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Unnithan D, Sartaj A, Iqubal MK, Ali J, Baboota S. A neoteric annotation on the advances in combination therapy for Parkinson's disease: nanocarrier-based combination approach and future anticipation. Part I: exploring theoretical insights and pharmacological advances. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:423-435. [PMID: 38481172 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2331214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological condition defined by a substantial reduction in dopamine-containing cells in the substantia nigra. Levodopa (L-Dopa) is considered the gold standard in treatment. Recent research has clearly shown that resistance to existing therapies can develop. Moreover, the involvement of multiple pathways in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss suggests that modifying the treatment strategy could effectively reduce this degeneration. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the key concerns with treating PD patients and the combinations, aimed at effectively managing PD. Part I focuses on the clinical diagnosis at every stage of the disease as well as the pharmacological treatment strategies that are applied throughout its course. It methodically elucidates the potency of multifactorial interventions in attenuating the disease trajectory, substantiating the rationale for co-administration of dual or multiple therapeutic agents. Significant emphasis is laid on evidence-based pharmacological combinations for PD management. EXPERT OPINION By utilizing multiple drugs in a combination fashion, this approach can leverage the additive or synergistic effects of these agents, amplify the spectrum of treatment, and curtail the risk of side effects by reducing the dose of each drug, demonstrating significantly greater efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Unnithan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Ali Sartaj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Shadfar S, Khanal S, Bohara G, Kim G, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Ghavami S, Choi H, Choi DY. Methanolic Extract of Boswellia serrata Gum Protects the Nigral Dopaminergic Neurons from Rotenone-Induced Neurotoxicity. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5874-5890. [PMID: 35804280 PMCID: PMC9395310 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02943-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Boswellia serrata gum is a natural product that showed beneficial effects on neurodegenerative diseases in recent studies. In this study, we investigated the effects of Boswellia serrata resin on rotenone-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Firstly, we attempted to see if the resin can induce AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway which has been known to have broad neuroprotective effects. Boswellia increased AMPK phosphorylation and reduced phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) and α-synuclein (p-α-synuclein) in the striatum while increased the expression level of Beclin1, a marker for autophagy and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Next, we examined the neuroprotective effects of the Boswellia extract in the rotenone-injected mice. The results showed that Boswellia evidently attenuated the loss of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and microglial activation caused by rotenone. Moreover, Boswellia ameliorated rotenone-induced decrease in the striatal dopamine and impairment in motor function. Accumulation of α-synuclein meditated by rotenone was significantly ameliorated by Boswellia. Also, we showed that β-boswellic acid, the active constituents of Boswellia serrata gum, induced AMPK phosphorylation and attenuated α-synuclein phosphorylation in SHSY5 cells. These results suggest that Boswellia protected the dopaminergic neurons from rotenone neurotoxicity via activation of the AMPK pathway which might be associated with attenuation of α-synuclein aggregation and neuroinflammation. Further investigations are warranted to identify specific molecules in Boswellia which are responsible for the neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Shadfar
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2121 NSW, Australia. .,College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak Avenue, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shristi Khanal
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak Avenue, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganesh Bohara
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak Avenue, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Geumjin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak Avenue, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada.,Research Institutes of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada.,Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 7134845794, Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Katowice School of Technology, 40-555, Katowice, Poland
| | - Hyukjae Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak Avenue, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Young Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak Avenue, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Rangasamy SB, Dutta D, Mondal S, Majumder M, Dasarathy S, Chandra G, Pahan K. Protection of dopaminergic neurons in hemiparkinsonian monkeys by flavouring ingredient glyceryl tribenzoate. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2022; 1:7-22. [PMID: 36720111 PMCID: PMC9212717 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2022-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and this study underlines the significance of a small molecule glyceryl tribenzoate (GTB), a FDA approved food additive, in preventing parkinsonian pathologies in MPTP-induced animal models. The study conducted in MPTP-induced mice demonstrated dose-dependent protection of nigral tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and striatal dopamine level by GTB oral treatment and the optimum dose was found to be 50 mg/kg/d. In the next phase, the study was carried out in MPTP-injected hemiparkinsonian monkeys, which recapitulate better clinical parkinsonian syndromes. GTB inhibited MPTP-driven induction of glial inflammation, which was evidenced by reduced level of GTP-p21Ras and phospho-p65 in SN of monkeys. It led to decreased expression of inflammatory markers such as IL-1β and iNOS. Simultaneously, GTB oral treatment protected nigral TH cells, striatal dopamine, and improved motor behaviour of hemiparkinsonian monkeys. Presence of sodium benzoate, a GTB metabolite and a FDA-approved drug for urea cycle disorders and glycine encephalopathy, in the brain suggests that the neuroprotective effect imparted by GTB might be mediated by sodium benzoate. Although the mechanism of action of GTB is poorly understood, the study sheds light on the therapeutic possibility of a food additive GTB in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh B. Rangasamy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Debashis Dutta
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Susanta Mondal
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Moumita Majumder
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Sridevi Dasarathy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Goutam Chandra
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA
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Li P, Yao LY, Jiang YJ, Wang DD, Wang T, Wu YP, Li BX, Li XT. Soybean isoflavones protect SH-SY5Y neurons from atrazine-induced toxicity by activating mitophagy through stimulation of the BEX2/BNIP3/NIX pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112886. [PMID: 34673406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR) is a widely used herbicide that can induce the degeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra, resulting in a Parkinson's disease-like syndrome. Despite the high risk of environmental exposure, few studies have investigated strategies for the prevention of ATR neurotoxicity. Our previous studies demonstrated that ATR can impair mitochondrial function, leading to metabolic failure. Cells maintain mitochondrial quality through selective autophagic elimination, termed mitophagy. Soybean isoflavones (SI) possess multiple beneficial bioactivities, including preservation of mitochondria function, so it was hypothesized that SI can protect neurons against ATR toxicity by promoting mitophagy. Pretreatment of SH-SY5Y neurons with SI prevented ATR-induced metabolic failure and cytotoxicity as assessed by intracellular ATP, Na+-K+-ATPase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell viability assays. The neuroprotective efficacy of SI was superior to the major individual components genistein, daidzein, and glycitein. Ultrastructural analyses revealed that ATR induced mitochondrial damage, while SI promoted the sequestration of damaged mitochondria into autophagic vesicles. Soybean isoflavones also induced mitophagy as evidenced by upregulated expression of BNIP3/NIX, BEX2, and LC3-II, while co-treatment with the mitophagy inhibitor Mdivi-1 blocked SI-mediated neuroprotection and prevented SI from reversing ATR-induced BEX2 downregulation. Furthermore, BEX2 knockdown inhibited SI-induced activation of the BNIP3/NIX pathway, mitophagy, and neuroprotection. These findings suggest that SI protects against ATR-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and neurotoxicity by activating the BEX2/BNIP3/NIX pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China.
| | - Li-Yan Yao
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China.
| | - Yu-Jia Jiang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China.
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China.
| | - Yan-Ping Wu
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China.
| | - Bai-Xiang Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China.
| | - Xue-Ting Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, China.
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Li P, Li X, Yao L, Wu Y, Li B. Soybean isoflavones prevent atrazine-induced neurodegenerative damage by inducing autophagy. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110065. [PMID: 31869719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR) is a widely used herbicide with documented dopaminergic (DAergic) neurotoxicity that can lead to a Parkinson's disease (PD)-like motor syndrome. However, there have been few studies on preventative interventions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective efficacy of soybean isoflavones (SI) and associated molecular mechanisms in a rat model of ATR-induced DAergic toxicity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (6 weeks old) received daily intraperitoneal injection of SI (10, 50, or 100 mg/kg) or vehicle followed 1 h later by oral gavage of ATR (50 mg/kg) for 45 consecutive days. Open field and grip-strength tests indicated no differences in motor function among treatment groups. Alternatively, histopathology revealed neuronal damage in the striatum of rats receiving vehicle plus ATR that was ameliorated by SI pretreatment. SI attenuate ATR-induced oxidative stress (indicated by MDA accumulation and GSH depletion) and inflammatory damage (as evidenced by TNF-α and IL-6 elevation) in the substantia nigra. ATR increased expression of the pro-apoptotic factor Bax and reduced expression levels of the DA synthesis enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 in the substantia nigra and striatum. All of these effects were reversed by SI pretreatment, suggesting that SI can inhibit ATR-induced apoptosis of DAergic neurons. ATR also inhibited autophagy in the substantial nigra as evidenced by LC3-II and Beclin-1 downregulation and increased expression of p62, whereas SI pretreatment reversed these effects, indicating autophagy induction. Furthermore, ATR increased the expression of mTOR and reduced the expression of phosphorylated S6 (p-S6) and BEX2 in the substantia nigra. Collectively, these findings suggest that SI can prevent ATR-mediated degeneration of DAergic neurons by inducing autophagy through an mTOR-dependent signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, PR China.
| | - Xueting Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, PR China.
| | - Liyan Yao
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, PR China.
| | - Yanping Wu
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, PR China.
| | - Baixiang Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, PR China.
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The parthenolide derivative ACT001 synergizes with low doses of L-DOPA to improve MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease in mice. Behav Brain Res 2020; 379:112337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Liu Q, Zhu D, Jiang P, Tang X, Lang Q, Yu Q, Zhang S, Che Y, Feng X. Resveratrol synergizes with low doses of L-DOPA to improve MPTP-induced Parkinson disease in mice. Behav Brain Res 2019; 367:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Zheng ZV, Cheung CY, Lyu H, Chan HY, Li Y, Bian ZX, Wang KKW, Poon WS. Baicalein enhances the effect of low dose Levodopa on the gait deficits and protects dopaminergic neurons in experimental Parkinsonism. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 64:242-251. [PMID: 30905662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease with the clinical characteristics of gait deficits. The classical symptomatic treatment for PD is Levodopa (L-DOPA) which brings a plethora of side effects and dosage problems in a prolonged drug regimen. Baicalein is a flavonoid extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi with the properties of neuroprotection. In this study, we investigated the ameliorative effect of baicalein with low dose L-DOPA (25 mg/kg) on the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced Parkinsonism. The gait variability was assessed by a computer-assisted gait analysis system Catwalk. The results showed that MPTP challenged mice had significant gait deficits on dynamic paw function and posture stability. L-DOPA reversed the MPTP induced gait deficits and the effect was positively dose-dependent. The combined treatment of baicalein and under threshold dose of L-DOPA significantly improved gait functions, compared with exclusive low dose L-DOPA treatment, and the effect was comparable with high dose L-DOPA treatment. The histological assessment demonstrated that the Tyrosine hydroxylase expression increased in all the baicalein stratified groups, which suggest baicalein might have the neuroprotective effect to retain the dopaminergic neurons or enhance the dopaminergic neuron regeneration after MPTP injection. This neuroprotection probably depended on altering the inflammatory response and resisting the apoptosis through the underlying mechanism investigation. Our study provides experimental evidence that the combination of L-DOPA and baicalein might be a potential treatment for Parkinson's disease. The synergistic interaction of baicalein and L-dopa treatment might reduce the side-effect of the normal to high dose L-DOPA used today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Vera Zheng
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Camille Yim Cheung
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Lyu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho Yin Chan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Li
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhao Xiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin K W Wang
- McKnight Brain Institute of the University of Florida, FL, USA
| | - Wai Sang Poon
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Sabbar M, Delaville C, De Deurwaerdère P, Lakhdar-Ghazal N, Benazzouz A. Lead-Induced Atypical Parkinsonism in Rats: Behavioral, Electrophysiological, and Neurochemical Evidence for a Role of Noradrenaline Depletion. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:173. [PMID: 29615861 PMCID: PMC5868125 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Lead neurotoxicity is a major health problem known as a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, including the manifestation of parkinsonism-like disorder. While lead is known to preferentially accumulate in basal ganglia, the mechanisms underlying behavioral disorders remain unknown. Here, we investigated the neurophysiological and biochemical correlates of motor deficits induced by sub-chronic injections of lead. Methods: Sprague Dawely rats were exposed to sub-chronic injections of lead (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or to a single i.p. injection of 50 mg/kg N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride (DSP-4), a drug known to induce selective depletion of noradrenaline. Rats were submitted to a battery of behavioral tests, including the open field for locomotor activity and rotarod for motor coordination. Electrophysiological recordings were carried out in three major basal ganglia nuclei, the subthalamic nucleus (STN), globus pallidus (GP), and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). At the end of experiments, post-mortem tissue level of the three monoamines (dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) and their metabolites has been determined using HPLC. Results: Lead intoxication significantly impaired exploratory and locomotor activity as well as motor coordination. It resulted in a significant reduction in the level of noradrenaline in the cortex and dopamine and its metabolites, DOPAC, and HVA, in the striatum. The tissue level of serotonin and its metabolite 5-HIAA was not affected in the two structures. Similarly, DSP-4, which induced a selective depletion of noradrenaline, significantly decreased exploratory, and locomotor activity as well as motor coordination. L-DOPA treatment did not improve motor deficits induced by lead and DSP-4 in the two animal groups. Electrophysiological recordings showed that both lead and DSP-4 did not change the firing rate but resulted in a switch from the regular normal firing to irregular and bursty discharge patterns of STN neurons. Neither lead nor DSP-4 treatments changed the firing rate and the pattern of GP and SNr neurons. Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence that lead represents a risk factor for inducing parkinsonism-like deficits. As the motor deficits induced by lead were not improved by L-DOPA, we suggest that the deficits may be due to the depletion of noradrenaline and the parallel disorganization of STN neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Sabbar
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Université de Bordeau, Bordeaux, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,Faculté des Sciences, Equipe Rythmes Biologiques et Environnement, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Claire Delaville
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Université de Bordeau, Bordeaux, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Université de Bordeau, Bordeaux, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nouria Lakhdar-Ghazal
- Faculté des Sciences, Equipe Rythmes Biologiques et Environnement, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelhamid Benazzouz
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Université de Bordeau, Bordeaux, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
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Shadfar S, Kim YG, Katila N, Neupane S, Ojha U, Bhurtel S, Srivastav S, Jeong GS, Park PH, Hong JT, Choi DY. Neuroprotective Effects of Antidepressants via Upregulation of Neurotrophic Factors in the MPTP Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 55:554-566. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Singh A, Verma P, Balaji G, Samantaray S, Mohanakumar KP. Nimodipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker attenuates mitochondrial dysfunctions to protect against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinsonism in mice. Neurochem Int 2016; 99:221-232. [PMID: 27395789 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder, results from loss of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta. These neurons exhibit Cav1.3 channel-dependent pacemaking activity. Epidemiological studies suggest reduced risk for PD in population under long-term antihypertensive therapy with L-type calcium channel antagonists. These prompted us to investigate nimodipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker for neuroprotective effect in cellular and animal models of PD. Nimodipine (0.1-10 μM) significantly attenuated 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium ion-induced loss in mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential and increases in intracellular calcium levels in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line as measured respectively employing Mitotracker green staining, TMRM, and Fura-2 fluorescence, but only a feeble neuroprotective effect was observed in MTT assay. Nimodipine dose-dependently reduced 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonian syndromes (akinesia and catalepsy) and loss in swimming ability in Balb/c mice. It attenuated MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons in substantia nigra, improved mitochondrial oxygen consumption and inhibited reactive oxygen species production in the striatal mitochondria measured using dichlorodihydrofluorescein fluorescence, but failed to block striatal dopamine depletion. These results point to an involvement of L-type calcium channels in MPTP-induced dopaminergic neuronal death in experimental parkinsonism and more importantly provide evidences for nimodipine to improve mitochondrial integrity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Singh
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata, 4, Raja Subodh Mullick Road, Jadavpur, 700032, India
| | - Poonam Verma
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata, 4, Raja Subodh Mullick Road, Jadavpur, 700032, India
| | - Gillela Balaji
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata, 4, Raja Subodh Mullick Road, Jadavpur, 700032, India
| | - Supriti Samantaray
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Kochupurackal P Mohanakumar
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata, 4, Raja Subodh Mullick Road, Jadavpur, 700032, India; Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research & Super Specialty Hospital, Mahatma Gandhi University Campus at Thalappady, Rubber Board PO, Kottayam, 686009, Kerala State, India.
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Dutta D, Mohanakumar KP. Tea and Parkinson's disease: Constituents of tea synergize with antiparkinsonian drugs to provide better therapeutic benefits. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:181-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bastide MF, Meissner WG, Picconi B, Fasano S, Fernagut PO, Feyder M, Francardo V, Alcacer C, Ding Y, Brambilla R, Fisone G, Jon Stoessl A, Bourdenx M, Engeln M, Navailles S, De Deurwaerdère P, Ko WKD, Simola N, Morelli M, Groc L, Rodriguez MC, Gurevich EV, Quik M, Morari M, Mellone M, Gardoni F, Tronci E, Guehl D, Tison F, Crossman AR, Kang UJ, Steece-Collier K, Fox S, Carta M, Angela Cenci M, Bézard E. Pathophysiology of L-dopa-induced motor and non-motor complications in Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2015. [PMID: 26209473 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately experienced by the vast majority of patients. In addition, psychiatric conditions often manifested as compulsive behaviours, are emerging as a serious problem in the management of L-dopa therapy. The present review attempts to provide an overview of our current understanding of dyskinesia and other L-dopa-induced dysfunctions, a field that dramatically evolved in the past twenty years. In view of the extensive literature on LID, there appeared a critical need to re-frame the concepts, to highlight the most suitable models, to review the central nervous system (CNS) circuitry that may be involved, and to propose a pathophysiological framework was timely and necessary. An updated review to clarify our understanding of LID and other L-dopa-related side effects was therefore timely and necessary. This review should help in the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing the generation of dyskinetic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu F Bastide
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bordeaux, France
| | - Barbara Picconi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Fasano
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Pierre-Olivier Fernagut
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Michael Feyder
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronica Francardo
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cristina Alcacer
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yunmin Ding
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Riccardo Brambilla
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gilberto Fisone
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Jon Stoessl
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre and National Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mathieu Bourdenx
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Michel Engeln
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvia Navailles
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Wai Kin D Ko
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Cagliari University, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Cagliari University, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laurent Groc
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut Interdisciplinaire de neurosciences, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut Interdisciplinaire de neurosciences, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Maria-Cruz Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia and Neuroscience Unit, Bio Donostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Maryka Quik
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, CA 94025, USA
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Manuela Mellone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tronci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Physiology Section, Cagliari University, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Dominique Guehl
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - François Tison
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Un Jung Kang
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine & The Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Susan Fox
- Morton & Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Center, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M4T 2S8, Canada
| | - Manolo Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Physiology Section, Cagliari University, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erwan Bézard
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Motac Neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, UK.
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14
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Naskar A, Prabhakar V, Singh R, Dutta D, Mohanakumar KP. Melatonin enhances L-DOPA therapeutic effects, helps to reduce its dose, and protects dopaminergic neurons in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinsonism in mice. J Pineal Res 2015; 58:262-74. [PMID: 25626558 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) reduces symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), but suffers from serious side effects on long-term use. Melatonin (10-30 mg/kg, 6 doses at 10 hr intervals) was investigated to potentiate L-DOPA therapeutic effects in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism in mice. Striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity, TH, and phosphorylated ser 40 TH (p-TH) protein levels were assayed on 7th day. Nigral TH-positive neurons stereology was conducted on serial sections 2.8 mm from bregma rostrally to 3.74 mm caudally. MPTP caused 39% and 58% decrease, respectively, in striatal fibers and TH protein levels, but 2.5-fold increase in p-TH levels. About 35% TH neurons were lost between 360 and 600 μm from 940 μm of the entire nigra analyzed, but no neurons were lost between 250 μm rostrally and 220 μm caudally. When L-DOPA in small doses (5-8 mg/kg) failed to affect MPTP-induced akinesia or catalepsy, co-administration of melatonin with L-DOPA attenuated these behaviors. Melatonin administration significantly attenuated MPTP-induced loss in striatal TH fibers (82%), TH (62%) and p-TH protein (100%) levels, and nigral neurons (87-100%). Melatonin failed to attenuate MPTP-induced striatal dopamine depletion. L-DOPA administration (5 mg/kg, once 40 min prior to sacrifice, p.o.) in MPTP- and melatonin-treated mice caused significant increase in striatal dopamine (31%), as compared to L-DOPA and MPTP-treated mice. This was equivalent to 8 mg/kg L-DOPA administration in parkinsonian mouse. Therefore, prolonged, effective use of L-DOPA in PD with lesser side effects could be achieved by treating with 60% lower doses of L-DOPA along with melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Naskar
- Laboratory of Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience, Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
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CNB-001 a novel curcumin derivative, guards dopamine neurons in MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:236182. [PMID: 25025041 PMCID: PMC4083212 DOI: 10.1155/2014/236182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Copious experimental and postmortem studies have shown that oxidative stress mediated degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons underlies Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. CNB-001, a novel pyrazole derivative of curcumin, has recently been reported to possess various neuroprotective properties. This study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective mechanism of CNB-001 in a subacute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) rodent model of PD. Administration of MPTP (30 mg/kg for four consecutive days) exacerbated oxidative stress and motor impairment and reduced tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter, and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) expressions. Moreover, MPTP induced ultrastructural changes such as distorted cristae and mitochondrial enlargement in substantia nigra and striatum region. Pretreatment with CNB-001 (24 mg/kg) not only ameliorated behavioral anomalies but also synergistically enhanced monoamine transporter expressions and cosseted mitochondria by virtue of its antioxidant action. These findings support the neuroprotective property of CNB-001 which may have strong therapeutic potential for treatment of PD.
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Naskar A, Manivasagam T, Chakraborty J, Singh R, Thomas B, Dhanasekaran M, Mohanakumar KP. Melatonin synergizes with low doses of L-DOPA to improve dendritic spine density in the mouse striatum in experimental Parkinsonism. J Pineal Res 2013; 55:304-12. [PMID: 23952687 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine precursor, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), is the preferred drug for Parkinson's disease, but long-term treatment results in the drug-induced dyskinesias and other side effects. This study was undertaken to examine whether melatonin could potentiate low dose L-DOPA effects in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced experimental parkinsonism. Mice were treated with the parkinsonian neurotoxin, MPTP, and different doses of melatonin and low doses of L-DOPA. Behavior, striatal histology, and dopamine metabolism were evaluated on the 7th day. MPTP-induced striatal dopamine loss was not modified by melatonin administration (10-30 mg/kg; i.p. at 10-hr intervals, 6 times; or at 2-hr intervals, by day). However, low doses of L-DOPA (5 mg/kg, by oral gavage) administered alone or along with melatonin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) twice everyday for 2 days, 10 hr apart, after two doses of MPTP significantly attenuated striatal dopamine loss and provided improvements in both catalepsy and akinesia. Additionally, Golgi-impregnated striatal sections showed preservation of the medium spiny neurons, which have been damaged in MPTP-treated mouse. The results demonstrated that melatonin, but not L-DOPA, restored spine density and spine morphology of medium spiny neurons in the striatum and suggest that melatonin could be an ideal adjuvant to L-DOPA therapy in Parkinson's disease, and by the use of this neurohormone, it is possible to bring down the therapeutic doses of L-DOPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Naskar
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
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Anandhan A, Tamilselvam K, Radhiga T, Rao S, Essa MM, Manivasagam T. Theaflavin, a black tea polyphenol, protects nigral dopaminergic neurons against chronic MPTP/probenecid induced Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2011; 1433:104-13. [PMID: 22138428 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by loss of dopominergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta, and can be experimentally induced by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Chronic administration of MPTP/probenecid (MPTP/p) leads to oxidative stress, induction of apoptosis, and loss of dopominergic neurons which results in motor impairments. Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse relationship between tea consumption and susceptibility to PD. Theaflavin is a black tea polyphenol, which possess a wide variety of pharmacological properties including potent anti oxidative, anti apoptotic and anti inflammatory effects. The current study is aimed to assess the effect of theaflavin against MPTP/p induced neurodegenaration in C57BL/6 mice. We found that the theaflavin attenuates MPTP/p induced apoptosis and neurodegeneration as evidenced by increased expression of nigral tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter (DAT) and reduced apoptotic markers such as caspase-3, 8, 9 accompanied by normalized behavioral characterization. This may be due to anti oxidative and anti apoptotic activity and these data indicate that theaflavin may provide a valuable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of progressive neurodegenerative diseases such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annadurai Anandhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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19
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York MK, Wilde EA, Simpson R, Jankovic J. Relationship between neuropsychological outcome and DBS surgical trajectory and electrode location. J Neurol Sci 2009; 287:159-71. [PMID: 19767016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcome literature of subthalamic nuclei (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) suggests that cognitive declines are commonly reported following surgery. We hypothesized that differences in electrode position and surgical trajectory may lead to a differential neuropsychological outcome. METHODS We conducted a standardized evaluation of the location of the DBS electrode tip and the active electrodes, the surgical trajectory through which they were placed, and their relation to neuropsychological change scores (mental status, verbal memory, verbal fluency, and psychological measures) in 17 bilateral STN DBS patients using 6 months post-surgical magnetic resonance imaging data. RESULTS Declines in mental status scores were related to electrodes that were more posterior-laterally placed within the frontal quadrant in either hemisphere or those located superiorally in the left hemisphere. Electrodes that were closer to the approximated STN and more superiorally located in the left hemisphere were associated with verbal learning declines at 6 months following surgery. In the right hemisphere, the electrodes that were located more in the lateral direction were related to verbal short-term memory declines; while for verbal long-term memory declines were found for electrodes located more posterior-laterally in the left hemisphere. Declines in verbal fluency scores were more variable with associations found between change scores and electrodes in the lateral and superior directions in the left hemisphere and those electrodes closer to the approximated STN and more superiorally and posteriorally located in the right hemisphere. In contrast, semantic fluency declines were only related to right hemisphere electrodes located more superiorally. Declines in mood were related to those electrodes located further away from the approximated STN, particularly those located more inferiorally and laterally in the left hemisphere. Anxiety change scores were not associated with the location of the electrodes. CONCLUSIONS The results provide preliminary evidence that 6 months following bilateral STN DBS cognitive and emotional changes may be related to the surgical trajectory and electrode placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele K York
- Department of Neurology, The Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, The Michael E Debakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, United States.
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20
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Bishop C, Krolewski DM, Eskow KL, Barnum CJ, Dupre KB, Deak T, Walker PD. Contribution of the striatum to the effects of 5-HT1A receptor stimulation in L-DOPA-treated hemiparkinsonian rats. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:1645-58. [PMID: 19115412 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental studies implicate the use of serotonin (5-HT)1A receptor agonists for the reduction of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia (LID). Although raphe nuclei likely play a role in these antidyskinetic effects, an unexplored population of striatal 5-HT1A receptors (5-HT1AR) may also contribute. To better characterize this mechanism, L-DOPA-primed hemiparkinsonian rats received the 5-HT1AR agonist +/-8-OH-DPAT (0, 0.1, 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) with or without cotreatment with the 5-HT1AR antagonist WAY100635 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) 5 min after L-DOPA, after which abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs), rotations, and forelimb akinesia were quantified. To establish the effects of 5-HT1AR stimulation on L-DOPA-induced c-fos and preprodynorphin (PPD) mRNA within the dopamine-depleted striatum, immunohistochemistry and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively, were used. Finally, to determine the contribution of striatal 5-HT1AR to these effects, L-DOPA-primed hemiparkinsonian rats received bilateral intrastriatal microinfusions of +/-8-OH-DPAT (0, 5, or 10 microg/side), WAY100635 (5 microg/side), or both (10 microg + 5 microg/side) 5 min after L-DOPA, after which AIMs and rotations were examined. Systemic +/-8-OH-DPAT dose- and receptor-dependently attenuated L-DOPA-mediated AIMs and improved forelimb akinesia. Striatal c-fos immunoreactivity and PPD mRNA ipsilateral to the lesion were strongly induced by L-DOPA, while +/-8-OH-DPAT suppressed these effects. Finally, intrastriatal infusions of +/-8-OH-DPAT reduced AIMs while coinfusion of WAY100635 reversed its antidyskinetic effect. Collectively, these results support the hypothesis that the cellular and behavioral properties of 5-HT1AR agonists are conveyed in part via a population of functional 5-HT1AR within the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bishop
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
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Gorentla BK, Moritz AE, Foster JD, Vaughan RA. Proline-directed phosphorylation of the dopamine transporter N-terminal domain. Biochemistry 2009; 48:1067-76. [PMID: 19146407 DOI: 10.1021/bi801696n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the dopamine transporter (DAT) on N-terminal serines and unidentified threonines occurs concomitantly with protein kinase C (PKC)- and substrate-induced alterations in transporter activity, subcellular distribution, and dopamine efflux, but the residues phosphorylated and identities of protein kinases and phosphatases involved are not known. As one approach to investigating these issues, we recombinantly expressed the N-terminal tail of rat DAT (NDAT) and examined its phosphorylation and dephosphorylation properties in vitro. We found that NDAT could be phosphorylated to significant levels by PKCalpha, PKA, PKG, and CaMKII, which catalyzed serine phosphorylation, and ERK1, JNK, and p38, which catalyzed threonine phosphorylation. We identified Thr53, present in a membrane proximal proline-directed kinase motif as the NDAT site phosphorylated in vitro by ERK1, JNK and p38, and confirmed by peptide mapping and mutagenesis that Thr53 is phosphorylated in vivo. Dephosphorylation studies showed that protein phosphatase 1 catalyzed near-complete in vitro dephosphorylation of PKCalpha-phosphorylated NDAT, similar to its in vivo and in vitro effects on native DAT. These findings demonstrate the ability of multiple enzymes to directly recognize the DAT N-terminal domain and for kinases to act at multiple distinct sites. The strong correspondence between NDAT and rDAT phosphorylation characteristics suggests the potential for the enzymes that are active on NDAT in vitro to act on DAT in vivo and indicates the usefulness of NDAT for guiding future DAT phosphorylation analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balachandra K Gorentla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58201, USA
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Tumilasci OR, Cersósimo MG, Belforte JE, Micheli FE, Benarroch EE, Pazo JH. Quantitative study of salivary secretion in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2006; 21:660-7. [PMID: 16419045 DOI: 10.1002/mds.20784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined basal and reflex salivary flow rate and composition in 46 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), both in off and on conditions, compared to 13 age-matched controls without underlying disease or treatment affecting autonomic function. Whole saliva was collected 12 hours after withdrawal of dopaminergic drugs and at the peak of levodopa-induced motor improvement. Twenty-three of the 46 PD patients had received domperidone a week before the study. Basal salivary flow rate was significantly lower in PD patients in the off state compared to controls (P<0.005). Levodopa increased salivary flow rate (P<0.05) both in the domperidone-pretreated and untreated groups. Citric acid stimulated salivary flow rate in both the off and on states in PD patients. This effect was higher in the domperidone-pretreated patients. Salivary concentration of sodium, chloride, and amylase was higher in PD patients than in controls and was not affected by levodopa or domperidone treatment. Levodopa stimulates both basal and reflex salivary flow rate in PD. The mechanism appears to be central, as the effect is not blocked by domperidone. Domperidone may have a peripheral effect that potentiates reflex salivary secretion. Salivary composition is abnormal in PD and is not affected by levodopa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar R Tumilasci
- Departamento de Fisiología, Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Facultad de Medicina, and Programa de Parkinson y Movimientos Anormales, Instituto de Neurociencias del Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bishop C, Taylor JL, Kuhn DM, Eskow KL, Park JY, Walker PD. MDMA and fenfluramine reduce L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia via indirect 5-HT1A receptor stimulation. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23:2669-76. [PMID: 16817869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) pharmacotherapy in Parkinson's disease is often accompanied by the development of abnormal and excessive movements known as dyskinesia. Clinical and experimental studies indicate that indirect serotonin agonists can suppress dyskinesia without affecting the efficacy of L-DOPA. While the mechanism by which these effects occur is not clear, recent research suggests that serotonin 5-HT1A receptors may play a pivotal role. To test this, male Sprague-Dawley rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine medial forebrain bundle lesions received 1 week of daily treatment with L-DOPA (12 mg/kg, i.p.) plus benserazide (15 mg/kg, i.p.). Beginning on the 8th day of treatment and every 3rd or 4th day thereafter, rats were pretreated with vehicle (0.9% NaCl), the serotonin and dopamine releaser 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 0.25 or 2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or the serotonin releaser fenfluramine (FEN; 0.25 or 2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) 5 min prior to L-DOPA, after which abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) and rotations were quantified every 20th minute for 2 h. Pretreatment with 2.5 mg/kg of either MDMA or FEN reduced AIMs. To determine the contribution of the 5-HT1A receptor to these effects, another group of L-DOPA-primed 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats were pretreated with the 5-HT1A antagonist WAY100635 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), MDMA + WAY100635 (2.5 + 0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or FEN + WAY100635 (2.5 + 0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) 5 min prior to L-DOPA and subsequent AIMs and rotation tests. The antidyskinetic effects of MDMA and FEN were reversed by cotreatment with WAY100635. These results suggest that 5-HT-augmenting compounds such as MDMA and FEN probably convey antidyskinetic properties in part via stimulation of 5-HT1A receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bishop
- Behavioural Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Binghamton, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.
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Bilbao G, Ruiz-Ortega JA, Miguens N, Ulibarri I, Linazasoro G, Gómez-Urquijo S, Garibi J, Ugedo L. Electrophysiological characterization of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in partially lesioned rats: Effects of subthalamotomy and levodopa treatment. Brain Res 2006; 1084:175-84. [PMID: 16574080 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta is the main histopathological characteristic of Parkinson's disease. We studied the electrophysiological characteristics of the spontaneous activity of substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons in rats with a partial, unilateral, 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway. In addition, the effects of subthalamotomy and prolonged levodopa treatment on the activity of dopaminergic neurons were investigated. As a result of the lesion ( approximately 50% neuronal loss), the number of spontaneously active neurons was significantly reduced. Basal firing rate, burst firing and responsiveness to intravenously administered apomorphine remained unchanged. In contrast, the variation coefficient, a measure of interspike interval regularity, was significantly increased. Ibotenic acid (10 microg) lesion of the ipsilateral subthalamic nucleus in lesioned rats did not modify the electrophysiological parameters. However, prolonged levodopa treatment (100 mg/kg/day + benserazide 25 mg/kg/day, 14 days) reversed the irregularity observed in cells from lesioned rats, while it induced an irregular firing pattern in cells from intact rats. Our results using an experimental model of moderate Parkinson's disease indicate that surviving substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons fire irregularly. In this model, subthalamotomy does not modify the firing pattern while levodopa treatment efficiently restores normal firing of SNpc neurons and does not appear to be toxic to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaizka Bilbao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cruces Hospital E-48903, Bizkaia, Spain
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25
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Lastres-Becker I, Molina-Holgado F, Ramos JA, Mechoulam R, Fernández-Ruiz J. Cannabinoids provide neuroprotection against 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity in vivo and in vitro: relevance to Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 19:96-107. [PMID: 15837565 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Revised: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids have been reported to provide neuroprotection in acute and chronic neurodegeneration. In this study, we examined whether they are also effective against the toxicity caused by 6-hydroxydopamine, both in vivo and in vitro, which may be relevant to Parkinson's disease (PD). First, we evaluated whether the administration of cannabinoids in vivo reduces the neurodegeneration produced by a unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the medial forebrain bundle. As expected, 2 weeks after the application of this toxin, a significant depletion of dopamine contents and a reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the lesioned striatum were noted, and were accompanied by a reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase-mRNA levels in the substantia nigra. None of these events occurred in the contralateral structures. Daily administration of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) during these 2 weeks produced a significant waning in the magnitude of these reductions, whereas it failed to affect dopaminergic parameters in the contralateral structures. This effect of delta9-THC appeared to be irreversible since interruption of the daily administration of this cannabinoid after the 2-week period did not lead to the re-initiation of the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurodegeneration. In addition, the fact that the same neuroprotective effect was also produced by cannabidiol (CBD), another plant-derived cannabinoid with negligible affinity for cannabinoid CB1 receptors, suggests that the antioxidant properties of both compounds, which are cannabinoid receptor-independent, might be involved in these in vivo effects, although an alternative might be that the neuroprotection exerted by both compounds might be due to their anti-inflammatory potential. As a second objective, we examined whether cannabinoids also provide neuroprotection against the in vitro toxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine. We found that the non-selective cannabinoid agonist HU-210 increased cell survival in cultures of mouse cerebellar granule cells exposed to this toxin. However, this effect was significantly lesser when the cannabinoid was directly added to neuronal cultures than when these cultures were exposed to conditioned medium obtained from mixed glial cell cultures treated with HU-210, suggesting that the cannabinoid exerted its major protective effect by regulating glial influence to neurons. In summary, our results support the view of a potential neuroprotective action of cannabinoids against the in vivo and in vitro toxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine, which might be relevant for PD. Our data indicated that these neuroprotective effects might be due, among others, to the antioxidant properties of certain plant-derived cannabinoids, or exerted through the capability of cannabinoid agonists to modulate glial function, or produced by a combination of both mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Lastres-Becker
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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26
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Eckert T, Barnes A, Dhawan V, Frucht S, Gordon MF, Feigin AS, Eidelberg D. FDG PET in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonian disorders. Neuroimage 2005; 26:912-21. [PMID: 15955501 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Revised: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The differential diagnosis of parkinsonian disorders can be challenging, especially early in the disease course. PET imaging with [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) has been used to identify characteristic patterns of regional glucose metabolism in patient cohorts with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), as well as variant forms of parkinsonism such as multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBGD). In this study, we assessed the utility of FDG PET in the differential diagnosis of individual patients with clinical parkinsonism. 135 parkinsonian patients were referred for FDG PET to determine whether their diagnosis could be made accurately based upon their scans. Imaging-based diagnosis was obtained by visual assessment of the individual scans and also by computer-assisted interpretation. The results were compared with 2-year follow-up clinical assessments made by independent movement disorders specialists who were blinded to the original PET findings. We found that blinded computer assessment agreed with clinical diagnosis in 92.4% of all subjects (97.7% early PD, 91.6% late PD, 96% MSA, 85% PSP, 90.1% CBGD, 86.5% healthy control subjects). Concordance of visual inspection with clinical diagnosis was achieved in 85.4% of the patients scanned (88.4% early PD, 97.2% late PD, 76% MSA, 60% PSP, 90.9% CBGD, 90.9% healthy control subjects). This study demonstrates that FDG PET performed at the time of initial referral for parkinsonism accurately predicted the clinical diagnosis of individual patients made at subsequent follow-up. Computer-assisted methodologies may be particularly helpful in situations where experienced readers of FDG PET images are not readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eckert
- Center for Neurosciences, Institute for Medical Research, North Shore Long-Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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27
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Abstract
Orally administered levodopa, in combination with a decarboxylase inhibitor, is the gold standard therapy for Parkinson disease (PD). The problems in management of motor fluctuations in the advanced stages of the disorder are due to the close relationship between plasma levodopa levels and availability of dopamine at striatal receptor sites. The fluctuating levodopa concentrations are mainly explained by the fact that levodopa absorption only occurs in the proximal small intestine. The patient's motor function thus depends on gastric emptying, which is erratic and may even be delayed in PD. Oral therapy with sustained-release formulations and COMT inhibitors have not solved the problems satisfactorily. Therefore, infusions of levodopa by intravenous and enteral (duodenal/jejunal) routes of administration have been studied. In this review of the literature on clinically relevant levodopa infusion studies, it is shown that improvements regarding fluctuations in both plasma levodopa levels and motor performance have been repeatedly reported. The results acquired so far suggest that levodopa infusion is a safe and efficacious therapy. Recent drug delivery development and long-term studies have shown that infusion is a clinically feasible alternative to treat advanced PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dag Nyholm
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden.
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Hsu A, Togasaki DM, Bezard E, Sokoloff P, Langston JW, Di Monte DA, Quik M. Effect of the D3 dopamine receptor partial agonist BP897 [N-[4-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazinyl)butyl]-2-naphthamide] on L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-induced dyskinesias and parkinsonism in squirrel monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 311:770-7. [PMID: 15226382 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.071142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) is one of the most effective therapies for Parkinson's disease, continued treatment may result in excessive involuntary movements known as L-dopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs). Because LIDs can become dose-limiting, there is great interest in finding ways to ameliorate or prevent this troubling side effect of L-dopa therapy. It was recently reported that the D3 receptor partial agonist BP897 [N-[4-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazinyl)butyl]-2-naphthamide] reduces LIDs without diminishing antiparkinsonian effects of L-dopa in macaques. In the present study, we tested the effects of BP897 on LIDs in squirrel monkeys, a nonhuman primate particularly prone to dyskinesias. Parkinsonism was induced using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Animals were then gavaged with L-dopa/carbidopa (7.5 or 15 mg/kg/dose) without and with BP897. The effects of BP897 treatment were evaluated on several components of LIDs, including time course, peak dyskinesias, and area under the curve (AUC), a measure that encompasses both peak and duration of the response. Analyses of the time course and overall dyskinetic response (AUC) showed that BP897 significantly reduced LIDs but at the expense of the antiparkinsonian effect of L-dopa. BP897 had no significant effect on peak dyskinesias. Correlation studies showed that beneficial effects of BP897 on dyskinesias were linked to a decline in the antiparkinsonian action of L-dopa. Analyses of a subgroup of animals with mild/moderate parkinsonism yielded comparable results. Thus, in squirrel monkeys in contrast to macaques, BP897 fails to exert an antidyskinetic effect without diminishing the antiparkinsonian effects of L-dopa. These results suggest that BP897 may be less effective than originally anticipated for treating LIDs in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Hsu
- The Parkinson's Institute, 1170 Morse Ave, Sunnyvale, CA 94089, USA
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29
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Pirker W, Holler I, Gerschlager W, Asenbaum S, Zettinig G, Brücke T. Measuring the rate of progression of Parkinson's disease over a 5-year period with beta-CIT SPECT. Mov Disord 2004; 18:1266-72. [PMID: 14639666 DOI: 10.1002/mds.10531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent imaging studies suggest a rapid degeneration of the dopaminergic system in early Parkinson's disease (PD), followed by a slowing of the degenerative process in advanced disease. In the present study, a group of early-stage PD patients underwent three sequential [123I]beta-CIT SPECT studies to assess the decline of striatal dopamine transporter binding over a 5-year period. Twenty-one of a cohort of 24 early PD patients who participated in an earlier longitudinal beta-CIT SPECT imaging study [Mov Disord 2002;17:45-53] were included. Scan intervals were 26 +/- 11 months (scan 1-2) and 38 +/- 15 months (scan 2-3), respectively. The relative annual rate of decline of striatal beta-CIT binding from age-expected normal values at the time of Scan 1 was used as primary outcome variable. The relative annual decline of striatal binding from Scan 1 to Scan 2 (4.5 +/- 4.6%) and from Scan 2 to Scan 3 (3.0 +/- 3.0%) was not significantly different. The non-significant difference in progression rate was due mainly to the rapid early decline of striatal binding in 1 patient who subsequently developed a severe dysexecutive dementia syndrome. These data are not suggestive of substantial change in the course of dopaminergic degeneration in PD within the first 5 to 7 years after symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Pirker
- Department of Neurology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Martin DM, Skidmore JM, Philips ST, Vieira C, Gage PJ, Condie BG, Raphael Y, Martinez S, Camper SA. PITX2 is required for normal development of neurons in the mouse subthalamic nucleus and midbrain. Dev Biol 2004; 267:93-108. [PMID: 14975719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2003.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2003] [Revised: 09/23/2003] [Accepted: 10/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pitx2, a homeodomain transcription factor, is essential for normal development of the pituitary gland, craniofacial region, eyes, heart, abdominal viscera, and limbs. Complete loss of Pitx2 in mice (Pitx2(-/-)) results in embryonic lethality by approximately e15 due to cardiac defects, whereas embryos with partial loss of function (Pitx2(neo/-) or Pitx2(neo/neo)) survive until later in development (e17-e19). Pitx2 is expressed in discrete populations of postmitotic neurons in the mouse brain, but its role in mammalian central nervous system (CNS) development is not known. We undertook an analysis of Pitx2-deficient embryos to determine whether loss of Pitx2 affects CNS development. The CNS is normal in hypomorphic e16.5 Pitx2(neo/-) and e18.5 Pitx2(neo/neo) embryos, with no evidence of midline or other defects. Midgestation (e10.5) Pitx2(-/-) embryos have normally formed neural tube structures and cerebral vesicles, whereas older (e14.5) Pitx2(-/-) embryos exhibit loss of gene expression and axonal projections in the subthalamic nucleus (a group of cells in the ventrolateral thalamus) and in the developing superior colliculus of dorsal midbrain. Our results suggest a role for Pitx2 in regulating regionally specific terminal neuronal differentiation in the developing ventrolateral thalamus and midbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Bryant PR, Geis CC, Moroz A, O'neill BJ, Bogey RA. Stroke and neurodegenerative disorders. 4. neurodegenerative disorders11No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the authors(s) or upon any organization with which the author(s) is/are associated. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 85:S21-33. [PMID: 15034853 DOI: 10.1053/j.apmr.2003.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This self-directed learning module highlights diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation issues in patients with neurodegenerative disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It is part of the study guide on stroke and neurodegenerative disorders in the Self-Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This article specifically focuses on the differential diagnosis, diagnostic evaluation, medical management, and rehabilitation issues in MS. Similarly, the differential diagnosis treatment and rehabilitation in Parkinson's disease is discussed. Electrodiagnosis, pharmacologic treatment, and rehabilitation options for ALS are also discussed. OVERALL ARTICLE OBJECTIVES To review the differential diagnosis, evaluation, medical treatment, and rehabilitation management of patients with MS, Parkinson's disease, and ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Bryant
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, 84132, USA.
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32
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Loder MK, Melikian HE. The dopamine transporter constitutively internalizes and recycles in a protein kinase C-regulated manner in stably transfected PC12 cell lines. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:22168-74. [PMID: 12682063 PMCID: PMC2597781 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301845200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) removes dopamine from the extracellular milieu and is potently inhibited by number of psychoactive drugs, including cocaine, amphetamines, and methylphenidate (Ritalin). Multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that protein kinase C (PKC) down-regulates dopamine transport, primarily by redistributing DAT from the plasma membrane to endosomal compartments, although the mechanisms facilitating transporter sequestration are not defined. Here, we demonstrate that DAT constitutively internalizes and recycles in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Temperature blockades demonstrated basal internalization and reliance on recycling to maintain DAT cell surface levels. In contrast, recycling blockade with bafilomycin A1 significantly decreased transferrin receptor (TfR) surface expression but had no effect on DAT surface levels, suggesting that DAT and TfR traffic via distinct endosomal mechanisms. Kinetic analyses reveal robust constitutive DAT cycling to and from the plasma membrane, independent of transporter expression levels. In contrast, phorbol ester-mediated PKC activation accelerated DAT endocytosis and attenuated transporter recycling in a manner sensitive to DAT expression levels. These data demonstrate constitutive DAT trafficking and that PKC-mediated DAT sequestration is achieved by a combination of accelerated internalization and reduced recycling. Additionally, the differential sensitivity to expression level exhibited by constitutive and regulated DAT trafficking suggests that these two processes are mediated by independent cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merewyn K Loder
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, 303 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
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