1
|
Frolov A, Lobov A, Kabilov M, Zainullina B, Tupikin A, Shishkova D, Markova V, Sinitskaya A, Grigoriev E, Markova Y, Kutikhin A. Multi-Omics Profiling of Human Endothelial Cells from the Coronary Artery and Internal Thoracic Artery Reveals Molecular but Not Functional Heterogeneity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15032. [PMID: 37834480 PMCID: PMC10573276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241915032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Major adverse cardiovascular events occurring upon coronary artery bypass graft surgery are typically accompanied by endothelial dysfunction. Total arterial revascularisation, which employs both left and right internal thoracic arteries instead of the saphenous vein to create a bypass, is associated with better mid- and long-term outcomes. We suggested that molecular profiles of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) and human internal mammary artery endothelial cells (HITAECs) are coherent in terms of transcriptomic and proteomic signatures, which were then investigated by RNA sequencing and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. Both HCAECs and HITAECs overexpressed molecules responsible for the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, basement membrane assembly, cell-ECM adhesion, organisation of intercellular junctions, and secretion of extracellular vesicles. HCAECs were characterised by higher enrichment with molecular signatures of basement membrane construction, collagen biosynthesis and folding, and formation of intercellular junctions, whilst HITAECs were notable for augmented pro-inflammatory signaling, intensive synthesis of proteins and nitrogen compounds, and enhanced ribosome biogenesis. Despite HCAECs and HITAECs showing a certain degree of molecular heterogeneity, no specific markers at the protein level have been identified. Coherence of differentially expressed molecular categories in HCAECs and HITAECs suggests synergistic interactions between these ECs in a bypass surgery scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Frolov
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia; (A.F.); (D.S.); (V.M.); (A.S.); (E.G.); (Y.M.)
| | - Arseniy Lobov
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biomedicine, Research Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretskiy Prospekt, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia;
| | - Marsel Kabilov
- SB RAS Genomics Core Facility, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Prospekt Akademika Lavrentieva, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Bozhana Zainullina
- Centre for Molecular and Cell Technologies, Research Park, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Embankment, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia;
| | - Alexey Tupikin
- SB RAS Genomics Core Facility, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Prospekt Akademika Lavrentieva, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (M.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Daria Shishkova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia; (A.F.); (D.S.); (V.M.); (A.S.); (E.G.); (Y.M.)
| | - Victoria Markova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia; (A.F.); (D.S.); (V.M.); (A.S.); (E.G.); (Y.M.)
| | - Anna Sinitskaya
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia; (A.F.); (D.S.); (V.M.); (A.S.); (E.G.); (Y.M.)
| | - Evgeny Grigoriev
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia; (A.F.); (D.S.); (V.M.); (A.S.); (E.G.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yulia Markova
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia; (A.F.); (D.S.); (V.M.); (A.S.); (E.G.); (Y.M.)
| | - Anton Kutikhin
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo 650002, Russia; (A.F.); (D.S.); (V.M.); (A.S.); (E.G.); (Y.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Aggrecan (Acan) and versican (Vcan) are large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix. They share the same structural domains at both N and C-termini. The N-terminal G1 domain binds hyaluronan (HA), forms an HA-rich matrix, and regulates HA-mediated signaling. The C-terminal G3 domain binds other extracellular matrix molecules and forms a supramolecular structure that stores TGFb and BMPs and regulates their signaling. EGF-like motifs in the G3 domain may directly act like an EGF ligand. Both Acan and Vcan are present in cartilage, intervertebral disc, brain, heart, and aorta. Their localizations are essentially reciprocal. This review describes their structural domains, expression patterns and functions, and regulation of their expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Novak R, Hrkac S, Salai G, Bilandzic J, Mitar L, Grgurevic L. The Role of ADAMTS-4 in Atherosclerosis and Vessel Wall Abnormalities. J Vasc Res 2022; 59:69-77. [PMID: 35051931 DOI: 10.1159/000521498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix proteins are regulated by metzincin proteases, like the disintegrin metalloproteinases with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) family members. This review focuses on the emerging role which ADAMTS-4 might play in vascular pathology, which has implications for atherosclerosis and vessel wall abnormalities, as well as for the resulting diseases, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, aortic aneurysms, and dissections. Major substrates of ADAMTS-4 are proteoglycans expressed physiologically in smooth muscle cells of blood vessels. Good examples are versican and aggrecan, principal vessel wall proteoglycans that are targeted by ADAMTS-4, driving blood vessel atrophy, which is why this metzincin protease was implicated in the pathophysiology of vascular diseases with an atherosclerotic background. Despite emerging evidence, it is important not to exaggerate the role of ADAMTS-4 as it is likely only a small piece of the complex atherosclerosis puzzle and one that could be functionally redundant due to its high structural similarity to other ADAMTS family members. The therapeutic potential of inhibiting ADAMTS-4 to halt the progression of vascular disease after initialization of treatment is unlikely. However, it is not excluded that it might find a purpose as a biomarker of vascular disease, possibly as an indicator in a larger cytokine panel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudjer Novak
- Department of Proteomics, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stela Hrkac
- Department of Proteomics, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Grgur Salai
- Department of Proteomics, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Teaching Institute of Emergency Medicine of the City of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josko Bilandzic
- Department of Proteomics, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luka Mitar
- Department of Proteomics, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lovorka Grgurevic
- Department of Proteomics, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Anatomy, "Drago Perovic," School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Conduits' Biology Regulates the Outcomes of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2021; 6:388-396. [PMID: 33997524 PMCID: PMC8093468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated atherosclerosis is common when SVGs, but not arterial grafts, are used for myocardial revascularization during CABG. This review will provide an overview of the available data on the most commonly used conduits in CABG, highlighting the differences in their cellular biology, mechanical, biochemical, and vasoconstrictive properties. Clinical and scientific evidence support the use of arterial grafts over venous conduits at the time of CABG. These arterial conduits seem to be more protected toward the development of atherosclerosis. Exploring the molecular and cellular mechanisms, of the various cell populations within these conduits, will help unveil the pathways responsible for these protective effects.
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is the gold standard for coronary surgical revascularization. Retrospective, prospective, and meta-analysis studies looking into long-term outcomes of using different conduits have pointed to the superiority of arterial grafts over veins and have placed the internal mammary artery as the standard conduit of choice for CABG. The superiority of the internal mammary artery over other conduits could be attributable to its intrinsic characteristics; however, little is known regarding the features that render some conduits atherosclerosis-prone and others atherosclerosis-resistant. Here, an overview is provided of the available data on the most commonly used conduits in CABG (internal mammary artery, saphenous vein, radial artery, gastroepiploic artery), highlighting the differences in their cellular biology, mechanical, biochemical, and vasoconstrictive properties. This information should help in furthering our understanding of the clinical outcomes observed for each of these conduits.
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif (ADAMTS) family comprises 19 proteases that regulate the structure and function of extracellular proteins in the extracellular matrix and blood. The best characterized cardiovascular role is that of ADAMTS-13 in blood. Moderately low ADAMTS-13 levels increase the risk of ischeamic stroke and very low levels (less than 10%) can cause thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Recombinant ADAMTS-13 is currently in clinical trials for treatment of TTP. Recently, new cardiovascular roles for ADAMTS proteases have been discovered. Several ADAMTS family members are important in the development of blood vessels and the heart, especially the valves. A number of studies have also investigated the potential role of ADAMTS-1, -4 and -5 in cardiovascular disease. They cleave proteoglycans such as versican, which represent major structural components of the arteries. ADAMTS-7 and -8 are attracting considerable interest owing to their implication in atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension, respectively. Mutations in the ADAMTS19 gene cause progressive heart valve disease and missense variants in ADAMTS6 are associated with cardiac conduction. In this review, we discuss in detail the evidence for these and other cardiovascular roles of ADAMTS family members, their proteolytic substrates and the potential molecular mechanisms involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Santamaria
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Rens de Groot
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 51 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Addinsall AB, Wright CR, Kotsiakos TL, Smith ZM, Cook TR, Andrikopoulos S, van der Poel C, Stupka N. Impaired exercise performance is independent of inflammation and cellular stress following genetic reduction or deletion of selenoprotein S. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R981-R996. [PMID: 32186893 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00321.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Selenoprotein S (Seps1) can be protective against oxidative, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and inflammatory stress. Seps1 global knockout mice are less active, possess compromised fast muscle ex vivo strength, and, depending on context, heightened inflammation. Oxidative, ER, and inflammatory stress modulates contractile function; hence, our aim was to investigate the effects of Seps1 gene dose on exercise performance. Seps1-/- knockout, Seps1-/+ heterozygous, and wild-type mice were randomized to 3 days of incremental, high-intensity treadmill running or a sedentary control group. On day 4, the in situ contractile function of fast tibialis anterior (TA) muscles was determined. Seps1 reduction or deletion compromised exercise capacity, decreasing distance run. TA strength was also reduced. In sedentary Seps1-/- knockout mice, TA fatigability was greater than wild-type mice, and this was ameliorated with exercise. Whereas, in Seps1+/- heterozygous mice, exercise compromised TA endurance. These impairments in exercise capacity and TA contractile function were not associated with increased inflammation or a dysregulated redox state. Seps1 is highly expressed in muscle fibers and blood vessels. Interestingly, Nos1 and Vegfa mRNA transcripts were decreased in TA muscles from Seps1-/- knockout and Seps1-/+ heterozygous mice. Impaired exercise performance with Seps1 reduction or deletion cannot be attributed to heightened cellular stress, but it may potentially be mediated, in part, by the effects of Seps1 on the microvasculature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bernard Addinsall
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig Robert Wright
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Taryan L Kotsiakos
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zoe M Smith
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Taylah R Cook
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Chris van der Poel
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Stupka
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Scuruchi M, Potì F, Rodríguez-Carrio J, Campo GM, Mandraffino G. Biglycan and atherosclerosis: Lessons from high cardiovascular risk conditions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158545. [PMID: 31672572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (ATH) is a chronic, dynamic, evolutive process involving morphological and structural subversion of artery walls, leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. ATH generally initiates during the childhood, occurring as a result of a number of changes in the intima tunica and in the media of arteries. A key event occurring during the pathobiology of ATH is the accumulation of lipoproteins in the sub-intimal spaces mediated by extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, especially by the chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) -containing proteoglycans (CS/DSPGs). Among them, the proteoglycan biglycan (BGN) is critically involved in the onset and progression of ATH and evidences show that BGN represents the missing link between the pro-atherogenic status induced by both traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors and the development and progression of vascular damage. In the light of these findings, the role of BGN in dyslipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes, chronic kidney disease and inflammatory status is briefly analyzed and discussed in order to shed new light on the underlying mechanisms governing the association between BGN and ATH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Scuruchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Potì
- Department of Medicine and Surgery-Unit of Neurosciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Carrio
- Area of Immunology, Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain; Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, REDinREN Del ISCIII, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Giuseppe Mandraffino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Allahverdian S, Ortega C, Francis GA. Smooth Muscle Cell-Proteoglycan-Lipoprotein Interactions as Drivers of Atherosclerosis. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 270:335-358. [PMID: 33340050 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In humans, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are the main cell type in the artery medial layer, in pre-atherosclerotic diffuse thickening of the intima, and in all stages of atherosclerotic lesion development. SMCs secrete the proteoglycans responsible for the initial binding and retention of atherogenic lipoproteins in the artery intima, with this retention driving foam cell formation and subsequent stages of atherosclerosis. In this chapter we review current knowledge of the extracellular matrix generated by SMCs in medial and intimal arterial layers, their relationship to atherosclerotic lesion development and stabilization, how these findings correlate with mouse models of atherosclerosis, and potential therapies aimed at targeting the SMC matrix-lipoprotein interaction for atherosclerosis prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sima Allahverdian
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carleena Ortega
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gordon A Francis
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mittal N, Yoon SH, Enomoto H, Hiroshi M, Shimizu A, Kawakami A, Fujita M, Watanabe H, Fukuda K, Makino S. Versican is crucial for the initiation of cardiovascular lumen development in medaka (Oryzias latipes). Sci Rep 2019; 9:9475. [PMID: 31263118 PMCID: PMC6603046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45851-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Versican is an evolutionary conserved extracellular matrix proteoglycan, and versican expression loss in mice results in embryonic lethality owing to cardiovascular defects. However, the in utero development of mammals limits our understanding of the precise role of versican during cardiovascular development. Therefore, the use of evolutionarily distant species that develop ex utero is more suitable for studying the mechanistic basis of versican activity. We performed ENU mutagenesis screening to identify medaka mutants with defects in embryonic cardiovascular development. In this study, we described a recessive point mutation in the versican 3'UTR resulting in reduced versican protein expression. The fully penetrant homozygous mutant showed termination of cardiac development at the linear heart tube stage and exhibited absence of cardiac looping, a constricted outflow tract, and no cardiac jelly. Additionally, progenitor cells did not migrate from the secondary source towards the arterial pole of the linear heart tube, resulting in a constricted outflow tract. Furthermore, mutants lacked blood flow and vascular lumen despite continuous peristaltic heartbeats. These results enhance our understanding of the mechanistic basis of versican in cardiac development, and this mutant represents a novel genetic model to investigate the mechanisms of vascular tubulogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Mittal
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35-Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Sung Han Yoon
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, AHSP A9229, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Hirokazu Enomoto
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35-Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Miyama Hiroshi
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35-Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimizu
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Misato Fujita
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Kanagawa University, 2946 Tsuchiya, Hiratsuka-Shi, Kanagawa-Ken, 259-1293, Japan
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, 1-, Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35-Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinji Makino
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35-Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
- Keio University Health Centre, 35-Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wight TN. A role for proteoglycans in vascular disease. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:396-420. [PMID: 29499356 PMCID: PMC6110991 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The content of proteoglycans (PGs) is low in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of vascular tissue, but increases dramatically in all phases of vascular disease. Early studies demonstrated that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate (KS) and heparan sulfate (HS) accumulate in vascular lesions in both humans and in animal models in areas of the vasculature that are susceptible to disease initiation (such as at branch points) and are frequently coincident with lipid deposits. Later studies showed the GAGs were covalently attached to specific types of core proteins that accumulate in vascular lesions. These molecules include versican (CSPG), biglycan and decorin (DS/CSPGs), lumican and fibromodulin (KSPGs) and perlecan (HSPG), although other types of PGs are present, but in lesser quantities. While the overall molecular design of these macromolecules is similar, there is tremendous structural diversity among the different PG families creating multiple forms that have selective roles in critical events that form the basis of vascular disease. PGs interact with a variety of different molecules involved in disease pathogenesis. For example, PGs bind and trap serum components that accumulate in vascular lesions such as lipoproteins, amyloid, calcium, and clotting factors. PGs interact with other ECM components and regulate, in part, ECM assembly and turnover. PGs interact with cells within the lesion and alter the phenotypes of both resident cells and cells that invade the lesion from the circulation. A number of therapeutic strategies have been developed to target specific PGs involved in key pathways that promote vascular disease. This review will provide a historical perspective of this field of research and then highlight some of the evidence that defines the involvement of PGs and their roles in the pathogenesis of vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kenagy RD, Kikuchi S, Evanko SP, Ruiter MS, Piola M, Longchamp A, Pesce M, Soncini M, Deglise S, Fiore GB, Haefliger JA, Schmidt TA, Majesky MW, Sobel M, Wight TN. Versican is differentially regulated in the adventitial and medial layers of human vein grafts. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204045. [PMID: 30265729 PMCID: PMC6161854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in extracellular matrix proteins may contribute significantly to the adaptation of vein grafts to the arterial circulation. We examined the production and distribution of versican and hyaluronan in intact human vein rings cultured ex vivo, veins perfused ex vivo, and cultured venous adventitial and smooth muscle cells. Immunohistochemistry revealed higher levels of versican in the intima/media compared to the adventitia, and no differences in hyaluronan. In the vasa vasorum, versican and hyaluronan associated with CD34+ progenitor cells. Culturing the vein rings for 14 days revealed increased versican immunostaining of 30–40% in all layers, with no changes in hyaluronan. Changes in versican accumulation appear to result from increased synthesis in the intima/media and decreased degradation in the adventitia as versican transcripts were increased in the intima/media, but unchanged in the adventitia, and versikine (the ADAMTS-mediated cleavage product of versican) was increased in the intima/media, but decreased in the adventitia. In perfused human veins, versican was specifically increased in the intima/media in the presence of venous pressure, but not with arterial pressure. Unexpectedly, cultured adventitial cells express and accumulate more versican and hyaluronan than smooth muscle cells. These data demonstrate a differential regulation of versican and hyaluronan in human venous adventitia vs. intima/media and suggest distinct functions for these extracellular matrix macromolecules in these venous wall compartments during the adaptive response of vein grafts to the arterial circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. Kenagy
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shinsuke Kikuchi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Steve P. Evanko
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Matthijs S. Ruiter
- Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Unit—Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea, 4, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Piola
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alban Longchamp
- Department of Vascular Surgery, CHUV | Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Unit—Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea, 4, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Soncini
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sébastien Deglise
- Department of Vascular Surgery, CHUV | Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gianfranco B. Fiore
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Tannin A. Schmidt
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Mark W. Majesky
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael Sobel
- Division of Vascular Surgery, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Thomas N. Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang Y, Wu QH, Li Y, Gao PJ. Association of SLRPs with carotid artery atherosclerosis in essential hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens 2018; 32:564-571. [DOI: 10.1038/s41371-018-0077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
13
|
The Role of Age-Related Intimal Remodeling and Stiffening in Atherosclerosis. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 81:365-391. [PMID: 29310802 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Age-related vascular stiffening is closely associated with cardiovascular risk. The clinical measure of arterial stiffness, pulse wave velocity, reflects bulk structural changes in the media observed with age, but does not reflect intimal remodeling that also drives atherosclerosis. Endothelial barrier integrity is disrupted during early atherogenesis and is regulated by the mechanics and composition of the underlying intima, which undergoes significant atherogenic remodeling in response to age and hemodynamics. Here, we first review the best characterized of these changes, including physiological intimal thickening throughout the arterial tree, fibronectin and collagen deposition, and collagen cross-linking. We then address the most common in vivo and in vitro models used to gain mechanistic insight into the consequences of intimal remodeling. Finally, we consider the impacts of intimal stiffening upon endothelial cell mechanotransduction with emphasis on the emerging impact of increased complexity in cellular traction forces and substrate rigidity upon endothelial barrier integrity.
Collapse
|
14
|
Reimann C, Brangsch J, Colletini F, Walter T, Hamm B, Botnar RM, Makowski MR. Molecular imaging of the extracellular matrix in the context of atherosclerosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 113:49-60. [PMID: 27639968 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current status of molecular imaging of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the context of atherosclerosis. Apart from cellular components, the ECM of the atherosclerotic plaque plays a relevant role during the initiation of atherosclerosis and its' subsequent progression. Important structural and signaling components of the ECM include elastin, collagen and fibrin. However, the ECM not only plays a structural role in the arterial wall but also interacts with different cell types and has important biological signaling functions. Molecular imaging of the ECM has emerged as a new diagnostic tool to characterize biological aspects of atherosclerotic plaques, which cannot be characterized by current clinically established imaging techniques, such as X-ray angiography. Different types of molecular probes can be detected in vivo by imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The modality specific signaling component of the molecular probe provides information about its spatial location and local concentration. The successful introduction of molecular imaging into clinical practice and guidelines could open new pathways for an earlier detection of disease processes and a better understanding of the disease state on a biological level. Quantitative in vivo molecular parameters could also contribute to the development and evaluation of novel cardiovascular therapeutic interventions and the assessment of response to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thula Walter
- Department of Radiology, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Hamm
- Department of Radiology, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rene M Botnar
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust and EPSRC Medical Engineering Center, United Kingdom; BHF Centre of Excellence, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus R Makowski
- Department of Radiology, Charité, Berlin, Germany; King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hultgårdh-Nilsson A, Borén J, Chakravarti S. The small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans in tissue repair and atherosclerosis. J Intern Med 2015; 278:447-61. [PMID: 26477596 PMCID: PMC4616156 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans consist of a protein core with one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains and have multiple roles in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Here we discuss the potential and known functions of a group of small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans (SLRPs) in atherosclerosis. We focus on five SLRPs, decorin, biglycan, lumican, fibromodulin and PRELP, because these have been detected in atherosclerotic plaques or demonstrated to have a role in animal models of atherosclerosis. Decorin and biglycan are modified post-translationally by substitution with chondroitin/dermatan sulphate GAGs, whereas lumican, fibromodulin and PRELP have keratan sulphate side chains, and the core proteins have leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs that are characteristic of the LRR superfamily. The chondroitin/dermatan sulphate GAG side chains have been implicated in lipid retention in atherosclerosis. The core proteins are discussed here in the context of (i) interactions with collagens and their implications in tissue integrity, fibrosis and wound repair and (ii) interactions with growth factors, cytokines, pathogen-associated molecular patterns and cell surface receptors that impact normal physiology and disease processes such as inflammation, innate immune responses and wound healing (i.e. processes that are all important in plaque development and progression). Thus, studies of these SLRPs in the context of wound healing are providing clues about their functions in early stages of atherosclerosis to plaque vulnerability and cardiovascular disease at later stages. Understanding of signal transduction pathways regulated by the core protein interactions is leading to novel roles and therapeutic potential for these proteins in wound repair and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - J Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Chakravarti
- Departments of Medicine, Ophthalmology and Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Otsuka F, Kramer MCA, Woudstra P, Yahagi K, Ladich E, Finn AV, de Winter RJ, Kolodgie FD, Wight TN, Davis HR, Joner M, Virmani R. Natural progression of atherosclerosis from pathologic intimal thickening to late fibroatheroma in human coronary arteries: A pathology study. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:772-82. [PMID: 26058741 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smooth muscle cells, macrophage infiltration and accumulation of lipids, proteoglycans, collagen matrix and calcification play a central role in atherosclerosis. The early histologic changes of plaque progression from pathologic intimal thickenings (PIT) to late fibroatheroma lesions have not been fully characterized. METHODS A total of 151 atherosclerotic coronary lesions were collected from 67 sudden death victims. Atherosclerotic plaques were classified as PIT without macrophage infiltration, PIT with macrophages, and early and late fibroatheromas. Presence of macrophages and proteoglycans (versican, decorin and biglycan) were recognized by specific antibodies while hyaluronan was detected by affinity histochemistry. Lipid deposition was identified by oil-red-O, and calcification was assessed following von Kossa and alizarin red staining. RESULTS Lesion progression from PIT to late fibroatheroma was associated with increase in macrophage accumulation (p < 0.001) and decreasing apoptotic body clearance by macrophages (ratio of engulfed-to-total apoptotic bodies) (p < 0.001). Lipid deposition in lipid pool of PIT had a microvesicular appearance whereas those in the necrotic core were globular in nature. Overall, the accumulation of hyaluronan (p < 0.001), and proteoglycan versican (p < 0.001) and biglycan (p = 0.013) declined along with lesion progression from PIT to fibroatheromas. Microcalcification was first observed only within areas of lipid pools and its presence and size increased in lesions with necrotic core. CONCLUSIONS PIT to fibroatheroma lesions are accompanied by early lipid accumulation, followed by macrophage infiltration with defective clearance of apoptotic bodies along with decrease in proteoglycan and hyaluronan in lipid pools that convert to necrotic cores. Calcification starts in PIT and increases with plaque progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pier Woudstra
- Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Aloke V Finn
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas N Wight
- The Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chuang CY, Degendorfer G, Davies MJ. Oxidation and modification of extracellular matrix and its role in disease. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:970-89. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.920087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
18
|
Rowe GC, Raghuram S, Jang C, Nagy JA, Patten IS, Goyal A, Chan MC, Liu LX, Jiang A, Spokes KC, Beeler D, Dvorak H, Aird WC, Arany Z. PGC-1α induces SPP1 to activate macrophages and orchestrate functional angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. Circ Res 2014; 115:504-17. [PMID: 25009290 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.303829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mechanisms of angiogenesis in skeletal muscle remain poorly understood. Efforts to induce physiological angiogenesis hold promise for the treatment of diabetic microvascular disease and peripheral artery disease but are hindered by the complexity of physiological angiogenesis and by the poor angiogenic response of aged and patients with diabetes mellitus. To date, the best therapy for diabetic vascular disease remains exercise, often a challenging option for patients with leg pain. Peroxisome proliferation activator receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a powerful regulator of metabolism, mediates exercise-induced angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. OBJECTIVE To test whether, and how, PGC-1α can induce functional angiogenesis in adult skeletal muscle. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show that muscle PGC-1α robustly induces functional angiogenesis in adult, aged, and diabetic mice. The process involves the orchestration of numerous cell types and leads to patent, nonleaky, properly organized, and functional nascent vessels. These findings contrast sharply with the disorganized vasculature elicited by induction of vascular endothelial growth factor alone. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that PGC-1α induces the secretion of secreted phosphoprotein 1 and the recruitment of macrophages. Secreted phosphoprotein 1 stimulates macrophages to secrete monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, which then activates adjacent endothelial cells, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells. In contrast, induction of PGC-1α in secreted phosphoprotein 1(-/-) mice leads to immature capillarization and blunted arteriolarization. Finally, adenoviral delivery of PGC-1α into skeletal muscle of either young or old and diabetic mice improved the recovery of blood flow in the murine hindlimb ischemia model of peripheral artery disease. CONCLUSIONS PGC-1α drives functional angiogenesis in skeletal muscle and likely recapitulates the complex physiological angiogenesis elicited by exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn C Rowe
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute (G.C.R., S.R., C.J., I.S.P., A.G., M.C.C., L.X.L., A.J., Z.A.), Center for Vascular Biology Research (J.A.N., K.C.S., D.B., H.D., W.C.A., Z.A.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.N., H.D.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Srilatha Raghuram
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute (G.C.R., S.R., C.J., I.S.P., A.G., M.C.C., L.X.L., A.J., Z.A.), Center for Vascular Biology Research (J.A.N., K.C.S., D.B., H.D., W.C.A., Z.A.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.N., H.D.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute (G.C.R., S.R., C.J., I.S.P., A.G., M.C.C., L.X.L., A.J., Z.A.), Center for Vascular Biology Research (J.A.N., K.C.S., D.B., H.D., W.C.A., Z.A.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.N., H.D.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Janice A Nagy
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute (G.C.R., S.R., C.J., I.S.P., A.G., M.C.C., L.X.L., A.J., Z.A.), Center for Vascular Biology Research (J.A.N., K.C.S., D.B., H.D., W.C.A., Z.A.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.N., H.D.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ian S Patten
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute (G.C.R., S.R., C.J., I.S.P., A.G., M.C.C., L.X.L., A.J., Z.A.), Center for Vascular Biology Research (J.A.N., K.C.S., D.B., H.D., W.C.A., Z.A.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.N., H.D.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Amrita Goyal
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute (G.C.R., S.R., C.J., I.S.P., A.G., M.C.C., L.X.L., A.J., Z.A.), Center for Vascular Biology Research (J.A.N., K.C.S., D.B., H.D., W.C.A., Z.A.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.N., H.D.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mun Chun Chan
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute (G.C.R., S.R., C.J., I.S.P., A.G., M.C.C., L.X.L., A.J., Z.A.), Center for Vascular Biology Research (J.A.N., K.C.S., D.B., H.D., W.C.A., Z.A.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.N., H.D.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Laura X Liu
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute (G.C.R., S.R., C.J., I.S.P., A.G., M.C.C., L.X.L., A.J., Z.A.), Center for Vascular Biology Research (J.A.N., K.C.S., D.B., H.D., W.C.A., Z.A.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.N., H.D.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Aihua Jiang
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute (G.C.R., S.R., C.J., I.S.P., A.G., M.C.C., L.X.L., A.J., Z.A.), Center for Vascular Biology Research (J.A.N., K.C.S., D.B., H.D., W.C.A., Z.A.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.N., H.D.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Katherine C Spokes
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute (G.C.R., S.R., C.J., I.S.P., A.G., M.C.C., L.X.L., A.J., Z.A.), Center for Vascular Biology Research (J.A.N., K.C.S., D.B., H.D., W.C.A., Z.A.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.N., H.D.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David Beeler
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute (G.C.R., S.R., C.J., I.S.P., A.G., M.C.C., L.X.L., A.J., Z.A.), Center for Vascular Biology Research (J.A.N., K.C.S., D.B., H.D., W.C.A., Z.A.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.N., H.D.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Harold Dvorak
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute (G.C.R., S.R., C.J., I.S.P., A.G., M.C.C., L.X.L., A.J., Z.A.), Center for Vascular Biology Research (J.A.N., K.C.S., D.B., H.D., W.C.A., Z.A.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.N., H.D.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - William C Aird
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute (G.C.R., S.R., C.J., I.S.P., A.G., M.C.C., L.X.L., A.J., Z.A.), Center for Vascular Biology Research (J.A.N., K.C.S., D.B., H.D., W.C.A., Z.A.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.N., H.D.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Zolt Arany
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute (G.C.R., S.R., C.J., I.S.P., A.G., M.C.C., L.X.L., A.J., Z.A.), Center for Vascular Biology Research (J.A.N., K.C.S., D.B., H.D., W.C.A., Z.A.), and Department of Pathology (J.A.N., H.D.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhu YY, Hayward PAR, Hare DL, Reid C, Stewart AG, Buxton BF. Effect of lipid exposure on graft patency and clinical outcomes: arteries and veins are different. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2013; 45:323-8. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezt261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
20
|
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Despite tremendous strides in understandings its pathogenesis, it still remains a challenge because of gaps in our understanding of its initiation, progression and complications leading to the clinical syndromes of angina, acute coronary syndrome, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease. Recent studies have provided impetus on the shift from models of atherosclerosis based on cellular interactions to models where the important role of extracellular matrix is recognized. Proteoglycans, especially those belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family of which decorin is a representative example, have come under close scrutiny for their role in atherogenesis. There is evidence from in vitro and in vivo animal models as well as humans to suggest an important role of decorin in attenuating progression of atherosclerosis. Decorin distribution in different blood vessels has been shown to inversely correlate with the tendency to develop atherosclerosis. Decorin seems to interact closely with different cellular components of the plaque milieu, thereby suggesting its role in influencing atherogenesis at different steps. Here we review the current understanding of the role of decorin in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Singla
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Merrilees MJ, Beaumont BW, Braun KR, Thomas AC, Kang I, Hinek A, Passi A, Wight TN. Neointima formed by arterial smooth muscle cells expressing versican variant V3 is resistant to lipid and macrophage accumulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1309-16. [PMID: 21441139 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.225573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extracellular matrix (ECM) of neointima formed following angioplasty contains elevated levels of versican, loosely arranged collagen, and fragmented deposits of elastin, features associated with lipid and macrophage accumulation. ECM with a low versican content, compact structure, and increased elastic fiber content can be achieved by expression of versican variant V3, which lacks chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans. We hypothesized that V3-expressing arterial smooth muscle cells (ASMC) can be used to form a neointima resistant to lipid and macrophage accumulation associated with hypercholesterolemia. METHODS AND RESULTS ASMC transduced with V3 cDNA were seeded into ballooned rabbit carotid arteries, and animals were fed a chow diet for 4 weeks, followed by a cholesterol-enriched diet for 4 weeks, achieving plasma cholesterol levels of 20 to 25 mmol/L. V3 neointimae at 8 weeks were compact, multilayered, and elastin enriched. They were significantly thinner (57%) than control neointimae; contained significantly more elastin (118%), less collagen (22%), and less lipid (76%); and showed significantly reduced macrophage infiltration (85%). Mechanistic studies demonstrated that oxidized low-density lipoprotein stimulated the formation of a monocyte-binding ECM, which was inhibited in the presence of V3 expressing ASMC. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that expression of V3 in vessel wall creates an elastin-rich neointimal matrix that in the presence of hyperlipidemia is resistant to lipid deposition and macrophage accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mervyn J Merrilees
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Orgel JPRO, San Antonio JD, Antipova O. Molecular and structural mapping of collagen fibril interactions. Connect Tissue Res 2011; 52:2-17. [PMID: 21182410 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2010.511353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The fibrous collagens form the structural basis of all mammalian connective tissues, including the vasculature, dermis, bones, tendons, cartilage, and those tissues that support organs such as the heart, kidneys, liver, and lungs. The helical structure of collagen has been extensively studied but in addition to its helical character, its molecular packing arrangement (in its aggregated or fibrillar form) and the presence of specific amino acid sequences govern collagen's in vivo functions. Collagen's molecular packing arrangement helps control cellular communication, attachment and movement, and conveys its tissue-specific biomechanical properties. Recent progress in understanding collagen's molecular packing, fibrillar structure, domain organization, and extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions in light of X-ray fiber diffraction data provides significant new insights into how the ECM is organized and functions. In this review, the hierarchy of fibrillar collagen structure is discussed in the context of how this organization affects ECM-"ligand" interactions, with specific attention to collagenolysis, integrins, fibronection, glycoprotein VI receptor (GPVI), and proteoglycans (PG). Understanding the complex structure of collagen and its attached ligands should provide new insights into tissue growth, development, regeneration, and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P R O Orgel
- Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
The influence of extracellular matrix composition on the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis. ARCH BIOL SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.2298/abs1102333t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The modern concept of the development of atherosclerosis implies that the
underlying pathogenesis of this disease is vascular remodeling as a response
of the vessel wall to hypertension associated with hyperlipidemia and
subsequent inflammation. However, even though this disease has been
investigated for decades, both from a basic and clinical research aspect,
there are still many doubts as to what the initial phase of the disease is.
In contemporary literature there are an increasing number of papers that
stress the importance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the blood vessels
connective tissue, particularly proteoglycans, in the formation of early
atherosclerotic lesions of human coronary arteries.
Collapse
|
24
|
Zha Y, Chen Y, Xu F, Zhang J, Li T, Zhao C, Cui L. Elevated level of ADAMTS4 in plasma and peripheral monocytes from patients with acute coronary syndrome. Clin Res Cardiol 2010; 99:781-6. [PMID: 20625753 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-010-0183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A recent study shows that ADAMTS4 is expressed in macrophage-rich areas of human atherosclerotic carotid plaques and coronary unstable plaques, suggesting a pathogenic role of ADAMTS4 in the development of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We investigated (a) whether the expression level of ADAMTS4 in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells was affected; and (b) whether there was a relationship with hs-CRP level and the stability of coronary atherosclerotic plaque in patients with ACS. METHODS Our study included 30 normal controls and 120 patients including 40 with stable angina (SA), 50 with unstable angina (UA), and 30 with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The expression of ADAMTS4 in monocytes was analyzed by RT-PCR and plasma ADAMTS4 level was determined by ELISA. All coronary stenosis with >30% diameter reduction was assessed by angiographic coronary stenosis morphology. RESULTS Patients with ACS showed a significant increase of ADAMTS4 (2.7 ± 0.4) expression in monocytes compared with controls (1.1 ± 0.2) and the SA group (1.3 ± 0.2) (P < 0.001). Plasma ADAMTS4 also showed a higher level in ACS patients (100.2 ± 31.6 ng/ml) than in control (47.5 ± 9.0 ng/ml, P < 0.001) and the SA group (54.3 ± 13.2 ng/ml, P < 0.001). Moreover, we found a positive correlation between hs-CRP and ADAMTS4 expression in monocytes as well as in plasma. There was also a positive correlation of ADAMTS4 expression in monocytes and plasma with complex coronary stenosis (r (1) = 0.61, r (2) = 0.57, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patients with ACS showed increased ADAMTS4 expression, which may aggravate the development of atherosclerosis and instability of atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, the ADAMTS4 expression may be a valuable marker for predicting the severity of ACS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zha
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wohner N, Keresztes Z, Sótonyi P, Szabó L, Komorowicz E, Machovich R, Kolev K. Neutrophil granulocyte-dependent proteolysis enhances platelet adhesion to the arterial wall under high-shear flow. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:1624-31. [PMID: 20412433 PMCID: PMC2905611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY BACKGROUND Under high shear stress platelets adhere preferentially to the adventitia layer of the arterial vessel wall in a von Willebrand factor (VWF)-dependent manner. OBJECTIVE The present study was undertaken in an attempt to characterize the structural background of the relative thromboresistance of the media and the impact of neutrophil leukocyte-derived proteases (matrix metalloproteinases, neutrophil elastase) on platelet adhesion in this layer of the arteries. METHODS AND RESULTS Platelet adhesion to cross-sections of the human iliac artery was monitored by indirect immunofluorescent detection of GpIIb/IIIa antigen. Exposure of the vessel wall to activated neutrophils or neutrophil-derived proteases increased platelet adhesion to the media about tenfold over the control level at 3350 s(-1) surface shear rate. In parallel with this enhanced thrombogenicity morphological changes in the media were evidenced by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fine proteoglycan meshwork seen with Cupromeronic Blue enhancement of the SEM images was removed by the proteolytic treatment and the typical collagen fiber structure was exposed on the AFM images of the media. CONCLUSION Through their proteases activated neutrophils degrade proteoglycans, unmask VWF binding sites and thus abolish the thromboresistance of the media in human arteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Wohner
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hassantash SA, Bikdeli B, Kalantarian S, Sadeghian M, Afshar H. Pathophysiology of aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass graft disease. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2008; 16:331-6. [PMID: 18670032 DOI: 10.1177/021849230801600418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafting relieves anginal pain in patients with coronary artery disease. However, its effectiveness is limited due to graft failure; the 10-year patency rate is 50%-60%. Early, 1-year and late graft failure may be due to thrombosis, fibrointimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis, respectively. There is general agreement that vein graft atherosclerosis differs from arterial lesions in terms of temporal and histological changes. Vein graft atherosclerosis is more rapid, with diffuse concentric changes and a less noticeable fibrous cap, making venous plaques more vulnerable to rupture and subsequent thrombus formation. Despite progress in understanding the pathophysiology, some aspects of vein graft atherosclerosis need to be clarified. This review focuses on the pathophysiologic aspects of this widespread, costly and disabling disease, with emphasis on late graft occlusion and distinctions between arterial and venous atherosclerosis in terms of histology, pathophysiology and risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Ahmad Hassantash
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Modarres Medical Center, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Saadat-Abad, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Merrilees MJ, Ching PST, Beaumont B, Hinek A, Wight TN, Black PN. Changes in elastin, elastin binding protein and versican in alveoli in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2008; 9:41. [PMID: 18485243 PMCID: PMC2397404 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COPD is characterised by loss of alveolar elastic fibers and by lack of effective repair. Elastic fibers are assembled at cell surfaces by elastin binding protein (EBP), a molecular chaperone whose function can be reversibility inhibited by chondroitin sulphate of matrix proteoglycans such as versican. This study aimed to determine if alveoli of patients with mild to moderate COPD contained increased amounts of versican and a corresponding decrease in EBP, and if these changes were correlated with decreases in elastin and FEV1. METHODS Lung samples were obtained from 26 control (FEV1 > or = 80% predicted, FEV1/VC >0.7) and 17 COPD patients (FEV1 > or = 40% - <80% predicted, FEV1/VC < or = 0.7) who had undergone a lobectomy for bronchial carcinoma. Samples were processed for histological and immuno-staining. Volume fractions (Vv) of elastin in alveolar walls and alveolar rims were determined by point counting, and versican and EBP assessed by grading of staining intensities. RESULTS Elastin Vv was positively correlated with FEV1 for both the alveolar walls (r = 0.66, p < 0.001) and rims (r = 0.41, p < 0.01). Versican was negatively correlated with FEV1 in both regions (r = 0.30 and 0.32 respectively, p < 0.05), with the highest staining intensities found in patients with the lowest values for FEV1. Conversely, staining intensities for EBP in alveolar walls and rims and were positively correlated with FEV1 (r = 0.43 and 0.46, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Patients with mild to moderate COPD show progressively increased immuno-staining for versican and correspondingly decreased immuno-staining for EBP, with decreasing values of FEV1. These findings may explain the lack of repair of elastic fibers in the lungs of patients with moderate COPD. Removal of versican may offer a strategy for effective repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mervyn J Merrilees
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nakashima Y, Wight TN, Sueishi K. Early atherosclerosis in humans: role of diffuse intimal thickening and extracellular matrix proteoglycans. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79:14-23. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
29
|
Wågsäter D, Björk H, Zhu C, Björkegren J, Valen G, Hamsten A, Eriksson P. ADAMTS-4 and -8 are inflammatory regulated enzymes expressed in macrophage-rich areas of human atherosclerotic plaques. Atherosclerosis 2008; 196:514-22. [PMID: 17606262 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in inflammatory disorders such as atherosclerosis. ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) is a recently described family of proteinases that is able to degrade the ECM proteins aggrecan and versican expressed in blood vessels. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the expression and regulation of several ADAMTSs before and after macrophage differentiation and after stimulation with IFN-gamma, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. ADAMTS expression was also examined during atherosclerosis development in mice and in human atherosclerotic plaques. METHODS AND RESULTS Real time RTPCR showed that, of the nine different ADAMTS members examined, only ADAMTS-4 and -8 were induced during monocyte to macrophage differentiation, which was also seen at protein level. Macrophage expression of ADAMTS-4, -7, -8 and -9 mRNA were enhanced upon stimulation with IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analyses revealed that ADAMTS-4 and -8 were expressed in macrophage rich areas of human atherosclerotic carotid plaques and coronary unstable plaques. In addition, ADAMTS-4 expression was upregulated during the development of atherosclerosis in LDLR(-/-)ApoB(100/100) mice. Whereas ADAMTS-4 expression was low in non-atherosclerotic aortas, it was significantly higher in aortas from 30-40-week old atherosclerotic animals. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that ADAMTS-4 and -8 are inflammatory regulated enzymes expressed in macrophage-rich areas of atherosclerotic plaques. This is the first study associating ADAMTS-4 and -8 expression with atherosclerosis. However, further experiments are required to understand the physiological and pathological functions of ADAMTS in the vascular wall, and tools to measure ADAMTS activity need to be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dick Wågsäter
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, King Gustav V Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that fibrin clotting is regulated by different external factors. We demonstrated recently that decorin, a regulator of collagen fibrillogenesis and transforming growth factor-beta activity, binds to the D regions of fibrinogen (Dugan, T.A., Yang, V. W.-C., McQuillan, D.J., and Höök, M. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 13655-13662). We now report that the decorin-fibrinogen interaction alters the assembly, structure, and clearance of fibrin fibers. Relative to fibrinogen, substoichiometric amounts of decorin core protein modulated clotting, whereas an excess of an active decorin peptide was necessary for similar activity. These concentration-dependent effects suggest that decorin bound to the D regions sterically modulates fibrin assembly. Scanning electron microscopy images of fibrin clotted in the presence of increasing concentrations of decorin core protein showed progressively decreasing fiber diameter. The sequestration of Zn(2+) ions from the N-terminal fibrinogen-binding region abrogated decorin incorporation into the fibrin network. Compared with linear thicker fibrin fibers, the curving thin fibers formed with decorin underwent accelerated tissue-type plasminogen activator-dependent fibrinolysis. Collectively, these data demonstrate that decorin can regulate fibrin organization and reveal a novel mechanism by which extracellular matrix components can participate in hemostasis, thrombosis, and wound repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A Dugan
- Center for Extracellular Matrix Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zheng PS, Reis M, Sparling C, Lee DY, La Pierre DP, Wong CKA, Deng Z, Kahai S, Wen J, Yang BB. Versican G3 domain promotes blood coagulation through suppressing the activity of tissue factor pathway inhibitor-1. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:8175-82. [PMID: 16431924 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509182200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have detected versican, a member of the large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, and its degraded C-terminal G3 fragments in human plasma and observed that the versican G3 domain promoted blood coagulation. Silencing G3 expression with small interfering RNA reduced the effect of G3 on coagulation. Plasma coagulation assays suggest that G3 enhances coagulation irrespective of its actions on platelets and white blood cells. To examine how versican affected blood coagulation, we used normal human plasma and different types of coagulation factor-deficient plasmas. The experiments indicated that versican enhanced coagulation through the extrinsic pathway, and that Factor VII was the target molecule. FVII activity assays showed that G3 activated FVII in the presence of plasma but not with purified FVII directly. Yeast two-hybrid, immunoprecipitation, and gel co-migration assays showed that G3 interacted with the tissue factor pathway inhibitor-1 (TFPI-1). TFPI-1 activity assays suggested that G3 inhibited TFPI-1 activity, allowing FVIIa and FXa to facilitate the coagulation process. G3-induced blood coagulation was further confirmed with a mouse model in a real-time manner. Taken together, these results indicate that versican may represent a new target for the development of therapies against atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Sheng Zheng
- Sunnybrook & Women's College Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zheng PS, Vais D, Lapierre D, Liang YY, Lee V, Yang BL, Yang BB. PG-M/versican binds to P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 and mediates leukocyte aggregation. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:5887-95. [PMID: 15522894 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), a glycoprotein expressed on the cell surface of leukocytes, binds to selectins and mediates leukocyte rolling on the vascular endothelium. Here we report that PSGL-1 binds to the C-terminal (G3 domain) of the extracellular proteoglycan PG-M/versican. Cells transfected with PSGL-1 or a shorter form containing the binding site, or cells expressing endogenous PSGL-1 aggregate in the presence of versican or G3 product. The aggregation appears to be induced by G3 multimers that bind to PSGL-1 and form a network. Endogenous versican and/or G3-containing fragments also bind to PSGL-1 in human plasma. Removal of the endogenous G3-containing fragments reduces the effect of plasma on leukocyte aggregation. Finally, the roles of G3-containing fragments in leukocyte aggregation were confirmed in a mouse model. Taken together, our results strongly support a physiologically relevant role for PSGL-1/versican binding and may have implications in the immunoresponse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Sheng Zheng
- Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The proteoglycan versican is one of several extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules that accumulate in lesions of atherosclerosis and restenosis. Its unique structural features create a highly interactive molecule that binds growth factors, enzymes, lipoproteins, and a variety of other ECM components to influence fundamental events involved in vascular disease. Versican is one of the principal genes that is upregulated after vascular injury and is a prominent component in stented and nonstented restenotic lesions. The synthesis of versican is highly regulated by specific growth factors and cytokines and the principal source of versican is the smooth muscle cell. Versican interacts with hyaluronan, a long chain glycosaminoglycan, to create expanded viscoelastic pericellular matrices that are required for arterial smooth muscle cell (ASMC) proliferation and migration. Versican is also prominent in advanced lesions of atherosclerosis, at the borders of lipid-filled necrotic cores as well as at the plaque-thrombus interface, suggesting roles in lipid accumulation, inflammation, and thrombosis. Versican influences the assembly of ECM and controls elastic fiber fibrillogenesis, which is of fundamental importance in ECM remodeling during vascular disease. Collectively, these studies highlight the critical importance of this specific ECM component in atherosclerosis and restenosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Wight
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Hope Heart Institute, 1124 Columbia St, No. 783, Seattle, Wash 98104-2046, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rodrigo MC, Martin DS, Eyster KM. Estrogen decreases biglycan mRNA expression in resistance blood vessels. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285:R754-61. [PMID: 12829444 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00540.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to identify new gene targets of estrogen in the mesenteric arteries and to determine whether the soy phytoestrogens could mimic estrogen effects. Ovariectomized rats were treated with estradiol, genistein, or daidzein for 4 days. The mesenteric arteries were harvested, total RNA was extracted, mRNA was reverse transcribed in the presence of [33P]dCTP, and the labeled probes were hybridized with DNA microarrays. Analysis of the microarray data identified biglycan as a target of estrogenic regulation. Semiquantitative RT-PCR was used to confirm and quantitate the decrease in biglycan gene expression in response to estrogen (-37%), genistein (-15%), and daidzein (-10%). Treatment with the pure estrogen receptor antagonist ICI-182,780 reversed the inhibition of biglycan gene expression. The decrease in biglycan gene expression in response to estrogens was paralleled with a decrease in biglycan protein expression. Biglycan protein was localized to the media of the mesenteric arteries by immunohistochemistry. Collectively, these data suggest that biglycan is a vascular protein regulated at the genomic level by estrogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj C Rodrigo
- University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Leta GC, Mourão PAS, Tovar AMF. Human venous and arterial glycosaminoglycans have similar affinity for plasma low-density lipoproteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1586:243-53. [PMID: 11997076 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(01)00102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We compared the glycosaminoglycan content of human venous and arterial walls. The most abundant glycosaminoglycan in human veins is dermatan sulfate whereas chondroitin 4/6-sulfate is preponderant in arteries. The concentrations of chondroitin 4/6-sulfate and heparan sulfate are approximately 4.8- and approximately 2.5-fold higher in arteries than in veins whereas dermatan sulfate contents are similar in the two types of blood vessels. Normal and varicose saphenous veins do not differ in their glycosaminoglycan contents. It is known that certain glycosaminoglycan species from the arterial wall, mainly high-molecular-weight fractions of dermatan sulfate+chondroitin 4/6-sulfate have greater affinity for plasma LDL. These types of glycosaminoglycans can be identified on a LDL-affinity column. We now demonstrated that a similar population of glycosaminoglycan also occurs in veins, although with a lower concentration than in the arteries due to less chondroitin 4/6-sulfate with affinity for LDL. The concentrations of dermatan sulfate species, which interact with LDL, are similar in arteries and veins. The presence of these glycosaminoglycans with affinity to plasma LDL in veins raises interesting questions concerning the role of these molecules in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Possibly, the presence of these glycosaminoglycans in the vessel wall are not sufficient to cause retention of LDL and consequently endothelial dysfunction, but may require additional intrinsic factors and/or the hydrodynamic of the blood under the arterial pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graziela C Leta
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Caixa Postal 68041, Rio de Janeiro RJ, 21941-500, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Williams KJ. Arterial wall chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans: diverse molecules with distinct roles in lipoprotein retention and atherogenesis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2001; 12:477-87. [PMID: 11561166 DOI: 10.1097/00041433-200110000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) of the arterial wall are generally considered to be atherogenic because of their ability to trap cholesterol-rich lipoproteins in vitro. Nevertheless, CSPGs are a diverse group of molecules with a long evolutionary history and distinct biologic functions. The three principal CSPGs in the arterial wall are versican, which is part of the hyalectan gene family; and decorin and biglycan, which are members of a separate gene family, the small leucine-rich proteoglycans. Importantly, there is now substantial evidence that the different molecular species of CSPGs participate unequally in lipoprotein retention, and that they exert unequal regulatory effects that are related to atherogenesis. Recently available murine models with genetic manipulations that affect CSPGs now allow causal studies of the roles of these molecules to be conducted in vivo, with occasionally surprising results. Moreover, tools are being developed to examine human genetic variations that are relevant to CSPGs, which may provide additional important insights into the human disease. The era in which proteoglycans are regarded as a nondescript backdrop, playing purely nonspecific structural roles, is over. Studies in manipulated animals and in human populations will continue to reveal precise, dynamic roles for these fascinating and ancient molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Williams
- Dorrance H. Hamilton Research Laboratories, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|