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Ahmad A, Shi J, Ansari S, Merscher S, Pollack A, Zeidan Y, Fornoni A, Marples B. Radiation nephropathy: Mechanisms of injury and recovery in a murine model. Radiother Oncol 2023; 187:109813. [PMID: 37468066 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2023.109813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation nephropathy (RN) can be a severe late complication for patients treated with radiotherapy (RT) targeting abdominal and paraspinal tumors. Recent studies investigating the mechanisms of RT-mediated injury in the kidney have demonstrated that RT disrupts the cellular integrity of renal podocytes leading to cell death and loss of renal function. AIM To determine if RT-induced renal dysfunction is associated with alterations in podocyte and glomerular function, and whether RT-induced podocyte alterations were associated with changes in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated with focal bilateral X-irradiation using a single dose (SD) of 4 Gy, 10 Gy, or 14 Gy or fractionated dosing (FD) of 5x6Gy or 24x2Gy. Then, 10-40 weeks after RT parameters of renal function were measured, along with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and glomerular histology, as well as ultrastructural changes in GBM by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS RT treatment resulted in persistent changes in renal function beginning at 10 weeks with little recovery up to 40 weeks post RT. Dose dependent changes were seen with increasing SD but no functional sparing was evident after FD. RT-induced loss of renal function was associated with expansion of the GBM and significant increases in foot process width, and associated with significant reduction in GFR, podocyte loss, and renal fibrosis. CONCLUSION For the first time, these data show that expansion of the GBM is one consequence of radiation injury, and disarrangement of the GBM might be associated with the death of podocytes. These data shed new light on the role podocyte injury and GBM in RT-induced renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Ahmad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center/Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Junwei Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center/Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Saba Ansari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center/Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sandra Merscher
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alan Pollack
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center/Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Youssef Zeidan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, American University of Beirut (AUB) School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Brian Marples
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center/Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave. Box 647 Rochester, NY, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Benzing
- From Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital Cologne, and the Excellence Cluster CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (T.B.); and the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston (D.S.)
| | - David Salant
- From Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, and University Hospital Cologne, and the Excellence Cluster CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (T.B.); and the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston (D.S.)
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3
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Wang Y, Wu Q, Wang J, Li L, Sun X, Zhang Z, Zhang L. Co-delivery of p38α MAPK and p65 siRNA by novel liposomal glomerulus-targeting nano carriers for effective immunoglobulin a nephropathy treatment. J Control Release 2020; 320:457-468. [PMID: 31972242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glomerulonephritis related renal failure is a frequent cause of end-stage renal disease, and immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most frequent type of primary glomerulonephritis. As damage induced by IgAN mostly attributes to inflammation responses, inhibiting inflammation in glomerulus can protect normal renal function and delay the onset of renal failure. Hence, reducing levels of p38 MAPK and p65 which are essential regulators in p38 MAPK and NF-κB related inflammation responses could be effective against IgAN. Here, we rationally designed and constructed size- and surface charge- dependent glomerulus-targeting liposomal nanoparticles which are loaded with both p38α MAPK and p65 siRNA. Experiments show that our nanoparticles successfully crossed fenestrated endothelium, accumulated in mesangial cells and endothelial cells, efficiently silenced p38α MAPK and p65 genes, and eventually alleviated proteinuria, inflammation and excessive extracellular matrix deposition in mouse IgAN models. This siRNA co-delivery system thus represents a promising treatment option for IgAN and offers a versatile platform for other glomerular problems. Our work also highlights a novel strategy of glomerulus-targeting and an encouraging therapeutic route for other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qingsi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiading Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041,China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041,China.
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Abstract
Ultimately, the common final pathway of any glomerular disease is podocyte effacement, podocyte loss, and, eventually, glomerular scarring. There has been a long-standing debate on the underlying mechanisms for podocyte depletion, ranging from necrosis and apoptosis to detachment of viable cells from the glomerular basement membrane. However, this debate still continues because additional pathways of programmed cell death have been reported in recent years. Interestingly, viable podocytes can be isolated out of the urine of proteinuric patients easily, emphasizing the importance of podocyte detachment in glomerular diseases. In contrast, detection of apoptosis and other pathways of programmed cell death in podocytes is technically challenging. In fact, we still are lacking direct evidence showing, for example, the presence of apoptotic bodies in podocytes, leaving the question unanswered as to whether podocytes undergo mechanisms of programmed cell death. However, understanding the mechanisms leading to podocyte depletion is of particular interest because future therapeutic strategies might interfere with these to prevent glomerular scarring. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on podocyte cell death, the different molecular pathways and experimental approaches to study these, and, finally, focus on the mechanisms that prevent the onset of programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Braun
- Department II of Internal Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan U Becker
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul T Brinkkoetter
- Department II of Internal Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Zhai S, Hu L, Zhong L, Tao Y, Wang Z. Low molecular weight heparin may benefit nephrotic remission in steroid‑sensitive nephrotic syndrome via inhibiting elastase. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8613-8618. [PMID: 28990100 PMCID: PMC5779914 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) has a structure similar to heparan sulfate, which exerts anti-inflammatory effects via inhibiting elastase (Ela) activity. Release of Ela along the glomerular capillary wall may induce glomerular injury and proteinuria. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of LMWH on steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) and the potential underlying mechanism. A total of 40 SSNS patients and 20 healthy controls were recruited. SSNS patients were treated with LMWH and prednisone simultaneously (LMWH+pred group) or with prednisone alone (pred group). Proteinuria, urinary glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), serum Ela and urinary creatinine levels were measured. The nephrotic period of SSNS was 15.93±5.78 days. The nephrotic period of SSNS in LMWH+pred group was significantly reduced compared with the pred group (14.13±4.56 vs. 18.63±6.49 days; P<0.05). At the follow-up of the SSNS patients, there was no statistically significant difference in number of relapses between the LMWH+pred and pred groups. Proteinuria (2.51±0.97 g/24 h), urinary GAG levels (4.92±0.87 mg/mmol creatinine) and serum Ela levels (77.64±10.99 ng/l) were significantly greater in the nephrotic period of SSNS compared with the remission period (0.107±0.026 g/24 h, 1.53±0.27 mg/mmol Cr and 41.92±7.81 ng/l, respectively) and the healthy control group (0.098±0.027 g/24 h, 1.40±0.26 mg/mmol creatinine and 38.43±9.83 ng/l, respectively; P<0.05). During the remission period, urinary GAG and serum Ela levels in the LMWH+pred group were significantly reduced compared with the pred group (P<0.05), whereas proteinuria did not differ between these groups (P>0.05). Positive correlations were revealed between urinary GAG excretion and proteinuria (r=0.877; P<0.05), proteinuria and serum Ela levels (r=0.844; P<0.05) and serum Ela levels and urinary GAG excretion (r=0.881; P<0.05). The results of the present study indicated that elevated serum Ela levels may induce proteinuria by degrading GAGs in the glomerular basement membrane in children with SSNS. LMWH may benefit nephrotic remission of SSNS via inhibiting Ela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhui Zhai
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Hu
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuhong Tao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Fujita T, Sofue T, Moritoki M, Nishijima Y, Tokuhara Y, Wakisaka H, Kushida Y, Haba R, Ohsaki H. Urinary WT1-positive cells as a non-invasive biomarker of crescent formation. Cytopathology 2017; 28:524-530. [PMID: 28913845 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between urinary WT1-positive cells (podocytes and active parietal epithelial cells) and WT1-positive cells in renal biopsy to investigate whether urinary WT1-positive cells are useful for detection of crescent formation. METHODS Fifty-two patients with kidney disease were investigated (15 cases with crescentic lesions and 37 cases with non-crescentic lesions) for immunoenzyme staining using anti-WT1 antibody for urine cytology and renal biopsy. Numbers of WT1-positive cells in urine and renal biopsy were counted. RESULTS There was no correlation between urinary WT1-positive cells and WT1-positive cells in renal biopsy. However, the number of urinary WT1-positive cells in patients with crescentic lesions was significantly higher than in patients with non-crescentic lesions. In addition, the best cut-off value to detect patients with crescentic lesions using urinary was 5 cells/10-mL (area under the concentration-time curve=0.735). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest urinary WT1-positive cells can be used to detect patients with crescent formation using 5 cells/10-mL cutoff value. WT1-positive glomerular podocytes and parietal epithelial cells may be shed into urine in active glomerular disease. This study, investigating the relationship between WT1-positive cells in urine and in the renal biopsy found no correlation; however, the results do suggest that, using a cutoff value of 5 cells/10 mL, WT1 positive urinary cells can be used to detect patients with crescent formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fujita
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ehime General Health Care Association, Ehime, Japan.,Course of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ehime, Japan
| | - T Sofue
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - M Moritoki
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Y Nishijima
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Y Tokuhara
- Department of Medical Technology, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ehime, Japan
| | - H Wakisaka
- Department of Nursing, Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ehime, Japan
| | - Y Kushida
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - R Haba
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - H Ohsaki
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
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Prohibitin Signaling at the Kidney Filtration Barrier. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 982:563-575. [PMID: 28551807 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55330-6_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The kidney filtration barrier consists of three well-defined anatomic layers comprising a fenestrated endothelium, the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and glomerular epithelial cells, the podocytes. Podocytes are post-mitotic and terminally differentiated cells with primary and secondary processes. The latter are connected by a unique cell-cell contact, the slit diaphragm. Podocytes maintain the GBM and seal the kidney filtration barrier to prevent the onset of proteinuria. Loss of prohibitin-1/2 (PHB1/2) in podocytes results not only in a disturbed mitochondrial structure but also in an increased insulin/IGF-1 signaling leading to mTOR activation and a detrimental metabolic switch. As a consequence, PHB-knockout podocytes develop proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis and eventually loss of renal function. In addition, experimental evidence suggests that PHB1/2 confer additional, extra-mitochondrial functions in podocytes as they localize to the slit diaphragm and thereby stabilize the unique intercellular contact between podocytes required to maintain an effective filtration barrier.
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Ha TS, Park HY, Seong SB, Ahn HY. Puromycin aminonucleoside increases podocyte permeability by modulating ZO-1 in an oxidative stress-dependent manner. Exp Cell Res 2015; 340:139-49. [PMID: 26683996 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced nephrosis is a widely studied animal model of human idiopathic nephrotic syndrome because PAN injection into rats results in increased glomerular permeability with the characteristic ultrastructural changes in podocytes similar to human nephrosis. To investigate the role of zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and oxidative stress on PAN-induced podocyte phenotypical changes and hyperpermeability in vitro, we cultured rat and mouse podocytes and treated with various concentrations of PAN. PAN treatment increased oxidative stress level of podocytes significantly with the induction of Nox4. In addition, PAN changed the ultrastructure of podocytes, such as shortening and fusion of microvilli, and the separation of intercellular gaps, which were improved by anti-oxidative vitamin C and Nox4 siRNA. PAN also disrupted the intercellular linear ZO-1 staining and induced inner cytoplasmic re-localization of ZO-1 protein, resulting in increased podocyte intercellular permeability. PAN reduced ZO-1 protein amount and mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner, which means that PAN could also modulate ZO-1 protein transcriptionally. However, the decreased ZO-1 protein of podocytes by PAN was improved by Nox4 siRNA transfection. Furthermore, vitamin C mitigated the quantitative and distributional disturbances of ZO-1 protein caused by PAN. Our results demonstrate that the phenotypical changes of intercellular ZO-1 by oxidative stress via Nox4 likely contribute to the glomerular hyperpermeability caused by PAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Sun Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.
| | - Hye-Young Park
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Su-Bin Seong
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hee Yul Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
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Haraldsson B, Nyström J, Deen WM. Properties of the Glomerular Barrier and Mechanisms of Proteinuria. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:451-87. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00055.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the intricate properties of the glomerular barrier. Other reviews have focused on podocyte biology, mesangial cells, and the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). However, since all components of the glomerular membrane are important for its function, proteinuria will occur regardless of which layer is affected by disease. We review the properties of endothelial cells and their surface layer, the GBM, and podocytes, discuss various methods of studying glomerular permeability, and analyze data concerning the restriction of solutes by size, charge, and shape. We also review the physical principles of transport across biological or artificial membranes and various theoretical models used to predict the fluxes of solutes and water. The glomerular barrier is highly size and charge selective, in qualitative agreement with the classical studies performed 30 years ago. The small amounts of albumin filtered will be reabsorbed by the megalin-cubulin complex and degraded by the proximal tubular cells. At present, there is no unequivocal evidence for reuptake of intact albumin from urine. The cellular components are the key players in restricting solute transport, while the GBM is responsible for most of the resistance to water flow across the glomerular barrier.
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Abstract
Renal biopsies of patients with proteinuria and kidney disease most often are associated with podocyte foot process effacement. For several decades, nephrologists have wondered whether proteinuria is a result of podocyte foot process effacement or the cause of it. In the past few years, the author's laboratory has addressed this issue using different mouse models of proteinuria. Although in most cases, podocyte effacement is associated with proteinuria and glomerular disease, in three different mouse models, it was demonstrated that proteinuria can be observed without podocyte foot process effacement. The first model is generated by injection of antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor or soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1. The second model is a mouse with deletion of type IV collagen alpha3 chain in the glomerular basement membrane. The third model was generated by genetic deletion of a slit diaphragm protein known as nephrin. Collectively, these experiments and the supporting evidence from several human studies demonstrate that severe defects in either the glomerular basement membrane or the glomerular endothelium can lead to proteinuria without foot process effacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Kalluri
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Nanez A, Alejandro NF, Falahatpisheh MH, Kerzee JK, Roths JB, Ramos KS. Disruption of glomerular cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in hydrocarbon nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 289:F1291-303. [PMID: 15998846 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00107.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental chemicals play an etiological role in greater than 50% of idiopathic glomerular diseases. The present studies were conducted to define mechanisms of renal cell-specific hydrocarbon injury. Female rats were given 10 mg/kg benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) once a week for 16 wk. Progressive elevations in total urinary protein, protein/creatinine ratios, and microalbuminuria were observed in rats treated with BaP for up to 16 wk. The nephropathic response involved early reductions in mesangial cell numbers and fibronectin levels by 8 wk, coupled to transient increases in podocyte cellularity. Changes in podocyte numbers subsided by 16 wk and correlated with rebound increases in mesangial cell numbers and fibronectin levels, along with increased α-smooth muscle actin and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and fusion of podocyte foot processes. In culture, mesangial cells were more sensitive than podocytes to hydrocarbon injury and expressed higher levels of inducible aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. Naïve mesangial cells exerted a strong inhibitory influence on podocyte proliferation under both direct and indirect coculture conditions, and this response involved a mesangial cell-derived matrix that selectively inhibited podocyte proliferation. These findings indicate that hydrocarbon nephropathy in rats involves disruption of glomerular cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions mediated by deposition of a mesangial cell-derived growth-inhibitory matrix that regulates podocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Nanez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine, College Station, USA
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12
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Cohen MP, Chen S, Ziyadeh FN, Shea E, Hud EA, Lautenslager GT, Shearman CW. Evidence linking glycated albumin to altered glomerular nephrin and VEGF expression, proteinuria, and diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2005; 68:1554-61. [PMID: 16164632 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Albumin modified by Amadori-glucose adducts has been linked to the development of diabetic nephropathy through its ability, independent of hyperglycemia, to activate protein kinase C-beta (PKC-beta), up-regulate the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) system, and stimulate expression of extracellular matrix proteins in glomerular cells, and by the demonstration that reducing the burden of glycated albumin ameliorates renal structural and functional abnormalities in the db/db mouse. METHODS To probe whether the salutary effects consequent to lowering glycated albumin, which include reduction of albuminuria, relate to an influence of the Amadori-modified protein on nephrin, the podocyte protein critical to regulation of protein excretion, and on the angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which induces microvascular permeability, diabetic db/db mice were treated with a small molecule that inhibits the nonenzymatic glycation of albumin. RESULTS Compared to nondiabetic db/m mice, diabetic controls exhibited increased urinary excretion of albumin and type IV collagen, elevated renal TGF-beta1 protein levels, reduced glomerular nephrin immunofluorescence and nephrin protein by immunoblotting, and increased glomerular VEGF immunostaining and renal VEGF protein content. Diabetic animals receiving test compound showed significant lowering of proteinuria, normalization of renal TGF-beta1 protein, and significant restoration of altered glomerular nephrin and VEGF expression. CONCLUSION The findings causally implicate the increased glycated albumin associated with the diabetic state in the abnormal renal nephrin and VEGF expression found in diabetes, thereby promoting proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo P Cohen
- University City Science Center, Institute of Metalboic Research, Philadelphia, Pennsylania 19104, USA.
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Cengiz N, Bayazit AK, Noyan A, Anarat R, Anarat A. Glycosaminoglycan excretion in children with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2005; 20:486-90. [PMID: 15714313 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-004-1739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2004] [Revised: 09/17/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although most childhood nephrotic syndromes respond to steroid treatment, steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) is also common and is particularly difficult to treat. This study investigated the role of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in the pathogenesis and clinical course of nephrotic syndrome in children. Thirty-four children (21 males and 13 females, mean age 3.7+/-1.6 years) with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome and 20 children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (12 males and 8 females, mean age 10.9+/-3.8 years; of the twenty, four had primary SRNS (FSGS) and the others had secondary SRNS) were included the study. Mean urine levels of GAG relative to creatinine (U(GAG)/U(Cr)) in patients with SRNS (n=20, 113.01+/-78.46 mg g(-1) Cr) and in patients experiencing the nephrotic period of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (n=34, 132.15+/-101.55 mg g(-1) Cr) were both significantly higher than mean U(GAG)/U(Cr) for control subjects (n=30, 51.83+/-47.66 mg g(-1) Cr) (P<0.01 for both). Patients excreted significantly more GAG during the nephrotic period of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome than during remission (132.15+/-101.55 vs 39.11+/-42.73 mg g(-1) Cr, respectively; P<0.01). There was, however, no significant difference between U(GAG)/U(Cr) for patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and U(GAG)/U(Cr) in the nephrotic period of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. Urine GAG excretion correlated significantly with the severity of proteinuria. The results suggest that GAG play a significant role in the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome but that GAG excretion is not a marker for response to steroid treatment in pediatric patients with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Cengiz
- Adana Teaching and Medical Research Center, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Seyhan Hospital, 01140 Adana, Turkey.
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Assmann KJM, van Son JPHF, Dïjkman HBPM, Mentzel S, Wetzels JFM. Antibody-induced albuminuria and accelerated focal glomerulosclerosis in the Thy-1.1 transgenic mouse. Kidney Int 2002; 62:116-26. [PMID: 12081570 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Podocytes play an important role in the development of proteinuria and focal glomerulosclerosis. Previously we have demonstrated that a combination of two monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against aminopeptidase A (APA), an enzyme present on podocytes, induces a massive acute albuminuria in mice. The present study examined the relationship between the acute antibody-induced albuminuria and the development of focal glomerulosclerosis in the Thy-1.1 transgenic mouse. This mouse expresses a hybrid human-mouse Thy-1.1 antigen on the podocytes, and slowly but spontaneously develops albuminuria and focal glomerulosclerosis. METHODS Five-week-old non-albuminuric Thy-1.1 transgenic and non-transgenic control mice were injected with anti-APA and anti-Thy-1.1 mAb or saline. Albuminuria was measured at days 1, 7, 14 and 21. At day 21 kidneys were processed for light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. RESULTS Injection of anti-APA and anti-Thy1.1 mAb in Thy-1.1 transgenic mice induced an albuminuria at day 1 that persisted at day 21. The acute albuminuria after injection of anti-APA mAb was more prominent but transient in non-transgenic mice. In non-trangenic mice no albuminuria could be induced with anti-Thy 1.1 mAb. Light microscopy revealed normal glomeruli at day 1 in all transgenic mice, however, at day 21 advanced glomerulosclerotic lesions were seen in mice injected with either anti-APA mAb (37+/-19% of glomeruli affected) or anti-Thy-1.1 mAb (71+/-5%). Non-transgenic mice did not reveal sclerotic lesions at any time investigated. In the transgenic mice the percentage of focal glomerulosclerosis at day 21 did not correlate with albuminuria at day 21. However, we found a highly significant correlation between percentage of focal glomerulosclerosis and the time-averaged albuminuria over the three-week study period (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Injection of a combination of anti-APA or anti-Thy-1.1 mAb into one mo old, non-albuminuric Thy-1.1 transgenic mice induces an acute albuminuria at day 1 that is accompanied by an accelerated focal glomerulosclerosis at day 21. We suggest that the Thy-1.1 transgenic mouse is an excellent model to study specifically the relation between podocytic injury, albuminuria and the development of focal glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel J M Assmann
- Department of Pathology, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Birmele B, Thibault G, Nivet H, de Agostini A, Girardin EP. In vitro decrease of glomerular heparan sulfate by lymphocytes from idiopathic nephrotic syndrome patients. Kidney Int 2001; 59:913-22. [PMID: 11231346 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.059003913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphocytes are involved in the physiopathologic mechanism of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). We have recently demonstrated that plasma from patients with INS decreases human glomerular epithelial cell (GEC) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), particularly heparan sulfates (HS) in vitro. In this study we investigate the effect of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from INS patients on glomerular cell GAG and HS. METHODS Human GECs were cultured with total peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), PBL, and monocytes from patients and controls. The amounts of GAG and HS were assessed using a cationic membrane after metabolic labeling. RESULTS In coculture with GECs, mononuclear cells from controls decreased total epithelial cell GAG (-30% with PBMC, P < 0.05; -25% with PBL, P < 0.02; -19% with monocytes, P < 0.05). Particularly HSs were decreased (-36% with PBMC, P < 0.05; -27% with PBL, P < 0.02; and -19% with monocytes, P < 0.05). When GECs were in coculture with PBL from INS patients, the decrease in GAG and HS was significantly greater in comparison to control PBL (-10%, P < 0.02; -10%, P < 0.02, respectively, for GAG and HS). Moreover, supernatants of stimulated PBMCs from patients decreased also GAG and HS in comparison with controls (-13%, P < 0.02; -15%, P < 0.02, respectively, for GAG and HS). CONCLUSION These data provide direct evidence that PBLs from INS patients are able to decrease GEC HS as previously shown with plasma from patients. This might be instrumental in the onset of albuminuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Birmele
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Nakagawa H, Sasahara M, Haneda M, Koya D, Hazama F, Kikkawa R. Immunohistochemical characterization of glomerular PDGF B-chain and PDGF beta-receptor expression in diabetic rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2000; 48:87-98. [PMID: 10802145 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8227(99)00144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was found to contribute to the pathophysiological process in the development and progression of glomerulosclerosis characterized by mesangial cell proliferation and accumulation of extracellular matrix. To examine the role of PDGF in the development of diabetic nephropathy, we conducted immunohistochemical analysis for PDGF B-chain (PDGF-B) and PDGF beta-receptor (PDGFR-beta) in the glomeruli of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. At 2, 4, and 12 weeks after the onset of diabetes, the expression of PDGF-B in glomeruli of diabetic rats was increased significantly as compared to control or diabetic rats treated with insulin. Similar changes were observed on PDGFR-beta immunostaining. The immunostaining of mirror sections revealed the existence of PDGF-B or PDGFR-beta not only in mesangial cells but also in visceral epithelial cells. Glomerular volume was significantly increased in diabetes. This early glomerular abnormality was prevented by an inhibition of PDGF system with trapidil as well as by the treatment of insulin. Our results suggest that the activation of the PDGF system in glomerular cells might play an important role in the development of early glomerular lesion in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakagawa
- Third Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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Shimoi A, Harada T, Watanabe M. Diminution of Podocyte Anionic Sites in Drug-Induced Proteinuric Rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2000. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.13.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Glomerular epithelial cell proliferation occurs in renal diseases such as membranous nephropathy and crescentic glomerulonephritis. To understand the growth factors responsible for the proliferative response and inflammation of these cells, we have examined the effects of extracellular matrix on the regulation of glomerular epithelial cell proliferation and phospholipid turnover, as well as the pathophysiological consequences of this intricate process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Cybulsky
- Division of Nephrology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Cybulsky AV, McTavish AJ, Papillon J, Takano T. Role of extracellular matrix and Ras in regulation of glomerular epithelial cell proliferation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 154:899-908. [PMID: 10079268 PMCID: PMC1866433 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Signals from extracellular matrix (ECM) to growth factor receptors regulate glomerular epithelial cell (GEC) proliferation. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), or thrombin stimulated proliferation of GECs when the cells were adherent to collagen matrices, but not plastic substratum. Furthermore, EGF, HGF, or thrombin activated p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in collagen-adherent GECs, whereas activation was weak in GECs on plastic. To further examine the interaction of ECM with the Ras-MAP kinase cascade, GECs were stably transfected with a constitutively active Ras mutant (V12Ras). Low or moderate levels of V12Ras expression did not affect basal MAP kinase activity but, unlike parental GECs, in clones that express V12Ras, EGF was able to induce proliferation and activate MAP kinase when these cells were adherent to plastic. In parental and V12Ras-transfected GECs, MAP kinase activation was inhibited by cytochalasin D. Thus, adhesion of GECs to ECM facilitates proliferation and MAP kinase activation by mitogens acting via tyrosine kinase or non-tyrosine kinase receptors. Activation of pathway(s) downstream of V12Ras supplants signals from ECM that enable proliferation. These signals may involve the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Cybulsky
- Department of Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Immune complex glomerulonephritis. Clin Exp Nephrol 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02480453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Girardin EP, Birmele B, Benador N, Neuhaus T, Hosseini G, Van Den Heuvel LP, De Agostini A. Effect of plasma from patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome on proteoglycan synthesis by human and rat glomerular cells. Pediatr Res 1998; 43:489-95. [PMID: 9545003 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199804000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In vivo and in vitro findings have shown that plasma of patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) contain factors that increase glomerular permeability to proteins. The effects of these factors on proteoglycan synthesis by glomerular cells are unknown. To investigate the effect of plasma from patients with INS (n = 23) and other glomerulopathies (n = 12) on the amount of proteoglycans synthesized by cultured rat mesangial cells and human glomerular epithelial cells, glomerular cells were cultured for 24 h with plasma from patients or control subjects, and incorporation of Na2(35)SO4 in chondroitin dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate was assessed using a cationic nylon membrane. The mean ratio of glycosaminoglycan produced by rat mesangial cells when in contact with plasma (5%) from INS patients to the amount produced when in contact with control plasma was 0.70+/-0.06. The mean ratio of heparan sulfate was 0.58+/-0.08. The decrease of heparan sulfate production was present in the cellular and in the extracellular fraction. It was observed when the cells were in contact with plasma from patients in relapse but not when in remission. No decrease of heparan sulfate production was observed with four of the five patients with membranous glomerulonephritis (ratio of 1.27+/-0.03), IgA nephropathy (n = 5, ratio of 1.27+/-0.03), and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (n = 2, ratio of 1.39+/-0.34). When human glomerular epithelial cells were exposed to 5% plasma from INS patients in relapse (n = 9), the mean ratio of heparan sulfate was 0.62+/-0.06 in the cellular fraction and 0.72+/-0.08 in the medium. When in contact with plasma from patients in remission, no difference of glycosaminoglycan production was observed. A factor present in plasma from patients with INS during initial episodes or relapses is able to decrease the proteoglycan production of glomerular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Girardin
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
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Budde K, Neumayer HH, Salant DJ, Cybulsky AV, Coleman DL, Sterzel RB. Glomerular epithelial cell products stimulate mesangial cell proliferation in culture. Kidney Int 1997; 52:733-41. [PMID: 9291194 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1997.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular epithelial cells (GEC) and mesangial cells (MC) are both involved in glomerular diseases. To elucidate potential interactions between these glomerular cell types, we examined whether products of GEC affect the proliferative activity of MC. We found that cultured rat GEC secrete soluble factors into the supernate (GEC-CM) that induce proliferation of quiescent rat MC. The mitogenic activity was trypsin sensitive and partially heat-labile. Biochemical analysis of GEC-CM by gel filtration HPLC, reverse phase HPLC, and isoelectric focusing revealed at least three mitogenic fractions as well as inhibitory activity present in GEC-CM. Competitive binding assays with 125I-labeled PDGF did not show significant amounts of PDGF in GEC-CM. The biochemical features of the GEC-derived MC growth factors are distinct from IL-6, PDGF, bFGF, and endothelin, previously described GEC-derived MC growth factors. Additionally, significant contributions of known growth factors such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, TNF alpha, TGF beta, and GM-CSF are unlikely. The results indicate that GEC produce several biochemically-distinct MC growth regulators. While these epithelial cell-derived mitogens for MC require further characterization, they may play an important role in the regulation of MC replication, such as during embryogenesis and glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Budde
- Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, Universitätsklinikum Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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Godfrin Y, Dantal J, Bouhours JF, Heslan JM, Soulillou JP. A new method of measuring albumin permeability in isolated glomeruli. Kidney Int 1996; 50:1352-7. [PMID: 8887298 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1996.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Godfrin
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Medicale (I.N.S.E.R.M.) Unité 437, Nantes, France
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