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Pereyra M, Medina JH. AMPA Receptors: A Key Piece in the Puzzle of Memory Retrieval. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:729051. [PMID: 34621161 PMCID: PMC8490764 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.729051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrieval constitutes a highly regulated and dynamic phase in memory processing. Its rapid temporal scales require a coordinated molecular chain of events at the synaptic level that support transient memory trace reactivation. AMPA receptors (AMPAR) drive the majority of excitatory transmission in the brain and its dynamic features match the singular fast timescales of memory retrieval. Here we provide a review on AMPAR contribution to memory retrieval regarding its dynamic movements along the synaptic compartments, its changes in receptor number and subunit composition that take place in activity dependent processes associated with retrieval. We highlight on the differential regulations exerted by AMPAR subunits in plasticity processes and its impact on memory recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pereyra
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge H Medina
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Dr. Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Menezes CEDS, McIntyre RS, Chaves Filho AJM, Vasconcelos SMM, de Sousa FCF, Quevedo J, Hyphantis TN, Carvalho AF, Macêdo D. The effect of paroxetine, venlafaxine and bupropion administration alone and combined on spatial and aversive memory performance in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:1173-1179. [PMID: 30321807 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of antidepressants in combination is common practice following non-response to single antidepressant agents. Nevertheless, the scientific literature lacks preclinical studies regarding the combined administration of antidepressants across multiple behavioral measures including, but not limited to, cognition. Hence, we aimed to determine the effects of paroxetine (PAR), venlafaxine (VEN) and bupropion (BUP) alone or combined (PAR+BUP or VEN+BUP) on spatial and affective memory tasks to advance the knowledge about the combined use of antidepressants in cognition. METHODS Adult rats received daily injections (15 days) of PAR (20mg/kg, ip), VEN (20mg/kg, ip), BUP (20mg/kg, ip) alone or combined and were submitted to behavioral measures of spatial memory (radial-arm maze - RAM), aversive memory (passive avoidance - PA), open field (OF) and forced swimming (FST) tests. RESULTS In the RAM, VEN or VEN+BUP impaired learning, while short-term memory (STM) was impaired by PAR, BUP and their combination. VEN+BUP improved STM as compared to BUP. PAR impaired long-term memory (LTM). VEN or BUP alone impaired STM and long-term fear memory, whilst PAR+BUP or VEN+BUP did not induce significant alterations. CONCLUSIONS The effects of VEN, PAR or BUP alone and in combination on measures of memory are variable and vary as a function of the pharmacodynamics profile of each drug as well as the specific memory paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - João Quevedo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA; Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | | | - André F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction & Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle Macêdo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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Onaolapo AY, Aina OA, Onaolapo OJ. Melatonin attenuates behavioural deficits and reduces brain oxidative stress in a rodent model of schizophrenia. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:373-383. [PMID: 28554133 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a neurohormone that is linked to the aetiopathogenesis of schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to assess the potentials of oral melatonin supplement in the management of induced schizophrenia-like behavioural and brain oxidative status changes, using an animal model. The relative degrees of modulation of ketamine-induced behaviours by haloperidol, olanzapine or melatonin were assessed in the open-field, Y-maze, elevated plus maze and the social interaction tests. 12-week old, male mice were assigned to six groups of ten each (n=10). They were pretreated with daily intraperitoneal ketamine at 15mg/kg (except vehicle) for 10days, before commencement of 14day treatment with standard drug (haloperidol or olanzapine) or melatonin. Ketamine injection also continued alongside melatonin or standard drugs administration for the duration of treatment. Melatonin, haloperidol and olanzapine were administered by gavage. Treatments were given daily, and behaviours assessed on days 11 and 24. On day 24, animals were sacrificed and whole brain homogenates used for the estimation of glutathione, nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels. Ketamine injection increased open-field behaviours; while it decreased working-memory, social-interaction and glutathione activity. Nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels also increased after ketamine injection. Administration of melatonin was associated with variable degrees of reversal of these effects. In conclusion, melatonin may have the potential of a possible therapeutic agent and/or adjunct in the management of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adejoke Y Onaolapo
- Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Olufemi A Aina
- Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Olakunle James Onaolapo
- Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.
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Gomes LM, Carvalho-Silva M, Teixeira LJ, Rebelo J, Mota IT, Bilesimo R, Michels M, Arent CO, Mariot E, Dal-Pizzol F, Scaini G, Quevedo J, Streck EL. Omega-3 fatty acids and mood stabilizers alter behavioral and oxidative stress parameters in animals subjected to fenproporex administration. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:519-528. [PMID: 27987060 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). It is suggested that omega-3 (ω3) fatty acids are fundamental to maintaining the functional integrity of the central nervous system. The animal model used in this study displayed fenproporex-induced hyperactivity, a symptom similar to manic BD. Our results showed that the administration of fenproporex, in the prevent treatment protocol, increased lipid peroxidation in the prefrontal cortex (143%), hippocampus (58%) and striatum (181%), and ω3 fatty acids alone prevented this change in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, whereas the co-administration of ω3 fatty acids with VPA prevented the lipoperoxidation in all analyzed brain areas, and the co-administration of ω3 fatty acids with Li prevented this increase only in the prefrontal cortex and striatum. Moreover, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was decreased in the striatum (54%) in the prevention treatment, and the administration of ω3 fatty acids alone or in combination with Li and VPA partially prevented this inhibition. On the other hand, in the reversal treatment protocol, the administration of fenproporex increased carbonyl content in the prefrontal cortex (25%), hippocampus (114%) and striatum (91%), and in prefrontal coxter the administration of ω3 fatty acids alone or in combination with Li and VPA reversed this change, whereas in the hippocampus and striatum only ω3 fatty acids alone or in combination with VPA reversed this effect. Additionally, the administration of fenproporex resulted in a marked increase of TBARS in the hippocampus and striatum, and ω3 fatty acids alone or in combination with Li and VPA reversed this change. Finally, fenproporex administration decreased SOD activity in the prefrontal cortex (85%), hippocampus (52%) and striatum (76%), and the ω3 fatty acids in combination with VPA reversed this change in the prefrontal cortex and striatum, while the co-administration of ω3 fatty acids with Li reversed this inhibition in the hippocampus and striatum. In conclusion, our results support other studies showing the importance of ω3 fatty acids in the brain and the potential for these fatty acids to aid in the treatment of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M Gomes
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Milena Carvalho-Silva
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Letícia J Teixeira
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Joyce Rebelo
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Isabella T Mota
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Bilesimo
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Monique Michels
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Camila O Arent
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Edemilson Mariot
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, Ste, 5102, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, Ste, 5102, Houston, TX, USA
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emilio L Streck
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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Gómez C, Carrasco C, Redolat R. Adolescent and adult mice display differential sensitivity to the effects of bupropion on the acquisition of a water maze task. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:162-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Gómez MC, Redolat R, Carrasco MC. Differential effects of bupropion on acquisition and performance of an active avoidance task in male mice. Behav Processes 2015; 124:32-7. [PMID: 26688488 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bupropion is an antidepressant drug that is known to aid smoking cessation, although little experimental evidence exists about its actions on active avoidance learning tasks. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of this drug on two-way active avoidance conditioning. In this study, NMRI mice received bupropion (10, 20 and 40mg/kg) or saline before a daily training session (learning phase, days 1-4) in the active avoidance task. Performance was evaluated on the fifth day (retention phase): in each bupropion-treated group half of the mice continued with the same dose of bupropion, and the other half received saline. Among the vehicle-treated mice, different sub-groups were challenged with different doses of bupropion. Results indicated that mice treated with 10 and 20mg/kg bupropion exhibited more number of avoidances during acquisition. The response latency confirmed this learning improvement, since this parameter decreased after bupropion administration. No differences between groups were observed in the retention phase. In conclusion, our data show that bupropion influences the learning process during active avoidance conditioning, suggesting that this drug can improve the control of emotional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gómez
- Departamento Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Blasco Ibañez, 21, Valencia 46010, Spain.
| | - R Redolat
- Departamento Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Blasco Ibañez, 21, Valencia 46010, Spain.
| | - M C Carrasco
- Departamento Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Blasco Ibañez, 21, Valencia 46010, Spain.
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7
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Modafinil effects on behavior and oxidative damage parameters in brain of wistar rats. Behav Neurol 2014; 2014:917246. [PMID: 25431526 PMCID: PMC4238168 DOI: 10.1155/2014/917246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of modafinil (MD) on behavioral and oxidative damage to protein and lipid in the brain of rats were evaluated. Wistar rats were given a single administration by gavage of water or MD (75, 150, or 300 mg/kg). Behavioral parameters were evaluated in open-field apparatus 1, 2, and 3 h after drug administration. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyl formation were measured in the brain. MD increased locomotor activity at the highest dose 1 and 3 h after administration. MD administration at the dose of 300 mg/kg increased visits to the center of open-field 1 h after administration; however, 3 h after administration, all administered doses of MD increased visits to the open-field center. MD 300 mg/kg increased lipid damage in the amygdala, hippocampus, and striatum. Besides, MD increased protein damage in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus; however, this effect varies depending on the dose administered. In contrast, the administration of MD 75 and 300 mg/kg decreased the protein damage in the striatum. This study demonstrated that the MD administration induces behavioral changes, which was depending on the dose used. In addition, the effects of MD on oxidative damage parameters seemed to be in specific brain region and doses.
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8
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Model CS, Gomes LM, Scaini G, Ferreira GK, Gonçalves CL, Rezin GT, Steckert AV, Valvassori SS, Varela RB, Quevedo J, Streck EL. Omega-3 fatty acids alter behavioral and oxidative stress parameters in animals subjected to fenproporex administration. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:185-92. [PMID: 24385143 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-013-9473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies have consistently reported the participation of oxidative stress in bipolar disorder (BD). Evidences indicate that omega-3 (ω3) fatty acids play several important roles in brain development and functioning. Moreover, preclinical and clinical evidence suggests roles for ω3 fatty acids in BD. Considering these evidences, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of ω3 fatty acids on locomotor behavior and oxidative stress parameters (TBARS and protein carbonyl content) in brain of rats subjected to an animal model of mania induced by fenproporex. The fenproporex treatment increased locomotor behavior in saline-treated rats under reversion and prevention model, and ω3 fatty acids prevented fenproporex-related hyperactivity. Moreover, fenproporex increased protein carbonyls in the prefrontal cortex and cerebral cortex, and the administration of ω3 fatty acids reversed this effect. Lipid peroxidation products also are increased in prefrontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus and cerebral after fenproporex administration, but ω3 fatty acids reversed this damage only in the hippocampus. On the other hand, in the prevention model, fenproporex increased carbonyl content only in the cerebral cortex, and administration of ω3 fatty acids prevented this damage. Additionally, the administration of fenproporex resulted in a marked increased of TBARS in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex, and prevent this damage in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum. In conclusion, we are able to demonstrate that fenproporex-induced hyperlocomotion and damage through oxidative stress were prevented by ω3 fatty acids. Thus, the ω3 fatty acids may be important adjuvant therapy of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S Model
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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Varela RB, Valvassori SS, Lopes-Borges J, Fraga DB, Resende WR, Arent CO, Zugno AI, Quevedo J. Evaluation of acetylcholinesterase in an animal model of mania induced by D-amphetamine. Psychiatry Res 2013; 209:229-34. [PMID: 23245536 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the effects of mood stabilizers, lithium (Li) and valproate (VPA), on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the brains of rats subjected to an animal model of mania induced by D-amphetamine (D-AMPH). In the reversal treatment, Wistar rats were first given D-AMPH or saline (Sal) for 14 days. Between days 8 and 14, the rats were treated with Li, VPA, or Sal. In the prevention treatment, rats were pretreated with Li, VPA, or Sal. AChE activity was measured in the brain structures (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum). Li, alone in reversion and prevention treatments, increased AChE activity in the brains of rats. VPA, alone in prevention treatment, increased AChE activity in all brain regions evaluated; in the reversion, only in the prefrontal. However, D-AMPH decreased activity of AChE in the striatum of rats in both the reversion and prevention treatments. VPA was able to revert and prevent this AChE activity alteration in the rat striatum. Our findings further support the notion that the mechanisms of mood stabilizers also involve changes in AChE activity, thus reinforcing the need for more studies to better characterize the role of acetylcholine in bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger B Varela
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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Noorafshan A, Abdollahifar MA, Karbalay-Doust S, Asadi-Golshan R, Rashidian-Rashidabadi A. Protective effects of curcumin and sertraline on the behavioral changes in chronic variable stress-induced rats. Exp Neurobiol 2013; 22:96-106. [PMID: 23833558 PMCID: PMC3699679 DOI: 10.5607/en.2013.22.2.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral characteristics of the animal models and humans are impaired in chronic stress. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the protective effects of sertraline and curcumin on stress-induced learning and memory impairment, anxiety and anhedonia in rats. Male rats were divided into seven groups: stress+water, stress+olive oil, stress+curcumin (100 mg/kg/day), stress+sertraline (10 mg/kg/day), curcumin, sertraline, and control groups. The rats were exposed to chronic variable stress for 56 days. At the end of 40 days and while the previous treatments were continued, the rats were tested in the eight radial maze, elevated plus maze, and sucrose consumption for learning and memory, anxiety, and anhedonia, respectively. In comparison to the non-stressed group, stress+water and stress+olive oil groups revealed a significantly lower percent of correct choices and higher reference and working memory errors during learning and retention phases (p<0.001). In addition these stress groups showed a significant lower percent of the open arms time and open arms entries in the elevated plus maze and consuming less sucrose solution. In addition, the stress+curcumin and stress+sertraline groups showed a better performance in the evaluated parameters of the radial arm maze, elevated plus maze, and sucrose consumption tests. It appears that curcumin and sertraline have the similar effectiveness on behavioral changes in chronic variable stress-induced rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noorafshan
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Centre, Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran. ; Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran
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Carrasco MC, Vidal J, Redolat R. Bupropion induced changes in exploratory and anxiety-like behaviour in NMRI male mice depends on the age. Behav Processes 2013; 98:117-24. [PMID: 23727544 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the antidepressant bupropion on anxiety and novelty-seeking in adolescent mice of different ages and adults. Behavioural differences between early adolescent, late adolescent and adult NMRI mice were measured both in the elevated plus-maze and the hole-board tasks following acute administration of bupropion (5, 10, 15, 20mg/kg) or saline. In the plus maze test, early and late adolescent mice treated with bupropion (10, 15mg/kg, respectively) had lower percentages of entries in the open-arms compared to their vehicle controls. Adult mice treated with bupropion did not differ from their vehicle controls. These results suggest that the effect of this drug on anxiety-like behaviour in mice depends on the age, showing adolescents an anxiogenic-like profile. In the hole-board, adolescents showed more elevated levels of novelty-seeking than adults, exhibiting shorter latency to the first head-dip (HD) and a higher number of HD's. Bupropion increases the latency to the first HD and decreases the number of HD's in all age-groups, indicating a decline in exploratory tendency. Findings reveal that the age can modulate the behaviour displayed by mice in both animal models, and that adolescents are more sensitive to bupropion's anxiogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Carrasco
- Departamento Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Blasco Ibañez, 21, Valencia 46010, Spain.
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Feier G, Valvassori SS, Varela RB, Resende WR, Bavaresco DV, Morais MO, Scaini G, Andersen ML, Streck EL, Quevedo J. Lithium and valproate modulate energy metabolism in an animal model of mania induced by methamphetamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 103:589-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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da-Rosa DD, Valvassori SS, Steckert AV, Ornell F, Ferreira CL, Lopes-Borges J, Varela RB, Dal-Pizzol F, Andersen ML, Quevedo J. Effects of lithium and valproate on oxidative stress and behavioral changes induced by administration of m-AMPH. Psychiatry Res 2012; 198:521-6. [PMID: 22429481 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the last years our research group has studied and validated the animal model of mania induced by dextroamphetamine (d-AMPH). Considering the lack of animal models of mania reported in the literature; this study evaluated the possibilities to validate the animal model induced by methamphetamine (m-AMPH). Then, we evaluated the effects of lithium (Li), valproate (VPA) on the behavior and parameters of oxidative damage in rat brain after administration of m-AMPH. In the prevention treatment, Wistar rats were pretreated with Li, VPA or saline (Sal) for 14 days, and then, between days 8 and 14, rats were treated with m-AMPH (1, 0.5 or 0.25 mg/kg) or Sal. In the reversal treatment, rats were first given m-AMPH (0.25 mg/kg) or Sal. Locomotor behavior was assessed using the open-field task and parameters of oxidative damage were measured in brain structures. Our results show that the hyperactivity was prevented and reverted by Li and VPA only when m-AMPH was administered in the dose of 0.25mg/kg. In addition, the m-AMPH in all doses administrated induced oxidative damage in both structures tested in two models. Li and VPA reversed and prevented this impairment, however in a way dependent of cerebral area, the dose of m-AMPH and technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayane D da-Rosa
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and National Institute for Translational Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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14
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Leger M, Bouet V, Freret T, Darmaillacq AS, Dacher M, Dauphin F, Boulouard M, Schumann-Bard P. Environmental enrichment improves recent but not remote memory in association with a modified brain metabolic activation profile in adult mice. Behav Brain Res 2012; 228:22-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Differences between dextroamphetamine and methamphetamine: behavioral changes and oxidative damage in brain of Wistar rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 119:31-8. [PMID: 21858431 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study methamphetamine (m-AMPH) and dextroamphetamine (d-AMPH) were compared to determine the potency of the two drugs on behavior and oxidative damage in brain of rats. Male adult Wistar rats were given single (acute administration) or repeated (chronic administration, 14 days) intraperitoneal injections of saline (0.9% NaCl), d-AMPH (2 mg/kg) or m-AMPH (0.25, 0.5, 1 or 2 mg/kg). Locomotor activity was evaluated in open-field apparatus 2 h after the last drug injection. Additionally, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyl formation were measured in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and striatum. In both experiments, d-AMPH and m-AMPH (all doses administered) increased the locomotor activity of animals, meantime, no significant difference between d-AMPH and m-AMPH was observed. d-AMPH and m-AMPH increased lipid and protein damage, but m-AMPH was more potent than d-AMPH, however, this effect varies depending on the brain region and the experimental protocol. The results of this study show that d-AMPH and m-AMPH have similar behavioral effects, which previous studies had already reported. On the other hand, this study demonstrated that the m-AMPH induces oxidative damage greater than d-AMPH, showing neurochemical differences previously unknown.
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16
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Chen PJ, Liang KC, Lin HC, Hsieh CL, Su KP, Hung MC, Sheen LY. Gastrodia elata Bl. Attenuated Learning Deficits Induced by Forced-Swimming Stress in the Inhibitory Avoidance Task and Morris Water Maze. J Med Food 2011; 14:610-7. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ju Chen
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Chen Liang
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Hsieh
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chu Hung
- Department of Food and Beverage Management, Kang-Ning University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Food and Biomolecules, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Blake MG, Boccia MM, Baratti CM. Behavioral differences on memory retrieval between two variants of step-through inhibitory avoidance task in mice. Neurosci Lett 2008; 444:102-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Antidepressant drugs and memory: insights from animal studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 18:235-48. [PMID: 17761406 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This is a selective review of the literature concerning the effects of antidepressant drugs on animal memory, which was performed with the aid of the PubMed database. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors tend to either have no effect on memory or result in its improvement. Studies with cyclic antidepressants have reported no effect or, more often, memory impairments. Pre-training administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has been shown to have either no effect on memory or undermine it (with some isolated exceptions, in which improvements have been recorded), while post-training administration of SSRIs has been demonstrated to improve memory or have no effect. A small group formed by the remaining antidepressants has been shown to improve memory, with the exception of trazodone, which impairs memory. These findings are discussed in the light of knowledge regarding the actions of antidepressants on several neurotransmission systems. The possibility that the effects of antidepressants on memory are the core of the therapeutic effects of these drugs is also considered.
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19
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Valvassori SS, Frey BN, Martins MR, Réus GZ, Schimidtz F, Inácio CG, Kapczinski F, Quevedo J. Sensitization and cross-sensitization after chronic treatment with methylphenidate in adolescent Wistar rats. Behav Pharmacol 2007; 18:205-12. [PMID: 17426484 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e328153daf5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An increasing debate exists about the potential of early exposure to methylphenidate to increase the risk for drug abuse. In addition, little is known about the neurobiological effects of early exposure to methylphenidate. This study was designed to investigate whether chronic treatment with methylphenidate induces behavioral sensitization to subsequent methylphenidate and D-amphetamine challenge in adolescent Wistar rats. Young Wistar rats (P25) were treated with either methylphenidate (1, 2, or 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) or saline for 28 days. After 14 days of washout, animals were challenged with methylphenidate 2.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally or D-amphetamine 2 mg/kg intraperitoneally (P67). Locomotor behavior was assessed using the open field test. Rats chronically treated with methylphenidate in the adolescent period showed augmented locomotor sensitization to D-amphetamine but not to methylphenidate in the adult phase. These findings suggest that early exposure do methylphenidate might increase the risk for subsequent D-amphetamine abuse. Further studies focusing on the neurobiological effects of early exposure to methylphenidate are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira S Valvassori
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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20
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Schaeffer EL, Gattaz WF. Requirement of hippocampal phospholipase A2 activity for long-term memory retrieval in rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 114:379-85. [PMID: 17066253 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-006-0585-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In rats, the inhibition of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) in hippocampus was reported to impair memory acquisition. In the present study we investigated in rats whether PLA(2) inhibition in hippocampus is also related to impairment of memory retrieval. Rats were bilaterally implanted with cannulae in hippocampal CA1 region. After recovery, animals were submitted to one-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance task and tested for long-term memory (LTM) 24 h later. Before test session, animals received infusions of vehicle or the PLA(2) inhibitor PACOCF(3). Inhibition of PLA(2) activity impaired LTM retrieval. Memory impairment was fully reversed once PLA(2) activity was recovered. Moreover, LTM retrieval per se increased PLA(2) activity. To our knowledge, we demonstrated for the first time that PLA(2) activity is required for memory retrieval. Because reduced PLA(2) activity has been found in Alzheimer's disease brains, the present results may be relevant to clarify at least part of the biology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Schaeffer
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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21
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Carvalho AF, Köhler CA, Cruz EP, Stürmer PL, Reichman BP, Barea BM, Izquierdo I, Chaves MLF. Acute treatment with the antidepressants bupropion and sertraline do not influence memory retrieval in man. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006; 256:320-5. [PMID: 16683061 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-006-0640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several evidences implicate that monoamines play a modulatory role in the brain mechanisms underlying encoding and retrieval of emotional memories. Recent experiments demonstrate that acute monoaminergic potentiation with the antidepressants bupropion or sertraline enhance the retrieval of longterm emotional memory in rodents. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that acute monoaminergic re-uptake inhibition with these antidepressants might enhance retrieval of emotional memory in man. METHODS The central monoaminergic system was stimulated with either bupropion or sertraline in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design with 105 healthy adult subjects divided in three groups (placebo, 150 mg-bupropion and 50 mg-sertraline). Memory was evaluated with a 'surprise' memory test 7 days after the presentation of an emotional story and with a word-cued autobiographical memory test. RESULTS A total of 99 volunteers completed the experimental procedures. Contrasting to our prediction, we found no memory enhancing effect for either drug in both memory tests. All groups showed the expected heightened memory performance to the middle 'emotive' phase of the story. CONCLUSION Stimulation of the central monoaminergic system with the antidepressants bupropion and sertraline did not enhance the retrieval of long-term emotional memories in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F Carvalho
- Centro de Memória, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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22
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Frey BN, Valvassori SS, Gomes KM, Martins MR, Dal-Pizzol F, Kapczinski F, Quevedo J. Increased oxidative stress in submitochondrial particles after chronic amphetamine exposure. Brain Res 2006; 1097:224-9. [PMID: 16730669 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) production may play a role in the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders, such as bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). In addition, there is an emerging body of data indicating that BD and SCZ may be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. We studied the effects of acute and chronic d-amphetamine on ROS production in submitochondrial particles of rat brain. Male Wistar rats were divided in two experimental groups: acute and chronic treatment. In the acute treatment, rats received one single IP injection of d-amphetamine (1, 2 or 4 mg/kg) or saline (control group). In the chronic treatment, rats received one daily IP injection of d-amphetamine (1, 2 or 4 mg/kg) or saline for 7 days. Locomotor activity was assessed with the open field task, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and superoxide production were measured in submitochondrial particles of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Both acute and chronic amphetamine treatment increased locomotor behavior. Chronic amphetamine exposure induced a 3- to 6-fold increase of TBARS and a 1.5- to 2-fold increase of superoxide production in submitochondrial particles of prefrontal cortex and hippocampus (P < 0.05). No effects on superoxide or TBARS were observed with acute treatment. These findings suggest that amphetamine-induced mitochondrial ROS generation may be a useful model to investigate the hypothesis of altered brain energy metabolism associated with BD and SCZ. Further studies assessing the effects of mood stabilizers and antipsychotics in preventing mitochondrial oxidative stress are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benício N Frey
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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23
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Jafari MR, Zarrindast MR, Djahanguiri B. Influence of cholinergic system modulators on morphine state-dependent memory of passive avoidance in mice. Physiol Behav 2006; 88:146-51. [PMID: 16678225 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 01/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Memories are shown to be impaired in mice during step-down passive avoidance tasks with substantial residual effects lasting as long as 24 h after the pre-training administration of morphine. Administration of the same dose of morphine as a pre-test treatment restored memory. Since the cholinergic system has been reported to be involved in several actions of morphine, e.g.: modulation of memory and analgesia, we have investigated the part played by cholinergic modulator drugs, on the memory recall in mice. The locomotor activity of animals was studied as well. Administration of either atropine, a peripheral-central muscarinic antagonist, or mecamylamine, a peripheral-central nicotinic antagonist, failed to alter memory themselves, but significantly prevented morphine-induced memory recall following co-administration with morphine. Neither hexamethonium, a peripheral nicotinic antagonist, nor neostigmine, a peripheral anticholinesterase, showed intrinsic activity or a significant change in morphine-induced memory recall. Finally, physostigmine, a peripheral-central anticholinesterase, not only induced memory recall itself, but also increased morphine-induced retrieval. Memory recall of the step-down passive avoidance task following drug combinations was not related to locomotor activity changes. Thus, morphine-induced memory recall appears to be influenced by central cholinergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Jafari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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24
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Carrasco MC, Vicens P, Vidal J, Redolat R. Effects of co-administration of bupropion and nicotinic agonists on the elevated plus-maze test in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30:455-62. [PMID: 16413646 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that the cholinergic nicotinic system is involved in the modulation of anxiety. Anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects of nicotine agonists have been reported in mice. Bupropion is an antidepressant drug which may alleviate some symptoms of nicotine withdrawal, although its effects on anxiety are not clear. It has been suggested that the interaction between bupropion and nicotinic mechanisms could be complex. The aim of the present study was to investigate acute effects of co-administration of bupropion and nicotinic agonists on the elevated plus-maze test in NMRI mice. Effects of nicotine, lobeline, and cytisine (0.35 and 0.175 mg/kg), administered alone or combined with bupropion (20 mg/kg) were tested in the plus-maze. Results indicated that nicotine (0.35 mg/kg) decreased number and percentage of entries and time spent in open arms, and increased percentage of protected stretched attend posture. Bupropion (20 mg/kg) plus lobeline (0.175 mg/kg) increased percentage of time spent in open arms, without altering total or closed arm entries. Our findings suggest that the highest dose of nicotine induces anxiogenic effects, which are counteracted when co-administered with bupropion. The combination of bupropion with a low dose of lobeline seems to have an anxiolytic profile in the conventional parameters of the plus-maze, although ethological measures do not support it clearly.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Carrasco
- Area de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Blasco Ibañez, 21, Valencia 46010, Spain
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25
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Millan MJ. Multi-target strategies for the improved treatment of depressive states: Conceptual foundations and neuronal substrates, drug discovery and therapeutic application. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 110:135-370. [PMID: 16522330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is a debilitating and recurrent disorder with a substantial lifetime risk and a high social cost. Depressed patients generally display co-morbid symptoms, and depression frequently accompanies other serious disorders. Currently available drugs display limited efficacy and a pronounced delay to onset of action, and all provoke distressing side effects. Cloning of the human genome has fuelled expectations that symptomatic treatment may soon become more rapid and effective, and that depressive states may ultimately be "prevented" or "cured". In pursuing these objectives, in particular for genome-derived, non-monoaminergic targets, "specificity" of drug actions is often emphasized. That is, priority is afforded to agents that interact exclusively with a single site hypothesized as critically involved in the pathogenesis and/or control of depression. Certain highly selective drugs may prove effective, and they remain indispensable in the experimental (and clinical) evaluation of the significance of novel mechanisms. However, by analogy to other multifactorial disorders, "multi-target" agents may be better adapted to the improved treatment of depressive states. Support for this contention is garnered from a broad palette of observations, ranging from mechanisms of action of adjunctive drug combinations and electroconvulsive therapy to "network theory" analysis of the etiology and management of depressive states. The review also outlines opportunities to be exploited, and challenges to be addressed, in the discovery and characterization of drugs recognizing multiple targets. Finally, a diversity of multi-target strategies is proposed for the more efficacious and rapid control of core and co-morbid symptoms of depression, together with improved tolerance relative to currently available agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, Psychopharmacology Department, 125, Chemin de Ronde, 78290-Croissy/Seine, France.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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27
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Cammarota M, Bevilaqua LRM, Barros DM, Vianna MRM, Izquierdo LA, Medina JH, Izquierdo I. Retrieval and the extinction of memory. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2005; 25:465-74. [PMID: 16075375 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-005-4009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Memory is assessed by measuring retrieval which is often elicited by the solely presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS). However, as known since Pavlov, presentation of the CS alone generates extinction. 2. One-trial avoidance (IA) is a much used conditioned fear paradigm in which the CS is the safe part of a training apparatus, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a footshock and the conditioned response (CR) is to stay in the safe area. Retrieval of the memory for the step-down version of this task is measured in the absence of the US, as latency to step-down from the safe area (i.e., a platform). 3. Extinction of the IA response is installed at the moment of the first non-reinforced test session, as clearly shown by the fact that many drugs, including PKA, ERK and protein synthesis inhibitors as well as NMDA receptor antagonists, hinder extinction when infused into the hippocampus or the basolateral amygdala at the moment of the first test session but not later. 4. Some, but not all the molecular systems required for extinction are also activated by retrieval, further endorsing the hypothesis that although retrieval is necessary for the generation of extinction this last process constitutes a new learning secondary to the non-reinforced expression of the original trace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Cammarota
- Centro de Memória, IPB, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga 6690-2. Andar, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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28
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Redolat R, Gómez MC, Vicens P, Carrasco MC. Bupropion effects on aggressiveness and anxiety in OF1 male mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 177:418-27. [PMID: 15289998 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-1965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Bupropion is an antidepressant drug that is being used to help in giving up smoking. Its behavioral effects have been evaluated in different animal models, although limited information is available regarding its effects on aggressiveness, anxiety and exploratory behavior. OBJECTIVES Evaluate acute effects of bupropion on locomotor activity, isolation-induced aggression, hole-board and elevated plus-maze tests in OF1 male mice. METHODS In the first experiment, effects of bupropion (2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) on locomotion were evaluated. In the second experiment, isolation-induced aggression was assessed in isolated male mice previously classified as short attack latency (SL) and long attack latency (LL). Mice were treated with bupropion or vehicle and confronted with standard opponents for 10 min. In experiments 3 and 4, mice were treated with bupropion or vehicle and 30 min later examined in the plus-maze or in the hole-board apparatus. RESULTS In the actimeter, bupropion induced a dose-dependent increase in locomotion. During agonistic encounters, bupropion (10 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg) increased time devoted to attack in LL mice. In the plus-maze, no significant differences were found between bupropion-treated and vehicle-treated mice in the percentage of entries or time spent in open arms. In the hole-board, the highest dose of bupropion (40 mg/kg) significantly decreased number of head-dips and increased latency to the first head-dip. CONCLUSIONS During agonistic encounters the two sub-groups of mice (SL and LL) may display differential sensitivity in drug-induced changes on aggressiveness, since bupropion increased attack only in mice with "long attack latency" in the pre-screening test. In the plus-maze, this drug does not seem to have specific actions on anxiety and in the hole-board a high dose had similar effects to those induced by anxiogenic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Redolat
- Area de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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29
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Carrasco MC, Vicens P, Vidal J, Redolat R. Effects of acute administration of bupropion on behavior in the elevated plus-maze test by NMRI mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2004; 28:1135-41. [PMID: 15610926 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bupropion attenuates some symptoms of nicotine abstinence, although its effects on anxiety are unclear. The present study investigates acute effects of bupropion (5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) on anxiety as expressed in the elevated plus-maze test in male NMRI mice. Given the influence of locomotion in this test, effects of bupropion were also evaluated in an actimeter. Spontaneous motor activity remained significantly increased in mice treated with 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg of bupropion during the 60 min recorded. Results from the elevated plus-maze showed that 20 mg/kg increased total arm entries and 40 mg/kg increased total and open arm entries. Although the increase in the number of visits to the open arms suggests an anxiolytic-like effect, if the actions of this drug on locomotion are taking into account, one may conclude that the increase in open arm entries observed with the highest doses is a motor effect rather than anxiolysis per se. In addition, ethological measures failed to detect a clear anxiolytic profile since neither a significant decrease in total stretched attend postures nor a reduction in the percentage of protected forms of head dipping or stretched attend postures were observed at any dose tested. These results suggest that the elevated plus-maze is sensitive to the motor actions of bupropion and that this should be taken into account in the evaluation of the "emotional" effects of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Carrasco
- Area de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Blasco Ibañez, 21, Valencia 46010, Spain.
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30
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Jafari MR, Zarrindast MR, Djahanguiri B. Effects of different doses of glucose and insulin on morphine state-dependent memory of passive avoidance in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004; 175:457-62. [PMID: 15042277 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-1841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Behavioral effects of morphine, including its effect on memory, have been demonstrated to be influenced by glucose pretreatment. The measurement of step-down latency in passive avoidance has been used to study memory in laboratory animals. The pre-training injection of 5 mg/kg morphine impaired memory, which was restored when 24 h later the same dose of the drug was administered. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of glucose and insulin alone or in combination with morphine, on pre-test day, on memory recall in mice. METHODS The effects of different doses of glucose (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, IP) and insulin (5, 10, and 20 IU/kg, IP) alone or in combination with morphine, have been studied in mice. The blood glucose level and locomotor activity of the animals were also measured. RESULTS Although the administration of glucose alone showed no effect on morphine-induced memory impairment, its co-administration with morphine resulted in a significant and dose-dependent memory enhancement compared with the effects of morphine administration alone. Like glucose, the administration of different doses of insulin alone produced no change in the memory, but when the drug was co-administered with morphine, it significantly reduced morphine-induced memory retrieval. The effect of insulin was the opposite of glucose. None of the animals subjected to insulin treatment showed convulsions. CONCLUSIONS Glucose is suggested to increase, on the test day, the morphine-induced memory enhancement by three different mechanisms: cholinergic or opioidergic modulations, or regulation of the ATP-dependent potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Jafari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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31
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Quednow BB, Kühn KU, Stelzenmuelle R, Hoenig K, Maier W, Wagner M. Effects of serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants on auditory startle response in patients with major depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004; 175:399-406. [PMID: 15042278 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-1842-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Amplitude, habituation and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response (ASR) in rodents and humans are sensitive to psychotropic drugs. Studies with rodents suggest that an increase or decrease in serotonin level in the brain alters several modalities of the ASR. So far, little is known about serotonergic and noradrenergic startle modulation in humans. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate the effects of the selective serotonin uptake inhibitor sertraline versus the selective noradrenalin uptake inhibitor reboxetine on magnitude, habituation and PPI of ASR in patients with major depression. METHODS We studied ASR in 23 patients with the diagnosis of major depression according to DSM-IV who were randomly treated either with sertraline or with reboxetine. Initially, ASR assessment was carried out when patients were drug-free for at least 2 weeks and again after 14 days of treatment. RESULTS The habituation of ASR was strongly attenuated by sertraline and not significantly altered by reboxetine. None of the substances altered the startle reactivity. In addition, PPI was not altered by sertraline, but reboxetine tended to decrease PPI. The startle reactivity at baseline was correlated with improvement of depressive symptoms at the end of the study. CONCLUSION These results provide the first evidence for different effects of noradrenergic and serotonergic antidepressants on the startle response in depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris B Quednow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
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Cammarota M, Barros DM, Vianna MRM, Bevilaqua LRM, Coitinho A, Szapiro G, Izquierdo LA, Medina JH, Izquierdo I. The transition from memory retrieval to extinction. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2004; 76:573-82. [PMID: 15334255 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652004000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory is measured by measuring retrieval. Retrieval is often triggered by the conditioned stimulus (CS); however, as known since Pavlov, presentation of the CS alone generates extinction. One-trial avoidance (IA) is a much used conditioned fear paradigm in which the CS is the safe part of a training apparatus, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is a footshock and the conditioned response is to stay in the safe area. In IA, retrieval is measured without the US, as latency to step-down from the safe area (i.e., a platform). Extinction is installed at the moment of the first unreinforced test session, as clearly shown by the fact that many drugs, including PKA, ERK and protein synthesis inhibitors as well as NMDA receptor antagonists, hinder extinction when infused into the hippocampus or the basolateral amygdala at the moment of the first test session but not later. Some, but not all the molecular systems required for extinction are also activated by retrieval, further endorsing the hypothesis that although retrieval is behaviorally and biochemically necessary for the generation of extinction, this last process constitutes a new learning secondary to the unreinforced expression of the original trace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Cammarota
- Centro de Memória, ICS, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Vakili A, Tayebi K, Jafari MR, Zarrindast MR, Djahanguiri B. EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON MORPHINE STATE-DEPENDENT LEARNING IN THE MOUSE: INVOLVEMENT OF GABAERGIC, OPIOIDERGIC AND CHOLINERGIC SYSTEMS. Alcohol Alcohol 2004; 39:427-32. [PMID: 15289212 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agh084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We have studied the effect of acute administration of ethanol when it replaced morphine in step-down passive avoidance task on the test day and the effects of antagonists of GABAergic, opioidergic and cholinergic systems on ethanol actions. METHODS Morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) was administered as pre-training and 24 h later as pre-test drug, and the latencies were measured in mice. Ethanol (0.125, 0.25, 1 and 2 g/kg, i.p.) was administered instead of pre-test morphine. Antagonists of GABAergic (bicuculline 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg, i.p.), opioidergic (naloxone 0.06, 0.25 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.) and cholinergic (atropine 0.625 and 1.25 mg/kg, i.p. and mecamylamine 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg, i.p.) systems were co-administered with ethanol (0.25 g/kg, i.p.) on the test day. Locomotor activity was measured as well. RESULTS Pre-training morphine impaired the memory on the test day which was restored when the same dose of morphine was used as pre-test drug. All four doses of ethanol replaced pre-test morphine and enhanced the memory. This effect was prevented by all of the above antagonists. No significant changes were seen in the locomotor activity of the animals treated with ethanol or antagonists compared to the proper controls. CONCLUSIONS GABAergic, endogenous opioidergic and cholinergic systems are involved in the memory recall improvement by ethanol when it replaced morphine on the test day. A review of the literature suggests other possibilities such as the release of intermediate neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vakili
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
A conditioned stimulus (CS) associated with a fearsome unconditioned stimulus (US) generates learned fear. Acquired fear is at the root of a variety of mental disorders, among which phobias, generalized anxiety, the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and some forms of depression. The simplest way to inhibit learned fear is to extinguish it, which is usually done by repeatedly presenting the CS alone, so that a new association, CS-"no US", will eventually overcome the previously acquired CS-US association. Extinction was first described by Pavlov as a form of "internal inhibition" and was recommended by Freud and Ferenczi in the 1920s (who called it "habituation") as the treatment of choice for phobic disorders. It is used with success till this day, often in association with anxiolytic drugs. Extinction has since then been applied, also successfully and also often in association with anxiolytics, to the treatment of panic, generalized anxiety disorders and, more recently, PTSD. Extinction of learned fear involves gene expression, protein synthesis, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and signaling pathways in the hippocampus and the amygdala at the time of the first CS-no US association. It can be enhanced by increasing the exposure to the "no US" component at the time of behavioral testing, to the point of causing the complete uninstallment of the original fear response. Some theorists have recently proposed that reiteration of the CS alone may induce a reconsolidation of the learned behavior instead of its extinction. Reconsolidation would preserve the original memory from the labilization induced by its retrieval. If true, this would of course be disastrous for the psychotherapy of fear-motivated disorders. Here we show that neither the CS nor retrieval cause anything remotely like reconsolidation, but just extinction. In fact, our findings indicate that the reconsolidation hypothesis is essentially incorrect, at least for the form of contextual fear most commonly studied in rodents. Therefore, it seems safe to continue using extinction-based forms of therapy for disorders secondary to acquired fear. Further, it is useful and desirable to device procedures by which the "no US" component of the extinction is strengthened in order to alleviate the symptoms of victims of acquired fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Izquierdo
- Centro de Memoria, ICBS, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos 2600--Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brasil.
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Bonini JS, Rodrigues L, Kerr DS, Bevilaqua LRM, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I. AMPA/kainate and group-I metabotropic receptor antagonists infused into different brain areas impair memory formation of inhibitory avoidance in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2003; 14:161-6. [PMID: 12658077 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200303000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that glutamate receptors are involved in memory processing. To examine the role of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (non-NMDA) glutamate receptors on memory consolidation, rats were bilaterally implanted with cannulae aimed at the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus (CA1), entorhinal cortex (ENTO), posterior parietal cortex (PPC) or the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA), and trained in a one-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance task. At different times after training, the alpha-amino 3-hydroxy-5 methyl 4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptor blocker, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) (1.0 microg/side), or the metabotropic type-I receptor antagonist, 2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid (AP3) (1.0 microg/side), were infused into the above-mentioned structures. CNQX produced retrograde amnesia when infused into BLA or CA1 0, 30, 90 or 180 min post-training but not at later times. AP3 blocked memory consolidation when administered into CA1 0, 30 or 180 min post-training, while in BLA, it was amnestic only when given 0 or 30 min after the training session. CNQX and AP3 had no effect on memory when administered into ENTO or PPC at any time. Our data suggest that the consolidation of the avoidance memory requires intact non-NMDA receptor function in the hippocampus and the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, but not necessarily in the entorhinal and parietal cortex, for long periods after training.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Bonini
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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