1
|
Luparelli AV, Saadoun JH, Lolli V, Lazzi C, Sforza S, Caligiani A. Dynamic changes in molecular composition of black soldier fly prepupae and derived biomasses with microbial fermentation. Food Chem X 2022; 14:100327. [PMID: 35601212 PMCID: PMC9117553 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic fermentation was used as unconventional way to valorise black soldier fly prepupae and by-products. Black soldier fly biomasses (prepupae, pupuria and adult flies) were characterized before and after fermentation. LAB fermentation modified insect protein and lipid but not chitin fraction. Fermentation improved BSF biomasses in terms of unsaturated fatty acids and essential amino acids.
Black soldier fly (BSF) is being increasingly used for agro-food by-products valorisation. Adult flies, puparia, and excess of prepupae are the by-products of this process, which could be further valorised. Lactic fermentation of BSF biomasses with two different strains (L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum) has been used for this purpose. Deep changes in the molecular composition were observed, without significant differences related to the different strains used. The lipid and protein fractions were the most impacted. Fermentation enriched the biomass in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and essential amino acids, significantly improving the nutritional properties of the substrates. Although not particularly marked, a proteolytic activity of lactobacilli was observed on the BSF muscular and cuticular proteins, especially in the samples of adult flies and puparia, where fermentation resulted more effective. Conversely, there was no evidence of chitinolytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Valentina Luparelli
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Jasmine Hadj Saadoun
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Veronica Lolli
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Camilla Lazzi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Sforza
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Augusta Caligiani
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Su M, Chen D, Zhou J, Shen Q. Effects of Different Dietary Carbohydrate Sources on the Meat Quality and Flavor Substances of Xiangxi Yellow Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091136. [PMID: 35565563 PMCID: PMC9105694 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the dietary supplementation of starches with different carbohydrate sources on the proximate composition, meat quality, flavor substances, and volatile flavor substances in the meat of Chinese Xiangxi yellow cattle. A total of 21 Chinese Xiangxi yellow steers (20 ± 0.5 months, 310 kg ± 5.85 kg) were randomly divided into three groups (control, corn, and barley groups), with seven steers per group. The control steers received a conventional diet (coarse forage type: whole silage corn at the end of the dough stage as the main source), the corn group received a diet with corn as the main carbohydrate source, and the barley group received a diet with barley as the main carbohydrate source. The experiment lasted for 300 d. and the means of the final weights in the control, corn, and barley groups were 290 kg, 359 kg, and 345 kg. The diets were isonitrogenous. The corn and barley groups reduced the moisture (p = 0.04) and improved the intramuscular fat content of the meat (p = 0.002). They also improved meat color (a*) (p = 0.01) and reduced cooking loss (p = 0.08), shear force (p = 0.002), and water loss (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in the 5′-nucleotide content (p > 0.05), the equivalent umami concentration (EUC) (p = 0.88), and taste activity value (TAV) (p > 0.05) among the three groups. The 5′-IMP (umami) content was the highest in the 5′-nucleotide and its TAV > 1. The corn and barley groups improved the content of tasty amino acids (tAA, p < 0.001). The corn group had a higher content of sweet amino acids (SAA, p < 0.001) and total amino acids (TAA, p = 0.003). Corn and barley improved the levels of MUFA (p < 0.001), PUFA (p = 0.002), n-3 PUFA (p = 0.005), and n-6 PUFA (p = 0.020). The levels of alcohols, hydrocarbons, and aldehydes in the corn group were higher than in the barley and control groups (p < 0.001). The esters content in the corn group was higher than in the barley and control groups (p = 0.050). In conclusion, feeding corn or barley as a carbohydrate source can improve the nutrient content and taste. Feeding corn as a carbohydrate source can improve the content of free amino acids (Cys, Glu, Gly, Thr, Leu, Trp, Gln, Asn, and Asp), fatty acids (saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, n-3PUFA, n-6PUFA, and total fatty acid), and volatile flavor substances (alcohols, aldehydes, acids, and hydrocarbons) to improve the flavor and meat quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minchao Su
- College of Animal Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (M.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Dong Chen
- College of Animal Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (M.S.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-731-13787038140
| | - Jing Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (M.S.); (J.Z.)
| | - Qingwu Shen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Proteome alterations associated with the oleic acid and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid content in bovine skeletal muscle. J Proteomics 2020; 222:103792. [PMID: 32335295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oleic acid (OA) and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (c9t11-CLA) are fatty acids found in beef with beneficial effects in human health. This study investigated differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in skeletal muscle of bovines with extreme values of OA, and c9t11-CLA. For each one of the fatty acids, twenty muscle samples were divided into two groups (N = 10_High; N = 10_Low) and analyzed by high definition mass spectrometry. We identified 103 and 133 DAPs between the groups for each fatty acid. We found 64 and 45 up-regulated and 39 and 68 down-regulated proteins for OA and c9t11-CLA, respectively. Comparative analysis between proteomic and transcriptomic data revealed eight and ten genes with a consistent between mRNA expression levels and protein abundance for OA and c9t11-CLA, respectively. Unconventional myosin-Id (MYO1D), mineralocorticoid receptor (NR3C2), geranylgeranyl transferase type-2 subunit-alpha (RABGGTA), and uveal autoantigen with coiled-coil domains and ankyrin repeats (UACA) were found as putative candidate proteins for OA content. Fatty acid synthase (FASN), tubulin alpha-4A chain (TUBA4A), vinculin (VCL), NADH dehydrogenase 1 alpha subcomplex 5 (NDUFA5), and prefoldin subunit 6 (PFDN6) for c9t11-CLA. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the regulation of the OA and c9t11-CLA content in cattle skeletal muscle. SIGNIFICANCE: Questions about the association between meat intake and disease incidence in humans has driven animal scientist to pursue a better understanding of the biological processes associated with differences in the intramuscular fat composition. The beneficial effects of oleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid in human health have been demonstrated by improving the immune system and preventing atherosclerosis, different types of cancers, hypertension, and diabetes. Previous genome-wide association and gene expression studies identified genomic regions and differentially expressed genes associated with the fatty acid profile in skeletal muscle. In this work, differences were evaluated at the protein level. The use of a label-free quantitative proteomic approach, compared with muscle transcriptome results obtained by RNA-sequencing, allowed us to earn new insights into the variability in fatty acid deposition in skeletal muscle of farm animals. This study opens new avenues to explore the effect of the fatty acids in the skeletal muscle of livestock animals, which is associated with nutritional values of the meat, and perhaps to understand the mechanisms correlated with metabolic diseases in other species.
Collapse
|
4
|
Navarro-Hortal MD, Varela-López A, Romero-Márquez JM, Piquer-Martinez C, Bullón P, Forbes-Hernández TY, Quiles JL. Twenty-four Months Feeding on Unsaturated Dietary Fats (Virgin Olive, Sunflower, or Fish Oil) Differentially Modulate Gingival Mitochondria in the Rat. EFOOD 2019. [DOI: 10.2991/efood.k.190802.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
|
5
|
Narasimhulu CA, Riad A, Parthasarathy S. Sesame Oil and an Aqueous Extract Derived from Sesame Oil Enhance Regression of Preexisting Atherosclerotic Lesions in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Knockout Mice. J Med Food 2018; 21:641-646. [PMID: 29957121 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet and exercise are recommended both as a prophylactic and as a therapeutic approach for patients with established coronary artery disease. We previously reported that sesame oil (SESO) and its aqueous extract (SOAE) showed antiatherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory properties. We also observed that genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) might be activated. In this study, we tested whether post-treatment with SESO or SOAE would reduce preexisting atherosclerosis by enhancing RCT. Female low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDL-R-/-) mice were fed an atherogenic diet for 3 months, followed by post-treatment with either control or SESO or SOAE for 1 month. Plasma lipids and atherosclerotic lesions were quantified at the end of the study. RNA was extracted from the aortic tissues and used for real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. SESO and SOAE post-treatment significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions in LDL-R-/- mice compared to controls. No significant change in plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, or LDL cholesterol levels was observed. Aortic gene analysis showed that the SESO/SOAE post-treatment reduced inflammatory gene expression and induced genes involved in cholesterol metabolism and RCT. This is the first study that demonstrates that post-treatment with SESO and SOAE could be an effective treatment for preexisting atherosclerosis and inflammation. The study also may suggest that reducing inflammation might be conducive to an accelerated regression of lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aladdin Riad
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine , University of Central Florida
| | - Sampath Parthasarathy
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine , University of Central Florida
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cedó L, Metso J, Santos D, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Julve J, García-León A, Mora-Brugués J, Jauhiainen M, Blanco-Vaca F, Escolà-Gil JC. Consumption of polyunsaturated fat improves the saturated fatty acid-mediated impairment of HDL antioxidant potential. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1987-96. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Cedó
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas; CIBERDEM Madrid; Spain
| | - Jari Metso
- National Institute for Health and Welfare; Genomics and Biomarkers Unit; Biomedicum Helsinki Finland
| | - David Santos
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas; CIBERDEM Madrid; Spain
| | - Jose Luís Sánchez-Quesada
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Josep Julve
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas; CIBERDEM Madrid; Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Josefina Mora-Brugués
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare; Genomics and Biomarkers Unit; Biomedicum Helsinki Finland
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas; CIBERDEM Madrid; Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas; CIBERDEM Madrid; Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Maki KC, Lawless AL, Kelley KM, Kaden VN, Geiger CJ, Dicklin MR. Corn oil improves the plasma lipoprotein lipid profile compared with extra-virgin olive oil consumption in men and women with elevated cholesterol: Results from a randomized controlled feeding trial. J Clin Lipidol 2015; 9:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
8
|
Pawar K, Thompkinson DK. Multiple Functional Ingredient Approach in Formulating Dietary Supplement for Management of Diabetes: A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:957-73. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.621039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
9
|
Lee EJ, Kim JY, Kim DR, Kim KS, Kim MK, Kwon O. Glycemic index of dietary formula may not be predictive of postprandial endothelial inflammation: a double-blinded, randomized, crossover study in non-diabetic subjects. Nutr Res Pract 2013; 7:302-8. [PMID: 23964318 PMCID: PMC3746165 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2013.7.4.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging role of endothelial inflammation in diabetes has stimulated research interest in the effects of nutrition on related indices. In the current study we investigated whether the nutrient composition of dietary formula as reflected in glycemic index (GI) may be predictive of postprandial endothelial inflammation in non-diabetic subjects. A double-blinded, randomized, crossover study was conducted in non-diabetic subjects (n = 8/group). Each subject consumed three types of diabetes-specific dietary formulas (high-fiber formula [FF], high-monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) formula [MF] and control formula [CF]) standardized to 50 g of available carbohydrates with a 1-week interval between each. The mean glycemic index (GI) was calculated and 3-hour postprandial responses of insulin, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), nitrotyrosine (NT) and free fatty acids (FFA) were measured. The MF showed the lowest mean GI and significantly low area under the curve (AUC) for insulin (P = 0.038), but significantly high AUCs for sICAM-1 (P < 0.001) and FFA (P < 0.001) as compared to the CF and FF. The FF showed intermediate mean GI, but significantly low AUC for NT (P < 0.001) as compared to the CF and MF. The mean GI was not positively correlated to any of the inflammatory markers evaluated, and in fact negatively correlated to changes in FFA (r = -0.473, P = 0.006). While the MF with the lowest GI showed the highest values in most of the inflammatory markers measured, the FF with intermediate GI had a modest beneficial effect on endothelial inflammation. These results suggest that nutrient composition of dietary formula as reflected in the GI may differently influence acute postprandial inflammation in non-diabetic subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shamekh R, Linden EH, Newcomb JD, Tigno XT, Jen KLC, Pellizzon MA, Hansen BC. Endogenous and diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in nonhuman primates: effects of age, adiposity, and diabetes on lipoprotein profiles. Metabolism 2011; 60:1165-77. [PMID: 21376354 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHPs) share with humans many features of lipid metabolism and often develop all features of the metabolic syndrome, including hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and have been used in many studies of potential therapeutics during the preclinical phase. Here we identify for the first time in middle-aged and older rhesus the natural occurrence of hypercholesterolemia, and this hypercholesterolemia develops despite maintenance on a low-cholesterol diet. The aims of this study were to (a) define normal and hypercholesterolemia in rhesus monkeys, (b) determine the factors associated with the development of hypercholesterolemia, (c) compare the lipoprotein profiles in adult rhesus monkeys fed a low-fat/low-cholesterol diet (LFLC) with the profiles of human subjects, and (d) determine the effect of a 16-week high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet feeding on total cholesterol and lipoprotein profiles in middle-aged and older monkeys. In our colony, maintained on a constant diet with negligible cholesterol, the mean total cholesterol level in healthy nondiabetic monkeys was 3.7 ± 0.02 mmol/L, with hypercholesterolemia identified as the 95th percentile of the normal cholesterol distribution (≥5.2 mmol/L). Severe hypercholesterolemia developed in the HFHC-fed group; however, despite the high-fat diet composition, unexpectedly, no weight gain occurred in these NHPs. The diet-induced hypercholesterolemia differed significantly in lipoprotein pattern from that of the spontaneous hypercholesterolemia. In summary, despite ingesting only a LFLC, NHPs frequently develop hypercholesterolemia, reflecting lipoprotein patterns similar to human subjects; and this lipid profile of spontaneous hypercholesterolemia differs significantly from the hypercholesterolemia induced by an HFHC diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rania Shamekh
- Obesity, Diabetes and Aging Research Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gillingham LG, Harris-Janz S, Jones PJH. Dietary monounsaturated fatty acids are protective against metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Lipids 2011; 46:209-28. [PMID: 21308420 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over 50 years of research has sought to define the role dietary fat plays in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Although optimal dietary fat quantity has been keenly pursued over past decades, attention has recently centered on the value of dietary fat quality. The purpose of the present review is to provide a critical assessment of the current body of evidence surrounding efficacy of dietary monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) for reduction of traditional risk factors defining metabolic syndrome (MetS) and CVD. Due to existing and emerging research on health attributes of MUFA rich diets, and to the low prevalence of chronic disease in populations consuming MUFA rich Mediterranean diets, national dietary guidelines are increasingly recommending dietary MUFA, primarily at the expense of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Consumption of dietary MUFA promotes healthy blood lipid profiles, mediates blood pressure, improves insulin sensitivity and regulates glucose levels. Moreover, provocative newer data suggest a role for preferential oxidation and metabolism of dietary MUFA, influencing body composition and ameliorating the risk of obesity. Mounting epidemiological and human clinical trial data continue to demonstrate the cardioprotective activity of the MUFA content of dietary fat. As the debate on the optimal fatty acid composition of the diet continues, the benefit of increasing MUFA intakes, particularly as a substitute for dietary SFA, deserves considerable attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah G Gillingham
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Herdmann A, Martin J, Nuernberg G, Wegner J, Dannenberger D, Nuernberg K. How do n-3 fatty acid (short-time restricted vs unrestricted) and n-6 fatty acid enriched diets affect the fatty acid profile in different tissues of German Simmental bulls? Meat Sci 2010; 86:712-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
13
|
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) has been studied for over 25 years. Numerous pro- and anti-atherogenic properties have been attributed to Ox-LDL. Yet, Ox-LDL has neither been defined nor characterized, as its components and composition change depending on its source, method of preparation, storage, and use. It contains unoxidized and oxidized fatty acid derivatives both in the ester and free forms, their decomposition products, cholesterol and its oxidized products, proteins with oxidized amino acids and cross-links, and polypeptides with varying extents of covalent modification with lipid oxidation products, and many others. It seems to exist in vivo in some form not yet fully characterized. Until its pathophysiological significance, and how it is generated in vivo are determined, the nature of its true identity will be only of classical interest. In this review, its components, their biological actions and methods of preparation will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sampath Parthasarathy
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Effect of dietary fatty acids on expression of lipogenic enzymes and fatty acid profile in tissues of bulls. Animal 2010; 4:755-62. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|
15
|
Ramadan M, Afify Amer M, El-Saadany S, Abd El-Fatah El-Masry R, El-Said Awad A. Changes in Lipid Profile by Vegetable Oil Blends Rich in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Rats with Hypercholesterolemia. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013208105167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different blended vegetable oils having different levels and profiles of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on hypercholesterolemia by analyzing the changes in lipid profile in high-cholesterol diet fed rats. Three vegetable oils (soy oil, sunflower oil, and the nonconventional flaxseed oil) were blended to obtain blends rich in PUFA. Thirty albino rats were used over the 2-month period. The animals were divided into five groups, wherein group 5 represents negative control, where rats were fed basal diet, while rats in group 4 received high cholesterol diet and served as positive controls. The other three groups were fed hypercholesterolemic diet (1% cholesterol + 0.25% colic acid) supplemented with blended oils. Generally, rats fed blended oils showed significantly lower levels of total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol as well as higher levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, in comparison with animals fed high-cholesterol diet and cholesterol-free diet. Thus, oil blends under study may be useful formulations for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. In addition to improving the lipid profile by lowering TC, total TG, and total LDL and increasing HDL, blending of vegetable oils can result in an economic advantage of lower prices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M.F. Ramadan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt,
| | - M.M. Afify Amer
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - S.S. El-Saadany
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | | | - A. El-Said Awad
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cho KH, Lee JH, Kim JM, Park SH, Choi MS, Lee YM, Choi I, Lee KT. Blood Lipid-Lowering and Antioxidant Effects of a Structured Lipid Containing Monoacylglyceride Enriched with Monounsaturated Fatty Acids in C57BL/6 Mice. J Med Food 2009; 12:452-60. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2007.0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hyun Cho
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung-Hee Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Park
- Radiation Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Sook Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Mi Lee
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Teak Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Degirolamo C, Shelness GS, Rudel LL. LDL cholesteryl oleate as a predictor for atherosclerosis: evidence from human and animal studies on dietary fat. J Lipid Res 2008; 50 Suppl:S434-9. [PMID: 19029117 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r800076-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the relationships among dietary fat type, plasma and liver lipid, and lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids are beneficial for the prevention of coronary artery atherosclerosis. By contrast, dietary monounsaturated fatty acids appear to alter hepatic lipoprotein metabolism, promote cholesteryl oleate accumulation, and confer atherogenic properties to lipoproteins as shown in data from experimental animal studies. Polyunsaturated fat appears to provide atheroprotection, at least in part, because it limits the accumulation of cholesteryl oleate in favor of cholesteryl linoleate in plasma lipoproteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Degirolamo
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Parthasarathy S, Litvinov D, Selvarajan K, Garelnabi M. Lipid peroxidation and decomposition--conflicting roles in plaque vulnerability and stability. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2008; 1781:221-31. [PMID: 18406361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation hypothesis has generated considerable interest in oxidative stress and how it might affect atherosclerosis. However, the failure of antioxidants, particularly vitamin E, to affect the progression of the disease in humans has convinced even staunch supporters of the hypothesis to take a step backwards and reconsider alternatives. Preponderant evidence for the hypothesis came from animal antioxidant intervention studies. In this review we point out basic differences between animal and human atherosclerosis development and suggest that human disease starts where animal studies end. While initial oxidative steps in the generation of early fatty streak lesions might be common, the differences might be in the steps involved in the decomposition of peroxidized lipids into aldehydes and their further oxidation into carboxylic acids. We suggest that these steps may not be amenable to attenuation by antioxidants and antioxidants might actually counter the stabilization of plaque by preventing the formation of carboxylic acids which are anti-inflammatory in nature. The formation of such dicarboxylic acids may also be conducive to plaque stabilization by trapping calcium. We suggest that agents that would prevent the decomposition of lipid peroxides and promote the formation and removal of lipid hydroxides, such as paraoxonase (PON 1) or apo A1/high density lipoprotein (HDL) might be more conducive to plaque regression.
Collapse
|
19
|
Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Dietary Fatty Acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
20
|
Bell TA, Kelley K, Wilson MD, Sawyer JK, Rudel LL. Dietary fat-induced alterations in atherosclerosis are abolished by ACAT2-deficiency in ApoB100 only, LDLr-/- mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:1396-402. [PMID: 17431188 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.142802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The enzyme acyl-coenzymeA (CoA):cholesterol O-acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) in the liver synthesizes cholesteryl esters (CE) from cholesterol and fatty acyl-CoA, which get incorporated into apoB-containing lipoproteins that are secreted into the bloodstream. Dietary fatty acid composition influences the amount and fatty acid composition of CE within apoB-containing lipoproteins. We hypothesized that when ACAT2 activity is removed by gene deletion, hepatic CE synthesis and secretion would be minimal and, as a result, dietary fat-related differences in atherosclerosis would be eliminated. METHODS AND RESULTS Groups of female apoB100 only, LDLr-/- mice with and without ACAT2 were fed diets enriched in either omega-3 or omega-6 polyunsaturated fat, saturated fat, and cis or trans monounsaturated fat. After 20 weeks on diet, mice fed diets enriched in monounsaturated or saturated fat exhibited significantly higher amounts of plasma cholesterol, larger LDL particles enriched in monounsaturated CE, and more atherosclerosis than mice fed polyunsaturated fat. The dietary fat-induced shifts in plasma cholesterol, LDL size, LDL CE composition, and atherosclerosis were not observed in ACAT2-/- mice. Regardless of the diet fed, the ACAT2-/- mice were protected from atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that in apoB100 only, LDLr-/- mice, ACAT2 plays an essential role in facilitating dietary fat type-specific atherosclerosis through its various effects on plasma lipoprotein concentration and composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Bell
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology/Lipid Sciences, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis remains incompletely understood. Accumulation of oxidized lipoproteins (oxLDL) within the vascular wall drives a related immune response very early during the disease course. Such an immune response is self-amplified and eventually escapes from physiologic control mechanisms. Certain lymphocytes may become pathogenic. B cells play a protective role by producing antibodies able to neutralize oxLDL. Elucidation of the immune control mechanisms in atherosclerosis will open the way to new therapeutic perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Groyer
- Inserm U681, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, Institut des Cordeliers
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lapolla A, Sartore G, Della Rovere GR, Romanato G, Zambon S, Marin R, Manzato E, Fedele D. Plasma fatty acids and lipoproteins in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2006; 22:226-31. [PMID: 16308886 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dyslipidemia of type 2 diabetic patients is characterized by high VLDL, abnormal LDL composition and low HDL cholesterol concentrations. The aim of this study was to establish whether the type of dietary fats affects LDL size and density and HDL cholesterol concentrations in these patients. METHODS Plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition, which reflects the type of dietary fatty acids, was quantified by gas chromatography. LDL relative flotation (LDL-Rf), a measure of LDL particle size and density, was determined by single vertical spin density gradient ultracentrifugation in 97 type 2 diabetic patients. RESULTS By linear regression analysis of the data, plasma fatty acids were associated neither with LDL-cholesterol levels nor with LDL-Rf. The HDL cholesterol concentrations were negatively related with saturated fatty acids (r = -0.23; p = 0.02) but positively related with monounsaturated fatty acids (r = +0.20; p = 0.00). Furthermore, higher HDL concentrations were associated with large and buoyant LDL particles (HDL cholesterol vs LDL-Rf: r = +0.47; p = 0.00). In the multiple regression analysis, the LDL-Rf was significantly related both to triglycerides (beta coefficient = -0.55, p = 0.000) and HDL cholesterol (beta coefficient = 0.19, p = 0.034) concentrations. In a stepwise regression analysis including both triglycerides and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides alone explained the 43.0% of the LDL-Rf variability. CONCLUSIONS A reduction of the dietary saturated fats and an increment of monounsaturated fats might increase HDL cholesterol concentrations in type 2 diabetic patients. Modifications of LDL composition might be expected from interventions aimed to reduce plasma triglycerides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annunziata Lapolla
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pinotti MF, Silva MDP, Sugizaki MM, Diniz YS, Sant'Ana LS, Aragon FF, Padovani CR, Novelli ELB, Cicogna AC. Effect of unsaturated fatty acids on myocardial performance, metabolism and morphology. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006; 39:305-12. [PMID: 16470320 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006000200019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diets rich in saturated fatty acids are one of the most important causes of atherosclerosis in men, and have been replaced with diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) for the prevention of this disorder. However, the effect of UFA on myocardial performance, metabolism and morphology has not been completely characterized. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effects of a UFA-rich diet on cardiac muscle function, oxidative stress, and morphology. Sixty-day-old male Wistar rats were fed a control (N = 8) or a UFA-rich diet (N = 8) for 60 days. Myocardial performance was studied in isolated papillary muscle by isometric and isotonic contractions under basal conditions after calcium chloride (5.2 mM) and ss-adrenergic stimulation with 1.0 microM isoproterenol. Fragments of the left ventricle free wall were used to study oxidative stress and were analyzed by light microscopy, and the myocardial ultrastructure was examined in left ventricle papillary muscle. After 60 days the UFA-rich diet did not change myocardial function. However, it caused high lipid hydroperoxide (176 +/- 5 vs 158 +/- 5, P < 0.0005) and low catalase (7 +/- 1 vs 9 +/- 1, P < 0.005) and superoxide-dismutase (18 +/- 2 vs 27 +/- 5, P < 0.005) levels, and discrete morphological changes in UFA-rich diet hearts such as lipid deposits and mitochondrial membrane alterations compared to control rats. These data show that a UFA-rich diet caused myocardial oxidative stress and mild structural alterations, but did not change mechanical function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Pinotti
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhu W, Smart EJ. Myristic acid stimulates endothelial nitric-oxide synthase in a CD36- and an AMP kinase-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:29543-50. [PMID: 15970594 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m501238200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary free fatty acids have been reported to have various effects on the endothelium including the generation of nitric oxide. The goal of the current study was to determine the mechanism whereby free fatty acid causes an increase in nitric oxide synthesis. The specific hypothesis tested was that free fatty acid association with CD36, a class B scavenger receptor, induces the activation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS). A human microvascular endothelial cell line and a transfected Chinese hamster ovary cell system were used to determine which free fatty acids stimulate eNOS. Surprisingly, only myristic acid, and to a lesser extent palmitic acid, stimulated eNOS. The stimulation of eNOS was dose- and time-dependent. Competition experiments with other free fatty acids and with a CD36-blocking antibody demonstrated that the effects of myristic acid on eNOS required association with CD36. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that the effects of myristic acid on eNOS function were not dependent on PI 3-kinase, Akt kinase, or calcium. Pharmacological studies and dominant negative constructs were used to demonstrate that myristic acid/CD36 stimulation of eNOS activity was dependent on the activation of AMP kinase. These data demonstrate an unexpected link among myristic acid, CD36, AMP kinase, and eNOS activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weifei Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40536, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lee RG, Shah R, Sawyer JK, Hamilton RL, Parks JS, Rudel LL. ACAT2 contributes cholesteryl esters to newly secreted VLDL, whereas LCAT adds cholesteryl ester to LDL in mice. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:1205-12. [PMID: 15805543 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500018-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative contributions of ACAT2 and LCAT to the cholesteryl ester (CE) content of VLDL and LDL were measured. ACAT2 deficiency led to a significant decrease in the percentage of CE (37.2 +/- 2.1% vs. 3.9 +/- 0.8%) in plasma VLDL, with a concomitant increase in the percentage of triglyceride (33.0 +/- 3.2% vs. 66.7 +/- 2.5%). Interestingly, the absence of ACAT2 had no apparent effect on the percentage CE in LDL, whereas LCAT deficiency significantly decreased the CE percentage (38.6 +/- 4.0% vs. 54.6 +/- 1.9%) and significantly increased the phospholipid percentage (11.2 +/- 0.9% vs. 19.3 +/- 0.1%) of LDL. When both LCAT and ACAT2 were deficient, VLDL composition was similar to VLDL of the ACAT2-deficient mouse, whereas LDL was depleted in core lipids and enriched in surface lipids, appearing discoidal when observed by electron microscopy. We conclude that ACAT2 is important in the synthesis of VLDL CE, whereas LCAT is important in remodeling VLDL to LDL. Liver perfusions were performed, and perfusate apolipoprotein B accumulation rates in ACAT2-deficient mice were not significantly different from those of controls; perfusate VLDL CE decreased from 8.0 +/- 0.8% in controls to 0 +/- 0.7% in ACAT2-deficient mice. In conclusion, our data establish that ACAT2 provides core CE of newly secreted VLDL, whereas LCAT adds CE during LDL particle formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Lee
- Arteriosclerosis Research Program, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Vanderlaan PA, Reardon CA. Thematic review series: the immune system and atherogenesis. The unusual suspects:an overview of the minor leukocyte populations in atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:829-38. [PMID: 15772419 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r500003-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory disease process involving an array of cell types and interactions. Although macrophage foam cells and vascular smooth muscle cells constitute the bulk of the atherosclerotic lesion, other cell types have been implicated in this disease process as well. These cellular components of both innate and adaptive immunity are involved in modulating the response of macrophage foam cells and vascular smooth muscle cells to the retained and modified lipids in the vessel wall as well as in driving the chronic vascular inflammation that characterizes this disease. In this review, the involvement of a number of less prominent leukocyte populations in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is discussed. More specifically, the roles of natural killer cells, mast cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, gammadelta T-cells, natural killer T-cells, regulatory T-cells, and B-cells are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Vanderlaan
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Williams KJ, Fisher EA. Oxidation, lipoproteins, and atherosclerosis: which is wrong, the antioxidants or the theory? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2005; 8:139-46. [PMID: 15716791 DOI: 10.1097/00075197-200503000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Paradoxically, many well-established components of the heart-healthy lifestyle are pro-oxidant, including polyunsaturated fat and moderate alcohol consumption. Moreover, antioxidant supplements have failed to decrease cardiovascular risk in extensive human clinical trials to date. Recent progress in understanding the roles of oxidants in regulating VLDL secretion and as essential signaling molecules supports the concept that oxidation may be beneficial in certain circumstances but damaging in others. We summarize recent data on the roles played by oxidative metabolism in different tissues and pathways, and address whether it is currently advisable to use antioxidant supplements to reduce cardiovascular risk. RECENT FINDINGS Our recent study reported that in liver cells, polyunsaturated fatty acids increased reactive oxygen species, which in turn lowered the secretion of the atherogenic lipoprotein, VLDL, in vitro and in vivo. Antioxidant treatments prevented VLDL-lowering effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in vitro, suggesting that supplemental antioxidants could either raise apolipoprotein-B-lipoprotein plasma levels in vivo, or impair the response to lipid-lowering therapies. The failure of antioxidants to decrease cardiovascular disease risk in many trials is also discussed in the context of current models for atherosclerosis progression and regression. SUMMARY Oxidation includes distinct biochemical reactions, and it is overly simplistic to lump them into a unitary process that affects all cell types and metabolic pathways adversely. Guidelines for diet should adhere closely to what has been clinically proved, and by this standard there is no basis to recommend antioxidant use, beyond what is inherent to the 'heart healthy' diet in order to benefit cardiovascular health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jon Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Public health recommendations for the US population in 1977 were to reduce fat intake to as low as 30% of calories to lower the incidence of coronary artery disease. These recommendations resulted in a compositional shift in food materials throughout the agricultural industry, and the fractional content of fats was replaced principally with carbohydrates. Subsequently, high-carbohydrate diets were recognized as contributing to the lipoprotein pattern that characterizes atherogenic dyslipidemia and hypertriacylglycerolemia. The rising incidences of metabolic syndrome and obesity are becoming common themes in the literature. Current recommendations are to keep saturated fatty acid, trans fatty acid, and cholesterol intakes as low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet. In the face of such recommendations, the agricultural industry is shifting food composition toward lower proportions of all saturated fatty acids. To date, no lower safe limit of specific saturated fatty acid intakes has been identified. This review summarizes research findings and observations on the disparate functions of saturated fatty acids and seeks to bring a more quantitative balance to the debate on dietary saturated fat. Whether a finite quantity of specific dietary saturated fatty acids actually benefits health is not yet known. Because agricultural practices to reduce saturated fat will require a prolonged and concerted effort, and because the world is moving toward more individualized dietary recommendations, should the steps to decrease saturated fatty acids to as low as agriculturally possible not wait until evidence clearly indicates which amounts and types of saturated fatty acids are optimal?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tanasescu M, Cho E, Manson JE, Hu FB. Dietary fat and cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular disease among women with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79:999-1005. [PMID: 15159229 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.6.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional therapy is a cornerstone of diabetes management, but no epidemiologic studies have investigated the relation between specific dietary fatty acids and cholesterol and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among diabetic patients. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the relation between specific dietary fatty acids and cholesterol and CVD risk among women with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN Among 5672 women with type 2 diabetes from the Nurses' Health Study, diet was assessed prospectively and updated periodically. Relative risks of CVD were estimated from Cox proportional hazards analysis after adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS Between 1980 and 1998, we identified 619 new cases of CVD (nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal coronary heart disease, and stroke). The relative risk (RR) of CVD for an increase of 200 mg cholesterol/1000 kcal was 1.37 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.68; P = 0.003). Each 5% of energy intake from saturated fat, as compared with equivalent energy from carbohydrates, was associated with a 29% greater risk of CVD (RR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.63; P = 0.04). The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat (P:S) was inversely associated with the risk of fatal CVD. We estimated that replacement of 5% of energy from saturated fat with equivalent energy from carbohydrates or monounsaturated fat was associated with a 22% or 37% lower risk of CVD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A higher intake of cholesterol and saturated fat and a low P:S were related to increased CVD risk among women with type 2 diabetes. Among diabetic persons, replacement of saturated fat with monounsaturated fat may be more effective in lowering CVD risk than is replacement with carbohydrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Tanasescu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, the Channing Laboratory, Boston, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nicklas TA, Hampl JS, Taylor CA, Thompson VJ, Heird WC. Monounsaturated fatty acid intake by children and adults: temporal trends and demographic differences. Nutr Rev 2004; 62:132-41. [PMID: 15141428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence suggests that dietary monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) may have a beneficial health effect. Twenty-four-hour dietary intake data collected on 10-year-olds from 1978 to 1994 and on children and adults (ages 0-30 years) were examined for time, age, gender, ethnic, and geographic location differences in MUFA intake. Children's percent energy from MUFA decreased significantly from 1978 (14.1%) to 1994 (11.9%) with intake of oleic acid decreasing from 33.9 g/day (1973) to 25.7 g/day (1994). In 1994-96, percent energy from MUFA was 13% for children and adults aged 12 to 30 years, with 5% from palmitoleic acid and 93% from oleic acid. Males and blacks had significantly higher MUFA intake across all age groups than females and whites. Intakes of MUFA increased from 0 to 11 years of age to young adulthood (12-19 years), with no further increase at 20 to 30 years of age. Intakes of MUFA were lowest in the Northeast and highest in the Midwest. There were differences in food sources of MUFA by age group. For children 0 to 5 years of age, major sources were whole milk, peanut butter, 2% milk, and French fries; for children 6 to 11 years of age, major sources were whole milk, peanut butter, French fries, and 2% milk; for children 12 to 19 years of age, French fries, salt snacks, whole milk, and meat pizza were the major sources; for adults, French fries, whole milk, potato chips, and ground beef were the most common sources of MUFA. U.S. children and adults displayed temporal trends and demographic differences in intakes and food sources of MUFA. The implications of these changes and differences on biologic risk factors for specific chronic diseases warrant further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Nicklas
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A growing body of data suggests that in addition to LDL-cholesterol concentrations, compositional properties of LDL, including size and fatty acid composition, are important in determining the relative degree of atherogenicity. This review examines current research in this field to evaluate which properties of LDL may most directly influence the risk of coronary heart disease. RECENT FINDINGS The presence of small dense LDL has been correlated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease, but this has not been shown to be fully independent of related factors such as elevated plasma triacylglycerol concentrations. An increased susceptibility of small dense LDL to in-vitro oxidation has also been demonstrated, but its importance to coronary heart disease risk has not been established. Other studies have found that the presence of enlarged LDL, modified (oleate enriched) fatty acyl composition of LDL, and higher numbers of LDL particles in plasma also are endpoints associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease. SUMMARY LDL size may indicate a metabolic condition associated with increased CHD risk as opposed to the direct promotion of atherosclerosis by specific particle types of LDL. In most claims of detrimental effects of small dense LDL, neither LDL particle concentrations nor the fatty acid composition of the particles were established, both factors being important in contributing to the atherogenic potential of LDL. The predisposition to premature coronary heart disease cannot currently be objectively assigned to any one type of LDL particle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Lada
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Serra-Majem L, Ngo de la Cruz J, Ribas L, Tur JA. Olive oil and the Mediterranean diet: beyond the rhetoric. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57 Suppl 1:S2-7. [PMID: 12947443 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to analyze the association of food, nutrient and energy intakes with olive oil consumption in Spain. DESIGN Cross-sectional study by face-to-face interview. SETTING Population-based random sample derived from the Catalan Nutrition Survey. SUBJECTS In total, 1600 individuals between 18 and 60 y of age. INTERVENTION Two 24-h recalls were administered to measure food and nutrient intakes. Food consumption and nutrient intakes were analyzed comparing the highest and lowest quartiles of olive oil consumption. RESULTS Those with the highest consumption of olive oil (greater than 13.5% of total calories, fourth quartile) consumed less cereal, baked goods, whole milk, sausages, candy, fruit juice and soft drinks, but more fish, eggs, vegetables and added fats, as compared to those with the lowest olive oil consumption (less than 6.8% of total calories, first quartile). The group with the greatest olive oil consumption also demonstrated high total fat intake, although saturated fats showed a lower percentage of total energy intake. Vitamin intake was more adequate in those with the highest consumption of olive oil. CONCLUSION Olive oil is a key contributor to the healthy aspects attributed to the Mediterranean diet, and as such, nutritional objectives in Mediterranean countries should address reducing saturated fats, without modifying quantities of olive oil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ll Serra-Majem
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|