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Gao P, Zou X, Sun X, Zhang C. Cellular Senescence in Metabolic-Associated Kidney Disease: An Update. Cells 2022; 11:3443. [PMID: 36359836 PMCID: PMC9657665 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is described as the state where the cell cycle is arrested irreversibly, which occurs in response to various forms of stress factors in cells, leading to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). We can assess the accumulation of senescent cells in tissues or organs through biomarkers of cellular senescence such as p16INK4a, p53, p21, and SA-β-GAL. In recent decades, a large number of studies have reported the biomarkers of increased cell senescence in pathogenic tissues, demonstrating the possible connection between cell senescence and various diseases. Kidney damage often occurs in the pathophysiological process of certain metabolic diseases, resulting in metabolic-associated kidney diseases. For example, hypertension causes systemic arteriosclerosis, and the kidney can be seriously affected by abundant blood vessels, which may lead to a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and proteinuria, resulting in hypertension-related kidney diseases. The accumulation of senescent cells may also be observed in some metabolic-associated kidney diseases (such as obesity-related nephropathy, hypertension-related nephropathy, and diabetic nephropathy). In this paper, we review existing knowledge regarding the influence of cellular senescence on metabolic-associated kidney diseases, providing new ideas for future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xingjian Zou
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Zhang Y, Luo W, Li H, Yu G, Luo H, Leng J, Ge J, Zeng R, Guo T, Yin Y, Zhou Y, Liu B. Larger endothelium-dependent contractions in iliac arteries of adult SHRs are attributed to differential downregulation of TP and EP3 receptors in the vessels of WKYs and SHRs during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 893:173828. [PMID: 33347824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was to determine how endothelium-dependent contractions (EDCs) change in iliac arteries of Wistar-Kyoto (WKYs) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) during the transition from adolescence to adulthood and the underlying mechanism(s). We also aimed to elucidate effects of L-798106, an EP3 receptor antagonist, on EDCs and the blood pressure increase in adolescent SHRs. Blood vessels were isolated for functional and biochemical analyses. EDCs were comparable in adolescent iliac arteries of both strains, and contractions to ACh, prostacyclin (PGI2), the EP3 receptor agonist sulprostone and the TP receptor agonist U46619 in adult vessels were less prominent compared with those in the adolescents, while the attenuation of vasoconstrictions to ACh, PGI2 or U46619 with age was to a lesser extent in SHRs. PGI2 production was decreased to a similar level in adult arteries. TP and EP3 expressions were downregulated in adult vessels, whereas the extent of TP downregulation was less in SHRs. L-798106 partially suppressed the vasoconstrictions to U46619 and attenuated EDCs to a greater extent than SQ29548, and administration of L-798106 blunted the blood pressure increase with age in prehypertensive SHRs. These results demonstrate the comparable EDCs in iliac arteries of the adolescents are decreased in the adults, but relatively larger EDCs in adult SHRs can be a reflection of differential downregulation of TP and EP3 receptors during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Also, our data suggest that blockade of both TP and EP3 receptors starting from the prehypertensive stage suppresses EDCs and the development of hypertension in SHRs.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Hypertension/genetics
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Hypertension/prevention & control
- Iliac Artery/metabolism
- Iliac Artery/physiopathology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Thromboxane/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Thromboxane/genetics
- Receptors, Thromboxane/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wenhong Luo
- Bio-analytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Bio-analytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Gang Yu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hongjun Luo
- Bio-analytical Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jing Leng
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jiahui Ge
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ruhui Zeng
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yehu Yin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yingbi Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
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McCarthy CG, Wenceslau CF, Calmasini FB, Klee NS, Brands MW, Joe B, Webb RC. Reconstitution of autophagy ameliorates vascular function and arterial stiffening in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H1013-H1027. [PMID: 31469290 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00227.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient autophagy has been proposed as a mechanism of cellular aging, as this leads to the accumulation of dysfunctional macromolecules and organelles. Premature vascular aging occurs in hypertension. In fact, many factors that contribute to the deterioration of vascular function as we age are accelerated in clinical and experimental hypertension. Previously, we have reported decreased autophagy in arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs); however, the effects of restoring autophagic activity on blood pressure and vascular function are currently unknown. We hypothesized that reconstitution of arterial autophagy in SHRs would decrease blood pressure and improve endothelium-dependent relaxation. We treated 14- to 18-wk-old Wistar rats (n = 7 vehicle and n = 8 trehalose) and SHRs (n = 7/group) with autophagy activator trehalose (2% in drinking water) for 28 days. Blood pressure was measured by radiotelemetry, and vascular function and structure were measured in isolated mesenteric resistance arteries (MRAs) using wire and pressure myographs, respectively. Treatment with trehalose had no effect on blood pressure in SHRs; however, isolated MRAs presented enhanced relaxation to acetylcholine, in a cyclooxygenase- and reactive oxygen species-dependent manner. Similarly, trehalose treatment shifted the relaxation to the Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 to the right, indicating reduced ROCK activity. Finally, trehalose treatment decreased arterial stiffness as indicated by the slope of the stress-strain curve. Overall these data indicate that reconstitution of arterial autophagy in SHRs improves endothelial and vascular smooth muscle function, which could synergize to prevent stiffening. As a result, restoration of autophagic activity could be a novel therapeutic for premature vascular aging in hypertension.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This work supports the concept that diminished arterial autophagy contributes to premature vascular aging in hypertension and that therapeutic reconstitution of autophagic activity can ameliorate this phenotype. As vascular age is a new clinically used index for cardiovascular risk, understanding this mechanism may assist in the development of new drugs to prevent premature vascular aging in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G McCarthy
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Camilla F Wenceslau
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Fabiano B Calmasini
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicole S Klee
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | | | - Bina Joe
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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McCarthy CG, Wenceslau CF, Webb RC, Joe B. Novel Contributors and Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence in Hypertension-Associated Premature Vascular Aging. Am J Hypertens 2019; 32:709-719. [PMID: 30982879 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpz052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension has been described as a condition of premature vascular aging, relative to actual chronological age. In fact, many factors that contribute to the deterioration of vascular function as we age are accelerated in hypertension. Nonetheless, the precise mechanisms that underlie the aged phenotype of arteries from hypertensive patients and animals remain elusive. Cellular senescence is an age-related physiologic process in which cells undergo irreversible growth arrest. Although controlled senescence negatively regulates cell proliferation and promotes tissue regeneration, uncontrolled senescence can contribute to disease pathogenesis by presenting the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, in which molecules such as proinflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteases, and reactive oxygen species are released into tissue microenvironments. This review will address and critically evaluate the current literature on the role of cellular senescence in hypertension, with particular emphasis on cells types that mediate and modulate vascular function and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G McCarthy
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Camilla F Wenceslau
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bina Joe
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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5
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Vanhoutte PM, Shimokawa H, Feletou M, Tang EHC. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease - a 30th anniversary update. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:22-96. [PMID: 26706498 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium can evoke relaxations of the underlying vascular smooth muscle, by releasing vasodilator substances. The best-characterized endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is nitric oxide (NO) which activates soluble guanylyl cyclase in the vascular smooth muscle cells, with the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) initiating relaxation. The endothelial cells also evoke hyperpolarization of the cell membrane of vascular smooth muscle (endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations, EDH-mediated responses). As regards the latter, hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) now appears to play a dominant role. Endothelium-dependent relaxations involve both pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi (e.g. responses to α2 -adrenergic agonists, serotonin, and thrombin) and pertussis toxin-insensitive Gq (e.g. adenosine diphosphate and bradykinin) coupling proteins. New stimulators (e.g. insulin, adiponectin) of the release of EDRFs have emerged. In recent years, evidence has also accumulated, confirming that the release of NO by the endothelial cell can chronically be upregulated (e.g. by oestrogens, exercise and dietary factors) and downregulated (e.g. oxidative stress, smoking, pollution and oxidized low-density lipoproteins) and that it is reduced with ageing and in the course of vascular disease (e.g. diabetes and hypertension). Arteries covered with regenerated endothelium (e.g. following angioplasty) selectively lose the pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway for NO release which favours vasospasm, thrombosis, penetration of macrophages, cellular growth and the inflammatory reaction leading to atherosclerosis. In addition to the release of NO (and EDH, in particular those due to H2 O2 ), endothelial cells also can evoke contraction of the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells by releasing endothelium-derived contracting factors. Recent evidence confirms that most endothelium-dependent acute increases in contractile force are due to the formation of vasoconstrictor prostanoids (endoperoxides and prostacyclin) which activate TP receptors of the vascular smooth muscle cells and that prostacyclin plays a key role in such responses. Endothelium-dependent contractions are exacerbated when the production of nitric oxide is impaired (e.g. by oxidative stress, ageing, spontaneous hypertension and diabetes). They contribute to the blunting of endothelium-dependent vasodilatations in aged subjects and essential hypertensive and diabetic patients. In addition, recent data confirm that the release of endothelin-1 can contribute to endothelial dysfunction and that the peptide appears to be an important contributor to vascular dysfunction. Finally, it has become clear that nitric oxide itself, under certain conditions (e.g. hypoxia), can cause biased activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase leading to the production of cyclic inosine monophosphate (cIMP) rather than cGMP and hence causes contraction rather than relaxation of the underlying vascular smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
| | - H. Shimokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - M. Feletou
- Department of Cardiovascular Research; Institut de Recherches Servier; Suresnes France
| | - E. H. C. Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
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6
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Mokhtar SS, Vanhoutte PM, Leung SWS, Yusof MI, Wan Sulaiman WA, Mat Saad AZ, Suppian R, Rasool AHG. Endothelium dependent hyperpolarization-type relaxation compensates for attenuated nitric oxide-mediated responses in subcutaneous arteries of diabetic patients. Nitric Oxide 2016; 53:35-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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7
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Aging-shifted prostaglandin profile in endothelium as a factor in cardiovascular disorders. J Aging Res 2012; 2012:121390. [PMID: 22500225 PMCID: PMC3303603 DOI: 10.1155/2012/121390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated endothelium dysfunction is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Endothelium-synthesized prostaglandins and thromboxane are local hormones, which mediate vasodilation and vasoconstriction and critically maintain vascular homeostasis. Accumulating evidence indicates that the age-related changes in endothelial eicosanoids contribute to decline in endothelium function and are associated with pathological dysfunction. In this review we summarize currently available information on aging-shifted prostaglandin profiles in endothelium and how these shifts are associated with cardiovascular disorders, providing one molecular mechanism of age-associated endothelium dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases.
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Montalcini T, Gorgone G, Gazzaruso C, Romeo S, Bosco D, Pujia A. Brachial artery diameter measurement: a tool to simplify non-invasive vascular assessment. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:8-13. [PMID: 22176922 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM The mechanisms of vascular remodeling have attracted great interest since it is a phenomenon related to cardiovascular diseases. We would like to examine studies that contributed to clarify the remodeling mechanisms, to explore the different faces of atherosclerosis process. DATA SYNTHESIS A number of invasive and non-invasive vascular assessment methods were developed, to detect the early sign of atherosclerosis. It became clear that the invasive tests were not applicable to large-scale studies. Consequently, a non-invasive test was developed. Studies showed that the endothelial function evaluation is a predictor of future cardiac events in individuals at cardiovascular risk and in those with established disease. However, analyzing several works, an interesting concept emerged, i.e., the inverse relation between endothelium-dependent dilation and vessel size, since large vessel tend not to dilate significantly. This notion emphasized the role of basal diameter on vascular response. In particular, as brachial artery diameter is the measure on which FMD is based, it could add more information in clinical evaluation, simplifying the assessment. Several studies showed that morphological change of brachial artery is a better indicator of the extent of coronary disease rather than FMD. Other studies showed that brachial diameter has predictive significance in the stratification of cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSION Brachial diameter is a useful and simple tool. It should be incorporated into the overall assessment of cardiovascular risk but further studies are warranted to determine the final place of brachial diameter assessment in routine clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Montalcini
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Clinical and Exp. Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Félétou M. The Endothelium, Part I: Multiple Functions of the Endothelial Cells -- Focus on Endothelium-Derived Vasoactive Mediators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4199/c00031ed1v01y201105isp019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Waste from agricultural products represents a disposal liability, which needs to be addressed. Palm oil is the most widely traded edible oil globally, and its production generates 85 million tons of aqueous by-products annually. This aqueous stream is rich in phenolic antioxidants, which were investigated for their composition and potential in vitro biological activity. We have identified three isomers of caffeoylshikimic acid as major components of oil palm phenolics (OPP). The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay confirmed potent free radical scavenging activity. To test for possible cardioprotective effects of OPP, we carried out in vitro LDL oxidation studies as well as ex vivo aortic ring and mesenteric vascular bed relaxation measurements. We found that OPP inhibited the Cu-mediated oxidation of human LDL. OPP also promoted vascular relaxation in both isolated aortic rings and perfused mesenteric vascular beds pre-contracted with noradrenaline. To rule out developmental toxicity, we performed teratological studies on rats up to the third generation and did not find any congenital anomalies. Thus, these initial studies suggest that OPP is safe and may have a protective role against free radical damage, LDL oxidation and its attendant negative effects, as well as vascular constriction in mitigating atherosclerosis. Oil palm vegetation liquor thus represents a new source of phenolic bioactives.
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Effects of aging and hypertension on the participation of endothelium-derived constricting factor (EDCF) in norepinephrine-induced contraction of rat femoral artery. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 667:265-70. [PMID: 21640100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Endothelium-dependent contraction elicited by high concentrations of acetylcholine was described in hypertensive as well as in aged normotensive rats. The contribution of endothelium-derived constricting factor (EDCF) to norepinephrine-induced contraction is still unknown. We aimed to compare EDCF participation to norepinephrine-induced arterial contraction in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and aged normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Femoral arteries from either adult (7-months-old) or aged (14-months-old) animals were placed in myograph and norepinephrine-induced concentration-response curves were recorded under control conditions and in the presence of indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor, 10(-5) mol/l) or L-NNA (NO synthase inhibitor, 10(-4) mol/l) or both. Norepinephrine-induced concentration-response curve was enhanced in SHR compared to WKY rats, but concentration-response curve of aged WKY rats was similar to those of adult SHR. Cyclooxygenase inhibition largely attenuated concentration-response curves in all groups. However, this effect was greater in aged WKY rats and adult SHR compared to adult WKY rats. NO synthase inhibition augmented norepinephrine-induced contraction in arteries of adult WKY rats, but not in arteries from aged WKY rats or adult SHR. The combined administration of L-NNA and indomethacin had no additive effects on concentration-response curves. EDCF contribution to norepinephrine-induced contractions of arteries was considerably greater in adult SHR (80±3%) and aged WKY rats (86±2%) compared to adult WKY rats (35±10%). The inhibition of NO synthase augmented EDCF contribution to norepinephrine-induced contraction only in arteries from adult WKY rats (76±9%). We conclude that EDCF contribution to norepinephrine-induced contraction of conduit arteries is similarly enhanced in adult hypertensive and aged normotensive rats.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Vanhoutte
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, and the Department of BIN Fusion Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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Wong SL, Wong WT, Tian XY, Lau CW, Huang Y. Prostaglandins in action indispensable roles of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in endothelium-dependent contractions. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2010; 60:61-83. [PMID: 21081215 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385061-4.00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Endothelium regulates local vascular tone by means of releasing relaxing and contracting factors, of which the latter have been found to be elevated in vascular pathogenesis of hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and aging. Endothelium-derived contracting factors (EDCFs) are mainly metabolites of arachidonic acid generated by cyclooxygenase (COX), as vasodilatations in patients with hypertension, metabolic diseases, or advancing age are improved by acute treatment with COX inhibitor indomethacin. COX is presented in two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, with the former regarded as constitutive and the latter mainly expressed upon induction. Experiments with animal models of vascular dysfunctions, however, reveal that both isoforms have similar capacity to participate in endothelium-dependent contractions, with augmented expression and activity. COX-derived prostaglandin (PG) H(2), PGF(2α), PGE(2), prostacyclin (PGI(2)), and thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) are the proposed EDCFs that mediate endothelium-dependent contractions via the activation of thromboxane-prostanoid (TP) receptor in various vascular beds from different species. Although COX inhibition seems to be a possible strategy in combating COX-associated vascular complications, the incidence of adverse cardiovascular effects of Vioxx has greatly antagonized this concept. Further review of COX inhibitors is required, especially toward the selectivity of coxibs and whether it directly inhibits prostacyclin synthase activity. Meanwhile, TP receptor antagonism may emerge as a therapeutic alternative to reverse prostanoid-mediated vascular dysregulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Ling Wong
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Kushiro T, Fujita H, Hisaki R, Asai T, Ichiyama I, Kitahara Y, Koike M, Sugiura H, Saito F, Otsuka Y, Kanmatsuse K. Oxidative Stress in the Dahl Salt-Sensitive Hypertensive Rat. Clin Exp Hypertens 2009; 27:9-15. [PMID: 15773226 DOI: 10.1081/ceh-200044244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been proposed as important in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Measurement of 8-iso prostaglandin F2alpha (8-ISO) is introduced for evaluating oxidative stress in vivo. 8-ISO is the major urinary metabolite of F2-isoprostanes and is formed nonenzymatically from the attack of superoxide radicals on arachidonic acid. We examined the oxidative stress level in the Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl-S) rats and the Dahl salt-resistant (Dahl-R) rats. Dahl-S and Dahl-R rats were fed either a high salt diet (8% NaCl; HS) or low salt diet (0.3% NaCl; LS) for 3 weeks, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 24-hr urinary excretion of 8-ISO (U-8-ISO) were measured. In Dahl-S rats, the high salt diet induced hypertension (139 +/- 3 mmHg in LS versus 186 +/- 2 mmHg in HS, p < .05) and significantly increased the U-8-ISO (24.9 +/- 3.6 ng/24 hr in LS versus 63.2 +/- 14.6 ng/24 hr in HS, p < .05). No significant difference in blood pressure or U-8-ISO was observed between high-salt and low-salt treated Dahl-R rats. U-8-ISO concentration was correlated with SBP in all four experimental groups (r = 0.866). Moreover, urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (U-8-OHdG), which is one of the most commonly used markers for evaluation of oxidative stress, was higher in Dahl-S-8% rats than in Dahl-S-0.3% rats (136.1 +/- 48.4 ng/24 hr in LS versus 322.8 +/- 46.7 ng/24 hr in HS, p < .05), and U-8-OHdG was correlated with SBP (r = 0.681) in Dahl-S rats. These results suggest oxygen radicals are involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Kushiro
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Surugadai Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
The endothelium can evoke relaxations (dilatations) of the underlying vascular smooth muscle, by releasing vasodilator substances. The best characterized endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is nitric oxide (NO). The endothelial cells also evoke hyperpolarization of the cell membrane of vascular smooth muscle (endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations, EDHF-mediated responses). Endothelium-dependent relaxations involve both pertussis toxin-sensitive G(i) (e.g. responses to serotonin and thrombin) and pertussis toxin-insensitive G(q) (e.g. adenosine diphosphate and bradykinin) coupling proteins. The release of NO by the endothelial cell can be up-regulated (e.g. by oestrogens, exercise and dietary factors) and down-regulated (e.g. oxidative stress, smoking and oxidized low-density lipoproteins). It is reduced in the course of vascular disease (e.g. diabetes and hypertension). Arteries covered with regenerated endothelium (e.g. following angioplasty) selectively loose the pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway for NO release which favours vasospasm, thrombosis, penetration of macrophages, cellular growth and the inflammatory reaction leading to atherosclerosis. In addition to the release of NO (and causing endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations), endothelial cells also can evoke contraction (constriction) of the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells by releasing endothelium-derived contracting factor (EDCF). Most endothelium-dependent acute increases in contractile force are due to the formation of vasoconstrictor prostanoids (endoperoxides and prostacyclin) which activate TP receptors of the vascular smooth muscle cells. EDCF-mediated responses are exacerbated when the production of NO is impaired (e.g. by oxidative stress, ageing, spontaneous hypertension and diabetes). They contribute to the blunting of endothelium-dependent vasodilatations in aged subjects and essential hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Vanhoutte
- Department of Pharmacology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Tang EH, Vanhoutte PM. Prostanoids and reactive oxygen species: Team players in endothelium-dependent contractions. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 122:140-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Félétou M, Verbeuren TJ, Vanhoutte PM. Endothelium-dependent contractions in SHR: a tale of prostanoid TP and IP receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:563-74. [PMID: 19154435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), the endothelial dysfunction is due to the release of endothelium-derived contracting factors (EDCFs) that counteract the vasodilator effect of nitric oxide, with no or minor alteration of its production. The endothelium-dependent contractions elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) involve an increase in endothelial [Ca(2+)](i), the production of reactive oxygen species, the activation of endothelial cyclooxygenase-1, the diffusion of EDCF and the subsequent stimulation of smooth muscle cell TP receptors. The EDCFs released by ACh have been identified as PGH(2) and paradoxically prostacyclin. Prostacyclin generally acts as an endothelium-derived vasodilator, which, by stimulating IP receptors, produces hyperpolarization and relaxation of the smooth muscle and inhibits platelet aggregation. In the aorta of SHR and Wistar-Kyoto rats, prostacyclin is the principal metabolite of arachidonic acid released by ACh. However, in SHR aorta, prostacyclin does not produce relaxations but activates the TP receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells and produces contraction. The IP receptor is not functional in the aortic smooth muscle cells of SHR as early as 12 weeks of age, but its activity is not reduced in platelets. Therefore, prostacyclin in the rule protects the vascular wall, but in the SHR aorta it can contribute to endothelial dysfunction. Whether or not prostacyclin plays a detrimental role as an EDCF in other animal models or in human remains to be demonstrated. Nevertheless, because EDCFs converge to activate TP receptors, selective antagonists of this receptor, by preventing endothelium-dependent contractions, curtail the endothelial dysfunction in diseases such as hypertension and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Félétou
- Department of Angiology, Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France.
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Abstract
Endothelial cells can induce contractions of the underlying vascular smooth muscle by generating vasoconstrictor prostanoids (endothelium-dependent contracting factor; EDCF). The endothelial COX-1 isoform of cyclooxygenase appears to play the dominant role in the phenomenon. Its activation requires an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. The production of EDCF is inhibited acutely and chronically by nitric oxide (NO), and possibly by endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). The main prostanoids involved in endothelium-dependent contractions appear to be endoperoxides (PGH(2)) and prostacyclin, which activate thromboxane-prostanoid (TP) receptors of the vascular smooth muscle cells. Oxygen-derived free radicals can facilitate the production and/or the action of EDCF. Endothelium-dependent contractions are exacerbated by ageing, obesity, hypertension and diabetes, and thus are likely to contribute to the endothelial dysfunction observed in older people and in essential hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Vanhoutte
- Department of Pharmacology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Michel FS, Man RYK, Vanhoutte PM. Increased spontaneous tone in renal arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H1673-81. [PMID: 17557920 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00289.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneous tone of vascular smooth muscle is augmented in hypertension. The present study examined the role of nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase (COX), thromboxane A2/prostanoid (TP) and PGE2/prostanoid (EP-1) receptors, reactive oxygen species, and large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels in the regulation of spontaneous tone in renal arteries of young and mature Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Rings of arteries, with and without endothelium, were suspended in a myograph for isometric force recording. Spontaneous tone (increase above initial tension) was observed only in arteries of mature SHR and was greater in arteries without endothelium. Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, an inhibitor of NO synthases) induced larger contractions in arteries of SHR than WKY. Indomethacin (a COX inhibitor), SC-19220 (an EP-1 receptor antagonist), and terutroban (a TP receptor antagonist) reduced the l-NAME-evoked contractions. Tiron (a superoxide anion scavenger), catalase (an enzyme that degrades H2O2), and deferoxamine (a hydroxyl radical scavenger) augmented the l-NAME-induced contractions in arteries of mature SHR. Charybdotoxin (a BKCa channel blocker) caused contractions in arteries of mature SHR without endothelium and in arteries with endothelium incubated with l-NAME. A decreased protein level of endothelial NO synthase, an increased release of prostacyclin, and an increased expression of EP-1 receptors were observed in arteries of mature SHR. The present study suggests that spontaneous tone is precipitated by age and hypertension. The reduced production of NO, leading to decreased activation of BKCa channels, may leave the actions of endogenous vasoconstrictors unopposed. COX products that activate EP-1 and TP receptors are involved in the development of spontaneous tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric S Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Kim MH, Granger DN, Harris NR. Mediators of CD18/P-selectin-dependent constriction of venule-paired arterioles in hypercholesterolemia. Microvasc Res 2006; 73:150-5. [PMID: 17157883 PMCID: PMC1850978 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study addresses the role of venule-derived mediators in the arteriolar constriction that accompanies hypercholesterolemia. Constriction was assessed by measuring the tone of small arterioles closely paired with venules in the mesentery of normal cholesterol rats (NC), high cholesterol rats (HC), HC rats injected with antibodies against CD18 and P-selectin (HC/mAbs), HC rats treated with the thromboxane synthase inhibitor, ozagrel (HC/ozagrel), and HC rats pretreated with anti-platelet serum (HC/APS). Venule-paired arterioles in the untreated HC group demonstrated enhanced tone compared with arterioles in the NC group, while no difference was found between unpaired arterioles of the two groups. Perivascular nitric oxide (NO) concentrations were found to be significantly decreased in venule-paired arterioles of HC rats (238+/-14 nM) compared with those of NC rats (426+/-42 nM). The injection of anti-adhesion antibodies successfully attenuated the enhanced arteriolar tone and venular leukocyte adherence in the HC group, and tended to increase levels of NO in venule-paired arterioles by 33% (to 326+/-19 nM; still lower than that of the NC group). Ozagrel and platelet depletion attenuated the enhanced arteriolar tone by 53% and 33%, respectively, without affecting NO concentrations. These findings indicate that the mechanism of blood cell-dependent arteriolar constriction during hypercholesterolemia may be dependent on thromboxane, a decrease in NO, and the proximity of the arterioles to postcapillary venules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-ho Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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DeLano FA, Parks DA, Ruedi JM, Babior BM, Schmid-Schönbein GW. Microvascular display of xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Microcirculation 2006; 13:551-66. [PMID: 16990214 DOI: 10.1080/10739680600885152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxygen free radical production in hypertension may be associated with elevated arteriolar tone and organ injury. Previous results suggest an enhanced level of oxygen free radical formation in microvascular endothelium and in circulating neutrophils associated with xanthine oxidase activity in the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) compared with their normotensive controls, the Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). The aim of this study was to gain more detailed understanding of where oxidative enzymes are located in the microcirculation. METHODS An approach was developed to delineate the cellular distribution of two selected oxidative enzymes, xanthine oxidase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) dependent oxidase (protein 67-kDa fraction). Immunolabeling with peroxidase substrate was utilized, which permits full delineation of the primary antibody in all microvascular structures of the mesentery. RESULTS Xanthine oxidase is present in the endothelium of all segments of the microcirculation, in mast cells, and in parenchymal cells of the mesentery. NADPH oxidase can be detected in the endothelium, leukocytes, and mast cells and with lower levels in parenchymal cells. The mesentery of WKY and SHR has similar enzyme distributions with enhancements on the arteriolar and venular side of the microcirculation that coincide with the sites of enhanced free radical production recently reported. Immune label measurements under standardized conditions indicate that both enzymes are significantly enhanced in the SHR. Adrenalectomy, which serves to reduce the blood pressure and free radical production of the SHR to normotensive levels, leads to a reduction of NADPH and xanthine oxidase to normotensive levels, while supplementation of adrenalectomized SHR with dexamethasone significantly increases the oxidase expression in several parts of the microcirculation to levels above the WKY rats. CONCLUSION The results indicate that enhanced expression of NADPH and xanthine oxidase in the SHR depends on an adrenal pathway that is detectable in the arteriolar and venular network at high and low pressure regions of the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A DeLano
- Department of Bioengineering and The Whitaker Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0412, USA
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Kalea AZ, Harris PD, Klimis-Zacas DJ. Dietary manganese suppresses α1 adrenergic receptor-mediated vascular contraction. J Nutr Biochem 2005; 16:44-9. [PMID: 15629240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Revised: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of dietary manganese (Mn) on the vascular contractile machinery in rat thoracic aortas. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either an Mn-deficient (MnD), Mn-adequate (MnA) or Mn-supplemented (MnS) diet (<1, 10-15 and 45-50 ppm Mn, respectively). After 15 weeks on the diets the rats were sacrificed and 3-mm aortic rings were contracted in six cumulative doses of the alpha(1) adrenergic receptor agonist L-phenylephrine (l-Phe, 10(-8) to 3 x 10(-6) M) under 1.5-g preload and relaxed with one dose of acetylcholine (3 x 10(-6) M) to assess intact endothelium. The maximal force (F(max)) of contraction and relaxation, as well as the vessel sensitivity (pD(2)) were determined. Manganese deficiency, assessed by hepatic Mn content, significantly lowered the rate of animal growth. A two-way analysis of variance revealed that MnS animals developed lower F(max) when contracted with L-Phe compared with the MnD and MnA animals (P</=.001). Thus, dietary Mn at levels of 45-50 ppm affects the contractile machinery by reducing maximal vessel contraction to an alpha(1) adrenergic agonist. The observed pD(2) was significantly greater in the MnD group compared with the MnA and MnS animals (P</=.001). Thus, restriction of dietary Mn affects vascular sensitivity to the alpha(1) adrenergic receptor. Our results demonstrate for the first time that dietary Mn influences the receptor signaling pathways and contractile machinery of vascular smooth muscle cells in response to an alpha(1) adrenergic receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiology
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Diet
- Liver/drug effects
- Male
- Manganese/administration & dosage
- Manganese/deficiency
- Manganese/pharmacology
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Organ Size/drug effects
- Phenylephrine/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/physiology
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Z Kalea
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Forestry and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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