Cognard C, Sevely A. Magnetic resonance imaging of the fetal brain at 3 Tesla: Preliminary experience from a single series. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12602. [PMID: 30290631 PMCID: PMC6200506 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To report our preliminary experience with cerebral fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a 3 Tesla (3T) scanner. We assessed feasibility, time of acquisition, and possibility to establish a diagnosis.Fifty-nine pregnant women had fetal MRI performed during the third trimester of pregnancy due to clinical or sonography concern of a central nervous system anomaly. No fetal or maternal sedation was used. The MRI protocol consisted of T2 turbo-spin-echo images in 3 planes of space. No T1-weighted images were performed. All images were analyzed by 2 pediatric neuroradiologists, who evaluated spatial resolution, artifacts, time of acquisition, and possibility to establish a diagnosis suspected by sonography.Examinations were performed safely for all patients. The images required longer time of acquisition (approximately 75 seconds for each plane in the space). The specific absorption rate was not exceeded in any fetus. Cerebral fetal MRI was normal in 22 cases. The spectrum of diagnostics included isolated ventriculomegaly, posterior fossa malformation, corpus callosum malformation, gyration anomalies, craniosynostosis, tuberous sclerosis, microcephaly, external hydrocephaly, midline arachnoid cyst, cerebral lesions, and persistent hyperplastic primitive vitreous.In our series, 3 T MRI of fetal brain was feasible and able to establish a diagnosis but required longer time of acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivaldo Adolfo da Silva
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) - Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Department of Neuroradiology, Diagnósticos da América (DASA Group), São Paulo
| | - José Vassallo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Investigative Pathology-LAPE, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Otávio Sarian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Christophe Cognard
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) - Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Annick Sevely
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Neuroradiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) - Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Acri G, Inferrera P, Denaro L, Sansotta C, Ruello E, Anfuso C, Salmeri FM, Garreffa G, Vermiglio G, Testagrossa B. dB/dt Evaluation in MRI Sites: Is ICNIRP Threshold Limit (for Workers) Exceeded? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1298. [PMID: 29933587 PMCID: PMC6068997 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Directive 2013/35/EU establishes standards for workers exposed to static and time varying magnetic fields. These limits are based on ICNIRP guidelines expressed in terms of the electric field induced in the body. The complexity of this measurement led to theoretical models being developed. In this study, the experimental evaluation included varying magnetic field exposures for two classes of MRI workers. The measurements are conducted on four different MRI Systems including one 0.35 T, two 1.5 T, and one 3.0 T. Pocket magnetic dosimeters were used and it was carried out during routine conditions, emergency conditions, and cold-head maintenance/substitution. The acquired data has been processed and the corresponding dB/dt curves have been computed as the first time derivative of the dataset. The weighted peak approach was also implemented for the compliance assessment with regulatory limits. The dB/dt peak values have been compared with the reference level (RL) proposed by ICNIRP. The results show that the RL always exceeds during measurements on the 3.0 T scanner and sometimes on 1.5 T. In light of the foregoing, the diffusion of ultra-high field MRI scanners involves the introduction of behavioral rules that could be more useful than a numerical action level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Acri
- Department of BIOMORF, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Inferrera
- School on Medical Physic, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Lucia Denaro
- Department of BIOMORF, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Carlo Sansotta
- Department of BIOMORF, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Elisa Ruello
- Department of BIOMORF, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Carmelo Anfuso
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Palermo, C.da Casazza, 98123 Messina, Italy.
| | | | - Girolamo Garreffa
- IEMEST (PA), Fondazione Potito (CB), FISMECO (RM), Via G. Donati, 00159 Roma, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Vermiglio
- Department of P.A.S.S.I., University of Messina, Consolare Valeria, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Barbara Testagrossa
- Department of BIOMORF, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98168 Messina, Italy.
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STAM R, YAMAGUCHI-SEKINO S. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields from medical sources. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2018; 56:96-105. [PMID: 29109357 PMCID: PMC5889928 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2017-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
High exposures to electromagnetic fields (EMF) can occur near certain medical devices in the hospital environment. A systematic assessment of medical occupational EMF exposure could help to clarify where more attention to occupational safety may be needed. This paper seeks to identify sources of high exposure for hospital workers and compare the published exposure data to occupational limits in the European Union. A systematic search for peer-reviewed publications was conducted via PubMed and Scopus databases. Relevant grey literature was collected via a web search. For each publication, the highest measured magnetic flux density or internal electric field strength per device and main frequency component was extracted. For low frequency fields, high action levels may be exceeded for magnetic stimulation, MRI gradient fields and movement in MRI static fields. For radiofrequency fields, the action levels may be exceeded near devices for diathermy, electrosurgery and hyperthermia and in the radiofrequency field inside MRI scanners. The exposure limit values for internal electric field may be exceeded for MRI and magnetic stimulation. For MRI and magnetic stimulation, practical measures can limit worker exposure. For diathermy, electrosurgery and hyperthermia, additional calculations are necessary to determine if SAR limits may be exceeded in some scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne STAM
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, the Netherlands
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Weisstanner C, Gruber GM, Brugger PC, Mitter C, Diogo MC, Kasprian G, Prayer D. Fetal MRI at 3T-ready for routine use? Br J Radiol 2017; 90:20160362. [PMID: 27768394 PMCID: PMC5605013 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20160362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal MR now plays an important role in the clinical work-up of pregnant females. It is performed mainly at 1.5 T. However, the desire to obtain a more precise fetal depiction or the fact that some institutions have access only to a 3.0 T scanner has resulted in a growing interest in performing fetal MR at 3.0 T. The aim of this article was to provide a reference for the use of 3.0 T MRI as a prenatal diagnostic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Weisstanner
- 1 Division of Neuro- and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- 2 Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gerlinde M Gruber
- 3 Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter C Brugger
- 3 Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christan Mitter
- 1 Division of Neuro- and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariana C Diogo
- 4 Neuroradiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- 1 Division of Neuro- and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Prayer
- 1 Division of Neuro- and Musculoskeletal Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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35
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Foster KR, Moulder JE, Budinger TF. Will an MRI Examination Damage Your Genes? Radiat Res 2017; 187:1-6. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14529.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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36
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Zwolińska J, Gąsior M, Śnieżek E, Kwolek A. The use of magnetic fields in treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Review of the literature. Reumatologia 2016; 54:201-206. [PMID: 27826175 PMCID: PMC5090029 DOI: 10.5114/reum.2016.62475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic fields are commonly used in therapies designed for subjects with rheumatic diseases, yet the effects of magnetotherapy are not entirely clear in these disorders. This study is designed to examine the literature investigating applications of magnetotherapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The review focused on publications related to administering magnetotherapy in patients with RA. The databases Science Direct, SpringerLink, Medline, PubMed, and Polska Bibliografia Lekarska were searched for reports published since 2005. Despite the numerous reports showing an impact of magnetic field in subjects with RA, the effectiveness of magnetotherapy has not been explicitly confirmed. Given the above, further research appears to be necessary to clarify the impact of magnetic fields on biological systems, and the relationship between magnetic field intensity and the obtained results as well as their durability. The majority of clinical trials have failed to identify any undesirable outcomes or side effects of this physical therapeutic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Zwolińska
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland
- Regional Rehabilitation-Educational Centre for Children and Teenagers with the name of blessed John Paul II at the Provincial Clinical Hospital No. 2 in Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Monika Gąsior
- Regional Rehabilitation-Educational Centre for Children and Teenagers with the name of blessed John Paul II at the Provincial Clinical Hospital No. 2 in Rzeszow, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Kwolek
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Rzeszów University, Rzeszow, Poland
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Henning A, Koning W, Fuchs A, Raaijmakers A, Bluemink JJ, van den Berg CAT, Boer VO, Klomp DWJ. (1) H MRS in the human spinal cord at 7 T using a dielectric waveguide transmitter, RF shimming and a high density receive array. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:1231-1239. [PMID: 27191947 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal MRI is the state of the art method for clinical diagnostics and therapy monitoring of the spinal cord, with MRS being an emerging modality that has the potential to detect relevant changes of the spinal cord tissue at an earlier stage and to enhance specificity. Methodological challenges related to the small dimensions and deep location of the human spinal cord inside the human body, field fluctuations due to respiratory motion, susceptibility differences to adjacent tissue such as vertebras and pulsatile flow of the cerebrospinal fluid hinder the clinical application of (1) H MRS to the human spinal cord. Complementary to previous studies that partly addressed these problems, this work aims at enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of (1) H MRS in the human spinal cord. To this end a flexible tight fit high density receiver array and ultra-high field strength (7 T) were combined. A dielectric waveguide and dipole antenna transmission coil allowed for dual channel RF shimming, focusing the RF field in the spinal cord, and an inner-volume saturated semi-LASER sequence was used for robust localization in the presence of B1 (+) inhomogeneity. Herein we report the first 7 T spinal cord (1) H MR spectra, which were obtained in seven independent measurements of 128 averages each in three healthy volunteers. The spectra exhibit high quality (full width at half maximum 0.09 ppm, SNR 7.6) and absence of artifacts and allow for reliable quantification of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) (NAA/Cr (creatine) 1.31 ± 0.20; Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) 5), total choline containing compounds (Cho) (Cho/Cr 0.32 ± 0.07; CRLB 7), Cr (CRLB 5) and myo-inositol (mI) (mI/Cr 1.08 ± 0.22; CRLB 6) in 7.5 min in the human cervical spinal cord. Thus metabolic information from the spinal cord can be obtained in clinically feasible scan times at 7 T, and its benefit for clinical decision making in spinal cord disorders will be investigated in the future using the presented methodology. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Henning
- Max Plank Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - W Koning
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Fuchs
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Raaijmakers
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J J Bluemink
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - V O Boer
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D W J Klomp
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Cawley P, Few K, Greenwood R, Malcolm P, Johnson G, Lally P, Thayyil S, Clarke P. Does Magnetic Resonance Brain Scanning at 3.0 Tesla Pose a Hyperthermic Challenge to Term Neonates? J Pediatr 2016; 175:228-230.e1. [PMID: 27318382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation 3-Tesla magnetic resonance (MR) scanners offer improved neonatal neuroimaging, but the greater associated radiofrequency radiation may increase the risk of hyperthermia. Safety data for neonatal 3-T MR scanning are lacking. We measured rectal temperatures continuously in 25 neonates undergoing 3-T brain MR imaging and observed no significant hyperthermic threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cawley
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Few
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Greenwood
- Department of Radiology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Malcolm
- Department of Radiology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Johnson
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Pete Lally
- Centre for Perinatal Neurosciences, Department of Pediatrics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sudhin Thayyil
- Centre for Perinatal Neurosciences, Department of Pediatrics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Clarke
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Norwich, United Kingdom.
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High-resolution T 2-weighted cervical cancer imaging: a feasibility study on ultra-high-field 7.0-T MRI with an endorectal monopole antenna. Eur Radiol 2016; 27:938-945. [PMID: 27246722 PMCID: PMC5306309 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-016-4419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives We studied the feasibility of high-resolution T2-weighted cervical cancer imaging on an ultra-high-field 7.0-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system using an endorectal antenna of 4.7-mm thickness. Methods A feasibility study on 20 stage IB1–IIB cervical cancer patients was conducted. All underwent pre-treatment 1.5-T MRI. At 7.0-T MRI, an external transmit/receive array with seven dipole antennae and a single endorectal monopole receive antenna were used. Discomfort levels were assessed. Following individualised phase-based B1+ shimming, T2-weighted turbo spin echo sequences were completed. Results Patients had stage IB1 (n = 9), IB2 (n = 4), IIA1 (n = 1) or IIB (n = 6) cervical cancer. Discomfort (ten-point scale) was minimal at placement and removal of the endorectal antenna with a median score of 1 (range, 0–5) and 0 (range, 0–2) respectively. Its use did not result in adverse events or pre-term session discontinuation. To demonstrate feasibility, T2-weighted acquisitions from 7.0-T MRI are presented in comparison to 1.5-T MRI. Artefacts on 7.0-T MRI were due to motion, locally destructive B1 interference, excessive B1 under the external antennae and SENSE reconstruction. Conclusions High-resolution T2-weighted 7.0-T MRI of stage IB1–IIB cervical cancer is feasible. The addition of an endorectal antenna is well tolerated by patients. Key Points • High resolution T2-weighted 7.0-T MRI of the inner female pelvis is challenging • We demonstrate a feasible approach for T2-weighted 7.0-T MRI of cervical cancer • An endorectal monopole receive antenna is well tolerated by participants • The endorectal antenna did not lead to adverse events or session discontinuation Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00330-016-4419-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Mühlenweg M, Schaefers G, Trattnig S. [Physical interactions in MRI: Some rules of thumb for their reduction]. Radiologe 2016. [PMID: 26220127 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-015-2812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most powerful and at the same time gentlest clinical imaging techniques at the present time; however, the enormous physical complexity as well as simple inattentiveness (projectile effect) implicate a significant risk potential and place high demands on the MR operator to ensure a safe workflow. A sound knowledge of the potential MR interactions is the foundation for a safe and profitable operation for all parties.The first part of this article deals with the three most important sources of physical interaction, i.e. static magnetic field, gradient and high-frequency (HF) fields. The paper discusses the differences between each type of field with respect to the impact on human beings, the interactions with magnetic and electrically conducting objects/implants and the relevant safety standards. Each section is followed by simple rules of thumb to minimize potentially unwanted physical MRI interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mühlenweg
- Institut für Radiologie, Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau, Röntgenstr. 1, 06120, Halle (Saale), Deutschland,
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Codman Microsensor Transducer Used for Intraspinal Pressure Monitoring: Findings From the Injured Spinal Cord Pressure Evaluation Study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2016; 41:E605-10. [PMID: 26641852 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000001334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Laboratory and human study. OBJECTIVE To test the Codman Microsensor Transducer (CMT) in a cervical gel phantom. To test the CMT inserted to monitor intraspinal pressure in a patient with spinal cord injury. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA We recently introduced the technique of intraspinal pressure monitoring using the CMT to guide management of traumatic spinal cord injury [Werndle et al. Crit Care Med 2014;42:646]. This is analogous to intracranial pressure monitoring to guide management of patients with traumatic brain injury. It is unclear whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients with spinal cord injury is safe with the intraspinal pressure CMT in situ. METHODS We measured the heating produced by the CMT placed in a gel phantom in various configurations. A 3-T MRI system was used with the body transmit coil and the spine array receive coil. A CMT was then inserted subdurally at the injury site in a patient who had traumatic spinal cord injury and MRI was performed at 1.5 T. RESULTS In the gel phantom, heating of up to 5°C occurred with the transducer wire placed straight through the magnet bore. The heating was abolished when the CMT wire was coiled and passed away from the bore. We then tested the CMT in a patient with an American Spinal Injuries Association grade C cervical cord injury. The CMT wire was placed in the configuration that abolished heating in the gel phantom. Good-quality T1 and T2 images of the cord were obtained without neurological deterioration. The transducer remained functional after the MRI. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the CMT is MR conditional when used in the spinal configuration in humans. Data from a large patient group are required to confirm these findings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Simonis FFJ, Raaijmakers AJE, Lagendijk JJW, van den Berg CAT. Validating subject-specific RF and thermal simulations in the calf muscle using MR-based temperature measurements. Magn Reson Med 2016; 77:1691-1700. [PMID: 27120403 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ongoing discussions occur to translate the safety restrictions on MR scanners from specific absorption rate (SAR) to thermal dose. Therefore, this research focuses on the accuracy of thermal simulations in human subjects during an MR exam, which is fundamental information in that debate. METHODS Radiofrequency (RF) heating experiments were performed on the calves of 13 healthy subjects using a dedicated transmit-receive coil while monitoring the temperature with proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) thermometry. Subject-specific models and one generic model were used for electromagnetic and thermal simulations using Pennes' bioheat equation, with the blood equilibration constant equaling zero. The simulations were subsequently compared with the experimental results. RESULTS The mean B1+ equaled 15 µT in the center slice of all volunteers, and 95% of the voxels had errors smaller than 2.8 µT between the simulation and measurement. The intersubject variation in RF power to achieve the required B1+ was 11%. The resulting intersubject variation in median temperature rise was 14%. Thermal simulations underestimated the median temperature increase on average, with 34% in subject-specific models and 28% in the generic model. CONCLUSIONS Although thermal measures are directly coupled to tissue damage and therefore suitable for RF safety assessment, insecurities in the applied thermal modeling limit their estimation accuracy. Magn Reson Med 77:1691-1700, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F J Simonis
- Department of Radiotherapy, Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A J E Raaijmakers
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J J W Lagendijk
- Department of Radiotherapy, Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C A T van den Berg
- Department of Radiotherapy, Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Samoudi AM, Vermeeren G, Tanghe E, Van Holen R, Martens L, Josephs W. Numerically simulated exposure of children and adults to pulsed gradient fields in MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 44:1360-1367. [PMID: 27043243 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine exposure to gradient switching fields of adults and children in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner by evaluating internal electric fields within realistic models of adult male, adult female, and child inside transverse and longitudinal gradient coils, and to compare these results with compliance guidelines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients inside x-, y-, and z-gradient coils were simulated using anatomically realistic models of adult male, adult female, and child. The induced electric fields were computed for 1 kHz sinusoidal current with a magnitude of 1 A in the gradient coils. Rheobase electric fields were then calculated and compared to the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) 2004 and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 2010 guidelines. The effect of the human body, coil type, and skin conductivity on the induced electric field was also investigated. RESULTS The internal electric fields are within the first level controlled operating mode of the guidelines and range from 2.7V m-1 to 4.5V m-1 , except for the adult male inside the y-gradient coil (induced field reaches 5.4V m-1 ).The induced electric field is sensitive to the coil type (electric field in the skin of adult male: 4V m-1 , 4.6V m-1 , and 3.8V m-1 for x-, y-, and z-gradient coils, respectively), the human body model (electric field in the skin inside y-gradient coil: 4.6V m-1 , 4.2V m-1 , and 3V m-1 for adult male, adult female, and child, respectively), and the skin conductivity (electric field 2.35-4.29% higher for 0.1S m-1 skin conductivity compared to 0.2S m-1 ). CONCLUSION The y-gradient coil induced the largest fields in the patients. The highest levels of internal electric fields occurred for the adult male model. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:1360-1367.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine M Samoudi
- Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University/iMinds, iGent, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Gunter Vermeeren
- Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University/iMinds, iGent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emmeric Tanghe
- Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University/iMinds, iGent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roel Van Holen
- Electronics and Information Systems (ELIS), Ghent University/iMinds, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Martens
- Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University/iMinds, iGent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Josephs
- Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University/iMinds, iGent, Ghent, Belgium
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Baheti AD, Nicola R, Bennett GL, Bordia R, Moshiri M, Katz DS, Bhargava P. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Abdominal and Pelvic Pain in the Pregnant Patient. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2016; 24:403-17. [PMID: 27150326 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The utility of MR imaging in evaluating abdominal and pelvic pain in the pregnant patient is discussed. Details regarding the indications, technical aspects, and imaging findings of various common abdominal and pelvic abnormalities in pregnancy are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay D Baheti
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Room BB308, Box 357115, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Refky Nicola
- Department of Radiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 648, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Genevieve L Bennett
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, 660 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ritu Bordia
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Winthrop-University Hospital, 259 First Street, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Mariam Moshiri
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Room BB308, Box 357115, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Douglas S Katz
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Winthrop-University Hospital, 259 First Street, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Puneet Bhargava
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Room BB308, Box 357115, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has a superior soft-tissue contrast compared to other radiological imaging modalities and its physiological and functional applications have led to a significant increase in MRI scans worldwide. A comprehensive MRI safety training to protect patients and other healthcare workers from potential bio-effects and risks of the magnetic fields in an MRI suite is therefore essential. The knowledge of the purpose of safety zones in an MRI suite as well as MRI appropriateness criteria is important for all healthcare professionals who will work in the MRI environment or refer patients for MRI scans. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of current magnetic resonance safety guidelines and discuss the safety risks of magnetic fields in an MRI suite including forces and torque of ferromagnetic objects, tissue heating, peripheral nerve stimulation, and hearing damages. MRI safety and compatibility of implanted devices, MRI scans during pregnancy, and the potential risks of MRI contrast agents will also be discussed, and a comprehensive MRI safety training to avoid fatal accidents in an MRI suite will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Sammet
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC2026, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Sammet S, Sammet CL. Implementation of a comprehensive MR safety course for medical students. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 42:1478-86. [PMID: 26172156 PMCID: PMC4713360 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article proposes the design of an educational magnetic resonance (MR) safety course for instructing medical students about basic MR and patient-related safety. The MR safety course material can be implemented as a traditional didactic or interactive lecture in combination with hands-on safety demonstrations. The goal of the course is to ensure that medical students receive a basic understanding of MR principles and safety considerations. This course will prepare medical students for patient screening and safety consultations when ordering MR studies. A multiple-choice exam can be used to document the proficiency in MR safety of the medical students. The course can be used by various medical school programs and may help to ensure consistent quality of teaching materials and MR safety standards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina L. Sammet
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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Kottou S, Nikolopoulos D, Yannakopoulos PH, Vogiannis E, Petraki E, Panagiotaras D, Koulougliotis D. Preliminary background indoor EMF measurements in Greece. Phys Med 2015; 31:808-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Pregnancy has a profound effect on the human body, particularly the musculoskeletal system. Hormonal changes cause ligamentous joint laxity, weight gain, and a shift in the center of gravity that leads to lumbar spine hyperlordosis and anterior tilting of the pelvis. In addition, vascular changes may lead to compromised metabolic supply in the low back. The most common musculoskeletal complaints in pregnancy are low back pain and/or pelvic girdle pain. They can be diagnosed and differentiated from each other by history taking, clinical examination, provocative test maneuvers, and imaging. Management ranges from conservative and pharmacologic measures to surgical treatment. Depending on the situation, and given the unique challenges pregnancy places on the human body and the special consideration that must be given to the fetus, an orthopaedic surgeon and the obstetrician may have to develop a plan of care together regarding labor and delivery or when surgical interventions are indicated.
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[New aspects from legislation, guidelines and safety standards for MRI]. Radiologe 2015. [PMID: 26220129 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-015-2859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Many aspects of magnetic resonance (MR) operation are not directly regulated by law but in standards, guidelines and the operating instructions of the MR scanner. The mandatory contents of the operating instructions are regulated in a central standard of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60601-2-33. In this standard, the application of static magnetic fields in MRI up to 8 Tesla (T) in the clinical routine (first level controlled mode) has recently been approved. Furthermore, the equally necessary CE certification of ultra-high field scanners (7-8 T) in Europe is expected for future devices. The existing installations will not be automatically certified but will retain their experimental status. The current extension of IEC 60601-2-33 introduces a new add-on option, the so-called fixed parameter option (FPO). This option might also be switched on in addition to the established operating modes and defines a fixed device constellation and certain parameters of the energy output of MR scanners designed to simplify the testing of patients with implants in the future.The employment of pregnant workers in an MRI environment is still not generally regulated in Europe. In parts of Germany and Austria pregnant and lactating employees were prohibited from working in the MR control zone (0.5 mT) in 2014. This is based on the mostly unresolved question of the applicability of limits for employees (exposure of extremities to static magnetic fields up to 8 T allowed) or the thresholds for the general population (maximum 400 mT). According to the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR), the discarding of breast milk after i.v. administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents in the case of a breastfeeding woman is only recommended when using contrast agents in the nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) high-risk category.
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Story L, Rutherford M. Advances and applications in fetal magnetic resonance imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/tog.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Story
- London Deanery; Darent Valley Hospital; Darenth Wood Road Dartford Kent DA2 8DA UK
| | - Mary Rutherford
- King's College London; Perinatal Imaging Unit; St Thomas's Hospital; Westminster Bridge Road London SE1 7EH UK
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