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Shirani M, Talebi S, Sadeghi O, Hassanizadeh S, Askari G, Bagherniya M, Sahebkar A. Effects of marine-derived n-3 PUFA supplementation on soluble adhesion molecules: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res 2023; 197:106963. [PMID: 37863453 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain n-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids have anti-inflammatory effects but their effects on serum levels of adhesion molecules are inconsistent and contradictory. In this updated systematic review and meta-analysis, marine sources of omega-3 fatty acids were pooled up to determine the effects of omega-3 supplementation on adhesion molecules. PubMed-Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases (from inception to April 2023) were searched and all RCTs investigating the effects of marine sources of omega-3, on blood concentrations of adhesion molecules were included and a meta-analysis undertaken. Forty-two RCTs were included involving 3555 participants aged from 18 to 75 years. Meta-analysis of 38 arms from 30 RCTs reporting serum concentrations of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) showed a significant reduction after omega-3 supplementation (WMD: -1.26, 95% CI: -1.88 to -0.64 ng/mL, P < 0.001). Meta-analysis of 40 arms from 30 RCTs reporting serum concentrations of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) revealed a reduction following omega-3 supplementation, although it was not significant (WMD: -1.76, 95%CI: -3.68 to 0.16 ng/mL, P = 0.07). Meta-analysis of 27 arms from 21 trials showed no effect on E-selectin (WMD: 0.01, 95%CI: -0.02 to 0.04 ng/mL, P = 0.62). Pooling 15 arms from 11 RCTs showed a marginally significant reducing effect on P-selectin concentrations (WMD: -2.67, 95%CI: -5.53 to 0.19 ng/mL, P = 0.06). A considerable decrease in VCAM concentration was observed after omega-3 supplementation in this meta-analysis with a trend to decreases in both ICAM and P-selectin levels, with effects that may be significant depending on study design, and there was no effect on E-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Shirani
- Student Research Committee, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shokoofeh Talebi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Omid Sadeghi
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shirin Hassanizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagherniya
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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AbuMweis S, Abu Omran D, Al-Shami I, Jew S. The ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to docosahexaenoic acid as a modulator for the cardio-metabolic effects of omega-3 supplements: A meta-regression of randomized clinical trials. Complement Ther Med 2021; 57:102662. [PMID: 33418065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of studies have demonstrated the effects of omega- 3 supplements containing mixtures of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), known to favorably affect many modifiable risk factors of coronary heart disease (CHD). These studies have used diverse ratios and doses of EPA and DHA. However, it is not known whether the ratio of EPA to DHA in omega-3 supplements affect their efficacy as modulators for cardiovascular risk factors. This meta-regression aimed to investigate the effect of different ratios of EPA to DHA on risk factors associated with CHD including lipid profile, blood pressure, heart rate, and inflammation. METHOD A regression analysis was carried out on 92 clinical trials with acceptable quality (Jadad score ≥ 3) that were previously identified from two databases (PubMed and Cochrane Library). RESULTS Data from studies that met the inclusion criteria for this analysis showed that the ratio of EPA to DHA was not associated with lipid profile, diastolic blood pressure, or heart rate. With all studies, the ratio of EPA to DHA was associated with C-reactive protein (CRP) (β = -1.3121 (95 % CI: -1.6610 to -0.9543), that is, the higher the EPA to DHA ratio, the greater the reduction. Using only studies that supplied EPA and DHA in the range of 2 g-6 g, the ratio of EPA to DHA was also associated with CRP (β = -2.10429 and 95 % CI: -3.89963 to -0.30895); that is, an even more pronounced reduction in CRP with a higher EPA to DHA ratio. Systolic blood pressure was only associated with an increasing EPA to DHA ratio in the 2 g-6 g range (β = 5.47129 and 95 % CI: 0.40677-10.53580), that is, a higher EPA to DHA ratio within this dose range, the greater the increase in SBP. CONCLUSION Current data suggest that the EPA to DHA ratio only correlates to the modulation of CRP by omega-3 supplementation of EPA and DHA, and SBP in studies that supplemented EPA and DHA in the range of 2 g-6 g, shedding light on potential differential effects of EPA vs. DHA on inflammation and systolic blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhad AbuMweis
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan; College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | | | - Islam Al-Shami
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
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García-García FJ, Monistrol-Mula A, Cardellach F, Garrabou G. Nutrition, Bioenergetics, and Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2785. [PMID: 32933003 PMCID: PMC7551996 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the global nutrition report shows that whilst part of the world's population starves, the other part suffers from obesity and associated complications. A balanced diet counterparts these extreme conditions with the proper proportion, composition, quantity, and presence of macronutrients, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds. However, little is known on the way these components exert any influence on our health. These nutrients aiming to feed our bodies, our tissues, and our cells, first need to reach mitochondria, where they are decomposed into CO2 and H2O to obtain energy. Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell and mainly responsible for nutrients metabolism, but they are also the main source of oxidative stress and cell death by apoptosis. Unappropriated nutrients may support mitochondrial to become the Trojan horse in the cell. This review aims to provide an approach to the role that some nutrients exert on mitochondria as a major contributor to high prevalent Western conditions including metabolic syndrome (MetS), a constellation of pathologic conditions which promotes type II diabetes and cardiovascular risk. Clinical and experimental data extracted from in vitro animal and cell models further demonstrated in patients, support the idea that a balanced diet, in a healthy lifestyle context, promotes proper bioenergetic and mitochondrial function, becoming the best medicine to prevent the onset and progression of MetS. Any advance in the prevention and management of these prevalent complications help to face these challenging global health problems, by ameliorating the quality of life of patients and reducing the associated sociosanitary burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Josep García-García
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, CELLEX-IDIBAPS, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (F.J.G.-G.); (A.M.-M.); (F.C.)
- CIBERER—Centre for Biomedical Research Network in Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Monistrol-Mula
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, CELLEX-IDIBAPS, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (F.J.G.-G.); (A.M.-M.); (F.C.)
- CIBERER—Centre for Biomedical Research Network in Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Cardellach
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, CELLEX-IDIBAPS, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (F.J.G.-G.); (A.M.-M.); (F.C.)
- CIBERER—Centre for Biomedical Research Network in Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Glòria Garrabou
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, CELLEX-IDIBAPS, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (F.J.G.-G.); (A.M.-M.); (F.C.)
- CIBERER—Centre for Biomedical Research Network in Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Valle Flores JA, Fariño Cortéz JE, Mayner Tresol GA, Perozo Romero J, Blasco Carlos M, Nestares T. Oral supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids and inflammation markers in patients with chronic kidney disease in hemodialysis. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:805-811. [PMID: 31935118 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasingly common public health problem that increases the risk of death because of cardiovascular complications by 2-3 times compared with the general population. This research concerns a prospective, randomized, double-blind study in patients with CKD undergoing hemodialysis. The participants were assigned to 1 of 2 groups: the study group (group A; 46 patients) received 4 capsules (2.4 g) of omega-3 fatty acids daily during the 12-week intervention, while patients in the control group (group B; 47 patients) received 4 capsules of paraffin oil. The patients' general characteristics, nutritional indicators, renal disease markers and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) were evaluated. No differences were found between the general characteristics of the patients (P < 0.05), and no differences were shown in the nutritional indicators and markers of kidney disease (P < 0.05). Patients in group A showed significant decreases in levels of C-reactive protein, IL-6, TNF-α, and the IL-10/IL-6 ratio after 12 weeks of supplementation (P < 0.05). Patients in group B did not show any significant changes in concentrations of inflammatory markers during the intervention (P < 0.05). In conclusion, oral supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids produces a significant decrease in the concentrations of inflammation markers in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis. Novelty Oral supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids produced significant decreases in the concentrations of inflammation markers. This supplementation could be given to patients with uremic syndrome and coronary heart disease to reduce cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Valle Flores
- Nutrition and Food Science Program, University of Granada, Spain.,Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador, 150950
| | - Juan E Fariño Cortéz
- Carrera de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y de la Salud, Universidad Estatal de Santa Elena, Santa Elena, Ecuador, 241702
| | - Gabriel A Mayner Tresol
- Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador, 150950
| | - Juan Perozo Romero
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Central Dr. Urquinaona, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela, 4001
| | - Miquel Blasco Carlos
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación de Salud Integral, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Avenue Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola, Guayaquil, Ecuador.,Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Universidad Espíritu Santo-Ecuador, Avenue Samborondón, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Teresa Nestares
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain, 18010
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Mildenberger J, Johansson I, Sergin I, Kjøbli E, Damås JK, Razani B, Flo TH, Bjørkøy G. N-3 PUFAs induce inflammatory tolerance by formation of KEAP1-containing SQSTM1/p62-bodies and activation of NFE2L2. Autophagy 2017; 13:1664-1678. [PMID: 28820283 PMCID: PMC5640206 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1345411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is crucial in the defense against infections but must be tightly controlled to limit detrimental hyperactivation. Our diet influences inflammatory processes and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have known anti-inflammatory effects. The balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory processes is coordinated by macrophages and macroautophagy/autophagy has recently emerged as a cellular process that dampens inflammation. Here we report that the n-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) transiently induces cytosolic speckles of the autophagic receptor SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) (described as SQSTM1/p62-bodies) in macrophages. We suggest that the formation of SQSTM1/p62-bodies represents a fast mechanism of NFE2L2/Nrf2 (nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2) activation by recruitment of KEAP1 (kelch like ECH associated protein 1). Further, the autophagy receptor TAX1BP1 (Tax1 binding protein 1) and ubiquitin-editing enzyme TNFAIP3/A20 (TNF α induced protein 3) could be identified in DHA-induced SQSTM1/p62-bodies. Simultaneously, DHA strongly dampened the induction of pro-inflammatory genes including CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10) and we suggest that formation of SQSTM1/p62-bodies and activation of NFE2L2 leads to tolerance towards selective inflammatory stimuli. Finally, reduced CXCL10 levels were related to the improved clinical outcome in n-3 PUFA-supplemented heart-transplant patients and we propose CXCL10 as a robust marker for the clinical benefits mobilized by n-3 PUFA supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mildenberger
- a Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway.,b Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Ida Johansson
- a Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Ismail Sergin
- d Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Eli Kjøbli
- b Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Jan Kristian Damås
- a Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway.,c Department of Infectious Diseases , St Olav University Hospital , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Babak Razani
- d Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,e Department of Pathology & Immunology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Trude Helen Flo
- a Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Geir Bjørkøy
- a Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway.,b Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
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AbuMweis S, Jew S, Tayyem R, Agraib L. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid containing supplements modulate risk factors for cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomised placebo-control human clinical trials. J Hum Nutr Diet 2017; 31:67-84. [PMID: 28675488 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 200 clinical trials have examined the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplements on risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. However, an updated analysis of the evidence is lacking. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to quantify the effect of supplements containing EPA and DHA on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. METHODS An analysis was carried on 171 clinical trials with acceptable quality (Jadad score ≥3) that were identified from a comprehensive electronic search strategy of two databases (Pubmed and Cochrane Library). A random effect model was used to obtain an overall estimate on outcomes of interest. Heterogeneity between trial results was tested for using a standard chi-squared test. RESULTS Compared with control, EPA and DHA supplements produced significant reductions of triglycerides of 0.368 mmol L-1 [95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.427 to -0.309], systolic blood pressure of 2.195 mmHg (95% CI = -3.172 to -1.217), diastolic blood pressure of 1.08 mmHg (95% CI = -1.716 to -0.444), heart rate of 1.37 bpm (95% CI = -2.41 to -0.325) and C-reactive protein of 0.343 mg L-1 (95% CI = -0.454 to -0.232). This analysis indicates an increase in both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean difference = 0.150 mmol L-1 ; 95% CI = 0.058-0.243) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean difference = 0.039 mmol L-1 ; 95% CI = 0.024-0.054). The triglyceride-lowering effect was dose-dependent. CONCLUSIONS The lipid-lowering, hypotensive, anti-arrhythmic and anti-inflammatory actions of EPA and DHA supplements were confirmed in this analysis of randomised placebo-control blinded clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S AbuMweis
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - S Jew
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - R Tayyem
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - L Agraib
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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Toth S, Jonecova Z, Kruzliak P, Ciccocioppo R, Nemcova R. Influence of dietary supplementation with flaxseed and lactobacilli on the cells of local innate immunity response in the jejunal mucosa in piglets after weaning. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:188-95. [PMID: 25582687 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A histological study was designed to determine the influence of flaxseed and/or lactobacilli inclusion in the diet of piglets from 10 days before to 21 days after weaning. The selected inflammatory cell population incidence in the piglet jejunal mucosa was investigated. Significantly higher numbers of myeloperoxidase-positive (P<0.01) and CD163-positive (P<0.001) cells in the jejunal mucosa were recorded on the weaning day and for 7 days after (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively) in the flaxseed group compared with the basal diet. The number of intraepithelial lymphocytes was also significantly increased until 3 days after weaning (P<0.001). A prolonged significant increase in the myeloperoxidase-positive cells and intraepithelial lymphocyte numbers in the flaxseed+lactobacilli group was detected. In contrast, the number of CD163-positive cells in the flaxseed+lactobacilli group was significantly lower on the day of weaning (P<0.05) and 3 days after (P<0.01). The same effect was observed in the group with lactobacilli alone during the first 3 days after weaning (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively) and these findings indicate down-regulation of CD163 expression in the jejunal mucosa by lactobacilli. The presence of lactobacilli in the diet had a stimulatory effect on goblet cell quantity in the epithelium (P<0.001) and a distinct 50% reduction in the flaxseed group (P<0.01) compared with the basal diet was observed on the weaning day. A significant increase in myeloperoxidase-positive cell number in the jejunal mucosa in the flaxseed+lactobacilli group was the only significant difference (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively) found 21 days after weaning in comparison with all the other groups, indicating the pro-inflammatory effect of this feed additive combination. We conclude that dietary supplementation with flaxseed and lactobacilli on the cells of local innate immunity response in the jejunal mucosa in piglets after weaning might be linked with significant anti-inflammatory effects in the jejunal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Toth
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavel Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Jonecova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavel Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Clinica Medica I, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Radomira Nemcova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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Effect of immunosuppressive therapy on the serum fatty acids of phospholipids fraction in patients after heart transplantation. Transplant Proc 2014; 46:2825-9. [PMID: 25380928 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of tacrolimus (Tac) and cyclosporine (CsA) on lipid profile is well known; however, little is known about the changes in fatty acids (FA) of phosholipids fraction (PL) in heart transplant patients after treatment with these immunosuppressants. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Tac and CsA on serum FA of PL in heart transplant patients. METHODS The study included 23 patients after heart transplantation on Tac (n = 14; group II) or CsA (n = 9; group I). Eleven healthy persons served as a control group. Serum FA of PL were extracted, separated on Sep-Pak NH2, methylated, and measured with the use of gas chromatography. Chemstation software was used to analyze the data. RESULTS No differences between the studied groups and control were noted for saturated FA, monounsaturated FA, polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), total FA, and PUFA n-6. The mean value of PUFA n-3 was significantly higher in the CsA group compared with the Tac group (P < .015) and control (P < .002) as well as in the Tac group compared with control (P < .001). For individual FA, higher mean concentration, compared with control, was found for C24, C20:2, C20:4, and C22:6 (P < .001 in all cases) and lower for C18:2cis (P < .001 in both groups) and for C18:3 in the Tac group. The mean values of PUFA n-6 to PUFA n-3 ratios were lower than in control (both P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Different pattern of FA of PL may indicate the different FA metabolism in heart transplant patients treated by different immunosuppressants. This should be taken into account when FA supplementation in these patients is considered.
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Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic (DHA) Acid Differentially Modulate Rat Neutrophil Function In Vitro. Lipids 2012; 48:93-103. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yang Y, Lu N, Chen D, Meng L, Zheng Y, Hui R. Effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on plasma soluble adhesion molecules: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95:972-80. [PMID: 22378734 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.025924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies indicate that oral supplementation with n-3 PUFA protects against atherosclerotic disease by inhibiting inflammatory processes, which underlie atherosclerosis and are reflected by the plasma concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules. However, consistent results were not obtained among studies. OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on plasma concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules. DESIGN We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials identified from PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and reference lists of relevant articles and reviews. RESULTS Eighteen studies were included. n-3 PUFA supplementation reduced plasma concentrations of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [sICAM-1; weighted mean difference (WMD): -5.17; 95% CI: -10.07, -0.27; P = 0.04] but had no significant effects on soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (WMD: -5.90; 95% CI: -17.63, 5.84; P = 0.32), soluble P-selectin (WMD: -1.53; 95% CI: -4.33, 1.28; P = 0.29), or soluble E-selectin (WMD: 0.46; 95% CI: -1.54, 2.46; P = 0.65). Subgroup analysis stratified by the subjects' health status showed that n-3 PUFA supplementation reduced sICAM-1 concentrations in healthy subjects (WMD: -8.87; 95% CI: -15.20, -2.53; P = 0.006; heterogeneity test: I² = 0%, P = 0.76) and in subjects with dyslipidemia (WMD: -15.31; 95% CI: -26.82, -3.81; P = 0.009; heterogeneity test: I² = 26%, P = 0.26). CONCLUSIONS n-3 PUFA supplementation can reduce plasma concentrations of sICAM-1. The effect is identified in both healthy subjects and subjects with dyslipidemia, which supports the hypothesis that n-3 PUFA can be supplemented as a primary or secondary means for preventing the development as well as the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun City, China
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Wang J, Zhang H, Ma H, Lu B, Wang J, Li Y, Li J. Inhibitory effect of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to intestinal IL-15 expression is associated with reduction of TCRαβ+CD8α+CD8β− intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 19:475-81. [PMID: 17855067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2007] [Revised: 05/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and their cytokines play an important role in the regulation of gut immune response and take part in gut immune barrier function. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) is an immunoregulator that has been shown to influence the process of gut inflammation. Interleukin (IL)-15 is a T-cell growth factor that has been shown to influence the differentiation of IEL. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of dietary n-3 PUFA on IEL. IEL phenotype and cytokine (TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-beta1) profile were measured by FACS and real-time RT-PCR in healthy adult rats fed with fish oil diet for 90 days. Rats fed with corn oil diet served as controls. Intestinal IL-15 expression was measured by immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR. The results demonstrated a decrease of intestinal IL-15 expression in the fish oil group. Associated with this deduction, n-3 PUFA significantly decreased the proportion of TCRalphabeta+CD8alpha+CD8beta- cells and IEL-derived TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-10. In conclusion, n-3 PUFA could inhibit intestinal mucosal expression of IL-15 and may influence phenotype and function of IEL through this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21002, China
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12
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Jung UJ, Torrejon C, Tighe AP, Deckelbaum RJ. n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms underlying beneficial effects. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87:2003S-9S. [PMID: 18541602 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/87.6.2003s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary n-3 fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, are important nutrients through the life cycle. Evidence from observational, clinical, animal, and in vitro studies indicates a beneficial role of n-3 fatty acids in the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease. Although the precise mechanisms are still unclear, clinical and preclinical studies indicate that the cardioprotective effects of n-3 fatty acids may be attributed to a number of distinct biological effects on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, blood pressure, platelet function, arterial cholesterol delivery, vascular function, and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un Ju Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, and Scientiae, LLC, New York, NY 10032, USA
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13
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Abstract
In their current guidelines cardiac societies recommend the consumption of the two n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA to prevent cardiovascular complications. Cardiovascular events are reduced by EPA and DHA, because they are antiarrhythmic, mitigate the course of atherosclerosis and stabilise plaque. As atherosclerosis is considered an inflammatory disorder a number of studies have investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of EPA and DHA in a cardiovascular context in human dietary intervention studies. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, or cytokines reflecting inflammatory processes, e.g. IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, TNFalpha, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A and -B and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), are reduced by ingestion of EPA and DHA by human subjects. Interestingly, C-reactive protein remains largely unaltered. However, in in vitro and animal models, but less so in human subjects, soluble cytokines reflecting interactions between blood cells and the vessel wall, such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, are reduced. Moreover, in contrast to common expectations, oxidative stress seems to be reduced after ingestion of EPA and DHA, at least as indicated by measurement of urinary F(2) isoprostane excretion. Notably, for PDGF-A and -B and for MCP-1 the reduction has been demonstrated to occur at the gene expression level, which indicates that a deliberate change in diet can alter gene expression quantitatively. The precise underlying mechanism, however, remains to be clarified, but might involve PPAR, NF-kappaB and/or the eicosanoid system. The same holds true for the mechanisms by which levels of other cytokines are altered by EPA and DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C von Schacky
- Preventive Cardiology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik Innenstadt, University of Munich, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 München, Germany.
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14
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Abstract
Fish oil had been shown to have an immunomodulating effect and had favorable effect on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of fish oil on the graft arteriosclerosis and graft immune response after rat allogenic small intestinal transplantation. Since two wk pretransplantation, the Lewis rats were supplemented by gavage with: (i) phosphate buffer saline, 0.6% volume of body weight (V/W), as control group; (ii) fish oil (0.6%, V/W); (iii) fish oil (0.3%, V/W). Total intestine from donor F344 was heterotopically transplanted into the Lewis recipient. The recipient rats were killed on the 60th day post-transplantation. The cytokine levels, the activity of NF-kappa B and the arteriosclerosis of grafts were analyzed. Intragastrical supplementation with 0.6% fish oil induced pronounced inhibition of the pro-inflammtory cytokine expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and the increase of anti-inflammtory cytokine expression of IL-10 in graft. Suppression of the TNF-alpha and IL-6 expression by fish oil was attributed to its inhibitory effect on NF-kappaB activation. Intragastric 0.6% fish oil infusion ameliorated the development of graft arteriosclerosis. Fish oil was therefore considered to have an immunosuppressive effect on rat allogenic small intestinal transplant model based on the intra-graft IL-6, TNF-alpha and IL-10 levels. It might result in ameliorating the arteriosclerosis of the grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Seierstad SL, Seljeflot I, Johansen O, Hansen R, Haugen M, Rosenlund G, Frøyland L, Arnesen H. Dietary intake of differently fed salmon; the influence on markers of human atherosclerosis. Eur J Clin Invest 2005; 35:52-9. [PMID: 15638820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2005.01443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardioprotective effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) of marine origin are well recognized. Because of the shortness of marine resources vegetable oils are increasingly used in fish farming. The effects on human health of fish fed on vegetable oils are largely unknown. METHODS In a double-blinded intervention study, 60 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) were randomly allocated to three groups consuming approximately 700 g per week for 6 weeks of differently fed Atlantic salmon: 100% fish oil (FO), 100% rapeseed oil (RO) or 50% of each (FO/RO), resulting in fillets with high, intermediate and low levels of marine n-3 PUFAs. Patient analyses before and after the intervention period included serum fatty acid profile, serum lipoproteins, and markers of vascular inflammation. RESULTS The serum fatty acid profiles of the patients after the intervention mirrored those of the corresponding salmon fillets and the respective salmon feeds. Significant differences between the groups were obtained, especially for the levels of total n-3 PUFAs and the n-3/n-6 FA ratio, which were markedly increased in the FO group in contrast to the two other groups (P < 0.02 for all). Additionally, significant reductions of serum triglycerides and of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and interleukin-6 were obtained in patients receiving the FO diet when compared with the two other groups (P < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS Tailor-made Atlantic salmon fillets very high in n-3 PUFAs of marine origin seem to impose favourable biochemical changes in patients with CHD when compared with ingestion of fillets with intermediate and low levels of marine n-3 PUFAs, when replaced by rapeseed oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Seierstad
- The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
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Vega-López S, Kaul N, Devaraj S, Cai RY, German B, Jialal I. Supplementation with omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and all-rac alpha-tocopherol alone and in combination failed to exert an anti-inflammatory effect in human volunteers. Metabolism 2004; 53:236-40. [PMID: 14767877 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2003.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence supporting the importance of inflammation in all stages of atherosclerosis. While both omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3PUFA) and the lipid-soluble antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (AT) have been shown to independently have significant anti-inflammatory effects, there is paucity of data examining the effect of n3PUFA alone and in combination with AT on markers of inflammation and monocyte function. Therefore, we tested the effect of n3PUFA alone, all-rac (synthetic) AT alone, and the combination on markers of inflammation and monocyte function. Healthy nonsmoking volunteers were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups (n = 20 per group): 1.5 g/d n3PUFA, 800 IU/d AT, 1.5 g n3PUFA + 800 IU/d AT, or placebo in a parallel double-blinded study. Compared to baseline, 12 weeks of supplementation resulted in no changes in plasma lipids regardless of treatment. Plasma AT was significantly increased only in those groups that received AT (P <.0001). Similarly, groups receiving n3PUFA showed a significant increase in plasma docosahexaenoic acid (P <.0001). No significant within- or between-group differences were found for plasma levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). Furthermore, there were no differences in monocyte proinflammatory cytokine release (interleukin [IL]-1beta, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha and IL-6) after activation with monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). In conclusion, supplementation with n3PUFA and all-rac AT at these doses is not anti-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Vega-López
- Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Pischon T, Hankinson SE, Hotamisligil GS, Rifai N, Willett WC, Rimm EB. Habitual dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in relation to inflammatory markers among US men and women. Circulation 2003; 108:155-60. [PMID: 12821543 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000079224.46084.c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyunsaturated fatty acid intake favorably affects chronic inflammatory-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease; however, high intake of n-6 fatty acids may attenuate the known beneficial effects of n-3 fatty acids. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated habitual dietary n-3 fatty acid intake and its interaction with n-6 fatty acids in relation to the plasma inflammatory markers C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 (sTNF-R1 and R2) among 405 healthy men and 454 healthy women. After adjustment for other predictors of inflammation, intake of the n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was inversely associated with plasma levels of sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2 (P=0.03 and P<0.001, respectively) and somewhat less so for C-reactive protein (P=0.08). n-3 alpha-linolenic acid and n-6 cis-linoleic acid were not significantly related to the inflammatory markers. We found little if any association between n-3 fatty acid (EPA+DHA) intake and tumor necrosis factor receptors among participants with low intake of n-6 but a strong inverse association among those with high n-6 intake (P=0.04 and 0.002 for interaction of n-3 with n-6 on sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that n-6 fatty acids do not inhibit the antiinflammatory effects of n-3 fatty acids and that the combination of both types of fatty acids is associated with the lowest levels of inflammation. The inhibition of inflammatory cytokines may be one possible mechanism for the observed beneficial effects of these fatty acids on chronic inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Pischon
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, Mass 02115, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review critically evaluates recent studies investigating the effects of fatty acids on immune and inflammatory responses in both healthy individuals and in patients with inflammatory diseases, with some reference to animal studies where relevant. It examines recent findings describing the cellular and molecular basis for the modulation of immune function by fatty acids. The newly emerging area of diet-genotype interactions will also be discussed, with specific reference to the anti-inflammatory effects of fish oil. RECENT FINDINGS Fatty acids are participants in many intracellular signalling pathways. They act as ligands for nuclear receptors regulating a host of cell responses, they influence the stability of lipid rafts, and modulate eicosanoid metabolism in cells of the immune system. Recent findings suggest that some or all of these mechanisms may be involved in the modulation of immune function by fatty acids. SUMMARY Human studies investigating the relationship between dietary fatty acids and some aspects of the immune response have been disappointingly inconsistent. This review presents the argument that most studies have not been adequately powered to take into account the influence of variation (genotypic or otherwise) on parameters of immune function. There is well-documented evidence that fatty acids modulate T lymphocyte activation, and recent findings describe a range of potential cellular and molecular mechanisms. However, there are still many questions remaining, particularly with respect to the roles of nuclear receptors, for which fatty acids act as ligands, and the modulation of eicosanoid synthesis, for which fatty acids act as precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Yaqoob
- Hung Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, School of Fodd Biosciences, The University of Reading, Reading, UK.
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