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Jia H, Pustovyy OM, Waggoner P, Beyers RJ, Schumacher J, Wildey C, Barrett J, Morrison E, Salibi N, Denney TS, Vodyanoy VJ, Deshpande G. Functional MRI of the olfactory system in conscious dogs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86362. [PMID: 24466054 PMCID: PMC3900535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We depend upon the olfactory abilities of dogs for critical tasks such as detecting bombs, landmines, other hazardous chemicals and illicit substances. Hence, a mechanistic understanding of the olfactory system in dogs is of great scientific interest. Previous studies explored this aspect at the cellular and behavior levels; however, the cognitive-level neural substrates linking them have never been explored. This is critical given the fact that behavior is driven by filtered sensory representations in higher order cognitive areas rather than the raw odor maps of the olfactory bulb. Since sedated dogs cannot sniff, we investigated this using functional magnetic resonance imaging of conscious dogs. We addressed the technical challenges of head motion using a two pronged strategy of behavioral training to keep dogs' head as still as possible and a single camera optical head motion tracking system to account for residual jerky movements. We built a custom computer-controlled odorant delivery system which was synchronized with image acquisition, allowing the investigation of brain regions activated by odors. The olfactory bulb and piriform lobes were commonly activated in both awake and anesthetized dogs, while the frontal cortex was activated mainly in conscious dogs. Comparison of responses to low and high odor intensity showed differences in either the strength or spatial extent of activation in the olfactory bulb, piriform lobes, cerebellum, and frontal cortex. Our results demonstrate the viability of the proposed method for functional imaging of the olfactory system in conscious dogs. This could potentially open up a new field of research in detector dog technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jia
- MRI Research Center, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Oleg M. Pustovyy
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Paul Waggoner
- Canine Detection Research Institute, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ronald J. Beyers
- MRI Research Center, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - John Schumacher
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | | | - Jay Barrett
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Edward Morrison
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Nouha Salibi
- MR R&D, Siemens Healthcare, Malvern, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Thomas S. Denney
- MRI Research Center, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Vitaly J. Vodyanoy
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Gopikrishna Deshpande
- MRI Research Center, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
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Indovina I, Maffei V, Pauwels K, Macaluso E, Orban GA, Lacquaniti F. Simulated self-motion in a visual gravity field: Sensitivity to vertical and horizontal heading in the human brain. Neuroimage 2013; 71:114-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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3
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Bruns A, Künnecke B, Risterucci C, Moreau JL, von Kienlin M. Validation of cerebral blood perfusion imaging as a modality for quantitative pharmacological MRI in rats. Magn Reson Med 2009; 61:1451-8. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H. Britten
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California 95616;
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Dojat M, Piettre L, Delon-Martin C, Pachot-Clouard M, Segebarth C, Knoblauch K. Global integration of local color differences in transparency perception: An fMRI study. Vis Neurosci 2006; 23:357-64. [PMID: 16961967 PMCID: PMC2064862 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523806233200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In normal viewing, the visual system effortlessly assigns approximately constant attributes of color and shape to perceived objects. A fundamental component of this process is the compensation for illuminant variations and intervening media to recover reflectance properties of natural surfaces. We exploited the phenomenon of transparency perception to explore the cortical regions implicated in such processes, using fMRI. By manipulating the coherence of local color differences around a region in an image, we interfered with their global perceptual integration and thereby modified whether the region appeared transparent or not. We found the major cortical activation due to global integration of local color differences to be in the anterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus. Regions differentially activated by chromatic versus achromatic geometric patterns showed no significant differential response related to the coherence/incoherence of local color differences. The results link the integration of local color differences in the extraction of a transparent layer with sites activated by object-related properties of an image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Dojat
- Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle et Metabolique
INSERM : U594Université Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble ICentre Hospitalier Universitaire
38043 GRENOBLE CEDEX 9,FR
| | - Loÿs Piettre
- Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle et Metabolique
INSERM : U594Université Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble ICentre Hospitalier Universitaire
38043 GRENOBLE CEDEX 9,FR
| | - Chantal Delon-Martin
- Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle et Metabolique
INSERM : U594Université Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble ICentre Hospitalier Universitaire
38043 GRENOBLE CEDEX 9,FR
| | - Mathilde Pachot-Clouard
- Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle et Metabolique
INSERM : U594Université Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble ICentre Hospitalier Universitaire
38043 GRENOBLE CEDEX 9,FR
| | - Christoph Segebarth
- Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle et Metabolique
INSERM : U594Université Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble ICentre Hospitalier Universitaire
38043 GRENOBLE CEDEX 9,FR
| | - Kenneth Knoblauch
- Cerveau et vision
INSERM : U371 INRA IFR19Université Claude Bernard - Lyon ICentre de Recherche Inserm
18, Avenue du Doyen Lepine
69675 BRON CEDEX,FR
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6
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Hirabayashi T, Miyashita Y. Dynamically modulated spike correlation in monkey inferior temporal cortex depending on the feature configuration within a whole object. J Neurosci 2006; 25:10299-307. [PMID: 16267238 PMCID: PMC6725794 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3036-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the processing of spatially separated multiple local features to form a unique whole object is an important issue in visual object recognition. We tested whether, in behaving monkeys, the spike correlation between pairs of inferior temporal (IT) neurons dynamically changes depending on the spatial configuration of the local features within a whole object. We prepared more than 60,000 face-like objects (FOs) and their corresponding non-face-like objects (NFOs) that consisted of random arrangements of the same set of local features as those in FOs. The spike correlation between a pair of neurons was quantified by the peak height of the shift predictor-subtracted cross-correlogram. For both neurons of the pair, the local features in a whole object were determined so that they elicited as high a response as possible to enable a reliable cross-correlation analysis. We found that the FOs thus constructed elicited neuronal activities that were more strongly correlated than the corresponding NFOs. Firing rates of the same neurons did not show such a consistent bias depending on the feature configuration. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that this FO dominance of spike correlation was robust enough to discriminate between different feature configurations at the population level. Spike correlation of the cell pairs exhibited significant FO dominance within 300 ms after stimulus onset. The present results suggest that feature configuration within a unique whole object can be reflected in the rapid modulation of spike correlation among a population of neurons in the IT cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Hirabayashi
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Oreja-Guevara C, Kleiser R, Paulus W, Kruse W, Seitz RJ, Hoffmann KP. The role of V5 (hMT+) in visually guided hand movements: an fMRI study. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:3113-20. [PMID: 15182320 DOI: 10.1111/j.0953-816x.2004.03393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrophysiological studies in animals suggest that visuomotor control of forelimb and eye movements involves reciprocal connections between several areas (striate, extrastriate, parietal, motor and premotor) related to movement performance and visuospatial coding of movement direction. The extrastriate area MT [V5 (hMT+) in humans] located in the "dorsal pathway" of the primate brain is specialized in the processing of visual motion information. The aim of our study was to investigate the functional role of V5 (hMT+) in the control of visually guided hand movements and to identify the corresponding cortex activation implicated in the visuomotor tasks using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Eight human subjects performed visually guided hand movements, either continuously tracking a horizontally moving target or performing ballistic tracking movements of a cursor to an eccentric stationary target while fixating a central fixation cross. The tracking movements were back-projected onto the screen using a cursor which was moved by an MRI-compatible joystick. Both conditions activated area V5 (hMT+), right more than left, particularly during continuous tracking. In addition, a large-scale sensorimotor circuit which included sensorimotor cortex, premotor cortex, striatum, thalamus and cerebellum as well as a number of cortical areas along the intraparietal sulcus in both hemispheres were activated. Because activity was increased in V5 (hMT+) during continuous tracking but not during ballistic tracking as compared to motion perception, it has a pivotal role during the visual control of forelimb movements as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Oreja-Guevara
- Department of Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, ND 7/Postfach 102148, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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Nakahara K, Hayashi T, Konishi S, Miyashita Y. Functional MRI of macaque monkeys performing a cognitive set-shifting task. Science 2002; 295:1532-6. [PMID: 11859197 DOI: 10.1126/science.1067653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Functional brain organization of macaque monkeys and humans was directly compared by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects of both species performed a modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test that required behavioral flexibility in the form of cognitive set shifting. Equivalent visual stimuli and task sequence were used for the two species. We found transient activation related to cognitive set shifting in focal regions of prefrontal cortex in both monkeys and humans. These functional homologs were located in cytoarchitectonically equivalent regions in the posterior part of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. This comparative imaging provides insights into the evolution of cognition in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Nakahara
- Department of Physiology, Department of Neurology, The University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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