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Eren SH, Korkmaz I, Guven FMK, Tekin YK, Ozdemir L. Serum Paraoxonase, Arylesterase, and Glutathione-S-Transferase Activities and Oxidative Stress Levels in Patients with Mushroom Poisoning. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e16550. [PMID: 29995097 PMCID: PMC6027757 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e16-550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Consumption of toxic species of mushrooms may have detrimental effects and increase oxidative stress. Paraoxonase, arylesterase and glutathione-S-transferase are antioxidants that resist oxidative stress. In this study, we analyzed the changes in these enzymes during intoxication due to mushrooms. METHODS The study enrolled 49 adult patients with a diagnosis of mushroom poisoning according to clinical findings and 49 healthy volunteers as the control group. The patients with mild clinical findings were hospitalized due to the possibility that the patient had also eaten the mushrooms and due to clinical findings in the late period, which could be fatal. Paraoxonase, arylesterase, and glutathione-S-transferase concentrations, as well as total antioxidant and oxidant status, were determined in the 49 patients and 49 healthy volunteers by taking blood samples in the emergency department. RESULTS While paraoxonase, arylesterase, and total antioxidant status were significantly decreased in the patient group (p<0.05), glutathione-S-transferase, total oxidant status and the oxidative stress index were significantly higher (p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between the hospitalization time and the oxidative stress index (r=0.752, p<0.001), whereas a negative correlation was found with glutathione-S-transferase (r=-0.420, p=0.003). CONCLUSION We observed a significant decrease in paraoxonase and arylesterase and an increase in glutathione-S-transferase and oxidative stress indexes in patients with mushroom poisoning, indicating that these patients had an oxidative status. In particular, a low total antioxidant status and high oxidative stress index may gain importance in terms of the assessment of hospitalization duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevki Hakan Eren
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medicine Faculty, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Ilhan Korkmaz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medicine Faculty, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | | | - Yusuf Kenan Tekin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medicine Faculty, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Levent Ozdemir
- Department of Public Health, Medicine Faculty, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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Gençer N, Yavuz E. An alternative purification method for human serum paraoxonase 1 and its interaction with methidathion. Arch Physiol Biochem 2017; 123:159-164. [PMID: 28276711 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1279632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an alternative purification method for human Paraoxonase 1 (hPON1) enzyme was developed using two-step procedures, namely ammonium sulphate precipitation and Sepharose-4B-L-tyrosine-1-aminoanthracene hydrophobic interaction chromatography. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the enzyme indicates a single band with an apparent MW of 43 kDa. The enzyme was purified 674-fold with a yield of 16%. Furthermore, we examined the in vitro effect of methidathion on the enzyme activity to understand the better inhibitory properties of the compound. Methidathion is a highly toxic insecticide used to control a broad spectrum of agricultural insect and mite pests. IC50 value was found to be 0.130 mM for the pesticide. Methidathion showed a competitive inhibition with Ki of 0.119 mM for paraoxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahit Gençer
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Art and Science, Balikesir University , Balikesir , Turkey
| | - Emre Yavuz
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Art and Science, Balikesir University , Balikesir , Turkey
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3
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Macan M, Vukšić A, Žunec S, Konjevoda P, Lovrić J, Kelava M, Štambuk N, Vrkić N, Bradamante V. Effects of simvastatin on malondialdehyde level and esterase activity in plasma and tissue of normolipidemic rats. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:907-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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4
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Demir D, Gencer N, Arslan O. An alternative purification method for human serum paraoxonase 1 and its interactions with anabolic compounds. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:247-52. [PMID: 25792501 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1018242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, an alternative purification method for human paraoxonase 1 (hPON1) enzyme was developed using two-step procedures, namely, ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sepharose-4B-L-tyrosine-3-aminophenantrene hydrophobic interaction chromatography. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the enzyme indicates a single band with an apparent M(W) of 43 kDa. The enzyme was purified 219-fold with a final specific activity of 4,408,400 U/mg and a yield of 10%. Furthermore, we examined the in vitro effects of some anabolic compounds, such as zeranol, 17 β-estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, oxytocin, and trenbolone on the enzyme activity to understand the better inhibitory properties of these molecules. The five anabolic compounds dose dependently decreased the activity of hPON1 with inhibition constants in the millimolar-micromolar range. The results show that these compounds exhibit inhibitory effects on hPON1 at low concentrations with IC50 values ranging from 0.064 to 16.900 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dudu Demir
- a Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture , Suleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey and
| | - Nahit Gencer
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science , Balikesir University , Balikesir , Turkey
| | - Oktay Arslan
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science , Balikesir University , Balikesir , Turkey
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Zhao J, Zhang X, Dong L, Wen Y, Cui L. The many roles of statins in ischemic stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:564-74. [PMID: 25977681 PMCID: PMC4428028 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x12666140923210929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of human death. Endothelial dysfunction, thrombogenesis, inflammatory and oxidative stress damage, and angiogenesis play an important role in cerebral ischemic pathogenesis and represent a target for prevention and treatment. Statins have been found to improve endothelial function, modulate thrombogenesis, attenuate inflammatory and oxidative stress damage, and facilitate angiogenesis far beyond lowering cholesterol levels. Statins have also been proved to significantly decrease cardiovascular risk and to improve clinical outcome. Could statins be the new candidate agent for the prevention and therapy in ischemic stroke? In recent years, a vast expansion in the understanding of the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and the pleiotropic effects of statins has occurred and clinical trials involving statins for the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke have begun. These facts force us to revisit ischemic stroke and consider new strategies for prevention and treatment. Here, we survey the important developments in the non-lipid dependent pleiotropic effects and clinical effects of statins in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
- Hebei collaborative innovation center for cerebro-vascular disease, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Neurology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Lipeng Dong
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | | | - Lili Cui
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
- Hebei collaborative innovation center for cerebro-vascular disease, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
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Huang C, Cen C, Wang C, Zhan H, Ding X. Synergistic effects of colchicine combined with atorvastatin in rats with hyperlipidemia. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:67. [PMID: 24742015 PMCID: PMC4005013 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction is implicated in the atherosclerosis initiation and progression in the setting of hyperlipidemia. Colchicine is a potent anti-inflammatory agent and whether colchicine combined with atorvastatin has synergistic effects on inflammation amelioration and endothelial function improvement is unknown. Methods Hyperlipidemic rat model was produced by high-fat and high-cholesterol diet for 6 weeks. Rats with normal diet were served as shame group. In hyperlipidemic group, normal saline, atorvastatin (10 mg/kg body weight/day), colchicines (0.5 mg/kg body weight/day), or atorvastatin combined with colchicines (same dosages) were prescribed for 2 weeks. Serum levels of lipid profile, C-reactive protein (CRP), liver enzyme, lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) and nitric oxide (NO) production were serially assessed. Results Before the beginning of the study, all laboratory variables were comparable among each group. After 6 weeks of hyperlipidemic model production, serum levels of cholesterols, CRP and Lp-PLA2 were significantly increased when compared to sham group, whereas NO production was reduced. With 2 weeks of colchicine therapy, serum levels of CRP and Lp-PLA2 were decreased and NO production was enhanced in the colchicine group in a lipid-lowering independent manner. Added colchicine into atorvastatin therapy further improved NO production and decreased CRP and Lp-PLA2 levels, indicating a potential synergism of colchicine and atorvastatin. Conclusion Colchicine combined with atorvastatin may have stronger protective effects on improving endothelial function and ameliorating inflammation in rats with hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congwu Huang
- The Department of Internal Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University, Shantou, China.
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Sayın M, Guler OO. Purification of bovine serum paraoxonase and its immobilization on Eupergit C 250 L by covalent attachment. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:69-74. [PMID: 24679050 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2013.879578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum paraoxonase (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated enzyme that protects lipoproteins, both low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and HDL, against oxidation, and is considered as an antioxidative/anti-inflammatory component of HDL. In this study, PON1 was purified from bovine serum by ammonium sulfate precipitation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography on sepharose-4B-l-tyrosine-1-napthylamine. It was then immobilized on an unmodified Eupergit® C 250 L support. The immobilized PON1 retained a high catalytic activity and showed increased thermal stability compared to the native enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Sayın
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Art Faculty, Balikesir University , Cagıs-Kampus, Balikesir , Turkey and
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Bevilacqua M, Guazzini B, Righini V, Barrella M, Toscano R, Chebat E. Metabolic effects of fluvastatin extended release 80 mg and atorvastatin 20 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: a 4-month, prospective, open-label, randomized, blinded-end point (probe) trial. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2014; 65:330-44. [PMID: 24672088 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic dyslipidemia is characterized by greater triglyceridation of all lipoproteins and low levels of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). In this condition, the serum level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is only slightly elevated. The central role of decreased serum HDL-C level in diabetic cardiovascular disease has prompted the establishment of a target of ≥50 mg/dL in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess the effects of once-daily administration of fluvastatin extended release (XL) 80 mg or atorvastatin 20 mg on serum HDL-C levels in patients with type 2 DM and low levels of serum HDL-C. METHODS This 4-month, prospective, open-label, randomized, blinded-end point (PROBE) trial was conducted at Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, L. Sacco-Polo University Hospital (Milan, Italy). Patients aged 45 to 71 years with type 2 DM receiving standard oral antidiabetic therapy, with serum HDL-C levels <50 mg/dL, and with moderately high serum levels of LDL-C and triglycerides (TG) were enrolled. After 1 month of lifestyle modification and dietary intervention, patients who were still showing a decreased HDL-C level were randomized, using a 1:1 ratio, to receive fluvastatin XL 80-mg tablets or atorvastatin 20-mg tablets, for 3 months. Lipoprotein metabolism was assessed by measuring serum levels of LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I (the lipoprotein that carries HDL), and apo B (the lipoprotein that binds very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, intermediate-density lipoprotein, and LDL on a molar basis). Patients were assessed every 2 weeks for treatment compliance and subjective adverse events. Serum creatine phosphokinase and liver enzymes were assessed before the run-in period, at the start of the trial, and at 1 and 3 months during the study. RESULTS One hundred patients were enrolled (50 patients per treatment group; fluvastatin XL group: 33 men, 17 women; mean [SD] age, 58 [12] years; atorvastatin group: 39 men, 11 women; mean [SD] age, 59 [11] years). In the fluvastatin group after 3 months of treatment, mean (SD) LDL-C decreased from 149 (33) to 95 (25) mg/dL (36%; P < 0.01), TG decreased from 437 (287) to 261 (164) mg/dL (40%; P < 0.01), and HDL-C increased from 41 (7) to 46 (10) mg/dL (12%; P < 0.05). In addition, apo A-I increased from 118 (18) to 124 (15) mg/dL (5%; P < 0.05) and apo B decreased from 139 (27) to 97 (19) mg/dL (30%; P < 0.05). In the atorvastatin group, LDL-C decreased from 141 (25) to 84 (23) mg/dL (40%; P < 0.01) and TG decreased from 411 (271) to 221 (87) mg/dL (46%; P < 0.01). Neither HDL-C (41 [7] vs 40 [6] mg/dL; 2%) nor apo A-I (117 [19] vs 114 [19] mg/dL; 3%) changed significantly. However, apo B decreased significantly, from 131 (20) to 92 (17) mg/dL (30%; P < 0.05). Mean changes in HDL-C (+5 [8] vs -1 [2] mg/dL; P < 0.01) and apo A-I (+6 [18] mg/dL vs -3 [21] mg/dL; P < 0.01) were significantly greater in the fluvastatin group than in the atorvastatin group, respectively. However, the decreases in LDL-C (54 [31] vs 57 [32] mg/ dL), TG (177 [219] vs 190 [65] mg/dL), and apo B (42 [26] vs 39 [14] mg/dL) were not significantly different between the fluvastatin and atorvastatin groups, respectively. No severe adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS Fluvastatin XL 80 mg and atorvastatin 20 mg achieved mean serum LDL-C (≤ 100 mg/dL) and apo B target levels (≤ 100 mg/dL) in the majority of this population of patients with type 2 DM, but mean serum HDL-C level was increased significantly only with fluvastatin-16 patients (32%) in the fluvastatin group compared with none in the atorvastatin group achieved HDL-C levels ≥50 mg/dL. The increase in HDL-C in the fluvastatin-treated patients was associated with an increase in apo A-I, suggesting a potential pleiotropic and selective effect in patients with low HDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bevilacqua
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, L. Sacco-Polo University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Guazzini
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, L. Sacco-Polo University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Velella Righini
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, L. Sacco-Polo University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Barrella
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, L. Sacco-Polo University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Toscano
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, L. Sacco-Polo University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrica Chebat
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, L. Sacco-Polo University Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Inagaki M, Nakagawa-Toyama Y, Nishida M, Nakatani K, Nakaoka H, Kawase M, Kawase R, Tsubakio-Yamamoto K, Masuda D, Ohama T, Matsuyama A, Ishigami M, Komuro I, Yamashita S. Effect of Probucol on Antioxidant Properties of HDL in Patients with Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Atheroscler Thromb 2012; 19:643-56. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Marija M, Paško K, Jasna L, Marijan K, Marta K, Nada V, Vlasta B. The Influence of Gemfibrozil on Malondialdehyde Level and Paraoxonase 1 Activity in Wistar and Fisher Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 108:428-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Bayrak A, Bayrak T, Demirpençe E, Kılınç K. Differential hydrolysis of homocysteine thiolactone by purified human serum (192)Q and (192)R PON1 isoenzymes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 879:49-55. [PMID: 21123122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a HDL-associated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a variety of aromatic carboxylic acid esters and several organophosphates. Recently it has been suggested that a physiological substrate of serum PON1 is homocysteine thiolactone which is a putative risk factor in atherosclerosis. In this study, human (192)Q and (192)R PON1 isoenzymes were purified from the respective phenotype human serum, using a protocol consisting of ammonium sulfate precipitation and four chromatography steps: gel filtration, ion-exchange, non-specific affinity, and a second ion-exchange. Using paraoxon as substrate, overall purification fold was found as 742 for (192)R PON1 and 590 for (192)Q PON1. The final purified enzymes were shown as single protein bands close to 45kDa on SDS-PAGE and confirmed by Western blot. Substrate kinetics were studied with phenyl acetate, paraoxon and homocysteine thiolactone. Both PON1 isoenzymes showed mixed type inhibition with phenyl acetate. K(m) values of (192)Q and (192)R PON1 for homocysteine thiolactone were 23.5mM and 22.6mM respectively. For (192)R PON1, the V(max) was 2.5-fold and k(cat)/K(m) was 2.6-fold higher than those for (192)Q PON1 when homocysteine thiolactone is used as substrate. The present data suggest that defining (192)Q and (192)R PON1 isoforms could be a good predictor and prognostic marker in the cardiovascular risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Bayrak
- Department of Biochemistry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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Abdin AA, Hassanien MA, Ibrahim EA, El-Noeman SEDAA. Modulating effect of atorvastatin on paraoxonase 1 activity in type 2 diabetic Egyptian patients with or without nephropathy. J Diabetes Complications 2010; 24:325-33. [PMID: 19553142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the modulating effect of atorvastatin on serum paraoxonase 1 enzyme (PON1) activity in type 2 diabetic Egyptian patients with or without nephropathy. The present study was carried out on the following groups: control group, which consisted of 30 healthy persons; Group I, which consisted of 20 type 2 diabetic patients without nephropathy; and Group II, which consisted of 20 type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. All the patients selected were under an antidiabetic regimen of insulin, and patients receiving antihypertensive agents were excluded from the follow-up study to avoid drug interaction fallacies. Twenty-two patients (15 without nephropathy and seven with nephropathy) received atorvastatin in individually adjusted oral dosage (range 10-20 mg) once per day for 12 weeks. All cases were subjected to thorough clinical examination and history taking and measurement of serum levels of PON1 activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione reductase activity, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), urea, and creatinine. Urine samples were collected for determination of proteinuria. The obtained results showed that PON1 activity and HDL significantly decreased and fasting glucose significantly increased in Group I and Group II when compared to the control group, with significant difference in their levels between Group II and Group I. MDA, total cholesterol, and LDL levels significantly increased and glutathione reductase activity significantly decreased in Group I and Group II when compared to the control group. Urea, creatinine, and proteinuria levels showed significant increase in Group II when compared to the control group and Group I, with nonsignificant difference between control group and Group I. Atorvastatin therapy caused a significant increase in PON1 activity, and serum levels of MDA and glutathione reductase activity were significantly decreased and increased, respectively. Also, total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol levels were significantly reduced with a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol levels. There was a significant modest reduction in serum urea and creatinine levels as well as in proteinuria level. Fasting glucose level was significantly reduced under the antidiabetic regimen of insulin through the follow-up period. PON1 activity showed a significant negative correlation with glucose and LDL, and a significant positive correlation with HDL in all the studied groups. It could be concluded that atorvastatin with its pleiotropic effects could provide optimal therapeutic intervention to control not only dyslipidemia, but also oxidative stress status with consequent improvement in the course of type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. More specifically, restoration of PON1 activity by atorvastatin opens a window to investigate other drugs that could provide a new adjuvant therapeutic line for better control of diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. Further research is also recommended to study the distribution of PON1 genetic polymorphism among the Egyptian population to explain the variability in its activity and its relationship with other factors that associate diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany A Abdin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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Tsantila N, Tsoupras AB, Fragopoulou E, Antonopoulou S, Iatrou C, Demopoulos CA. In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Statins on Platelet-Activating Factor and Its Metabolism. Angiology 2010; 62:209-18. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319710375089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Platelet activating factor (PAF) is implicated in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Statins are widely used in these situations. Therefore, we assessed their effect on the biological activities and metabolism of PAF. Several statins, including simvastatin, exhibited an inhibitory effect against PAF, comparable with that of PAF-inhibitors. Simvastatin also suppressed in vivo PAF-biosynthesis via the de novo pathway, in leukocytes of 6 simvastatin-treated volunteers. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were also significantly decreased, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerol, EC50, and lag time were unaffected in these participants. Simvastatin with an intact lactone ring also inhibited PAF-activities, while incubation of human mesangial cells with it also resulted in decreased de novo PAF-biosynthesis. This suggests that these simvastatin-dependent effects are independent of its lactone ring. These new actions of statins should be further studied in PAF-implicated pathological conditions such as CVD, cancer, and renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nektaria Tsantila
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros B. Tsoupras
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece,
| | | | | | - Christos Iatrou
- Nephrology Centre, “G. Papadakis” General Hospital of Nikea-Pireaus, Athens, Greece
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Yamashita S, Tsubakio-Yamamoto K, Ohama T, Nakagawa-Toyama Y, Nishida M. Molecular Mechanisms of HDL-Cholesterol Elevation by Statins and Its Effects on HDL Functions. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010; 17:436-51. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.5405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an HDL-associated protein of 354 amino acids with a molecular mass of 43 000 Da. It is synthesized in the liver, and in serum it is almost exclusively associated with HDL. PON1 has been reported to be an important contributor to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of HDL. PON1 impedes oxidative modification of LDL. PON1 serum activity is related to systemic lipid peroxidation stress and prospective cardiovascular risk. In this review, we discuss the relationship between PON1 activity and atherosclerotic diseases and various factors modulating PON1 activity including genes, age, lifestyle factors and medical conditions. Finally, evidence that pharmacological agents may affect PON1 activity is summarized. RECENT FINDINGS There is increasing evidence from both animal and human studies linking low PON1 activity to an increased likelihood of cardiovascular diseases. Two prospective studies reported a significantly lower incidence of major cardiovascular events in participants with the highest systemic PON1 activity, compared with those with the lowest activity. SUMMARY PON1 is a potentially antiatherogenic HDL-associated enzyme that protects LDL from oxidative modification. Enhancing PON1 activity could be an important target for future pharmacological agents aimed at decreasing cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handrean Soran
- University Department of Medicine, Central Manchester and Manchester Children's University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Gençer N, Arslan O. Purification human PON1Q192 and PON1R192 isoenzymes by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and investigation of the inhibition by metals. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 877:134-40. [PMID: 19084484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new purification strategy for human PON1 enzyme was developed using two-step procedures, namely ammonium sulfate precipitation and sepharose-4B-L-tyrosine-9-aminophenantrene hydrophobic interaction chromatography. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the enzyme indicates a single band with an apparent MW of 43kDa. Overall purification rate of our method was found 901-fold for R isoenzyme and 453-fold for Q isoenzyme. The V(max) and K(M) of the purified enzyme were determined for Q isoenzyme 55 EU and 0.599 mM and for R isoenzyme 50 EU and 0.492 mM, respectively. The in vitro effects of some heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Cu, Mn and Ni) were investigated on the purified human serum PON1Q and R isoenzyme, using paraoxon as substrate. Metals were more effective inhibitors on purified human serum PON1(R192) activity than PON1(Q192) activity. The kinetics of interaction of metals with the purified human serum PON1(R192) and PON1(Q192) indicated a different inhibition pattern. Kinetic constants K(M), V(max), and inhibition type were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahit Gençer
- Balikesir University, Science and Art Faculty, Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry Section, 10100 Balikesir, Turkey.
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Habeos IG, Ziros PG, Chartoumpekis D, Psyrogiannis A, Kyriazopoulou V, Papavassiliou AG. Simvastatin activates Keap1/Nrf2 signaling in rat liver. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:1279-85. [PMID: 18787804 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0393-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Some of the statins' pleiotropic actions have been attributed to their antioxidant activity. The Nrf2 transcription factor controls the expression of a number of protective genes in response to oxidative stress. In the present study, wistar rats, primary hepatocytes as well as ST2 cells, were employed to explore the potential role of Nrf2 in mediating the reported antioxidant effects of statins. Simvastatin triggered nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in rat liver and in primary rat hepatocytes in a mevalonate-dependent and cholesterol-independent way. In liver, nuclear extracts from simvastatin-treated rats, the DNA-binding activity of Nrf2, was significantly increased and the mRNA of two known targets of Nrf2 (HO-1 and GPX2) was induced. In ST2 cells stably transfected with constructs bearing Nrf2-binding site (antioxidant responsive element), simvastatin enhanced Nrf2-mediated transcriptional activity in a mevalonate-dependent and cholesterol-independent fashion. In conclusion, activation of Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway by simvastatin might provide effective protection of the cell from the deleterious effects of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis G Habeos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500, Patras, Greece
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Sinan S, Kockar F, Gencer N, Yildirim H, Arslan O. Effects of some antibiotics on paraoxonase from human serum in vitro and from mouse serum and liver in vivo. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:1559-63. [PMID: 16880604 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase (PON1, EC 3.1.8.1) is an esterase protein which plays multifunctional role in metabolism. Therefore, in this study the effects of commonly used antibiotics, namely sodium ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, rifamycin SV and clindamycin phosphate, on human PON1 were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Human serum paraoxonase (PON1) was separately purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The in vitro effects of the antibiotics in purifying human serum paraoxonase was determined using paraoxon as a substrate, and the IC50 values of these drugs exhibiting inhibition effects were found from graphs of hydratase activity % by plotting the concentration of the drugs. It was determined that sodium ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and clindamycin phosphate were effective inhibitors on human serum PON1, and the inhibition kinetics of interaction of sodium ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and clindamycin phosphate with the human serum PON1 was also determined, with the Ki of sodium ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and clindamycin phosphate being 0.00714+/-0.00068, 6.5x10(-6)+/-4.59x10(-7), 0.0291+/-0.0077 mM, respectively. The in vivo effects of the antibiotics on paraoxonase enzyme activity in mouse serum and liver PON1 were also investigated. Mouse liver PON1 activity showed a statistically significant change at 2, 4 and 6 h of drug application in vivo. Sodium ampicillin and clindamycin phosphate exhibited about 80% mouse liver PON1 at 2 or 4 h (p: 0.034, 0.003 and 0.021, respectively). In addition, ciprofloxacin and rifamycin SV only showed inhibition at 4 h incubation. Sodium ampicillin (17.12 mg/kg) lead to a significant decrease in mouse serum PON1 after 4 h drug administration. Ciprofloxacin (3.2 mg/kg), rifamycin SV (3.56 mg/kg) and clindamycin phosphate (2.143 mg/kg) did not exhibit any inhibition effect for the mouse serum PON1, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Sinan
- Balikesir University, Science and Art Faculty, Department of Biology/Biochemistry Section, Turkey.
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Sinan S, Kockar F, Arslan O. Novel purification strategy for human PON1 and inhibition of the activity by cephalosporin and aminoglikozide derived antibiotics. Biochimie 2006; 88:565-74. [PMID: 16600468 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2005.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human serum paraoxonase (PON1, EC 3.1.8.1.) is a high-density lipid (HDL)-associated, calcium-dependent enzyme; its physiological substrates are not known. In this study, a new purification strategy for human PON1 enzyme was developed using two-step procedures, namely ammonium sulfate precipitation and sepharose-4B-l-tyrosine-1-napthylamine hydrophobic interaction chromatography. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the enzyme indicates a single band with an apparent MW of 43 kDa. Overall purification rate of our method was found 227-fold. The V(max) and K(m) of the purified enzyme were determined 227.27 EU and 4.16 mM, respectively. The in vitro effects of commonly used antibiotics, namely gentamycin sulfate and cefazolin sodium was also investigated on the purified human serum PON1 enzyme and human liver PON1 enzyme from human hepatoma cell (HepG2). Gentamycin sulfate and cefazolin sodium caused a dose- and time-dependent decrease on PON1 activity in HepG2 cells. Moreover, gentamycin sulfate and cefazolin sodium were effective inhibitors on purified human serum PON1 activity with IC(50) of 0.887 and 0.0084 values, respectively. The kinetics of interaction of gentamycin sulfate and cefazolin sodium with the purified human serum PON1 indicated a different inhibition pattern. Cefazolin sodium showed a competitive inhibition with K(i) of 0.012+/-0.00065 mM. However, Gentamycin sulfate was inhibited in non-competitive manner with K(i) of 0.026+/-0.015. In order to determine the inhibition statue of these drugs on a living system, the effects of same antibiotics on PON1 enzyme activity of mouse serum PON1 and liver PON1 were investigated in vivo. Gentamycin sulfate (3.2 mg/kg) and cefazolin sodium (106.25 mg/kg) leads to the significant decrease in mouse serum PON1 after 2, 4, 6 h and 2, 4 h drug administration, respectively. Cefazolin sodium did not exhibit any inhibition effect for the liver PON1, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Sinan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science, Balikesir University, 10100 Balikesir, Turkey.
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Sinan S, Kockar F, Gencer N, Yildirim H, Arslan O. Amphenicol and macrolide derived antibiotics inhibit paraoxonase enzyme activity in human serum and human hepatoma cells (HepG2) in vitro. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:46-50. [PMID: 16457617 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human serum paraoxonase (hPON1) was separately purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The in vitro effects of commonly used antibiotics, namely clarithromycin and chloramphenicol, on purified human serum paraoxonase enzyme activity (serum hPON1) and human hepatoma (HepG2) cell paraoxonase enzyme activity (liver hPON1) were determined. Serum hPON1 and liver hPON1 were determined using paraoxon as a substrate and IC(50) values of these drugs exhibiting inhibition effects were found from graphs of hydratase activity (%) by plotting concentration of the drugs. We determined that chloramphenicol and clarithromycin were effective inhibitors of serum hPON1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sinan
- Balikesir University, Science and Art Faculty, Department of Biology/Biochemistry Section, Balikesir, Turkey
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the new articles published in the last year on paraoxonases, including their expression in cardiovascular diseases, and regulation by pharmacological and nutritional means. RECENT FINDINGS The elucidation of the crystal structure of the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene, obtained by directed evolution, shows that it consists of a six-bladed beta-propeller with a unique active site. PON1 is present in HDL but also in lipoprotein-deficient serum, in VLDL and in chylomicrons. PON1 protects lipids in lipoproteins, in macrophages and in erythrocytes from oxidation. Cellular PON2 and PON3 were also shown to reduce oxidative stress. Beyond its antioxidative properties, PON1 possesses additional antiatherogenic properties against macrophage foam cell formation: attenuation of cholesterol and oxidized lipids influx, inhibition of macrophage cholesterol biosynthesis and stimulation of macrophage cholesterol efflux. The PON1 gene is regulated by Sp1 and protein kinase C, whereas the PON2 gene in macrophages is regulated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. PON1 activity and mass are both reduced in cardiovascular diseases and the hypocholesterolemic drugs, statins, increase serum PON1 activity (by reducing oxidative stress, or by upregulating hepatic PON1 expression). Expression of cellular PON2, like PON1, was upregulated by statins. Nutritional antioxidants, such as polyphenols, increase PON1 mRNA expression and activity, by an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent mechanism. SUMMARY The elucidation of PON1 structure and its active center has enabled a better understanding of its mechanism of action, including its physio-pathological substrate(s). Some drugs and nutrients including dietary antioxidants and polyphenols considerably increase the activities of paraoxonases which, in turn, can reduce oxidative stress and atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aviram
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Technion Faculty of Medicine, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences and Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
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Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a serum enzyme closely associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL). PON1 hydrolyzes several organophosphorus compounds used as insecticides, as well as nerve agents; it metabolizes toxic oxidized lipids associated with both low density lipoprotein (LDL) and HDL; and it can hydrolyze a number of lactone-containing pharmaceutical compounds, inactivating some, while activating others. Serum PON1 activity in a given population can vary by 40-fold. Though most of this variation can be explained by polymorphisms in the coding region (Q192R) and the 5' regulatory region (T-108C), modulation of PON1 by a variety of other factors should be taken into account, including other polymorphisms recently discovered but not yet characterized. This paper examines the major factors (environmental chemicals, drugs, smoking, alcohol, diet, age, disease conditions) that have been shown to modulate PON1 activity in either direction. As PON1 plays a protective role in organophosphate toxicity, and, because of its antioxidant capacity, in cardiovascular disease, a better understanding of how PON1 can be modulated by environmental factors has potential toxicological and clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio G Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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