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Reeser RS, Salazar AK, Prutton KM, Roede JR, VeDepo MC, Jacot JG. Trisomy 21 Alters Cell Proliferation and Migration of iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes on Type VI Collagen. Cell Mol Bioeng 2024; 17:25-34. [PMID: 38435791 PMCID: PMC10901762 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-023-00791-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are 2000 times more likely to develop a congenital heart defect (CHD) than the typical population Freeman et al. in Am J Med Genet 80:213-217 (1998). The majority of CHDs in individuals with DS characteristically involve the atrioventricular (AV) canal, including the valves and the atrial or ventricular septum. Type VI collagen (COLVI) is the primary structural component in the developing septa and endocardial cushions, with two of the three genes encoding for COLVI located on human chromosome 21 and upregulated in Down syndrome (von Kaisenberg et al. in Obstet Gynecol 91:319-323, 1998; Gittenberger-De Groot et al. in Anatom Rec Part A 275:1109-1116, 2023). Methods To investigate the effect of COLVI dosage on cardiomyocytes with trisomy 21, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from individuals with DS and age- and sex-matched controls were differentiated into cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CM) and plated on varying concentrations of COLVI. Results Real time quantitative PCR showed decreased expression of cardiac-specific genes of DS iPSC-CM lines compared to control iPSC-CM. As expected, DS iPSC-CM had increased expression of genes on chromosome 21, including COL6A1, COL6A2, as well as genes not located on chromosome 21, namely COL6A3, HAS2 and HYAL2. We found that higher concentrations of COLVI result in decreased proliferation and migration of DS iPSC-CM, but not control iPSC-CM. Conclusions These results suggest that the increased expression of COLVI in DS may result in lower migration-driven elongation of endocardial cushions stemming from lower cell proliferation and migration, possibly contributing to the high incidence of CHD in the DS population. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-023-00791-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Reeser
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Alyssa K. Salazar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Kendra M. Prutton
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - James R. Roede
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Mitchell C. VeDepo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Jeffrey G. Jacot
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
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Hergenreder T, Yang T, Ye B. The role of Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule in Down syndrome. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2024; 4:31-41. [PMID: 38515781 PMCID: PMC10954295 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2023-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is caused by the presence of an extra copy of the entire or a portion of human chromosome 21 (HSA21). This genomic alteration leads to elevated expression of numerous HSA21 genes, resulting in a variety of health issues in individuals with DS. Among the genes located in the DS "critical region" of HSA21, Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) plays an important role in neuronal development. There is a growing body of evidence underscoring DSCAM's involvement in various DS-related disorders. This review aims to provide a concise overview of the established functions of DSCAM, with a particular focus on its implications in DS. We delve into the roles that DSCAM plays in DS-associated diseases. In the concluding section of this review, we explore prospective avenues for future research to further unravel DSCAM's role in DS and opportunities for therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty Hergenreder
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bing Ye
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Wessels A. Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Atrioventricular Septal Defect. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:573-583. [PMID: 38884733 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The development of a fully functional four-chambered heart is critically dependent on the correct formation of the structures that separate the atrial and ventricular chambers. Perturbation of this process typically results in defects that allow mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD) form a class of congenital heart malformations that are characterized by the presence of a primary atrial septal defect (pASD), a common atrioventricular valve (cAVV), and frequently also a ventricular septal defect (VSD). While AVSD were historically considered to result from failure of the endocardial atrioventricular cushions to properly develop and fuse, more recent studies have determined that inhibition of the development of other components of the atrioventricular mesenchymal complex can lead to AVSDs as well. The role of the dorsal mesenchymal protrusion (DMP) in AVSD pathogenesis has been well-documented in studies using animal models for AVSDs, and in addition, preliminary data suggest that the mesenchymal cap situated on the leading edge of the primary atrial septum may be involved in certain situations as well. In this chapter, we review what is currently known about the molecular mechanisms and animal models that are associated with the pathogenesis of AVSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Wessels
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Kumar R, Halder V, Ghosh S, Thingnam S, Singh H, Mishra AK, Mahajan S, Aggarwal P, Dutta ARS, Mishra A. Early and Mid-Term Outcomes of Primary Repair After Atrioventricular Canal Defect: A Single-Center Eight-Year Experience. Cureus 2023; 15:e45304. [PMID: 37846269 PMCID: PMC10576971 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Surgical repair techniques and management of patients with atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) have progressed over the last few decades. Early and definitive interventions have become the choice of treatment for these patients. Based on this background, we aimed to review the early and mid-term outcomes of primary AVSD repair. METHODS A total of 53 patients with a mean age of 3.45 ± 5.67 years underwent definitive repair for AVSD between January 2014 and June 2021. The clinical data including age, type of defect, associated co-anomalies, symptoms, pulmonary hypertension, etc. were collected and assessed retrospectively. Mitral regurgitation (MR) as a clinical outcome was assessed at 0, 1, 2, and 5 years. RESULTS Among the recruited patients, 35 (66.1%) were male and 18 (33.9%) were female. Of 53 patients, repair for the complete defect was done in 38 (71.69%) patients, repair for intermediate/partial defect was done in 15 (23.1%) patients, and one patient underwent repair for incomplete type. Other associated co-anomalies were anterior mitral leaflet (12 (22.6%)), atrial and ventricular septal defect (VSD) (30 (56.6%)), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (11 (20.8%)). Different procedures for surgical repair included patch closure, cleft repair, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) VSD closure. After repair, the mean follow-up period was 46.73 ± 27.37 months. Overall mortality was 3.78% (2/53), and two patients underwent reintervention due to symptomatic severe MR. CONCLUSIONS A definitive and timely correction of AVSD shows satisfactory early and mid-term results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Kumar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, IND
| | - Vikram Halder
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Centre, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Soumitra Ghosh
- Department of Cardiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, IND
| | - Shyam Thingnam
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, IND
| | - Harkant Singh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, IND
| | - Anand K Mishra
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, IND
| | - Sachin Mahajan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, IND
| | - Pankaj Aggarwal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, IND
| | - Aduri Raja S Dutta
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, IND
| | - Amit Mishra
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, U. N. Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Centre, Ahmedabad, IND
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Singh P, Zhou L, Shah DA, Cejas RB, Crossman DK, Jouni M, Magdy T, Wang X, Sharafeldin N, Hageman L, McKenna DE, Horvath S, Armenian SH, Balis FM, Hawkins DS, Keller FG, Hudson MM, Neglia JP, Ritchey AK, Ginsberg JP, Landier W, Burridge PW, Bhatia S. Identification of novel hypermethylated or hypomethylated CpG sites and genes associated with anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12683. [PMID: 37542143 PMCID: PMC10403495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy is a leading cause of late morbidity in childhood cancer survivors. Aberrant DNA methylation plays a role in de novo cardiovascular disease. Epigenetic processes could play a role in anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy but remain unstudied. We sought to examine if genome-wide differential methylation at 'CpG' sites in peripheral blood DNA is associated with anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy. This report used participants from a matched case-control study; 52 non-Hispanic White, anthracycline-exposed childhood cancer survivors with cardiomyopathy were matched 1:1 with 52 survivors with no cardiomyopathy. Paired ChAMP (Chip Analysis Methylation Pipeline) with integrated reference-based deconvolution of adult peripheral blood DNA methylation was used to analyze data from Illumina HumanMethylation EPIC BeadChip arrays. An epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) was performed, and the model was adjusted for GrimAge, sex, interaction terms of age at enrollment, chest radiation, age at diagnosis squared, and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs: diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia). Prioritized genes were functionally validated by gene knockout in human induced pluripotent stem cell cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. DNA-methylation EPIC array analyses identified 32 differentially methylated probes (DMP: 15 hyper-methylated and 17 hypo-methylated probes) that overlap with 23 genes and 9 intergenic regions. Three hundred and fifty-four differential methylated regions (DMRs) were also identified. Several of these genes are associated with cardiac dysfunction. Knockout of genes EXO6CB, FCHSD2, NIPAL2, and SYNPO2 in hiPSC-CMs increased sensitivity to doxorubicin. In addition, EWAS analysis identified hypo-methylation of probe 'cg15939386' in gene RORA to be significantly associated with anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy. In this genome-wide DNA methylation profile study, we observed significant differences in DNA methylation at the CpG level between anthracycline-exposed childhood cancer survivors with and without cardiomyopathy, implicating differential DNA methylation of certain genes could play a role in pathogenesis of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Singh
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Liting Zhou
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Disheet A Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Romina B Cejas
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mariam Jouni
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tarek Magdy
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Xuexia Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Noha Sharafeldin
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lindsey Hageman
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Donald E McKenna
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Saro H Armenian
- Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Frank M Balis
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Frank G Keller
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - A Kim Ritchey
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Wendy Landier
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Paul W Burridge
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Smita Bhatia
- Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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6
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Chi C, Knight WE, Riching AS, Zhang Z, Tatavosian R, Zhuang Y, Moldovan R, Rachubinski AL, Gao D, Xu H, Espinosa JM, Song K. Interferon hyperactivity impairs cardiogenesis in Down syndrome via downregulation of canonical Wnt signaling. iScience 2023; 26:107012. [PMID: 37360690 PMCID: PMC10285545 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are frequent in children with Down syndrome (DS), caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, using a human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based model and the Dp(16)1Yey/+ (Dp16) mouse model of DS, we identified downregulation of canonical Wnt signaling downstream of increased dosage of interferon (IFN) receptors (IFNRs) genes on chromosome 21 as a causative factor of cardiogenic dysregulation in DS. We differentiated human iPSCs derived from individuals with DS and CHDs, and healthy euploid controls into cardiac cells. We observed that T21 upregulates IFN signaling, downregulates the canonical WNT pathway, and impairs cardiac differentiation. Furthermore, genetic and pharmacological normalization of IFN signaling restored canonical WNT signaling and rescued defects in cardiogenesis in DS in vitro and in vivo. Our findings provide insights into mechanisms underlying abnormal cardiogenesis in DS, ultimately aiding the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congwu Chi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Walter E. Knight
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew S. Riching
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Roubina Tatavosian
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Yonghua Zhuang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Radu Moldovan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Angela L. Rachubinski
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dexiang Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University; Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Joaquin M. Espinosa
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kunhua Song
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Niu RZ, Feng WQ, Yu QS, Shi LL, Qin QM, Liu J. Integrated analysis of plasma proteome and cortex single-cell transcriptome reveals the novel biomarkers during cortical aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1063861. [PMID: 37539343 PMCID: PMC10394382 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1063861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With the increase of age, multiple physiological functions of people begin gradually degenerating. Regardless of natural aging or pathological aging, the decline in cognitive function is one of the most obvious features in the process of brain aging. Brain aging is a key factor for several neuropsychiatric disorders and for most neurodegenerative diseases characterized by onset typically occurring late in life and with worsening of symptoms over time. Therefore, the early prevention and intervention of aging progression are particularly important. Since there is no unified conclusion about the plasma diagnostic biomarkers of brain aging, this paper innovatively employed the combined multi-omics analysis to delineate the plasma markers of brain aging. Methods In order to search for specific aging markers in plasma during cerebral cortex aging, we used multi-omics analysis to screen out differential genes/proteins by integrating two prefrontal cortex (PFC) single-nucleus transcriptome sequencing (snRNA-seq) datasets and one plasma proteome sequencing datasets. Then plasma samples were collected from 20 young people and 20 elder people to verify the selected differential genes/proteins with ELISA assay. Results We first integrated snRNA-seq data of the post-mortem human PFC and generated profiles of 65,064 nuclei from 14 subjects across adult (44-58 years), early-aging (69-79 years), and late-aging (85-94 years) stages. Seven major cell types were classified based on established markers, including oligodendrocyte, excitatory neurons, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, astrocytes, microglia, inhibitory neurons, and endotheliocytes. A total of 93 cell-specific genes were identified to be significantly associated with age. Afterward, plasma proteomics data from 2,925 plasma proteins across 4,263 young adults to nonagenarians (18-95 years old) were combined with the outcomes from snRNA-seq data to obtain 12 differential genes/proteins (GPC5, CA10, DGKB, ST6GALNAC5, DSCAM, IL1RAPL2, TMEM132C, VCAN, APOE, PYH1R, CNTN2, SPOCK3). Finally, we verified the 12 differential genes by ELISA and found that the expression trends of five biomarkers (DSCAM, CNTN2, IL1RAPL2, CA10, GPC5) were correlated with brain aging. Conclusion Five differentially expressed proteins (DSCAM, CNTN2, IL1RAPL2, CA10, GPC5) can be considered as one of the screening indicators of brain aging, and provide a scientific basis for clinical diagnosis and intervention.
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Landes SD, Turk MA, Finan JM. Factors associated with the reporting of Down syndrome as the underlying cause of death on US death certificates. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2022; 66:454-470. [PMID: 35191108 PMCID: PMC9018509 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts aimed at preventing premature mortality for people with Down syndrome are hindered by the practice of reporting disability as the underlying cause of death. Prior research suggests this form of diagnostic overshadowing may be the result of increased uncertainty surrounding the death. METHODS This study uses bivariable analysis and multivariable logistic regression models to investigate associations between sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, and death context and processing characteristics with the reporting of Down syndrome as the underlying cause of death in 2005-2017 US Multiple Cause of Death data files. RESULTS The reporting of Down syndrome as the underlying cause of death was associated with characteristics indicative of an increased amount of uncertainty surrounding the death. Results also suggest other mechanisms may inform inaccurate reporting, such as racial bias, and the continued conflation of disability and health. CONCLUSIONS Medical personnel certifying death certificates should strive for accuracy when reporting the causes of death. To ensure this outcome, even in the midst of increased uncertainty, Down syndrome should not be reported as the underlying cause of death unless the decedent was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease or unspecified dementia. Future research should further explore the possibility that increased death certification errors for adults with Down syndrome, or other developmental disabilities, are associated with racial bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Landes
- Department of Sociology and Aging Studies Institute,
Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New
York
| | - Margaret A. Turk
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, SUNY
Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Julia M. Finan
- Department of Sociology and Aging Studies Institute,
Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New
York
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9
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CILHOROZ B, RECENO C, HEFFERNAN K, DERUISSEAU L. Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology in Down Syndrome. Physiol Res 2022; 71:1-16. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Down Syndrome (Ds) is the most common chromosomal cause of intellectual disability that results from triplication of chromosome 21 genes. Individuals with Ds demonstrate cognitive deficits in addition to comorbidities including cardiac defects, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), low blood pressure (BP), and differences in autonomic regulation. Many individuals with Ds are born with heart malformations and some can be surgically corrected. Lower BP at rest and in response to exercise and other stressors are a prevalent feature in Ds. These reduced cardiovascular responses may be due to underlying autonomic dysfunction and have been implicated in lower exercise/work capacity in Ds, which is an important correlate of morbidity, mortality and quality of life. Exercise therapy can be beneficial to normalize autonomic function and may help prevent the development of co-morbidities in Ds. We will review cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology in individuals with Ds, along with exercise therapy and special considerations for these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B CILHOROZ
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - C RECENO
- Department of Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - K HEFFERNAN
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - L DERUISSEAU
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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10
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Griffith E, Alfonso N, Hehmeyer K, Pope K. Genetic syndromes and their associations with congenital heart disease. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2022.101521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Schuy J, Eisfeldt J, Pettersson M, Shahrokhshahi N, Moslem M, Nilsson D, Dahl N, Shahsavani M, Falk A, Lindstrand A. Partial Monosomy 21 Mirrors Gene Expression of Trisomy 21 in a Patient-Derived Neuroepithelial Stem Cell Model. Front Genet 2022; 12:803683. [PMID: 35186010 PMCID: PMC8854775 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.803683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients are an attractive disease model to study tissues with poor accessibility such as the brain. Using this approach, we and others have shown that trisomy 21 results in genome-wide transcriptional dysregulations. The effects of loss of genes on chromosome 21 is much less characterized. Here, we use patient-derived neural cells from an individual with neurodevelopmental delay and a ring chromosome 21 with two deletions spanning 3.8 Mb at the terminal end of 21q22.3, containing 60 protein-coding genes. To investigate the molecular perturbations of the partial monosomy on neural cells, we established patient-derived iPSCs from fibroblasts retaining the ring chromosome 21, and we then induced iPSCs into neuroepithelial stem cells. RNA-Seq analysis of NESCs with the ring chromosome revealed downregulation of 18 genes within the deleted region together with global transcriptomic dysregulations when compared to euploid NESCs. Since the deletions on chromosome 21 represent a genetic “contrary” to trisomy of the corresponding region, we further compared the dysregulated transcriptomic profile in with that of two NESC lines with trisomy 21. The analysis revealed opposed expression changes for 23 genes on chromosome 21 as well as 149 non-chromosome 21 genes. Taken together, our results bring insights into the effects on the global and chromosome 21 specific gene expression from a partial monosomy of chromosome 21qter during early neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Schuy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Eisfeldt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Solna, Sweden
| | - Maria Pettersson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mohsen Moslem
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Nilsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Solna, Sweden
| | - Niklas Dahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mansoureh Shahsavani
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindstrand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Anna Lindstrand,
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12
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Venegas-Zamora L, Bravo-Acuña F, Sigcho F, Gomez W, Bustamante-Salazar J, Pedrozo Z, Parra V. New Molecular and Organelle Alterations Linked to Down Syndrome Heart Disease. Front Genet 2022; 12:792231. [PMID: 35126461 PMCID: PMC8808411 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.792231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by a trisomy of the human chromosome 21 (Hsa21). Overexpression of Hsa21 genes that encode proteins and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) can disrupt several cellular functions and biological processes, especially in the heart. Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are present in 45–50% of individuals with DS. Here, we describe the genetic background of this condition (Hsa21 and non-Hsa21 genes), including the role of ncRNAs, and the relevance of these new players in the study of the pathophysiology of DS heart diseases. Additionally, we discuss several distinct pathways in cardiomyocytes which help maintain a functional heart, but that might trigger hypertrophy and oxidative stress when altered. Moreover, we highlight the importance of investigating how mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction could eventually contribute to understanding impaired heart function and development in subjects with the Hsa21 trisomy. Altogether, this review focuses on the newest insights about the gene expression, molecular pathways, and organelle alterations involved in the cardiac phenotype of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslye Venegas-Zamora
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Bravo-Acuña
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Sigcho
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Wileidy Gomez
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Autophagy, Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Bustamante-Salazar
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zully Pedrozo
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Red para El Estudio de Enfermedades Cardiopulmonares de Alta Letalidad (REECPAL), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Zully Pedrozo, ; Valentina Parra,
| | - Valentina Parra
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Red para El Estudio de Enfermedades Cardiopulmonares de Alta Letalidad (REECPAL), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Zully Pedrozo, ; Valentina Parra,
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13
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Congenital heart defects among Down’s syndrome cases: an updated review from basic research to an emerging diagnostics technology and genetic counselling. J Genet 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-021-01296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Grimm J, Heckl D, Klusmann JH. Molecular Mechanisms of the Genetic Predisposition to Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia in Infants With Down Syndrome. Front Oncol 2021; 11:636633. [PMID: 33777792 PMCID: PMC7992977 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.636633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome are genetically predisposed to developing acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. This myeloid leukemia associated with Down syndrome (ML–DS) demonstrates a model of step-wise leukemogenesis with perturbed hematopoiesis already presenting in utero, facilitating the acquisition of additional driver mutations such as truncating GATA1 variants, which are pathognomonic to the disease. Consequently, the affected individuals suffer from a transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM)—a pre-leukemic state preceding the progression to ML–DS. In our review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of the different steps of clonal evolution in Down syndrome leukemogenesis, and aim to provide a comprehensive view on the complex interplay between gene dosage imbalances, GATA1 mutations and somatic mutations affecting JAK-STAT signaling, the cohesin complex and epigenetic regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Grimm
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dirk Heckl
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jan-Henning Klusmann
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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15
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Bihunyak T, Bondarenko YI, Кulyanda OO, Charnosh SM, Sverstiuk AS, Bihuniak KO. CHROMOSOMAL DISEASES IN THE HUMAN PATHOLOGY. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.11603/ijmmr.2413-6077.2020.1.11501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Chromosomal diseases are the cause of 45-50 % of multiple birth defects. Basic research on mutations is performed using genomic technologies to identify a correlation between genotype and phenotype in aneuploidies and to understand its pathogenesis.
Objective. The aim of the research is to study the etiology, pathogenesis of symptoms and diagnostics for patients with Down, Klinefelter, Turner syndromes and double aneuploidies by 21 and sex chromosomes.
Methods. A literature review by the keywords “Down syndrome”, “Klinefelter syndrome”, “Turner syndrome”, “double aneuploidy” for the period of 2000-2020 was carried out.
Results. Down, Klinefelter and Turner syndromes are the most common aneuploidy among viable newborns. Frequency of meiotic non-disjunction events causing these aneuploidies increases with the age of a woman. Identified genes are responsible for pathogenesis of symptoms in trisomy 21, Turner and Klinefelter syndromes. Diagnostics of chromosomal diseases includes prenatal screening programs and postnatal testing.
Conclusions. Cytogenetic variants of Down syndrome are simple complete trisomy 21, translocation form and mosaicism. Trisomy 21 is associated with advanced maternal age. Phenotypic manifestations of Down syndrome are associated with the locus 21q22. The maternal and parental nondisjunction of X-chromosomes in meiosis causes Klinefelter and Turner syndromes. These chromosomal diseases are variants of intersexualism with intermediate chromosomal sex. Down-Klinefelter and Down-Turner syndromes are double aneuploidies. Patients have a Down syndrome phenotype at birth, and signs of Klinefelter and Turner syndromes occur during puberty. Diagnosis of aneuploidy is based on the cytogenetic investigation (karyotyping), DNA analysis, ultrasonography and biochemical markers of chromosomal pathology.
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16
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Abstract
Experimental work regarding corrective actions on chromosomes and genes, and control of gene products is yielding promising results. It opens the way to advances in dealing with the etiological aspects of Down syndrome and may lead to important changes in the life of individuals affected with this condition. A small number of molecules are being investigated in pharmacological research that may have positive effects on intellectual functioning. Studies of the pathological consequences of the amyloid cascade and the TAU pathology in the etiology of Alzheimer disease (AD), which is more frequent and occuring earlier in life in persons with Down syndrome (DS), are presented. The search for biological markers of AD and ways for constrasting its early manifestations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A. Rondal
- University of Liège, Cognitive Sciences, Building 32, Sart Tilman, Liège 4000, Belgium
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17
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Antonarakis SE, Skotko BG, Rafii MS, Strydom A, Pape SE, Bianchi DW, Sherman SL, Reeves RH. Down syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020; 6:9. [PMID: 32029743 PMCID: PMC8428796 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Trisomy 21, the presence of a supernumerary chromosome 21, results in a collection of clinical features commonly known as Down syndrome (DS). DS is among the most genetically complex of the conditions that are compatible with human survival post-term, and the most frequent survivable autosomal aneuploidy. Mouse models of DS, involving trisomy of all or part of human chromosome 21 or orthologous mouse genomic regions, are providing valuable insights into the contribution of triplicated genes or groups of genes to the many clinical manifestations in DS. This endeavour is challenging, as there are >200 protein-coding genes on chromosome 21 and they can have direct and indirect effects on homeostasis in cells, tissues, organs and systems. Although this complexity poses formidable challenges to understanding the underlying molecular basis for each of the many clinical features of DS, it also provides opportunities for improving understanding of genetic mechanisms underlying the development and function of many cell types, tissues, organs and systems. Since the first description of trisomy 21, we have learned much about intellectual disability and genetic risk factors for congenital heart disease. The lower occurrence of solid tumours in individuals with DS supports the identification of chromosome 21 genes that protect against cancer when overexpressed. The universal occurrence of the histopathology of Alzheimer disease and the high prevalence of dementia in DS are providing insights into the pathology and treatment of Alzheimer disease. Clinical trials to ameliorate intellectual disability in DS signal a new era in which therapeutic interventions based on knowledge of the molecular pathophysiology of DS can now be explored; these efforts provide reasonable hope for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos E Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Brian G Skotko
- Down Syndrome Program, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Rafii
- Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, California, CA, USA
| | - Andre Strydom
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah E Pape
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Diana W Bianchi
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie L Sherman
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Roger H Reeves
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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18
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Glessner JT, Li J, Desai A, Palmer M, Kim D, Lucas AM, Chang X, Connolly JJ, Almoguera B, Harley JB, Jarvik GP, Ritchie MD, Sleiman PM, Roden DM, Crosslin D, Hakonarson H. CNV Association of Diverse Clinical Phenotypes from eMERGE reveals novel disease biology underlying cardiovascular disease. Int J Cardiol 2020; 298:107-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Zhang W, Mohammadi T, Sou J, Anis AH. Cost-effectiveness of prenatal screening and diagnostic strategies for Down syndrome: A microsimulation modeling analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225281. [PMID: 31800591 PMCID: PMC6892535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequently occurring fetal chromosomal abnormality and different prenatal screening strategies are used for determining risk of DS worldwide. New non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT), which uses cell-free fetal DNA in maternal blood can provide benefits due to its higher sensitivity and specificity in comparison to conventional screening tests. This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of using population-level NIPT in fetal aneuploidy screening for DS. Methods We developed a microsimulation decision-analytic model to perform a probabilistic cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of prenatal screening and diagnostic strategies for DS. The model followed individual simulated pregnant women through the pregnancy pathway. The comparators were serum-only screening, contingent NIPT (i.e., NIPT as a second-tier screening test) and universal NIPT (i.e., NIPT as a first-tier screening test). To address uncertainty around the model parameters, the expected values of costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) in the base case and all scenario analyses were obtained through probabilistic analysis from a Monte Carlo simulation. Results Base case and scenario analyses were conducted by repeating the micro-simulation 1,000 times for a sample of 45,605 pregnant women per the population of British Columbia, Canada (N = 4.8 million). Preliminary results of the sequential CEAs showed that contingent NIPT was a dominant strategy compared to serum-only screening. Compared with contingent NIPT, universal NIPT at the current test price was not cost-effective with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio over $100,000/QALY. Contingent NIPT also had the lowest cost per DS case detected among these three strategies. Conclusion Including NIPT in existing prenatal screening for DS is shown to be beneficial over conventional testing. However, at current prices, implementation of NIPT as a second-tier screening test is more cost-effective than deploying it as a universal test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tima Mohammadi
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julie Sou
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aslam H. Anis
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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20
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Quiñones-Lombraña A, Blanco JG. Comparative analysis of the DYRK1A-SRSF6-TNNT2 pathway in myocardial tissue from individuals with and without Down syndrome. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 110:104268. [PMID: 31201803 PMCID: PMC6754281 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (trisomy 21) is characterized by genome-wide imbalances that result in a range of phenotypic manifestations. Altered expression of DYRK1A in the trisomic context has been linked to some Down syndrome phenotypes. DYRK1A regulates the splicing of cardiac troponin (TNNT2) through a pathway mediated by the master splicing factor SRSF6. Here, we documented the expression of the DYRK1A-SRSF6-TNNT2 pathway in a collection of myocardial samples from persons with and without Down syndrome. Results suggest that "gene dosage effect" may drive the expression of DYRK1A mRNA but has no effect on DYRK1A protein levels in trisomic myocardium. The levels of phosphorylated DYRK1A-Tyr321 tended to be higher (~35%) in myocardial samples from donors with Down syndrome. The levels of phosphorylated SRSF6 were 2.6-fold higher in trisomic myocardium. In line, the expression of fetal TNNT2 variants was higher in myocardial tissue with trisomy 21. These data provide a representative picture on the extent of inter-individual variation in myocardial DYRK1A-SRSF6-TNNT2 expression in the context of Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Quiñones-Lombraña
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Javier G Blanco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, New York, United States of America.
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21
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Zhang H, Liu L, Tian J. Molecular mechanisms of congenital heart disease in down syndrome. Genes Dis 2019; 6:372-377. [PMID: 31832516 PMCID: PMC6889238 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), as a typical genomic aneuploidy, is a common cause of various birth defects, among which is congenital heart disease (CHD). 40-60% neonates with DS have some kinds of CHD. However, the molecular pathogenic mechanisms of DS associated CHD are still not fully understood. This review summarizes available studies on DS associated CHD from seven aspects so as to provide a crucial and updated overview of what we known so far in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Lingjuan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
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22
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A genome-wide search for new imprinted genes in the human placenta identifies DSCAM as the first imprinted gene on chromosome 21. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 27:49-60. [PMID: 30206355 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified, through a genome-wide search for new imprinted genes in the human placenta, DSCAM (Down Syndrome Cellular Adhesion Molecule) as a paternally expressed imprinted gene. Our work revealed the presence of a Differentially Methylated Region (DMR), located within intron 1 that might regulate the imprinting in the region. This DMR showed a maternal allele methylation, compatible with its paternal expression. We showed that DSCAM is present in endothelial cells and the syncytiotrophoblast layer of the human placenta. In mouse, Dscam expression is biallelic in foetal brain and placenta excluding any possible imprinting in these tissues. This gene encodes a cellular adhesion molecule mainly known for its role in neurone development but its function in the placenta remains unclear. We report here the first imprinted gene located on human chromosome 21 with potential clinical implications.
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23
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Bhola SL, Nieuwint AWM, Stuurman KE. A prenatal case of partial trisomy 21 (q22.2q22.3), resulting from a paternal insertion translocation ins(16;21) and uncovered by QF-PCR, and characterized by array CGH and FISH. Clin Case Rep 2018; 6:1313-1316. [PMID: 29988599 PMCID: PMC6028365 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to detecting trisomies of whole chromosomes, QF-PCR can also detect partial trisomies of the chromosomes 13, 18, and 21, which can suggest an unbalanced translocation. Additional testing with other techniques, such as microarray or FISH, is recommended when an unbalanced translocation is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama L. Bhola
- Department of Clinical GeneticsVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Aggie W. M. Nieuwint
- Department of Clinical GeneticsVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Kyra E. Stuurman
- Department of Clinical GeneticsErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
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24
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RCAN1 Mutation and Functional Characterization in Children with Sporadic Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2018; 39:226-235. [PMID: 28993896 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-017-1746-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most frequent birth defect. RCAN1 (regulator of calcineurin 1) contributes to CHD in Down syndrome. However, whether RCAN1 is also associated with nonsyndromic CHD remains unclear. This study sequenced the exons and flanking region of RCAN1 in 128 sporadic CHD patients and 150 normal controls. We identified six novel heterozygous mutations in CHD patients. Functional assay showed that the g.482G>T could obviously raise the promoter activity of RCAN1.4 in vitro; However, we failed to detect the expression of RCAN1 in the right auricle, which made it confused to evaluate the pathogenicity of this mutation. In addition, we demonstrated that c.290T>C and g.1056+58C>A had no effect on the alternative splicing of RCAN1. The *196C>T, *790G>A, and *1278C>G did not influence the translation of RCAN1 post transcription. In conclusion, a novel mutation of g.482G>T in RCAN1 may be related to CHD by causing overexpression of RCAN1.4.
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25
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Abstract
There is an old adage in paediatric cardiology that, despite the high prevalence and wide spectrum of CHD, transposition of the great arteries does not occur in trisomy 21. We present a case of transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, and pulmonary stenosis in a patient with trisomy 21.
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26
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Overexpression of Chromosome 21 miRNAs May Affect Mitochondrial Function in the Hearts of Down Syndrome Fetuses. Int J Genomics 2017; 2017:8737649. [PMID: 29057256 PMCID: PMC5605795 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8737649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dosage-dependent upregulation of most of chromosome 21 (Hsa21) genes has been demonstrated in heart tissues of fetuses with Down syndrome (DS). Also miRNAs might play important roles in the cardiac phenotype as they are highly expressed in the heart and regulate cardiac development. Five Hsa21 miRNAs have been well studied in the past: miR-99a-5p, miR-125b-2-5p, let-7c-5p, miR-155-5p, and miR-802-5p but few information is available about their expression in trisomic tissues. In this study, we evaluated the expression of these miRNAs in heart tissues from DS fetuses, showing that miR-99a-5p, miR-155-5p, and let-7c-5p were overexpressed in trisomic hearts. To investigate their role, predicted targets were obtained from different databases and cross-validated using the gene expression profiling dataset we previously generated for fetal hearts. Eighty-five targets of let-7c-5p, 33 of miR-155-5p, and 10 of miR-99a-5p were expressed in fetal heart and downregulated in trisomic hearts. As nuclear encoded mitochondrial genes were found downregulated in trisomic hearts and mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of DS phenotypes, we put special attention to let-7c-5p and miR-155-5p targets downregulated in DS fetal hearts and involved in mitochondrial function. The let-7c-5p predicted target SLC25A4/ANT1 was identified as a possible candidate for both mitochondrial and cardiac anomalies.
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27
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28
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Genotype-phenotype correlation for congenital heart disease in Down syndrome through analysis of partial trisomy 21 cases. Genomics 2017. [PMID: 28648597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Among Down syndrome (DS) children, 40-50% have congenital heart disease (CHD). Although trisomy 21 is not sufficient to cause CHD, three copies of at least part of chromosome 21 (Hsa21) increases the risk for CHD. In order to establish a genotype-phenotype correlation for CHD in DS, we built an integrated Hsa21 map of all described partial trisomy 21 (PT21) cases with sufficient indications regarding presence or absence of CHD (n=107), focusing on DS PT21 cases. We suggest a DS CHD candidate region on 21q22.2 (0.96Mb), being shared by most PT21 cases with CHD and containing three known protein-coding genes (DSCAM, BACE2, PLAC4) and four known non-coding RNAs (DSCAM-AS1, DSCAM-IT1, LINC00323, MIR3197). The characterization of a DS CHD candidate region provides a useful approach to identify specific genes contributing to the pathology and to orient further investigations and possibly more effective therapy in relation to the multifactorial pathogenesis of CHD.
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29
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Dissecting the Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Heart Disease: Lessons from the Drosophila Genetic Model. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4020024. [PMID: 29056683 PMCID: PMC5606597 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic scaffold within organs and tissues that enables cell morphogenesis and provides structural support. Changes in the composition and organisation of the cardiac ECM are required for normal development. Congenital and age-related cardiac diseases can arise from mis-regulation of structural ECM proteins (Collagen, Laminin) or their receptors (Integrin). Key regulators of ECM turnover include matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs). MMP expression is increased in mice, pigs, and dogs with cardiomyopathy. The complexity and longevity of vertebrate animals makes a short-lived, genetically tractable model organism, such as Drosophila melanogaster, an attractive candidate for study. We survey ECM macromolecules and their role in heart development and growth, which are conserved between Drosophila and vertebrates, with focus upon the consequences of altered expression or distribution. The Drosophila heart resembles that of vertebrates during early development, and is amenable to in vivo analysis. Experimental manipulation of gene function in a tissue- or temporally-regulated manner can reveal the function of adhesion or ECM genes in the heart. Perturbation of the function of ECM proteins, or of the MMPs that facilitate ECM remodelling, induces cardiomyopathies in Drosophila, including cardiodilation, arrhythmia, and cardia bifida, that provide mechanistic insight into cardiac disease in mammals.
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Abstract
Down syndrome (also known as trisomy 21) is the model human phenotype for all genomic gain dosage imbalances, including microduplications. The functional genomic exploration of the post-sequencing years of chromosome 21, and the generation of numerous cellular and mouse models, have provided an unprecedented opportunity to decipher the molecular consequences of genome dosage imbalance. Studies of Down syndrome could provide knowledge far beyond the well-known characteristics of intellectual disability and dysmorphic features, as several other important features, including congenital heart defects, early ageing, Alzheimer disease and childhood leukaemia, are also part of the Down syndrome phenotypic spectrum. The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that cause or modify the risk for different Down syndrome phenotypes could lead to the introduction of previously unimaginable therapeutic options.
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Su MT, Kuan LC, Chou YY, Tan SY, Kuo TC, Kuo PL. Partial trisomy of chromosome 21 without the Down syndrome phenotype. Prenat Diagn 2016; 36:492-5. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Tsz Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Long-Ching Kuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Kuo General Hospital; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yin Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yi Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Cheng Kuo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Kuo General Hospital; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Pao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
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Lana-Elola E, Watson-Scales S, Slender A, Gibbins D, Martineau A, Douglas C, Mohun T, Fisher EM, Tybulewicz VL. Genetic dissection of Down syndrome-associated congenital heart defects using a new mouse mapping panel. eLife 2016; 5:11614. [PMID: 26765563 PMCID: PMC4764572 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), caused by trisomy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), is the most common cause of congenital heart defects (CHD), yet the genetic and mechanistic causes of these defects remain unknown. To identify dosage-sensitive genes that cause DS phenotypes, including CHD, we used chromosome engineering to generate a mapping panel of 7 mouse strains with partial trisomies of regions of mouse chromosome 16 orthologous to Hsa21. Using high-resolution episcopic microscopy and three-dimensional modeling we show that these strains accurately model DS CHD. Systematic analysis of the 7 strains identified a minimal critical region sufficient to cause CHD when present in 3 copies, and showed that it contained at least two dosage-sensitive loci. Furthermore, two of these new strains model a specific subtype of atrio-ventricular septal defects with exclusive ventricular shunting and demonstrate that, contrary to current hypotheses, these CHD are not due to failure in formation of the dorsal mesenchymal protrusion. Down syndrome is a condition caused by having an extra copy of one of the 46 chromosomes found inside human cells. Specifically, instead of two copies, people with Down syndrome are born with three copies of chromosome 21. This results in many different effects, including learning and memory problems, heart defects and Alzheimer’s disease. Each of these different effects is caused by having a third copy of one or more of the approximately 230 genes found on chromosome 21. However, it is not known which of these genes cause any of these effects, and how an extra copy of the genes results in such changes. Now, Lana-Elola et al. have investigated which genes on chromosome 21 cause the heart defects seen in Down syndrome, and how those heart defects come about. This involved engineering a new strain of mouse that has an extra copy of 148 mouse genes that are very similar to 148 genes found on chromosome 21 in humans. Like people with Down syndrome, this mouse strain developed heart defects when it was an embryo. Using a series of six further mouse strains, Lana-Elola et al. then narrowed down the potential genes that, when in three copies, are needed to cause the heart defects, to a list of just 39 genes. Further experiments then showed that at least two genes within these 39 genes were required in three copies to cause the heart defects. The next step will be to identify the specific genes that actually cause the heart defects, and then work out how a third copy of these genes causes the developmental problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy Slender
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Mc Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Lj Tybulewicz
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Erickson RP. The importance of de novo mutations for pediatric neurological disease--It is not all in utero or birth trauma. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 767:42-58. [PMID: 27036065 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The advent of next generation sequencing (NGS, which consists of massively parallel sequencing to perform TGS (total genome sequencing) or WES (whole exome sequencing)) has abundantly discovered many causative mutations in patients with pediatric neurological disease. A surprisingly high number of these are de novo mutations which have not been inherited from either parent. For epilepsy, autism spectrum disorders, and neuromotor disorders, including cerebral palsy, initial estimates put the frequency of causative de novo mutations at about 15% and about 10% of these are somatic. There are some shared mutated genes between these three classes of disease. Studies of copy number variation by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) proceded the NGS approaches but they also detect de novo variation which is especially important for ASDs. There are interesting differences between the mutated genes detected by CGS and NGS. In summary, de novo mutations cause a very significant proportion of pediatric neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Erickson
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States.
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Atrioventricular septal defect: From embryonic development to long-term follow-up. Int J Cardiol 2016; 202:784-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Li X, Wang G, An Y, Li H, Li Y, Wu C. Association Between Sequence Variations in RCAN1 Promoter and the Risk of Sporadic Congenital Heart Disease in a Chinese Population. Pediatr Cardiol 2015; 36:1393-9. [PMID: 25863471 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-015-1172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of congenital heart disease (CHD) is unclear. There is a high incidence of CHD in Down syndrome, in which RCAN1 (regulator of calcineurin 1) overexpression is observed. However, whether RCAN1 plays an important role in non-syndromic CHD is unknown. This study investigates the relationship between sequence variations in the RCAN1 promoter and sporadic CHD. This was a case-control study in which the RCAN1 promoter was cloned and sequenced in 128 CHD patients (median age 1.1 year) and 150 normal controls (median age 3.0 year). No mutation sites had been identified in this research. Three single-nucleotide (C to T) polymorphisms were detected: rs193289374, rs149048873 and rs143081213. The polymorphisms were not associated with CHD risk according to a logistic regression analysis. Functional assays in vitro showed that compared with the wild-type genotype, the rs149048873 polymorphism decreased, and the rs143081213 increased, the RCAN1 promoter activity, though the rs193289374 polymorphism had no effect. In conclusion, the sequence variations in RCAN1 promoter are not major genetic factors involved in sporadic CHD, at least in the current research population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Li
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yong An
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Chun Wu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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Bosman A, Letourneau A, Sartiani L, Del Lungo M, Ronzoni F, Kuziakiv R, Tohonen V, Zucchelli M, Santoni F, Guipponi M, Dumevska B, Hovatta O, Antonarakis SE, Jaconi ME. Perturbations of Heart Development and Function in Cardiomyocytes from Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Trisomy 21. Stem Cells 2015; 33:1434-46. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Bosman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute; Darlinghurst New South Wales Australia
| | - Audrey Letourneau
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Laura Sartiani
- Department of Neuroscience; Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Martina Del Lungo
- Department of Neuroscience; Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Flavio Ronzoni
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Rostyslav Kuziakiv
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Virpi Tohonen
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition; Karolinska Institute; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Marco Zucchelli
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition; Karolinska Institute; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Federico Santoni
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Michel Guipponi
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | | | - Outi Hovatta
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Department of Clinical Science; Karolinska Institute; Huddinge Stockholm Sweden
| | - Stylianos E. Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Marisa E. Jaconi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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Ciocca L, Digilio MC, Lombardo A, D'Elia G, Baban A, Capolino R, Petrocchi S, Russo S, Sirleto P, Roberti MC, Marino B, Angioni A, Dallapiccola B. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome and 21q22.3 deletion. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:579-86. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ciocca
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - M. Cristina Digilio
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Antonietta Lombardo
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Gemma D'Elia
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Anwar Baban
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Rossella Capolino
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Stefano Petrocchi
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Serena Russo
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Pietro Sirleto
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - M. Cristina Roberti
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Bruno Marino
- Pediatric Cardiology; Department of Pediatrics; Sapienza University, and Eleonora Lorrillard Spencer Cenci Foundation; Rome Italy
| | - Adriano Angioni
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics; Medical Genetics and Pediatric Cardiology; Bambino Gesù Paediatric Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
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Tongsong T, Tongprasert F, Srisupundit K, Luewan S, Traisrisilp K. Cardio-STIC (spatio-temporal image correlation) as genetic ultrasound of fetal Down syndrome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 28:1943-9. [PMID: 25547188 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2014.973395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate efficacy of cardio-STIC in detection of fetal Down syndrome. METHODS Cardio-STIC volume datasets (VDS) were prospectively collected from women during 16-22 weeks, consisting of 40 VDS acquired from fetuses with Down syndrome and 400 VDS from normal fetuses. All VDS were blindly analyzed. RESULTS Between both groups, most dimensions were comparable but the right-sided dimensions were significantly greater in fetuses with Down syndrome. Interestingly, shortening fraction was also significantly higher in affected fetuses. Right-to-left disproportion and shortening fraction were used as cardiac markers as well as other eight structural markers to predict fetal Down syndrome. Tricuspid regurgitation had highest sensitivity (30%); followed by VSD (27.5%), right-to-left disproportion (20.0%), and echogenic intra-cardiac foci (EIF; 17.5%). If the test was considered positive in case of the presence of any cardiac marker, cardio-STIC had a detection rate of 72.5% and false-positive rate of 19.5%. Likelihood ratio of each marker for modifying priori risk was also provided. CONCLUSION Cardio-STIC as genetic ultrasound for Down syndrome had a detection rate of about 70% and false-positive rate 20%. Cardio-STIC analysis can be helpful in estimation of fetal risk for Down syndrome and counseling when the prenatal diagnosis of the syndrome is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theera Tongsong
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Fuanglada Tongprasert
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Kasemsri Srisupundit
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Suchaya Luewan
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Kuntharee Traisrisilp
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
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Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Calkoen EE, Poelmann RE, Bartelings MM, Jongbloed MRM. Morphogenesis and molecular considerations on congenital cardiac septal defects. Ann Med 2014; 46:640-52. [PMID: 25307363 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2014.959557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary unseptated heart tube undergoes extensive remodeling including septation at the atrial, atrioventricular, ventricular, and ventriculo-arterial level. Alignment and fusion of the septal components is required to ensure full septation of the heart. Deficiencies lead to septal defects at various levels. Addition of myocardium and mesenchymal tissues from the second heart field (SHF) to the primary heart tube, as well as a population of neural crest cells, provides the necessary cellular players. Surprisingly, the study of the molecular background of these defects does not show a great diversity of responsible transcription factors and downstream gene pathways. Epigenetic modulation and mutations high up in several transcription factor pathways (e.g. NODAL and GATA4) may lead to defects at all levels. Disturbance of modulating pathways, involving primarily the SHF-derived cell populations and the genes expressed therein, results at the arterial pole (e.g. TBX1) in a spectrum of ventricular septal defects located at the level of the outflow tract. At the venous pole (e.g. TBX5), it can explain a variety of atrial septal defects. The various defects can occur as isolated anomalies or within families. In this review developmental, morphological, genetic, as well as epigenetic aspects of septal defects are discussed.
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Roles for DSCAM and DSCAML1 in central nervous system development and disease. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 8:249-70. [PMID: 25300140 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8090-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
DSCAMs (Down syndrome cell adhesion molecules) are a group of immunoglobulin-like transmembrane proteins that contain fibronectin III domains. The founding member of the family was isolated in a positional cloning study that sought to identify genes located on chromosome 21 at the locus 21q22.2-q22.3 that is implicated in the neurological and cardiac phenotypes associated with Down's syndrome. In Drosophila, Dscam proteins are involved in neuronal wiring, while in vertebrates, the role of these cell adhesion molecules in neurogenesis, dendritogenesis, axonal outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and synaptic plasticity is only just beginning to be understood. In this chapter, we will review the functions ascribed to the two paralogous proteins found in humans, DSCAM and DSCAML1 (DSCAM-like 1), based on findings in knockout mice. The signaling pathways downstream of DSCAM activation and the role of DSCAM miss-expression in disease will be also discussed, particularly with regard to the intellectual disability in Down's syndrome.
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Morales Diaz HD. Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule is important for early development in Xenopus tropicalis. Genesis 2014; 52:849-57. [PMID: 25088188 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) is an Ig containing cell adhesion molecule with remarkable structural conservation throughout metazoans. In insects, DSCAM has 38,000 potential isoforms that convey axon guidance, fasciculation, and dendrite morphogenesis during neurodevelopment. In vertebrates, DSCAM is expressed throughout the nervous system and seems to also mediate proper axonal guidance and synaptogenesis without the isoform diversity found in insects. Differences in DSCAM function among several vertebrate species complicate the understanding of an evolutionarily conserved role during embryogenesis. We take advantage of the frog developmental model Xenopus tropicalis to study DSCAM function in early development by expression analysis and morpholino-mediated knockdown. Our results indicate that DSCAM is expressed early in development and restricted to the head and nervous system. Knockdown of protein expression results in early morphogenetic phenotypes characterized by failed gastrulation and improper posterior neural tube closure. Our results reveal a specific, fundamental role of DSCAM in early morphogenetic movements, presumably through its well-known role in homophilic cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi D Morales Diaz
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, California USA
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Fukai R, Hiraki Y, Nishimura G, Nakashima M, Tsurusaki Y, Saitsu H, Matsumoto N, Miyake N. A de novo 1.4-Mb deletion at 21q22.11 in a boy with developmental delay. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:1021-8. [PMID: 24458657 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Monosomy 21 is a very rare chromosomal abnormality. At least 45 patients with partial deletion involving 21q11 have been reported. Here, we report a Japanese boy who presented with pre- and postnatal growth delays, psychomotor developmental delay, microcephaly, and iris coloboma. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a de novo 1.4-Mb deletion at 21q22.11 containing 19 protein-coding RefSeq genes. We compared the clinical phenotypes between the present patient and 16 previously reported patients with a deleted region associated with postnatal growth delay and psychomotor developmental delay. Interestingly, ITSN1 was the only gene deleted or disrupted in all cases; this gene is known to be associated with intellectual disability. Microcephaly and brain structural abnormalities including polymicrogyria and agenesis/hypoplasia of the corpus callosum may also result from haploinsufficiency of ITSN1, highlighting its clinical significance for the neurological features of patients with monosomy 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Fukai
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Jones MJ, Farré P, McEwen LM, Macisaac JL, Watt K, Neumann SM, Emberly E, Cynader MS, Virji-Babul N, Kobor MS. Distinct DNA methylation patterns of cognitive impairment and trisomy 21 in Down syndrome. BMC Med Genomics 2013; 6:58. [PMID: 24373378 PMCID: PMC3879645 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-6-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of an extra whole or part of chromosome 21 in people with Down syndrome (DS) is associated with multiple neurological changes, including pathological aging that often meets the criteria for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). In addition, trisomies have been shown to disrupt normal epigenetic marks across the genome, perhaps in response to changes in gene dosage. We hypothesized that trisomy 21 would result in global epigenetic changes across all participants, and that DS patients with cognitive impairment would show an additional epigenetic signature. Methods We therefore examined whole-genome DNA methylation in buccal epithelial cells of 10 adults with DS and 10 controls to determine whether patterns of DNA methylation were correlated with DS and/or cognitive impairment. In addition we examined DNA methylation at the APP gene itself, to see whether there were changes in DNA methylation in this population. Using the Illumina Infinium 450 K Human Methylation Array, we examined more than 485,000 CpG sites distributed across the genome in buccal epithelial cells. Results We found 3300 CpGs to be differentially methylated between the groups, including 495 CpGs that overlap with clusters of differentially methylated probes. In addition, we found 5 probes that were correlated with cognitive function including two probes in the TSC2 gene that has previously been associated with Alzheimer’s disease pathology. We found no enrichment on chromosome 21 in either case, and targeted analysis of the APP gene revealed weak evidence for epigenetic impacts related to the AD phenotype. Conclusions Overall, our results indicated that both Trisomy 21 and cognitive impairment were associated with distinct patterns of DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Naznin Virji-Babul
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Kays I, Cvetkovska V, Chen BE. Structural and functional analysis of single neurons to correlate synaptic connectivity with grooming behavior. Nat Protoc 2013; 9:1-10. [PMID: 24309972 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2013.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We describe a protocol to image the complex axonal branching structure of identified mechanosensory neurons in Drosophila, combined with a behavioral assay to evaluate the functional output of the neuron. The stimulation of identified mechanosensory neurons in live animals produces a stereotyped grooming reflex. The mechanosensory axonal arbor within the CNS is subsequently labeled with a lipophilic fluorescent dye and imaged by fluorescence microscopy. The behavioral output can therefore be correlated to the axonal morphology of the stimulated neuron in the same animal. Combining this protocol with genetic analysis provides a powerful tool for identifying the roles of molecules involved in different aspects of hard-wired neural circuit formation underlying an innate behavior. From behavioral analysis to axonal imaging, the protocol takes 4 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Kays
- 1] Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada. [2]
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47
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Al-Biltagi MA. Echocardiography in children with Down syndrome. World J Clin Pediatr 2013. [PMID: 25254173 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v2.i4.36.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease is a common problem in children with Down syndrome (DS). Echocardiography plays an important role in the detection of both structural and functional abnormalities in this group of patients. Fetal echocardiography can help in the early recognition of DS by detecting soft markers of DS, but its main role is to define the exact nature of the suspected cardiac problem in the fetus. Postnatal echocardiography is mandatory in the first month of life for all neonates with DS. It is also indicated before any cardiac surgery and for serial follow-up after cardiac surgery. In this article, we discuss the types and mechanism of cardiac abnormalities in DS children and the role of both fetal and postnatal echocardiography in the detection of these abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Al-Biltagi
- Mohammed A Al-Biltagi, Paediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
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Hwang SW, Jea A. A review of the neurological and neurosurgical implications of Down syndrome in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2013; 52:845-56. [PMID: 23743011 DOI: 10.1177/0009922813491311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome is the most commonly encountered chromosomal translation and has been associated with significant congenital abnormalities in various organ systems. Along with classic facial findings, it may involve the gastroenterologic, cardiac, ophthalmologic, endocrine, immunologic, orthopedic, or neurologic systems. With respect to the neurological system, a higher incidence of moyamoya, seizure disorders, strokes, and spinal ligamentous laxity has been described in these children. We have summarized the current available literature with respect to children who have Down syndrome and the varying neurological pathologic entities associated to help health care providers better understand these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Hwang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tufts Medical Center, Floating Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Development of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in Down syndrome is associated with sequential epigenetic changes. Blood 2013; 122:e33-43. [PMID: 23980066 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-05-503011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is more frequently observed in Down syndrome (DS) patients, in whom it is often preceded by a transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD). The development of DS-TMD and DS-AMKL requires not only the presence of the trisomy 21 but also that of GATA1 mutations. Despite extensive studies into the genetics of DS-AMKL, the importance of epigenetic deregulation in this disease has been unexplored. We performed DNA methylation profiling at different stages of development of DS-AMKL and analyzed the dynamics of the epigenetic program. Early genome-wide DNA methylation changes can be detected in trisomy 21 fetal liver mononuclear cells, prior to the acquisition of GATA1 mutations. These early changes are characterized by marked loss of DNA methylation at genes associated with developmental disorders, including those affecting the cardiovascular, neurological, and endocrine systems. This is followed by a second wave of changes detected in DS-TMD and DS-AMKL, characterized by gains of methylation. This new wave of hypermethylation targets a distinct set of genes involved in hematopoiesis and regulation of cell growth and proliferation. These findings indicate that the final epigenetic landscape of DS-AMKL is the result of sequential and opposing changes in DNA methylation occurring at specific times in the disease development.
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Vilardell M, Civit S, Herwig R. An integrative computational analysis provides evidence for FBN1-associated network deregulation in trisomy 21. Biol Open 2013; 2:771-8. [PMID: 23951402 PMCID: PMC3744068 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20134408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although approximately 50% of Down Syndrome (DS) patients have heart abnormalities, they exhibit an overprotection against cardiac abnormalities related with the connective tissue, for example a lower risk of coronary artery disease. A recent study reported a case of a person affected by DS who carried mutations in FBN1, the gene causative for a connective tissue disorder called Marfan Syndrome (MFS). The fact that the person did not have any cardiac alterations suggested compensation effects due to DS. This observation is supported by a previous DS meta-analysis at the molecular level where we have found an overall upregulation of FBN1 (which is usually downregulated in MFS). Additionally, that result was cross-validated with independent expression data from DS heart tissue. The aim of this work is to elucidate the role of FBN1 in DS and to establish a molecular link to MFS and MFS-related syndromes using a computational approach. To reach that, we conducted different analytical approaches over two DS studies (our previous meta-analysis and independent expression data from DS heart tissue) and revealed expression alterations in the FBN1 interaction network, in FBN1 co-expressed genes and FBN1-related pathways. After merging the significant results from different datasets with a Bayesian approach, we prioritized 85 genes that were able to distinguish control from DS cases. We further found evidence for several of these genes (47%), such as FBN1, DCN, and COL1A2, being dysregulated in MFS and MFS-related diseases. Consequently, we further encourage the scientific community to take into account FBN1 and its related network for the study of DS cardiovascular characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Vilardell
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63–73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergi Civit
- Department of Statistics, University of Barcelona, Avenida Diagonal 645, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Ralf Herwig
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63–73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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