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Xue Z, Ye M, Jiang H, Li D, Hong X, Chen Z, Li Y, Zhou B, Zhang W, Wang M. The Effect of Different Statin-Based Lipid-Lowering Strategies on C-Reactive Protein Levels in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease. Clin Cardiol 2024; 47:e24301. [PMID: 38895772 PMCID: PMC11187842 DOI: 10.1002/clc.24301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are lipid-lowering drugs with favorable anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to explore different statin-based lipid-lowering strategies to reduce high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). HYPOTHESIS The hypothesis is that different statin-based lipid-lowering strategies might reduce hs-CRP. METHODS This retrospective study included 3653 patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Three statin-based lipid-lowering strategies were investigated, including different types of statins (atorvastatin vs. rosuvastatin), statin combined with ezetimibe therapy (vs. without), and intensive statin therapy (vs. regular). The hs-CRP levels and blood lipid indicators were measured at baseline and after 1-month lipid-lowering therapy. Multivariable linear regression analysis and structural equation mode analysis were conducted to verify the association between different lipid-lowering strategies, Δhs-CRP (%) and ΔLDL-C (%). RESULTS Totally, 3653 patients were enrolled with an average age of 63.81 years. Multivariable linear regression demonstrated that statin combined with ezetimibe therapy was significantly associated with decreased Δhs-CRP (%) (β = -0.253, 95% CI: [-0.501 to -0.005], p = 0.045). The increased ΔLDL-C (%) was an independent predictor of elevated levels of Δhs-CRP (%) (β = 0.487, 95% CI: [0.15-0.824], p = 0.005). Furthermore, structural equation model analysis proved that statin combined with ezetimibe therapy (β = -0.300, p < 0.001) and intensive statin therapy (β = -0.032, p = 0.043) had an indirect negative effect on Δhs-CRP via ΔLDL-C. CONCLUSIONS Compared with routine statin use, statin combined with ezetimibe therapy and intensive statin therapy could further reduce hs-CRP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityZhejiangHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiangHangzhouChina
| | - Miao Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityZhejiangHangzhouChina
| | - Hangpan Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, College of MedicineZhejiang UniversityZhejiangChina
| | - Duanbin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityZhejiangHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiangHangzhouChina
| | - Xulin Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityZhejiangHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiangHangzhouChina
| | - Zhezhe Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityZhejiangHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiangHangzhouChina
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityZhejiangHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiangHangzhouChina
| | - Binquan Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityZhejiangHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiangHangzhouChina
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityZhejiangHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiangHangzhouChina
| | - Miaoyun Wang
- Hangzhou Medical College Affiliated Lin An People's HospitalHangzhouChina
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Mahmoudi A, Atkin SL, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Identification of key upregulated genes involved in foam cell formation and the modulatory role of statin therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110209. [PMID: 37130442 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate the possible effect of statins on important genes/proteins involved in foam cell formation. METHODS The gene expression profile of the GSE9874, GSE54666, and GSE7138from the Omnibus database were usedto identify genes involved in foam cell formation. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and MCODE analysis of the intersection of three databases were analyzed. We used molecular docking analysis to investigate the possible interaction of different statins with the overexpressed hub genes obtained from PPI analysis. RESULTS The intersection among the three datasets showed 54 upregulated and 26 down-regulated genes. The most critical overexpressed genes/proteins obtained as hub genes included: G6PD, NPC1, ABCA1, ABCG1, PGD, PLIN2, PPAP2B, and TXNRD1 based on PPI analysis. Functional enrichment analysis of 81 intersection DEGs at the biological process level focusing on the cholesterol metabolic process, secondary alcohol biosynthetic process and the cholesterol biosynthetic process. Under cellular components, the analysis confirmed that these 81 intersection DEGs were mainly applied in endoplasmic reticulum membrane, lysosome and lytic vacuole. The molecular functions were identified as sterol binding, oxidoreductase activity and NADP binding. The molecular docking showed that all statins appear to affect important protein targets overexpressed in foam cell formation. However, lipophilic statins, especially pitavastatin and lovastatin, had a greater effect than hydrophilic statins. The most significant protein target of all the overexpressed genes interacting with all statin types was ABCA1. CONCLUSION The effect of lipophilic statins was shown for several critical proteins in foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mahmoudi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177899191, Iran
| | - Stephen L Atkin
- School of Postgraduate Studies and Research, RCSI Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Bahrain
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Functional Association of miR-133b and miR-21 Through Novel Gene Targets ATG5, LRP6 and SGPP1 in Coronary Artery Disease. Mol Diagn Ther 2022; 26:655-664. [PMID: 36197604 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-022-00615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis, a progressive manifestation of coronary artery disease, has been observed to be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting various protein-coding genes involved in several pathophysiological events of coronary artery disease. OBJECTIVE In our previous report, we identified differential expression profiles of candidate miRNAs, miR-133b and miR-21, in patients with coronary artery disease as compared with controls, suggesting their possible implication in the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. To better understand the functional role of these miRNAs, we sought to predict and validate their target genes while assessing the expression pattern of these genes in patients with coronary artery disease, as well as in macrophages. METHODS Potential target genes of miR-133b and miR-21 were predicted bioinformatically followed by validation through the identification of their expression at the protein level in patients with coronary artery disease (n-30), as well as in macrophages treated with respective miRNA inhibitors (antagomiRs), through immunoblotting. RESULTS SGPP1, a gene associated with the sphingolipid pathway, was predicted to be a potential target gene of miR-133b while ATG5 and LRP6 were target genes of miR-21 while being associated with autophagy and Wnt signalling pathways, respectively. SGPP1 was observed to be upregulated significantly (p = 0.019) by 2.07-fold, whereas ATG5 and LRP6 were found to be downregulated (p = 0.026 and 0.007, respectively) by 3.28-fold and 8.46-fold, respectively, in patients with coronary artery disease as compared with controls. Expression patterns of all the genes were also found to be modulated when cells were treated with respective miRNA inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Results from the present study suggest that SGPP1, ATG5 and LRP6, target genes of miR-133b and miR-21, may serve as potential therapeutic hotspots in the management of coronary artery disease, which undoubtedly merit further experimental confirmation.
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Pucar D, Liu C. Standardization and quantification is a key to the future of atherosclerosis FDG PET/CT imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 2021; 28:1360-1363. [PMID: 31591696 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-019-01905-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darko Pucar
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging; Section of Nuclear Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, P.O. Box 208048, 801 Howard Ave, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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Anti-inflammatory potential of simvastatin loaded nanoliposomes in 2D and 3D foam cell models. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 37:102434. [PMID: 34214684 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease triggered and sustained by risk factors such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure and unhealthy lifestyle. Inflammation plays a pivotal role in atherosclerosis pathogenesis. In this study, we developed a simvastatin (STAT) loaded nanoliposomal formulation (LIPOSTAT) which can deliver the drug into atherosclerotic plaque, when administered intravenously. This formulation is easily prepared, stable, and biocompatible with minimal burst release for effective drug delivery. 2D and 3D in vitro models were examined towards anti-inflammatory effects of STAT, both free and in combination with liposomes. LIPOSTAT induced greater cholesterol efflux in the 2D foam cells and significantly reduced inflammation in both 2D and 3D models. LIPOSTAT alleviated inflammation by reducing the secretion of early and late phase pro-inflammatory cytokines, monocyte adherence marker, and lipid accumulation cytokines. Additionally, the 3D foam cell spheroid model is a convenient and practical approach in testing various anti-atherosclerotic drugs without the need for human tissue.
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Su X, Rakshit M, Das P, Gupta I, Das D, Pramanik M, Ng KW, Kwan J. Ultrasonic Implantation and Imaging of Sound-Sensitive Theranostic Agents for the Treatment of Arterial Inflammation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:24422-24430. [PMID: 34019376 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For site-specific diseases such as atherosclerosis, it is desirable to noninvasively and locally deliver therapeutics for extended periods of time. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) provides targeted drug delivery, yet remains unable to sustain delivery beyond the HIFU treatment time. Furthermore, methods to validate HIFU-enhanced drug delivery remain limited. In this study, we report on HIFU-targeted implantation of degradable drug-loaded sound-sensitive multicavity PLGA microparticles (mcPLGA MPs) as a theranostic agent for the treatment of arterial lesions. Once implanted into the targeted tissue, mcPLGA MPs eluted dexamethasone for several days, thereby reducing inflammatory markers linked to oxidized lipid uptake in a foam cell spheroid model. Furthermore, implanted mcPLGA MPs created hyperechoic regions on diagnostic ultrasound images, and thus noninvasively verified that the target region was treated with the theranostic agents. This novel and innovative multifunctional theranostic platform may serve as a promising candidate for noninvasive imaging and treatment for site-specific diseases such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Su
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore
| | - Moumita Rakshit
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Prativa Das
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ipshita Gupta
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore
| | - Dhiman Das
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore
| | - Manojit Pramanik
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - James Kwan
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
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Lecci RM, D’Antuono I, Cardinali A, Garbetta A, Linsalata V, Logrieco AF, Leone A. Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Capacities as Mechanisms of Photoprotection of Olive Polyphenols on UVA-Damaged Human Keratinocytes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082153. [PMID: 33917980 PMCID: PMC8068360 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide variety of polyphenols are reported to have considerable antioxidant and skin photoprotective effects, although the mechanisms of action are not fully known. Environmentally friendly and inexpensive sources of natural bioactive compounds, such as olive mill wastewater (OMWW), the by-product of olive-oil processing, can be considered an economic source of bioactive polyphenols, with a range of biological activities, useful as chemotherapeutic or cosmeceutical agents. Green strategies, such as the process based on membrane technologies, allow to recover active polyphenols from this complex matrix. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant, pro-oxidant, and photoprotective effects, including the underlying action mechanism(s), of the ultra-filtered (UF) OMWW fractions, in order to substantiate their use as natural cosmeceutical ingredient. Six chemically characterized UF-OMWW fractions, from Italian and Greek olive cultivar processing, were investigated for their antioxidant activities, measured by Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), LDL oxidation inhibition, and ROS-quenching ability in UVA-irradiated HEKa (Human Epidermal Keratinocytes adult) cultures. The photoprotective properties of UF-OMWW were assayed as a pro-oxidant-mediated pro-apoptotic effect on the UVA-damaged HEKa cells, which can be potentially involved in the carcinogenesis process. All the UF-OMWW fractions exerted an effective antioxidant activity in vitro and in cells when administered together with UV-radiation on HEKa. A pro-oxidative and pro-apoptotic effect on the UVA-damaged HEKa cells were observed, suggesting some protective actions of polyphenol fraction on keratinocyte cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Marina Lecci
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, (CNR-ISPA, Lecce), Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Isabella D’Antuono
- National Research Council, Institute of Science of Food Production, (CNR-ISPA, Bari), Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (I.D.); (A.G.); (V.L.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Angela Cardinali
- National Research Council, Institute of Science of Food Production, (CNR-ISPA, Bari), Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (I.D.); (A.G.); (V.L.); (A.F.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (A.L.); Tel.: +39-080-5929303 (A.C.); +39-0832-422615 (A.L.); Fax: +39-0832-422620 (A.L.)
| | - Antonella Garbetta
- National Research Council, Institute of Science of Food Production, (CNR-ISPA, Bari), Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (I.D.); (A.G.); (V.L.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Vito Linsalata
- National Research Council, Institute of Science of Food Production, (CNR-ISPA, Bari), Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (I.D.); (A.G.); (V.L.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- National Research Council, Institute of Science of Food Production, (CNR-ISPA, Bari), Via Amendola, 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; (I.D.); (A.G.); (V.L.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Antonella Leone
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, (CNR-ISPA, Lecce), Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (A.L.); Tel.: +39-080-5929303 (A.C.); +39-0832-422615 (A.L.); Fax: +39-0832-422620 (A.L.)
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Li J, Meng Q, Fu Y, Yu X, Ji T, Chao Y, Chen Q, Li Y, Bian H. Novel insights: Dynamic foam cells derived from the macrophage in atherosclerosis. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6154-6167. [PMID: 33507545 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis can be regarded as a chronic disease derived from the interaction between disordered lipoproteins and an unsuitable immune response. The evolution of foam cells is not only a significant pathological change in the early stage of atherosclerosis but also a key stage in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. The formation of foam cells is mainly caused by the imbalance among lipids uptake, lipids treatment, and reverse cholesterol transport. Although a large number of studies have summarized the source of foam cells and the mechanism of foam cells formation, we propose a new idea about foam cells in atherosclerosis. Rather than an isolated microenvironment, the macrophage multiple lipid uptake pathways, lipid internalization, lysosome, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase (NCEH), acyl-coenzyme A-cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), and reverse cholesterol transport are mutually influential, and form a dynamic process under multi-factor regulation. The macrophage takes on different uptake lipid statuses depending on multiple uptake pathways and intracellular lipids, lipid metabolites versus pro-inflammatory factors. Except for NCEH and ACAT, the lipid internalization of macrophages also depends on multicellular organelles including the lysosome, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum, which are associated with each other. A dynamic balance between esterification and hydrolysis of cholesterol for macrophages is essential for physiology and pathology. Therefore, we propose that the foam cell in the process of atherosclerosis may be dynamic under multi-factor regulation, and collate this study to provide a holistic and dynamic idea of the foam cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinghai Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xichao Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Chao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Huimin Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Amin MN, Siddiqui SA, Ibrahim M, Hakim ML, Ahammed MS, Kabir A, Sultana F. Inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and cancer. SAGE Open Med 2020; 8:2050312120965752. [PMID: 33194199 PMCID: PMC7594225 DOI: 10.1177/2050312120965752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines are highly inducible small glycoproteins or regulatory proteins of low molecular weight secreted by different cell types. They regulate intercellular communication and mediate a number of physiological functions in the human immune system. Numerous prospective studies report that inflammatory cytokines strongly predict coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure and other adverse cardiac events. Inflammatory cascade is believed to be a causative factor in the development of atherosclerotic process. Several aspects of atherogenesis are accelerated by cytokines. This article provides an overall overview of current understanding of cytokines in various cardiovascular events. Besides, inflammatory cytokines trigger cellular events that can induce malignancy and carcinogenesis. Elevated expression of several cytokines such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, macrophage migration inhibitory factor and transforming growth factor-β are involved in tumor initiation and progression. Thus, they exert a pivotal role in cancer pathogenesis. This review highlights the role of several cytokines in various events of tumorigenesis. Actually, this article summarizes the contributions of cytokines in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nurul Amin
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar
University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pratyasha Health Biomedical Research
Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shafayet Ahmed Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar
University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pratyasha Health Biomedical Research
Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ibrahim
- College of Medicine, University of South
Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Md Lukman Hakim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Salim Ahammed
- Department of Pharmacy, University of
Information Technology and Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Asma Kabir
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar
University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pratyasha Health Biomedical Research
Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar
University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pratyasha Health Biomedical Research
Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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10
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Targeting foam cell formation and macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis: The Therapeutic potential of rhubarb. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110433. [PMID: 32768936 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease associated with high morbidity and mortality, is characterized by the accumulation of foam cells in the arterial wall. It has long been acknowledged that the formation of foam cells is caused by excess lipid uptake and abnormal cholesterol metabolism function. And increasing evidence shows that inhibiting foam cell formation is a promising way to suppress the development of atherosclerotic lesions. In addition to excess foam cells accumulation, inflammation is another major contributor of atherosclerotic lesions. Recently, macrophage polarization has been demonstrated to play a vital role in the regulation of inflammatory response. Generally, macrophages mainly polarized into two phenotypes: either classically activated pro-inflammatory M1 or alternatively activated anti-inflammatory M2. And targeting macrophage polarization has been considered as a feasible approach to prevent the development of atherosclerosis. At present, the anti-atherosclerosis drugs mainly classified into two types: lipid-lowering drugs and anti-inflammatory drugs. A large part of those drugs belong to western medicine, and various side effects are unavoidable. Interestingly, in recent years, Traditional Chinese medicine has attracted growing attention because of its good efficacy and low negative effects. Rhubarb (called Da Huang in Chinese) is a famous folk medicine with a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects, such as lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects. In this review, we summarized current findings about the regulatory effects of Rhubarb on foam cell formation and macrophage polarization, with emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of action that have been revealed during the past two decades, to better understand its pivotal role in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis.
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11
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Langsted A, Nordestgaard BG. Lipoprotein(a): is it more, less or equal to LDL as a causal factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality? Curr Opin Lipidol 2020; 31:125-131. [PMID: 32304380 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the recent studies directly comparing LDL and lipoprotein(a) as causal factors for cardiovascular disease and mortality. RECENT FINDINGS In approximately 100,000 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study for risk of myocardial infarction, in observational analyses per 39 mg/dl (1 mmol/l) cholesterol increase, the hazard ratio was 1.3 (95% confidence interval: 1.2-1.3) for LDL cholesterol and 1.6 (1.4-1.9) for lipoprotein(a) cholesterol. In corresponding genetic analyses, the causal risk ratio was 2.1 (1.3-3.4) for LDL and 2.0 (1.6-2.6) for lipoprotein(a). Also, a 15 mg/dl (0.39 mmol/l) cholesterol increase was associated with a hazard ratio for cardiovascular mortality of 1.05 (1.04-1.07) for LDL cholesterol and 1.18 (1.12-1.25) for lipoprotein(a) cholesterol. Corresponding values for all-cause mortality were 1.01 (1.00-1.01) for LDL cholesterol and 1.07 (1.04-1.10) for lipoprotein(a) cholesterol. In genetic, causal analyses, the mortality increases for elevated lipoprotein(a) appeared to be through apolipoprotein(a) kringle IV-2 rather than through lipoprotein(a) levels per se. SUMMARY On cholesterol scales, lipoprotein(a) and LDL appeared equal as causal factors for myocardial infarction; however, lipoprotein(a) was most important for mortality. Lipoprotein(a) effects may not only be due to cholesterol content but could also be due to the structure of lipoprotein(a) resembling plasminogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Langsted
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Oxidized LDL Modify the Human Adipocyte Phenotype to an Insulin Resistant, Proinflamatory and Proapoptotic Profile. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040534. [PMID: 32244787 PMCID: PMC7226150 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Little information exists in humans on the regulation that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) exerts on adipocyte metabolism, which is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. The aim was to analyze the oxLDL effects on adipocytokine secretion and scavenger receptors (SRs) and cell death markers in human visceral adipocytes. Human differentiated adipocytes from visceral adipose tissue from non-obese and morbidly obese subjects were incubated with increasing oxLDL concentrations. mRNA expression of SRs, markers of apoptosis and autophagy, secretion of adipocytokines, and glucose uptake were analyzed. In non-obese and in morbidly obese subjects, oxLDL produced a decrease in insulin-induced glucose uptake, a significant dose-dependent increase in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, and adiponectin secretion, and a decrease in leptin secretion. OxLDL produced a significant increase of Lox-1 and a decrease in Cxcl16 and Cl-p1 expression. The expression of Bnip3 (marker of apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy) was significantly increased and Bcl2 (antiapoptotic marker) was decreased. OxLDL could sensitize adipocytes to a lower insulin-induced glucose uptake, a more proinflammatory phenotype, and could modify the gene expression involved in apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, and mitophagy. OxLDL can upregulate Lox-1, and this could lead to a possible amplification of proinflammatory and proapoptotic effects of oxLDL.
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Zindel J, Kubes P. DAMPs, PAMPs, and LAMPs in Immunity and Sterile Inflammation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2019; 15:493-518. [PMID: 31675482 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recognizing the importance of leukocyte trafficking in inflammation led to some therapeutic breakthroughs. However, many inflammatory pathologies remain without specific therapy. This review discusses leukocytes in the context of sterile inflammation, a process caused by sterile (non-microbial) molecules, comprising damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs bind specific receptors to activate inflammation and start a highly optimized sequence of immune cell recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes to initiate effective tissue repair. When DAMPs are cleared, the recruited leukocytes change from a proinflammatory to a reparative program, a switch that is locally supervised by invariant natural killer T cells. In addition, neutrophils exit the inflammatory site and reverse transmigrate back to the bloodstream. Inflammation persists when the program switch or reverse transmigration fails, or when the coordinated leukocyte effort cannot clear the immunostimulatory molecules. The latter causes inappropriate leukocyte activation, a driver of many pathologies associated with poor lifestyle choices. We discuss lifestyle-associated inflammatory diseases and their corresponding immunostimulatory lifestyle-associated molecular patterns (LAMPs) and distinguish them from DAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Zindel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; .,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul Kubes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada; .,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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14
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Itabe H, Kato R, Sawada N, Obama T, Yamamoto M. The Significance of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein in Body Fluids as a Marker Related to Diseased Conditions. Curr Med Chem 2019. [PMID: 29521196 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180307114855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is known to be involved in various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. The presence of oxLDL in the human circulatory system and in atherosclerotic lesions has been demonstrated using monoclonal antibodies. Studies have shown the significance of circulating oxLDL in various systemic diseases, including acute myocardial infarction and diabetic mellitus. Several different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedures to measure oxLDL were utilized. Evidence has been accumulating that reveals changes in oxLDL levels under certain pathological conditions. Since oxLDL concentration tends to correlate with low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, the ratio of ox-LDL and LDL rather than oxLDL concentration alone has also been focused. In addition to circulating plasma, LDL and oxLDL are found in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), where the ratio of oxLDL to LDL in GCF is much higher than in plasma. LDL and oxLDL levels in GCF show an increase in diabetic patients and periodontal patients, suggesting that GCF might be useful in examining systemic conditions. GCF oxLDL increased when the teeth were affected by periodontitis. It is likely that oxLDL levels in plasma and GCF could reflect oxidative stress and transfer efficacy in the circulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Itabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rina Kato
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Sawada
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Obama
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Sardari S, Fallahi F, Emadi F, Davati A, Khavasi N, Gholamifesharaki M, Esmaeili SS. Daily Consumption of Caper Fruit Along With Atorvastatin Has Synergistic Effects in Hyperlipidemic Patients: Randomized Clinical Trial. Galen Med J 2019; 8:e1345. [PMID: 34466497 PMCID: PMC8344032 DOI: 10.31661/gmj.v0i0.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dyslipidemia leads to micro- and macro-vascular complications. Atorvastatin is the main therapeutic drug used for dyslipidemia, but it causes side effects such as new type 2 diabetes mellitus onset and elevation of liver enzymes. Herbs may be useful in reducing atorvastatin doses. Caper fruit, an herbal drug in Persian Medicine, has hypolipidemic effects. Hence, the effect of atorvastatin therapy with and without daily caper fruit pickle (CFP) consumption was assessed on hyperlipidemia. Materials and Methods: In this single-blinded, randomized, controlled trial, 60 hyperlipidemic patients were allocated in two groups and treated with 10 mg atorvastatin plus 40-50 g CFP (A10+CFP) or atorvastatin alone (A10) for eight weeks. Biochemical parameters were measured at baseline, 4, and eight weeks of the intervention. One-way repeated measure ANOVA and mixed ANOVA were used to measure the effect of the two treatments and the interaction between the type of treatment and time on lipid profile. Results: Serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly decreased in the A10+CFP group compared with the A10 group (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively) from baseline up to the week 8. At week 4, mean changes of LDL-C was significantly higher in the A10+CFP compared with the A10 (P=0.01). Adjusting for the baseline variables, the mean difference of alanine aminotransferase (P<0.01) and triglyceride (P=0.003) were significantly higher in the A10+CFP group at the end. Conclusion: This study reports that the intake of CFP along with atorvastatin daily may have synergistic effects which improve the lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Sardari
- Department of Iranian Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Faramarz Fallahi
- Department of Cardiology Mostafa Khomeini Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Emadi
- Department of Iranian Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Davati
- Department of Iranian Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narjes Khavasi
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Seied Saeid Esmaeili
- Department of Iranian Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
- Correspondence to: Seied Saeid Esmaeili, Department of Iranian Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. Telephone Number: +98 912 622 3925 Email Address: ;
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Nunes KP, de Oliveira AA, Mowry FE, Biancardi VC. Targeting toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathways: can therapeutics pay the toll for hypertension? Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1864-1879. [PMID: 29981161 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a prominent role in the initiation and maintenance of hypertension. The innate immune system, via toll-like receptors (TLRs), identifies distinct signatures of invading microbes and damage-associated molecular patterns and triggers a chain of downstream signalling cascades, leading to secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and shaping the adaptive immune response. Over the past decade, a dysfunctional TLR-mediated response, particularly via TLR4, has been suggested to support a chronic inflammatory state in hypertension, inducing deleterious local and systemic effects in host cells and tissues and contributing to disease progression. While the underlying mechanisms triggering TLR4 need further research, evidence suggests that sustained elevations in BP disrupt homeostasis, releasing endogenous TLR4 ligands in hypertension. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of hypertension and whether targeting this receptor and its signalling pathways could offer a therapeutic strategy for management of this multifaceted disease. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Pedrosa Nunes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
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Zhang R. Ghrelin suppresses inflammation in HUVECs by inhibiting ubiquitin-mediated uncoupling protein 2 degradation. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:1421-1427. [PMID: 28487946 PMCID: PMC5428956 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is considered the major cause of heart attack, stroke and gangrene of the extremities, which is responsible for 50% of all mortality in Western countries. The pathogenesis and causes of atherosclerosis remain elusive. Recent studies highlight inflammation as a contributing factor for atherosclerosis in all stages of the disease process. In this study, we demonstrate that the treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with ghrelin inhibits the oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced inflammatory response, In addition, treatment with ghrelin led to the accumulation of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in the cells, thus decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Moreover, the siRNA-mediated knockdown of UCP2 expression suggested that the inhibitory effects of ghrelin on the inflammatory response relied on its ability to induce the accumulation of cellular UCP2 levels. Further analysis indicated that the accumulation of UCP2 in the ghrelin-treated cells was due to the ability of ghrelin to inhibit the ubiquitination of UCP2 and prevent UCP2 degradation, resulting in the extended protein half-life of UCP2. On the whole, our data indicate that ghrelin inhibits the oxLDL-induced inflammatory response in HUVECs, and may thus have potential for use as an anti-atherosclerotic agent. Our data may also provide valuable insight into the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei 053000, P.R. China
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19
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Zhang R, Ai X, Duan Y, Xue M, He W, Wang C, Xu T, Xu M, Liu B, Li C, Wang Z, Zhang R, Wang G, Tian S, Liu H. Kaempferol ameliorates H9N2 swine influenza virus-induced acute lung injury by inactivation of TLR4/MyD88-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:660-672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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20
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Fat mass and obesity-associated protein attenuates lipid accumulation in macrophage foam cells and alleviates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Hypertens 2017; 35:810-821. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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21
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Bucerius J, Barthel H, Tiepolt S, Werner P, Sluimer JC, Wildberger JE, Patt M, Hesse S, Gertz HJ, Biessen EAL, Mottaghy FM, Sabri O. Feasibility of in vivo 18F-florbetaben PET/MR imaging of human carotid amyloid-β. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2017; 44:1119-1128. [PMID: 28321471 PMCID: PMC5434137 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-017-3651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides are involved in the inflammatory pathology of atherosclerosis. 18F-Florbetaben is a PET tracer for clinical imaging of cerebral Aβ plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We sought to determine whether specific uptake of 18F-florbetaben in the carotid arteries can be identified using a fully integrated hybrid PET/MRI system and whether this uptake is associated with clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. METHODS Carotid 18F-florbetaben uptake was quantified as the mean of the maximum target-to-background ratio (meanTBRmax) in 40 cognitively impaired subjects (age 68.2 ± 9.5 years) undergoing 18F-florbetaben PET/MRI to diagnose AD. Associations between carotid 18F-florbetaben uptake and several CVD risk factors were assessed by univariate analysis followed by a multivariate linear regression analysis. Furthermore, carotid 18F-florbetaben uptake was compared between patients with and without a positive cerebral Aβ PET scan. RESULTS 18F-Florbetaben uptake was clearly visualized in the carotid arteries. Values of meanTBRmax corrected for the blood pool activity of the tracer showed specific 18F-florbetaben uptake in the carotid wall. Male gender was associated with carotid 18F-florbetaben uptake in the univariate analysis, and was found to be an independent predictor of 18F-florbetaben uptake in the multivariate regression analysis (standardized regression coefficient β = 0.407, p = 0.009). Carotid 18F-florbetaben meanTBRmax in patients with a positive cerebral Aβ scan did not differ from that in patients without cerebral Aβ deposits. CONCLUSION Specific 18F-florbetaben uptake in human carotid arteries was detected. Male gender was identified as an independent clinical risk factor. Therefore, 18F-florbetaben PET/MRI might provide new insights into the pathophysiological process in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bucerius
- Department of Radiology/Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine/Radiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Leipzig University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Solveig Tiepolt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Leipzig University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Werner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Leipzig University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Judith C Sluimer
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Vascular Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim E Wildberger
- Department of Radiology/Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Patt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Leipzig University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Swen Hesse
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Leipzig University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany
- Integrated Treatment and Research Centre (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gertz
- Department of Psychiatry, Leipzig University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erik A L Biessen
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Vascular Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Felix M Mottaghy
- Department of Radiology/Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Osama Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Leipzig University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany
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Abstract
Cholesterol-rich, apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins are now widely accepted as the most important causal agents of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Multiple unequivocal and orthogonal lines of evidence all converge on low-density lipoprotein and related particles as being the principal actors in the genesis of atherosclerosis. Here, we review the fundamental role of atherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins in cardiovascular disease and several other humoral and parietal factors that are required to initiate and maintain arterial degeneration. The biology of foam cells and their interactions with high-density lipoproteins, including cholesterol efflux, are also briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Shapiro
- Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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23
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Park JK, Kim JY, Moon JY, Ahn EY, Lee EY, Lee EB, Cho KH, Song YW. Altered lipoproteins in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are associated with augmented oxidative stress: a potential role in atherosclerosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:306. [PMID: 28038677 PMCID: PMC5203709 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To examine the structural and oxidative properties of lipoproteins from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods The lipid profiles of 35 SLE patients and 15 healthy controls (HCs) were compared. Oxidation status, susceptibility to oxidation, and structural integrity of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were determined by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA), de novo formation of conjugated dienes in the presence of CuSO4, and mobility on gel electrophoresis, respectively. In vitro foam cell formation and the oxidative potential in zebrafish embryos were examined. Results LDL levels in SLE patients and HCs were similar (p = 0.277). LDL from SLE patients was more fragmented than that from HCs. In addition, LDL from SLE patients was more oxidized than LDL from HCs (p < 0.001) and more susceptible to de novo oxidation (p < 0.001) in vitro. THP-1 cells engulfed more LDL from SLE patients than LDL from HCs (p < 0.001). LDL from SLE patients, which was injected into zebrafish embryos, induced a higher degree of oxidation and a higher mortality than LDL from HCs (both p < 0.001). The survival of embryos treated with oxidized LDL was significantly better in the presence of HDL3 from HCs than that from SLE patients (all p < 0.001). Conclusions Lipoproteins from SLE patients exhibited greater oxidative potential, which might contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis in SLE. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-016-1204-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyun Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsangbuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Moon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Ahn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bong Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyun Cho
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsangbuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Wook Song
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Soltani R, Hashemi M, Farazmand A, Asghari G, Heshmat-Ghahdarijani K, Kharazmkia A, Ghanadian SM. Evaluation of the Effects ofCucumis sativusSeed Extract on Serum Lipids in Adult Hyperlipidemic Patients: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. J Food Sci 2016; 82:214-218. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Soltani
- Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Isfahan Univ. of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Dept. of Cardiology, School of Medicine; Isfahan Univ. of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Alimohammad Farazmand
- Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Isfahan Univ. of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | - Gholamreza Asghari
- Dept. of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Isfahan Univ. of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
| | | | - Ali Kharazmkia
- Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy; Lorestan Univ. of Medical Sciences; Khorramabad Iran
| | - Syed Mustafa Ghanadian
- Dept. of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Isfahan Univ. of Medical Sciences; Isfahan Iran
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Abstract
The introduction of statins ≈ 30 years ago ushered in the era of lipid lowering as the most effective way to reduce risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nonetheless, residual risk remains high, and statin intolerance is frequently encountered in clinical practice. After a long dry period, the field of therapeutics targeted to lipids and atherosclerosis has entered a renaissance. Moreover, the demonstration of clinical benefits from the addition of ezetimibe to statin therapy in subjects with acute coronary syndromes has renewed the enthusiasm for the cholesterol hypothesis and the hope that additional agents that lower low-density lipoprotein will decrease risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Drugs in the orphan disease category are now available for patients with the most extreme hypercholesterolemia. Furthermore, discovery and rapid translation of a novel biological pathway has given rise to a new class of cholesterol-lowering drugs, the proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin-9 inhibitors. Trials of niacin added to statin have failed to demonstrate cardiac benefits, and 3 cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors have also failed to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk, despite producing substantial increases in HDL levels. Although the utility of triglyceride-lowering therapies remains uncertain, 2 large clinical trials are testing the influence of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on atherosclerotic events in hypertriglyceridemia. Novel antisense therapies targeting apolipoprotein C-III (for triglyceride reduction) and apo(a) (for lipoprotein(a) reduction) are showing a promising trajectory. Finally, 2 large clinical trials are formally putting the inflammatory hypothesis of atherosclerosis to the test and may open a new avenue for cardiovascular disease risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Shapiro
- From the Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Center for Preventive Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Sergio Fazio
- From the Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Center for Preventive Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR.
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Ley K, Pramod AB, Croft M, Ravichandran KS, Ting JP. How Mouse Macrophages Sense What Is Going On. Front Immunol 2016; 7:204. [PMID: 27313577 PMCID: PMC4890338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are central to both innate and adaptive immunity. With few exceptions, macrophages are the first cells that sense trouble and respond to disturbances in almost all tissues and organs. They sense their environment, inhibit or kill pathogens, take up apoptotic and necrotic cells, heal tissue damage, and present antigens to T cells. Although the origins (yolk sac versus monocyte-derived) and phenotypes (functions, gene expression profiles, surface markers) of macrophages vary between tissues, they have many receptors in common that are specific to one or a few molecular species. Here, we review the expression and function of almost 200 key macrophage receptors that help the macrophages sense what is going on, including pathogen-derived molecules, the state of the surrounding tissue cells, apoptotic and necrotic cell death, antibodies and immune complexes, altered self molecules, extracellular matrix components, and cytokines, including chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Akula Bala Pramod
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Jenny P Ting
- Department of Genetics, The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
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27
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Potential Anti-Atherosclerotic Properties of Astaxanthin. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14020035. [PMID: 26861359 PMCID: PMC4771988 DOI: 10.3390/md14020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring red carotenoid pigment classified as a xanthophyll, found in microalgae and seafood such as salmon, trout, and shrimp. This review focuses on astaxanthin as a bioactive compound and outlines the evidence associated with its potential role in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Astaxanthin has a unique molecular structure that is responsible for its powerful antioxidant activities by quenching singlet oxygen and scavenging free radicals. Astaxanthin has been reported to inhibit low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and adiponectin levels in clinical studies. Accumulating evidence suggests that astaxanthin could exert preventive actions against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) via its potential to improve oxidative stress, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and glucose metabolism. In addition to identifying mechanisms of astaxanthin bioactivity by basic research, much more epidemiological and clinical evidence linking reduced CVD risk with dietary astaxanthin intake is needed.
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Position paper of the Cardiovascular Committee of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) on PET imaging of atherosclerosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 43:780-92. [PMID: 26678270 PMCID: PMC4764627 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death not only in Europe but also in the rest of the World. Preventive measures, however, often fail and cardiovascular disease may manifest as an acute coronary syndrome, stroke or even sudden death after years of silent progression. Thus, there is a considerable need for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to improve the quality of care and limit the burden of cardiovascular diseases. During the past 10 years, several retrospective and prospective clinical studies have been published using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) to quantify inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques. However, the current variety of imaging protocols used for vascular (arterial) imaging with FDG PET considerably limits the ability to compare results between studies and to build large multicentre imaging registries. Based on the existing literature and the experience of the Members of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) Cardiovascular Committee, the objective of this position paper was to propose optimized and standardized protocols for imaging and interpretation of PET scans in atherosclerosis. These recommendations do not, however, replace the individual responsibility of healthcare professionals to make appropriate decisions in the circumstances of the individual study protocols used and the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and, where appropriate and necessary, the patient’s guardian or carer. These recommendations suffer from the absence of conclusive evidence on many of the recommendations. Therefore, they are not intended and should not be used as "strict guidelines" but should, as already mentioned, provide a basis for standardized clinical atherosclerosis PET imaging protocols, which are subject to further and continuing evaluation and improvement. However, this EANM position paper might indeed be a first step towards "official" guidelines on atherosclerosis imaging with PET.
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Lee SJ, Paeng JC. Nuclear Molecular Imaging for Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaques. Korean J Radiol 2015; 16:955-66. [PMID: 26357491 PMCID: PMC4559792 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2015.16.5.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease as well as a lipid disorder. Atherosclerotic plaque formed in vessel walls may cause ischemia, and the rupture of vulnerable plaque may result in fatal events, like myocardial infarction or stroke. Because morphological imaging has limitations in diagnosing vulnerable plaque, molecular imaging has been developed, in particular, the use of nuclear imaging probes. Molecular imaging targets various aspects of vulnerable plaque, such as inflammatory cell accumulation, endothelial activation, proteolysis, neoangiogenesis, hypoxia, apoptosis, and calcification. Many preclinical and clinical studies have been conducted with various imaging probes and some of them have exhibited promising results. Despite some limitations in imaging technology, molecular imaging is expected to be used both in the research and clinical fields as imaging instruments become more advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jin Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea. ; Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Jin Chul Paeng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Manček-Keber M, Frank-Bertoncelj M, Hafner-Bratkovič I, Smole A, Zorko M, Pirher N, Hayer S, Kralj-Iglič V, Rozman B, Ilc N, Horvat S, Jerala R. Toll-like receptor 4 senses oxidative stress mediated by the oxidation of phospholipids in extracellular vesicles. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra60. [PMID: 26082436 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress produced in response to infection or sterile injury activates the innate immune response. We found that extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from the plasma of patients with rheumatoid arthritis or secreted from cells subjected to oxidative stress contained oxidized phospholipids that stimulated cells expressing Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in a manner dependent on its co-receptor MD-2. EVs from healthy subjects or reconstituted synthetic EVs subjected to limited oxidation gained the ability to stimulate TLR4-expressing cells, whereas prolonged oxidation abrogated this property. Furthermore, we found that 15-lipoxygenase generated hydro(pero)xylated phospholipids that stimulated TLR4-expressing cells. Molecular modeling suggested that the mechanism of activation of TLR4 by oxidized phospholipids in EVs was structurally similar to that of the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This was supported by experiments showing that EV-mediated stimulation of cells required MD-2, that mutations that block LPS binding to TLR4 abrogated the stimulatory effect of EVs, and that EVs induced TLR4 dimerization. On the other hand, analysis of gene expression profiles showed that genes encoding factors that resolve inflammation were more abundantly expressed in responses to EVs than in response to LPS. Together, these data suggest that EVs act as an oxidative stress-induced endogenous danger signal that underlies the pervasive role of TLR4 in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Manček-Keber
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Excellent NMR Future Innovation for Sustainable Technologies, Centre of Excellence, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mojca Frank-Bertoncelj
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iva Hafner-Bratkovič
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Excellent NMR Future Innovation for Sustainable Technologies, Centre of Excellence, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anže Smole
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Zorko
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Pirher
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Silvia Hayer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Kralj-Iglič
- Laboratoryof Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blaž Rozman
- Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Ilc
- Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon Horvat
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Jerala
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Excellent NMR Future Innovation for Sustainable Technologies, Centre of Excellence, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. Although CAD was formerly considered a lipid accumulation-mediated disease, it has now been clearly shown to involve an ongoing inflammatory response. Advances in basic science research have established the crucial role of inflammation in mediating all stages of CAD. Today, there is convincing evidence that multiple interrelated immune mechanisms interact with metabolic risk factors to initiate, promote, and ultimately activate lesions in the coronary arteries. This review aims to provide current evidence pertaining to the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of CAD and discusses the impact of inflammatory markers and their modification on clinical outcomes.
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Makino J, Nii M, Kamiya T, Hara H, Adachi T. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein accelerates the destabilization of extracellular-superoxide dismutase mRNA during foam cell formation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 575:54-60. [PMID: 25906743 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular-superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is one of the main anti-oxidative enzymes that protect cells against the damaging effects of superoxide. In the present study, we investigated the regulation of EC-SOD expression during the oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced foam cell formation of THP-1-derived macrophages. The uptake of oxLDL into THP-1-derived macrophages was increased and EC-SOD expression was decreased in a time-dependent manner by oxLDL. Furthermore, EC-SOD suppression by oxLDL was mediated by the binding to scavenger receptors, especially CD36, from the results with siRNA experience. EC-SOD expression is known to be regulated by histone acetylation and binding of the transcription factor Sp1/3 to the EC-SOD promoter region in human cell lines. However, oxLDL did not affect these processes. On the other hand, the stability of EC-SOD mRNA was decreased by oxLDL. Moreover, oxLDL promoted destabilization of ectopically expressed mRNA from EC-SOD or chimeric Cu,Zn-SOD gene with the sequence corresponding to 3'UTR of EC-SOD mRNA, whereas oxLDL had no effect on ectopic mRNA produced from EC-SOD gene lacking the sequence. These results suggested that oxLDL decreased the expression of EC-SOD, which, in turn, accelerated the destabilization of EC-SOD mRNA, leading to weaker protection against oxidative stress and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Makino
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Miyuki Nii
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kamiya
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Hirokazu Hara
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Adachi
- Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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Salvatore G, Bernoud-Hubac N, Bissay N, Debard C, Daira P, Meugnier E, Proamer F, Hanau D, Vidal H, Aricò M, Delprat C, Mahtouk K. Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells turn into foamy dendritic cells with IL-17A. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1110-22. [PMID: 25833686 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m054874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 17A (IL-17A) is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. In the field of immunometabolism, we have studied the impact of IL-17A on the lipid metabolism of human in vitro-generated monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). Microarrays and lipidomic analysis revealed an intense remodeling of lipid metabolism induced by IL-17A in DCs. IL-17A increased 2-12 times the amounts of phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, and cholesteryl esters in DCs. Palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), and oleic (18:ln-9c) acid were the main fatty acid chains present in DCs. They were strongly increased in response to IL-17A while their relative proportion remained unchanged. Capture of extracellular lipids was the major mechanism of lipid droplet accumulation, visualized by electron microscopy and Oil Red O staining. Besides this foamy phenotype, IL-17A induced a mixed macrophage-DC phenotype and expression of the nuclear receptor NR1H3/liver X receptor-α, previously identified in the context of atherosclerosis as the master regulator of cholesterol homeostasis in macrophages. These IL-17A-treated DCs were as competent as untreated DCs to stimulate allogeneic naive T-cell proliferation. Following this first characterization of lipid-rich DCs, we propose to call these IL-17A-dependent cells "foamy DCs" and discuss the possible existence of foamy DCs in atherosclerosis, a metabolic and inflammatory disorder involving IL-17A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Salvatore
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, 69007 Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Université de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France Université de Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France Université de Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Nathalie Bernoud-Hubac
- INSERM, U 1060 (CarMeN), INRA U1235, Institut Multidisciplinaire de Biochimie des Lipides, Institut National des Sciences Appliqués, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nathalie Bissay
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, 69007 Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Université de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France Université de Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Cyrille Debard
- INSERM, U 1060 (CarMeN), INRA U1235, Institut Multidisciplinaire de Biochimie des Lipides, Institut National des Sciences Appliqués, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patricia Daira
- Functional Lipidomics Platform, Institut Multidisciplinaire de Biochimie des Lipides/Carnot Lisa, INSA-Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuelle Meugnier
- INSERM, U 1060 (CarMeN), INRA U1235, Institut Multidisciplinaire de Biochimie des Lipides, Institut National des Sciences Appliqués, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fabienne Proamer
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Santé UMR S949, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 67000 Strasbourg, France Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Strasbourg, France Histocompatibility Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Daniel Hanau
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Santé UMR S949, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 67000 Strasbourg, France Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Strasbourg, France Histocompatibility Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hubert Vidal
- INSERM, U 1060 (CarMeN), INRA U1235, Institut Multidisciplinaire de Biochimie des Lipides, Institut National des Sciences Appliqués, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maurizio Aricò
- Istituto Toscano Tumori (I.T.T), 50139 Florence, Italy Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale 7, 97100 Ragusa, Italy
| | - Christine Delprat
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, 69007 Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Université de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France Université de Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Karène Mahtouk
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, 69007 Lyon, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France Université de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France Université de Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Yu K, Dong Q, Mao X, Meng K, Zhao X, Ji Q, Wu B, Zhong Y, Zhu Z, Liu Y, Zhang W, Tony H, Shi H, Zeng Q. Disruption of the TSLP-TSLPR-LAP signaling between epithelial and dendritic cells through hyperlipidemia contributes to regulatory T-Cell defects in atherosclerotic mice. Atherosclerosis 2014; 238:278-88. [PMID: 25544178 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T-Cells (Tregs) play a protective role against the development of atherosclerosis. Moreover, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)/thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor (TSLPR) signaling in myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) promote Treg differentiation. Here, we examined the potential role of TSLP/TSLPR on Treg homeostasis in atherosclerosis. The frequencies of both latency-associated peptide (LAP)(+) and Foxp3(+) Tregs were reduced in the thymus and spleen of ApoE(-/-) mice compared with C57BL/6 mice, and this effect was associated with decreased thymic output. The tolerogenic function of DCs obtained from ApoE(-/-) mice was compromised compared with those from C57BL/6 mice. The expression of TSLP and TSLPR was also inhibited in ApoE(-/-) mice. In addition, we found that ox-LDL attenuated TSLP expression in cultured thymic epithelial cells (TECs) through the activation of retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRA) and IL-1β and decreased LAP and PD-L1 expression in oxLDL-activated DCs while both were up-regulated in TSLP-activated DCs. We also observed that the TSLP-DCs mediated differentiation of Tregs was abrogated through LAP neutralization. Furthermore, TSLP injection rescued Treg defects in ApoE(-/-) mice. These findings suggest that Treg defects in ApoE(-/-) mice might partially be attributed to the disruption of TSLP-TSLPR-LAP signaling in epithelial cells (ECs) and DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunwu Yu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Dong
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobo Mao
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Meng
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqi Zhao
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingwei Ji
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Bangwei Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yucheng Zhong
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengfeng Zhu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuzhou Liu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hasahya Tony
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huairui Shi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiutang Zeng
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Abstract
Despite intensive research, the exact cause of hypertension remains unknown. Low-grade inflammation has been proposed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Both innate and adaptive immune responses may participate in this process. Several studies have addressed the contribution of adaptive immunity to the pathophysiology of high blood pressure; however, the role of innate immunity is less clear. Innate immunity may be an important mediator of chronic inflammation in hypertension. Slight elevation of blood pressure due to increased sympathetic and/or decreased parasympathetic outflow, or low-grade infections may generate neoantigens and damage-activated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or pathogen-activated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which can trigger Toll-like receptors on innate effector cells. Innate responses, mediated by monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and natural killer cells, may contribute to inflammation either directly or by activating adaptive immune responses mediated by T lymphocytes. In this review, we discuss the recent evidence regarding the contribution of different innate effector cells, their response and their mechanisms of activation in hypertension.
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Zhang X, Xie Y, Zhou H, Xu Y, Liu J, Xie H, Yan J. Involvement of TLR4 in oxidized LDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI-induced transformation of macrophages to foam cells. J Atheroscler Thromb 2014; 21:1140-51. [PMID: 24998486 DOI: 10.5551/jat.24372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM It has been reported that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) forms a stable and non-dissociable complex with β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) and that IgG anti-β2GPI autoantibodies are able to recognize this complex, thus facilitating macrophage-derived foam cell formation in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). However, the immunopathological mechanisms of oxLDL/β2GPI complexes in promoting foam cell formation are not fully understood. In this study, we examined the role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complex-induced transformation of mouse peritoneal macrophages to foam cells. METHODS Oil red O staining and optical density (OD) measurements of intracellular stained oil red O solution were used to monitor the transformation of peritoneal macrophages to foam cells in TLR4-competent C3H/HeN and TLR4-mutant C3H/HeJ mice. During foam cell formation induced by the oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complex, the expression of TLR4 and activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were confirmed by analyzing the protein and mRNA levels of these compounds. Furthermore, the related active molecule expression during foam cell formation induced by the oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complex was examined in the presence or absence of TLR4. RESULTS The data showed that treatment with the oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complex markedly increased foam cell formation, the TLR4 expression, NF-κB activation, the tissue factor (TF) expression and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) secretion in the C3H/HeN mice. However, the transformation of macrophages to foam cells and the expression levels of phosphorylated NF-κB, TF, TNF-α and MCP-1 were significantly reduced in the C3H/HeJ mice treated with the oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complex. In addition, compared with that achieved by oxLDL alone, the oxLDL/β2GPI complex decreased foam cell formation and the related signaling molecule expression in the C3H/HeN mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that TLR4 plays an important role in the process of oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complex-induced transformation of macrophages to foam cells, which may accelerate the development of atherosclerosis in the setting of APS. However, β2GPI alone functions as an antiatherogenic protein by preventing the foam cell formation induced by oxLDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University
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Ceramide-enriched LDL induces cytokine release through TLR4 and CD14 in monocytes. Similarities with electronegative LDL. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2014; 26:131-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hoffman WH, Passmore GG, Hannon DW, Talor MV, Fox P, Brailer C, Haislip D, Keel C, Harris G, Rose NR, Fiordalisi I, Čiháková D. Increased systemic Th17 cytokines are associated with diastolic dysfunction in children and adolescents with diabetic ketoacidosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71905. [PMID: 24013901 PMCID: PMC3754936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diastolic dysfunction suggestive of diabetic cardiomyopathy is established in children with T1DM, but its pathogenesis is not well understood. We studied the relationships of systemic inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and cardiac function in 17 children with T1DM during and after correction of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Twenty seven of the 39 measured cytokines/chemokines were elevated at 6-12 hours into treatment of DKA compared to values after DKA resolution. Eight patients displayed at least one parameter of diastolic abnormality (DA) during acute DKA. Significant associations were present between nine of the cytokine/chemokine levels and the DA over time. Interestingly, four of these nine interactive cytokines (GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL-12p40, IL-17) are associated with a Th17 mediated cell response. Both the DA and CCL7 and IL-12p40, had independent associations with African American patients. Thus, we report occurrence of a systemic inflammatory response and the presence of cardiac diastolic dysfunction in a subset of young T1DM patients during acute DKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Hoffman
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Georgia Regents University (formerly Georgia Health Sciences University), Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gregory G. Passmore
- Medical Laboratory, Imaging, and Radiologic Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David W. Hannon
- Section of Pediatric Cardiology, The Brody School Of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Monica V. Talor
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pam Fox
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Catherine Brailer
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dynita Haislip
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Keel
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Glenn Harris
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Noel R. Rose
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Irma Fiordalisi
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Frankel E, Bakhouche A, Lozano-Sánchez J, Segura-Carretero A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. Literature review on production process to obtain extra virgin olive oil enriched in bioactive compounds. Potential use of byproducts as alternative sources of polyphenols. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5179-5188. [PMID: 23656613 DOI: 10.1021/jf400806z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the olive oil production process to obtain extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) enriched in polyphenol and byproducts generated as sources of antioxidants. EVOO is obtained exclusively by mechanical and physical processes including collecting, washing, and crushing of olives, malaxation of olive paste, centrifugation, storage, and filtration. The effect of each step is discussed to minimize losses of polyphenols from large quantities of wastes. Phenolic compounds including phenolic acids, alcohols, secoiridoids, lignans, and flavonoids are characterized in olive oil mill wastewater, olive pomace, storage byproducts, and filter cake. Different industrial pilot plant processes are developed to recover phenolic compounds from olive oil byproducts with antioxidant and bioactive properties. The technological information compiled in this review will help olive oil producers to improve EVOO quality and establish new processes to obtain valuable extracts enriched in polyphenols from byproducts with food ingredient applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Frankel
- Olive Center, University of California, Davis, California, United States
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Estruch M, Bancells C, Beloki L, Sanchez-Quesada JL, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Benitez S. CD14 and TLR4 mediate cytokine release promoted by electronegative LDL in monocytes. Atherosclerosis 2013; 229:356-62. [PMID: 23880187 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Electronegative LDL (LDL(-)), a minor modified LDL present in the circulation, induces cytokine release in monocytes. We aimed to determine the role of the receptor CD14 and toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2, TLR4) in the inflammatory action promoted by LDL(-) in human monocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS Monocytes were preincubated with antibodies to neutralize CD14, TLR2 and TLR4. The release of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), and interleukin 6 and 10 (IL6 and IL10) promoted by LDL(-) was inhibited 70-80% by antiCD14 and antiTLR4, and 15-25% by antiTLR2. The involvement of CD14 and TLR4 was confirmed by gene silencing experiments. The human monocytic THP1 cell line overexpressing CD14 released more cytokines in response to LDL(-) than the same THP1 cell line without expressing CD14. VIPER, a specific inhibitor of the TLR4 signaling pathway, blocked 75-90% the cytokine release promoted by LDL(-). Cell binding experiments showed that monocytes preincubated with neutralizing antibodies presented lesser LDL(-) binding than non-preincubated monocytes The inhibitory capacity was antiCD14>antiTLR4>>antiTLR2. Cell-free experiments performed in CD14-coated microtiter wells confirmed that CD14 was involved in LDL(-) binding. When LDL(-) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were added simultaneously to monocytes, cytokine release was similar to that promoted by LDL(-) alone. Binding experiments showed that LDL(-) and LPS competed for binding to monocytes and to CD14 coated-wells. CONCLUSIONS CD14 and TLR4 mediate cytokine release induced by LDL(-) in human monocytes. The cross-competition between LPS and LDL(-) for the same receptors could be a counteracting action of LDL(-) in inflammatory situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Estruch
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB SantPau), Barcelona, Spain.
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Dheilly NM, Raftos DA, Haynes PA, Smith LC, Nair SV. Shotgun proteomics of coelomic fluid from the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 40:35-50. [PMID: 23353016 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The purple sea urchin has a complex immune system that is likely mediated by gene expression in coelomocytes (blood cells). A broad array of potential immune receptors and immune response proteins has been deduced from their gene models. Here we use shotgun mass spectrometry to describe 307 proteins with possible immune function in sea urchins including proteins involved in the complement pathway and numerous SRCRs. The relative abundance of dual oxidase 1, ceruloplasmin, ferritin and transferrin suggests the production of reactive oxygen species in coelomocytes and the sequestration of iron. Proteins such as selectin, cadherin, talin, galectin, amassin and the Von Willebrand factor may be involved in generating a strong clotting reaction. Cell signaling proteins include a guanine nucleotide binding protein, the Rho GDP dissociation factor, calcium storage molecules and a variety of lipoproteins. However, based on this dataset, the expression of TLRs, NLRs and fibrinogen domain containing proteins in coelomic fluid and coelomocytes could not be verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn M Dheilly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
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Spann NJ, Garmire LX, McDonald JG, Myers DS, Milne SB, Shibata N, Reichart D, Fox JN, Shaked I, Heudobler D, Raetz CRH, Wang EW, Kelly SL, Sullards MC, Murphy RC, Merrill AH, Brown HA, Dennis EA, Li AC, Ley K, Tsimikas S, Fahy E, Subramaniam S, Quehenberger O, Russell DW, Glass CK. Regulated accumulation of desmosterol integrates macrophage lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses. Cell 2012; 151:138-52. [PMID: 23021221 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and macrophage foam cells are characteristic features of atherosclerotic lesions, but the mechanisms linking cholesterol accumulation to inflammation and LXR-dependent response pathways are poorly understood. To investigate this relationship, we utilized lipidomic and transcriptomic methods to evaluate the effect of diet and LDL receptor genotype on macrophage foam cell formation within the peritoneal cavities of mice. Foam cell formation was associated with significant changes in hundreds of lipid species and unexpected suppression, rather than activation, of inflammatory gene expression. We provide evidence that regulated accumulation of desmosterol underlies many of the homeostatic responses, including activation of LXR target genes, inhibition of SREBP target genes, selective reprogramming of fatty acid metabolism, and suppression of inflammatory-response genes, observed in macrophage foam cells. These observations suggest that macrophage activation in atherosclerotic lesions results from extrinsic, proinflammatory signals generated within the artery wall that suppress homeostatic and anti-inflammatory functions of desmosterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael J Spann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0651, USA
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Chen Y, Duan Y, Kang Y, Yang X, Jiang M, Zhang L, Li G, Yin Z, Hu W, Dong P, Li X, Hajjar DP, Han J. Activation of liver X receptor induces macrophage interleukin-5 expression. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:43340-50. [PMID: 23150660 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.403394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-5 stimulates production of T15/EO6 IgM antibodies that can block the uptake of oxidized low density lipoprotein by macrophages, whereas a deficiency in macrophage IL-5 expression accelerates development of atherosclerosis. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that can induce macrophage ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux, thereby inhibiting the development of atherosclerosis. However, it remains unknown whether additional mechanisms, such as the regulation of macrophage IL-5 expression, are related to the anti-atherogenic properties of LXR. We initially defined IL-5 expression in macrophages where the LXR ligand (T0901317) induced macrophage IL-5 protein expression and secretion. The overexpression of LXR increased, whereas its knockdown inhibited IL-5 expression. Furthermore, we found that LXR activation increased IL-5 transcripts, promoter activity, formation of an LXR·LXR-responsive element complex, and IL-5 protein stability. In vivo, we found that T0901317 increased IL-5 and total IgM levels in plasma and IL-5 expression in multiple tissues in wild type mice. In LDL receptor knock-out (LDLR(-/-)) mice, T0901317 increased IL-5 expression in the aortic root area. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that macrophage IL-5 is a target gene for LXR activation, and the induction of macrophage IL-5 expression can be related to LXR-inhibited atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Preparation, characterization and efficacy evaluation of synthetic biocompatible polymers linking natural antioxidants. Molecules 2012; 17:12734-45. [PMID: 23103536 PMCID: PMC6268521 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171112734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was the synthesis, characterization and efficacy evaluation of new biocompatible antioxidant polymers linking trans-ferulic acid or α-lipoic acid. In particular, ferulic or lipoic acid were introduced in the preformed polymeric backbone. The new antioxidant biopolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The degree of functionalization (moles of antioxidant per gram of polymer) was determined by the Gaur-Gupta method for free amino group determination and by the Folin method for the phenolic groups. Their ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation were estimated in rat liver microsomal membranes induced in vitro by tert-BOOH (tert-butyl hydroperoxide), as a source of free radicals. The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging effect was also evaluated. The obtained systems, with different solubility, showed strong antioxidant and antiradical activities, suggesting potential use as packaging materials for foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the synthesized polymers was also evaluated on Caco-2 cell cultures in order to verify their biocompatibility when exposed to an absorptive epithelial cell line.
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45
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Complement factor H genotypes impact risk of age-related macular degeneration by interaction with oxidized phospholipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:13757-62. [PMID: 22875704 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1121309109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The rs1061170T/C variant encoding the Y402H change in complement factor H (CFH) has been identified by genome-wide association studies as being significantly associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, the precise mechanism by which this CFH variant impacts the risk of AMD remains largely unknown. Oxidative stress plays an important role in many aging diseases, including cardiovascular disease and AMD. A large amount of oxidized phospholipids (oxPLs) are generated in the eye because of sunlight exposure and high oxygen content. OxPLs bind to the retinal pigment epithelium and macrophages and strongly activate downstream inflammatory cascades. We hypothesize that CFH may impact the risk of AMD by modulating oxidative stress. Here we demonstrate that CFH binds to oxPLs. The CFH 402Y variant of the protective rs1061170 genotype binds oxPLs with a higher affinity and exhibits a stronger inhibitory effect on the binding of oxPLs to retinal pigment epithelium and macrophages. In addition, plasma from non-AMD subjects with the protective genotype has a lower level of systemic oxidative stress measured by oxPLs per apolipoprotein B (oxPLs/apoB). We also show that oxPL stimulation increases expression of genes involved in macrophage infiltration, inflammation, and neovascularization in the eye. OxPLs colocalize with CFH in drusen in the human AMD eye. Subretinal injection of oxPLs induces choroidal neovascularization in mice. In addition, we show that the CFH risk allele confers higher complement activation and cell lysis activity. Together, these findings suggest that CFH influences AMD risk by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and abnormal angiogenesis.
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Dheilly NM, Haynes PA, Raftos DA, Nair SV. Time course proteomic profiling of cellular responses to immunological challenge in the sea urchin, Heliocidaris erythrogramma. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:243-56. [PMID: 22446733 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Genome sequences and high diversity cDNA arrays have provided a detailed molecular understanding of immune responses in a number of invertebrates, including sea urchins. However, complementary analyses have not been undertaken at the level of proteins. Here, we use shotgun proteomics to describe changes in the abundance of proteins from coelomocytes of sea urchins after immunological challenge and wounding. The relative abundance of 345 reproducibly identified proteins were measured 6, 24 and 48 h after injection. Significant changes in the relative abundance of 188 proteins were detected. These included pathogen-binding proteins, such as the complement component C3 and scavenger receptor cysteine rich proteins, as well as proteins responsible for cytoskeletal remodeling, endocytosis and intracellular signaling. An initial systemic reaction to wounding was followed by a more specific response to immunological challenge involving proteins such as apolipophorin, dual oxidase, fibrocystin L, aminopeptidase N and α-2-macroglobulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn M Dheilly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
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Wiedmer SK, Robciuc A, Kronholm J, Holopainen JM, Hyötyläinen T. Chromatographic lipid profiling of stress-exposed cells. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1845-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne K. Wiedmer
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Finland
| | | | - Juhani Kronholm
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; Finland
| | - Juha M. Holopainen
- Helsinki Eye Lab; Department of Ophthalmology; University of Helsinki; Finland
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Structural implication for the impaired binding of W150A mutant LOX-1 to oxidized low density lipoprotein, OxLDL. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1824:739-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Cardinali A, Pati S, Minervini F, D'Antuono I, Linsalata V, Lattanzio V. Verbascoside, isoverbascoside, and their derivatives recovered from olive mill wastewater as possible food antioxidants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:1822-9. [PMID: 22268549 DOI: 10.1021/jf204001p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Olive oil processing industries generate substantial quantities of phenolic-rich byproducts, which could be valuable natural sources of antioxidants. This work is focused on the recovery and structural characterization of antioxidant compounds from olive mill wastewater (OMWW), a polluting byproduct of the olive oil production process. Phenolics were extracted from the waste material using a membrane technology coupled to low-pressure gel filtration chromatography on a Sephadex LH-20. The LH-20 fraction was, in turn, characterized for its phenolic composition by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS analyses. Verbascoside, isoverbascoside, β-hydroxyverbascoside, β-hydroxyisoverbascoside, and various oxidized phenolics were identified. Uptake of verbascoside, purified from the LH-20 fraction, by HT-29 cells, an established model system for studying drug transport properties, was also assayed. Finally, the antioxidant activities of the LH-20 fraction and verbascoside were characterized by two different techniques. Individual verbascoside was more active as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species and as a chemopreventive agent protecting low-density lipoproteins from oxidative damage than the LH-20 fraction.
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Mogilenko DA, Kudriavtsev IV, Trulioff AS, Shavva VS, Dizhe EB, Missyul BV, Zhakhov AV, Ischenko AM, Perevozchikov AP, Orlov SV. Modified low density lipoprotein stimulates complement C3 expression and secretion via liver X receptor and Toll-like receptor 4 activation in human macrophages. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:5954-68. [PMID: 22194611 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.289322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement C3 is a pivotal component of three cascades of complement activation. C3 is expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions and is involved in atherogenesis. However, the mechanism of C3 accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions is not well elucidated. We show that acetylated low density lipoprotein and oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) increase C3 gene expression and protein secretion by human macrophages. Modified LDL (mLDL)-mediated activation of C3 expression mainly depends on liver X receptor (LXR) and partly on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), whereas C3 secretion is increased due to TLR4 activation by mLDL. LXR agonist TO901317 stimulates C3 gene expression in human monocyte-macrophage cells but not in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. We find LXR-responsive element inside of the promoter region of the human C3 gene, which binds to LXRβ in macrophages but not in HepG2 cells. We show that C3 expression and secretion is decreased in IL-4-treated (M2) and increased in IFNγ/LPS-stimulated (M1) human macrophages as compared with resting macrophages. LXR agonist TO901317 potentiates LPS-induced C3 gene expression and protein secretion in macrophages, whereas oxLDL differently modulates LPS-mediated regulation of C3 in M1 or M2 macrophages. Treatment of human macrophages with anaphylatoxin C3a results in stimulation of C3 transcription and secretion as well as increased oxLDL accumulation and augmented oxLDL-mediated up-regulation of the C3 gene. These data provide a novel mechanism of C3 gene regulation in macrophages and suggest new aspects of cross-talk between mLDL, C3, C3a, and TLR4 during development of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis A Mogilenko
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia.
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