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Chen SY, Yang RL, Wu XC, Zhao DZ, Fu SP, Lin FQ, Li LY, Yu LM, Zhang Q, Zhang T. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation: Neuroprotection and Nerve Regeneration After Spinal Cord Injury. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:4763-4776. [PMID: 37881652 PMCID: PMC10595983 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s428425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), with its morbidity characteristics of high disability rate and high mortality rate, is a disease that is highly destructive to both the physiology and psychology of the patient, and for which there is still a lack of effective treatment. Following spinal cord injury, a cascade of secondary injury reactions known as ischemia, peripheral inflammatory cell infiltration, oxidative stress, etc. create a microenvironment that is unfavorable to neural recovery and ultimately results in apoptosis and necrosis of neurons and glial cells. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation has emerged as a more promising therapeutic options in recent years. MSC can promote spinal cord injury repair through a variety of mechanisms, including immunomodulation, neuroprotection, and nerve regeneration, giving patients with spinal cord injury hope. In this paper, it is discussed the neuroprotection and nerve regeneration components of MSCs' therapeutic method for treating spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Chong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - De-Zhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Ping Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng-Qin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin-Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Mei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
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Gradišnik L, Bošnjak R, Maver T, Velnar T. Advanced Bio-Based Polymers for Astrocyte Cell Models. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3664. [PMID: 34209194 PMCID: PMC8269866 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of in vitro neural tissue analogs is of great interest for many biomedical engineering applications, including the tissue engineering of neural interfaces, treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, and in vitro evaluation of cell-material interactions. Since astrocytes play a crucial role in the regenerative processes of the central nervous system, the development of biomaterials that interact favorably with astrocytes is of great research interest. The sources of human astrocytes, suitable natural biomaterials, guidance scaffolds, and ligand patterned surfaces are discussed in the article. New findings in this field are essential for the future treatment of spinal cord and brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Gradišnik
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- AMEU-ECM, Slovenska 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Roman Bošnjak
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Tina Maver
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Velnar
- AMEU-ECM, Slovenska 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Lee JS, Hsu YH, Chiu YS, Jou IM, Chang MS. Anti-IL-20 antibody improved motor function and reduced glial scar formation after traumatic spinal cord injury in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:156. [PMID: 32408881 PMCID: PMC7227062 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01814-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes devastating neurological consequences, which can result in partial or total paralysis. Irreversible neurological deficits and glial scar formation are characteristic of SCI. Inflammatory responses are a major component of secondary injury and play a central role in regulating the pathogenesis of SCI. IL-20 is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in renal fibrosis and liver cirrhosis through its role in upregulating TGF-β1 production. However, the role of IL-20 in SCI remains unclear. We hypothesize that IL-20 is upregulated after SCI and is involved in regulating the neuroinflammatory response. METHODS The expression of IL-20 and its receptors was examined in SCI rats. The regulatory roles of IL-20 in astrocytes and neuron cells were examined. The therapeutic effects of anti-IL-20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 7E in SCI rats were evaluated. RESULTS Immunofluorescence staining showed that IL-20 and its receptors were expressed in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia in the spinal cord after SCI in rats. In vitro, IL-20 enhanced astrocyte reactivation and cell migration in human astrocyte (HA) cells by upregulating glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), TGF-β1, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6 expression. IL-20 inhibited cell proliferation and nerve growth factor (NGF)-derived neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells through Sema3A/NRP-1 upregulation. In vivo, treating SCI rats with anti-IL-20 mAb 7E remarkably inhibited the inflammatory responses. 7E treatment not only improved motor and sensory functions but also improved spinal cord tissue preservation and reduced glial scar formation in SCI rats. CONCLUSIONS IL-20 might regulate astrocyte reactivation and axonal regeneration and result in the secondary injury in SCI. These findings demonstrated that IL-20 may be a promising target for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Shun Lee
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Hsu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shu Chiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - I-Ming Jou
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shi Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
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Lin Y, Li C, Li J, Deng R, Huang J, Zhang Q, Lyu J, Hao N, Zhong Z. NEP 1-40-modified human serum albumin nanoparticles enhance the therapeutic effect of methylprednisolone against spinal cord injury. J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:12. [PMID: 30670038 PMCID: PMC6341626 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Frequent injection of high-dose methylprednisolone (MP) is used to treat spinal cord injury (SCI), but free MP is associated with various side effects and its water solubility is low, limiting potential dosing regimes and administration routes. Albumin-based nanoparticles, which can encapsulate therapeutic drugs and release cargo in a controlled pattern, show high biocompatibility and low toxicity. The Nogo protein, expressed on the surface of oligodendrocytes, can inhibit axonal growth by binding with the axonal Nogo receptor (NgR). Peptide NEP1-40, an NgR antagonist, can bind specifically to Nogo, significantly improving functional recovery and axon growth in the corticospinal tract. Therefore, we hypothesized that delivering MP within nanoparticles decorated with NEP1-40 could avoid the disadvantages of free MP and enhance its therapeutic efficacy against SCI. Results We used human serum albumin to prepare MP-loaded NPs (MP-NPs), to whose surface we conjugated NEP1-40 to form NEP1-40-MP-NPs. Transmission electron microscopy indicated successful formation of nanoparticles. NEP1-40-MP-NPs were taken up significantly better than MP-NPs by the Nogo-positive cell line RSC-96 and were associated with significantly higher Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan locomotor scores in rats recovering from SCI. Micro-computed tomography assay showed that NEP1-40-MP-NPs mitigated SCI-associated loss of bone mineral density and accelerated spinal cord repair. Conclusions NEP1-40-MP-NPs can enhance the therapeutic effects of MP against SCI. This novel platform may also be useful for delivering other types of drugs. ![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12951-019-0449-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Chunhong Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Ruolan Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Luzhou TCM Hospital, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | | | - Jiayao Lyu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Na Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Zhirong Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education (Sichuan University), Chengdu, 610000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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Effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on HMGB1/NF-κB expression and prognosis of acute spinal cord injury: A randomized clinical trial. Neurosci Lett 2018; 692:47-52. [PMID: 30391318 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although there are reports of the beneficial effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy in experimental settings, there are few clinical trials of HBO therapy for acute spinal cord injury (SCI). We investigated the effect of HBO in acute SCI by measuring plasma high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) levels, and by monitoring changes in electromyogram F-persistence (the percentage of discernible F-waves) and F-chronodispersion (the difference between minimal and maximal latency). We enrolled 79 acute SCI patients and randomly divided them into control (conventional treatment) and the treatment (conventional treatment plus HBO therapy) groups. Plasma was collected before treatment and after treatment on 1st, 3rd, 7th, 10th and 30th day for the measurement of HMGB1 and NF-κB. Electromyogram F-waves were detected before therapy and after therapy on the 10th and 30th days. Clinical profiles and neurological outcomes were evaluated using American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) and Frankel Grade scores. Compared to the control group, HBO therapy down-regulated HMGB1 and NF-κB expression in patients with acute SCI on days 3, 7, 10 and 30 (p < 0.05). F-wave chronodispersion decreased at days 10 and 30 (p < 0.01) following HBO. ASIA and Frankel Grade motor/pain scores in the treatment group were significantly improved on day 30 (p < 0.01). There was a positive correlation between plasma NF-κB at day 7 and F-wave dispersion at day 30 (r = 0.76, p = 0.00). In summary, HBO therapy regulated the inflammatory reaction in secondary SCI by decreasing plasma HMGB1/NF-κB levels and reducing the dispersion of electromyogram F-waves of the lower limbs, thereby promoting neurological function recovery.
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Overexpression of miR-219 promotes differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into pre-oligodendrocyte. J Chem Neuroanat 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Noorzehi G, Pasbakhsh P, Borhani-Haghighi M, Kashani IR, Madadi S, Tahmasebi F, Nekoonam S, Azizi M. Microglia polarization by methylprednizolone acetate accelerates cuprizone induced demyelination. J Mol Histol 2018; 49:471-479. [PMID: 30143908 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-018-9786-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are known as inflammatory drugs, which are used in neuroinflammatory diseases. Unlike the classic picture, recent studies have revealed that some GC drugs exacerbate inflammatory responses in their acute and prolonged administration. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating inflammatory disorder, in which reactive M1 microglia phenotype play a central role. Since methylprednisolone (MP), as a synthetic GC, are commonly used by MS patients, in this study, we evaluated the effect of long-term administration of MP on microglia polarization in cuprizone (CPZ)-induced MS model. The immunostaining results showed that chronic exposure to MP in the CPZ treated mice increased the number of Iba-1 positive microglia, which significantly expressed IP10 as M1 marker than arginase as M2 marker. MP treatment induced significant amplification in the transcript levels of iNOS and TNF-α (M1-related markers) in the corpus callosum of the MS mice, whereas no change detected in the expression of IL-10 (M2-related marker) between the groups. In addition, evaluation of myelin by luxol fast blue staining and transmission electron microscopy revealed that prolonged MP administration increased demyelination in comparison to the CPZ group. In conclusion, our results show that chronic MP therapy in the CPZ-induced demyelination model of MS polarized microglia to M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golaleh Noorzehi
- School of Medicine, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parichehr Pasbakhsh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Street, 1417613151, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Borhani-Haghighi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Street, 1417613151, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Ragerdi Kashani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Street, 1417613151, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soheila Madadi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Street, 1417613151, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tahmasebi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Street, 1417613151, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saied Nekoonam
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Street, 1417613151, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Azizi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Poursina Street, 1417613151, Tehran, Iran
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Squair JW, West CR, Popok D, Assinck P, Liu J, Tetzlaff W, Krassioukov AV. High Thoracic Contusion Model for the Investigation of Cardiovascular Function after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:671-684. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan W. Squair
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- MD/PhD Training Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher R. West
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David Popok
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peggy Assinck
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jie Liu
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wolfram Tetzlaff
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrei V. Krassioukov
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver Health Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Han Y, Kim KT. Neural Growth Factor Stimulates Proliferation of Spinal Cord Derived-Neural Precursor/Stem Cells. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2016; 59:437-41. [PMID: 27651860 PMCID: PMC5028602 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2016.59.5.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Recently, regenerative therapies have been used in clinical trials (heart, cartilage, skeletal). We don't make use of these treatments to spinal cord injury (SCI) patients yet, but regenerative therapies are rising interest in recent study about SCI. Neural precursor/stem cell (NPSC) proliferation is a significant event in functional recovery of the central nervous system (CNS). However, brain NPSCs and spinal cord NPSCs (SC-NPSCs) have many differences including gene expression and proliferation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of neural growth factor (NGF) on the proliferation of SC-NPSCs. Methods NPSCs (2×104) were suspended in 100 µL of neurobasal medium containing NGF-7S (Sigma-Aldrich) and cultured in a 96-well plate for 12 days. NPSC proliferation was analyzed five times for either concentration of NGF (0.02 and 2 ng/mL). Sixteen rats after SCI were randomly allocated into two groups. In group 1 (SCI-vehicle group, n=8), animals received 1.0 mL of the saline vehicle solution. In group 2 (SCI-NGF group, n=8), the animals received single doses of NGF (Sigma-Aldrich). A dose of 0.02 ng/mL of NGF or normal saline as a vehicle control was intra-thecally injected daily at 24 hour intervals for 7 days. For Immunohistochemistry analysis, rats were sacrificed after one week and the spinal cords were obtained. Results The elevation of cell proliferation with 0.02 ng/mL NGF was significant (p<0.05) but was not significant for 2 ng/mL NGF. The optical density was increased in the NGF 0.02 ng/mL group compared to the control group and NGF 2 ng/mL groups. The density of nestin in the SCI-NGF group was significantly increased over the SCI-vehicle group (p<0.05). High power microscopy revealed that the density of nestin in the SCI-NGF group was significantly increased over the SCI-vehicle group. Conclusion SC-NPSC proliferation is an important pathway in the functional recovery of SCI. NGF enhances SC-NPSC proliferation in vitro and in vivo. NGF may be a useful option for treatment of SCI patients pending further studies to verify the clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Tae Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
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Kim KT, Kim HJ, Cho DC, Bae JS, Park SW. Substance P stimulates proliferation of spinal neural stem cells in spinal cord injury via the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Spine J 2015; 15:2055-65. [PMID: 25921821 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that can influence neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) proliferation and neurogenesis in the brain. However, we could not find any experimental study that investigates SP action in the spinal cord. PURPOSE The aims of our study were to investigate the potential of the neuropeptide SP in promoting the proliferation of spinal cord-derived NSPCs (SC-NSPCs) after spinal cord injury (SCI) and to clarify the roles of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway in the process. STUDY DESIGN This is a randomized animal study. METHODS The SC-NSPCs were suspended in 100 μL of a neurobasal medium containing SP (binds neurokinin-1 receptor [NK1R]) or L-703,606 (NK1R antagonist) and cultured in a 96-well plate for 5 days. A cell proliferation assay was performed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay. A cord clipping method was used for the SCI model. Substance P and the NK1R antagonist (L-703,606) were infused intrathecally in SCI and sham models. Neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation was evaluated with immunostaining for bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and the immature neural marker nestin. An immunoblotting method was used for evaluating the MAP kinase signaling protein that contains extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs and p38) and β-actin as the control group. RESULTS In vitro, SP (0.01-10 μmol/L) increased the proliferation of cultured SC-NSPCs, with a peak increase of 35±2% at the 0.1 μmol/L concentration. Substance P of 0.1 μmol/L continuously increased SC-NSPC proliferation from 6 hours to 5 days, whereas the proliferation decreased from 18% to 98% with L-703,606 (1-10 μM). Intrathecal infusion of SP (1 μmol/L) for 7 days significantly increased the number of proliferating NPSCs (cells positive for both BrdU and nestin) in the spinal cord (by 120±17%, p<.05) in adult rats, but infusion of L-703,606 (10 μmol/L) significantly decreased the post-SCI induction of NPSC proliferation in the spinal cord (by 87±4%). Also, SP stimulates proliferation of SC-NSPCs via the MAP kinase signaling pathway, especially the phosphorylated ERK and phosphorylated p38 proteins. The phosphorylated ERK and phosphorylated p38 protein levels increased with SP (0.1 μmol/L, p<.05). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that SP can promote proliferation of SC-NSPCs in SCI and normal conditions and have important roles in neuronal regeneration after SCI. Also, ERKs and p38 MAP kinases are important signaling proteins in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Tae Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 50 Samduk-2-ga, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye-Jeong Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 50 Samduk-2-ga, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Chul Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 50 Samduk-2-ga, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Bae
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Won Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, 224-1 Heukseok dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-755, Republic of Korea
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Noguchi T, Ohta S, Kakinoki R, Ikeguchi R, Kaizawa Y, Oda H, Matsuda S. The neuroprotective effect of erythropoietin on spinal motor neurons after nerve root avulsion injury in rats. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2015; 33:461-70. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-140481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Noguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Souichi Ohta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kakinoki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ikeguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukitoshi Kaizawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Oda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Hou TT, Yang XY, Xia P, Pan S, Liu J, Qi ZP. Exercise promotes motor functional recovery in rats with corticospinal tract injury: anti-apoptosis mechanism. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:644-50. [PMID: 26170828 PMCID: PMC4424760 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.155441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that exercise interventions can improve functional recovery after spinal cord injury, but the mechanism of action remains unclear. To investigate the mechanism, we established a unilateral corticospinal tract injury model in rats by pyramidotomy, and used a single pellet reaching task and horizontal ladder walking task as exercise interventions postoperatively. Functional recovery of forelimbs and forepaws in the rat models was noticeably enhanced after the exercises. Furthermore, TUNEL staining revealed significantly fewer apoptotic cells in the spinal cord of exercised rats, and western blot analysis showed that spinal cord expression of the apoptosis-related protein caspase-3 was significantly lower, and the expression of Bcl-2 was significantly higher, while the expression of Bax was not signifiantly changed after exercise, compared with the non-exercised group. Expression of these proteins decreased with time after injury, towards the levels observed in sham-operated rats, however at 4 weeks postoperatively, caspase-3 expression remained significantly greater than in sham-operated rats. The present findings indicate that a reduction in apoptosis is one of the mechanisms underlying the improvement of functional recovery by exercise interventions after corticospinal tract injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Hou
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Su Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Clinical Medical College of Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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13
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Kang N, Hai Y, Yang J, Liang F, Gao CJ. Hyperbaric oxygen intervention reduces secondary spinal cord injury in rats via regulation of HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:1141-53. [PMID: 25973000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 09/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate whether hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) intervention affects the expressions of inflammatory cytokines, HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB, and arrests secondary spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS One hundred and twenty healthy adult SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham, sham + HBO, SCI, and SCI + HBO. Each group was then randomly divided into five subgroups of 6 rats each according to the following time points: 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14 d post injury. Functional recovery of the hindlimb was assessed by Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scores at different time points after SCI. The expression of HMGB1, TLR4, and NF-κB in the spinal cord tissue was determined by fluorescence quantitative PCR, western blot, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA. RESULTS The gene expressions of TLR4, HMGB1, and NF-κB (P < 0.01) and the TLR4 protein expression were significantly high after SCI. HBO intervention significantly decreased all the four parameters at 3, 7, and 14 d post injury (P < 0.05). A significant positive correlation (P < 0.01) was observed between the following: HMGB1 mRNA, TLR4 mRNA and TLR4 protein; HMGB1 mRNA and NF-κB mRNA; and TLR4 protein and NF-κB mRNA. BBB score was negatively correlated with HMGB1, TLR4 protein and NF-κB levels. HBO intervention significantly improved the BBB scores at 7 and 14 d post injury (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Hyperbaric oxygen reduced the expressions of HMGB1, TLR4, and NF-κB and reduced secondary SCI as measured using BBB scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Kang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Yong Hai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Fang Liang
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Jin Gao
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing 100020, P.R. China
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Squair JW, West CR, Krassioukov AV. Neuroprotection, Plasticity Manipulation, and Regenerative Strategies to Improve Cardiovascular Function following Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:609-21. [PMID: 25582334 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to the central nervous system, as in the case of spinal cord injury (SCI), results in disrupted supraspinal sympathetic influence and subsequent cardiovascular control impairments. Consequently, people with SCI suffer from disordered basal hemodynamics and devastating fluctuations in blood pressure, as in the case of autonomic dysreflexia (AD), which likely contribute to this population's leading cause of mortality: cardiovascular disease. The development of AD is related, at least in part, to neuroanatomical changes that include disrupted descending supraspinal sympathetic control, changes in propriospinal circuitry, and inappropriate afferent sprouting in the dorsal horn. These anatomical mechanisms may thus be targeted by neural regenerative and protective therapies to improve cardiovascular control and reduce AD. Here, we discuss the relationship between abnormal cardiovascular control and its underlying neuroanatomy. We then review current studies investigating biochemical strategies to reduce the severity of AD through: 1) reducing aberrant calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive afferent sprouting; 2) inhibiting inflammatory processes; and 3) re-establishing descending supraspinal sympathetic control. Finally, we discuss why additional biochemical agents and combinational approaches may be needed to completely ameliorate this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan W Squair
- 1 International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Xiang L, Chen Y. Stem cell transplantation for treating spinal cord injury: A literature comparison between studies of stem cells obtained from various sources. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1256-63. [PMID: 25709624 PMCID: PMC4336961 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.16.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To identify global research trends of stem cell transplantation for treating spinal cord injury using a bibliometric analysis of the Web of Science. DATA RETRIEVAL: We performed a bibliometric analysis of data retrievals for stem cell transplantation for treating spinal cord injury from 2002 to 2011 using the Web of Science. SELECTION CRITERIA: Inclusion criteria: (a) peer-reviewed articles on stem cell transplantation for treating spinal cord injury that were published and indexed in the Web of Science; (b) type of articles: original research articles, reviews, meeting abstracts, proceedings papers, book chapters, editorial material, and news items; and (c) year of publication: 2002–2011. Exclusion criteria: (a) articles that required manual searching or telephone access; (b) documents that were not published in the public domain; and (c) a number of corrected papers from the total number of articles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Annual publication output; (2) distribution according to country; (3) distribution according to institution; (4) distribution according to journals; (5) distribution according to funding agencies; and (6) top cited articles over the last 10 years. RESULTS: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and embryonic stem cells have been widely used for treating spinal cord injury. In total, 191 studies of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation and 236 studies of embryonic stem cell transplantation for treating spinal cord injury appeared in the Web of Science from 2002 to 2011, and almost half of which were derived from American or Japanese authors and institutes. The number of studies of stem cell transplantation for treating spinal cord injury has gradually increased over the past 10 years. Most papers on stem cell transplantation for treating spinal cord injury appeared in journals with a particular focus on stem cell research, such as Stem Cells and Cell Transplantation. Although umbilical cord blood stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells have been studied for treating spinal cord injury, the number of published papers was much smaller, with only 21 and 17 records, respectively, in the Web of Science. CONCLUSION: Based on our analysis of the literature and research trends, we found that stem cells transplantation obtained from various sources have been studied for treating spinal cord injury; however, it is difficult for researchers to reach a consensus on this theme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbi Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, China
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Yuan N, Tian W, Sun L, Yuan R, Tao J, Chen D. Neural stem cell transplantation in a double-layer collagen membrane with unequal pore sizes for spinal cord injury repair. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1014-9. [PMID: 25206753 PMCID: PMC4146296 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.133160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel double-layer collagen membrane with unequal pore sizes in each layer was designed and tested in this study. The inner, loose layer has about 100-μm-diameter pores, while the outer, compact layer has about 10-μm-diameter pores. In a rat model of incomplete spinal cord injury, a large number of neural stem cells were seeded into the loose layer, which was then adhered to the injured side, and the compact layer was placed against the lateral side. The results showed that the transplantation of neural stem cells in a double-layer collagen membrane with unequal pore sizes promoted the differentiation of neural stem cells, attenuated the pathological lesion, and significantly improved the motor function of the rats with incomplete spinal cord injuries. These experimental findings suggest that the transplantation of neural stem cells in a double-layer collagen membrane with unequal pore sizes is an effective therapeutic strategy to repair an injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yuan
- Department of Spine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Department of Spine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Beijing Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Beijing, China
| | - Runying Yuan
- Beijing Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Tao
- Beijing Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Beijing, China
| | - Dafu Chen
- Beijing Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Beijing, China
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17
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Tan J, Shi J, Shi G, Liu Y, Liu X, Wang C, Chen D, Xing S, Shen L, Jia L, Ye X, He H, Li J. Changes in compressed neurons from dogs with acute and severe cauda equina constrictions following intrathecal injection of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-conjugated polymer nanoparticles. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:233-43. [PMID: 25206593 PMCID: PMC4107517 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study established a dog model of acute multiple cauda equina constriction by experimental constriction injury (48 hours) of the lumbosacral central processes in dorsal root ganglia neurons. The repair effect of intrathecal injection of brain-derived neurotrophic factor with 15 mg encapsulated biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles on this injury was then analyzed. Dorsal root ganglion cells (L7) of all experimental dogs were analyzed using hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry at 1, 2 and 4 weeks following model induction. Intrathecal injection of brain-derived neurotrophic factor can relieve degeneration and inflammation, and elevate the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in sensory neurons of compressed dorsal root ganglion. Simultaneously, intrathecal injection of brain-derived neurotrophic factor obviously improved neurological function in the dog model of acute multiple cauda equina constriction. Results verified that sustained intraspinal delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor encapsulated in biodegradable nanoparticles promoted the repair of histomorphology and function of neurons within the dorsal root ganglia in dogs with acute and severe cauda equina syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Tan
- Center of Trauma Repair and Reconstruction of Chinese PLA and Department of Orthopedics of the 98th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiangang Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Guodong Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Pathologic Laboratory of Chest Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Pathologic Laboratory of Chest Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chaoyang Wang
- Center of Trauma Repair and Reconstruction of Chinese PLA and Department of Orthopedics of the 98th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dechun Chen
- Center of Trauma Repair and Reconstruction of Chinese PLA and Department of Orthopedics of the 98th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shunming Xing
- Center of Trauma Repair and Reconstruction of Chinese PLA and Department of Orthopedics of the 98th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lianbing Shen
- Center of Trauma Repair and Reconstruction of Chinese PLA and Department of Orthopedics of the 98th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lianshun Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xiaojian Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Hailong He
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jiashun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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Son S, Kim KT, Cho DC, Kim HJ, Sung JK, Bae JS. Curcumin Stimulates Proliferation of Spinal Cord Neural Progenitor Cells via a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2014; 56:1-4. [PMID: 25289117 PMCID: PMC4185312 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2014.56.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aims of our study are to evaluate the effect of curcumin on spinal cord neural progenitor cell (SC-NPC) proliferation and to clarify the mechanisms of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways in SC-NPCs. Methods We established cultures of SC-NPCs, extracted from the spinal cord of Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250 g to 350 g. We measured proliferation rates of SC-NPCs after curcumin treatment at different dosage. The immuno-blotting method was used to evaluate the MAP kinase signaling protein that contains extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), p38, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNKs) and β-actin as the control group. Results Curcumin has a biphasic effect on SC-NPC proliferation. Lower dosage (0.1, 0.5, 1 µM) of curcumin increased SC-NPC proliferation. However, higher dosage decreased SC-NPC proliferation. Also, curcumin stimulates proliferation of SC-NPCs via the MAP kinase signaling pathway, especially involving the p-ERK and p-38 protein. The p-ERK protein and p38 protein levels varied depending on curcumin dosage (0.5 and 1 µM, p<0.05). Conclusion Curcumin can stimulate proliferation of SC-NPCs via ERKs and the p38 signaling pathway in low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihoon Son
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Tae Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dae-Chul Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye-Jeong Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Joo-Kyung Sung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Bae
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Cui B, Li E, Yang B, Wang B. Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:1233-1236. [PMID: 24940417 PMCID: PMC3991533 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell (HUCB-MSC) transplantation on the functional restoration of spinal cord injury (SCI). A total of 46 adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: Injury (n=15), control (n=15) and transplantation (n=16). A SCI model was established using the modified Allen’s method (vulnerating energy, 25 g/cm). The rats in the control and transplantation groups were injected at the site of the injury with physiological saline and HUCB-MSC suspension, respectively. At week one, two and four following treatment, the behavior of the rats was evaluated using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan locomotor rating scale. In addition, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on samples from the rats that had been sacrificed four weeks subsequent to the treatment. Recovery of the spinal cord nerve function was identified to be significantly different at week two and four following treatment (P<0.05), and IHC identified that at week four following treatment novel nerve cells were being produced. Thus, transplantation of HUCB-MSCs promoted the recovery of the damaged function of spinal cord nerves in rats with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhou Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - En Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhengzhou People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
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20
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Hyperbaric oxygen alleviates experimental (spinal cord) injury by downregulating HMGB1/NF-κB expression. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013; 38:E1641-8. [PMID: 24335635 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN We presented an insight into the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on spinal cord injury (SCI), aiming to uncover the dynamics of high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) after HBO intervention in rats with acute SCI. OBJECTIVE Prognosis of SCI is directly linked with the control of secondary injury, in which the inflammatory response plays a leading role. HBO therapy can reduce this secondary damage to the spinal cord. We used an animal model to characterize the therapeutic effect of HBO on SCI. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA A growing number of studies have confirmed that HBO has gradually become an indispensable element after SCI in reducing neurological disorders, and improving the physical function and quality of life of patients. The role of HBO in the process of HMGB1/NF-κB-related secondary inflammatory responses in SCI has yet to be characterized. METHODS Rats were randomly categorized into sham, sham + HBO, SCI, and SCI + HBO groups. The expression levels of HMGB1 and NF-κB were measured at days 1, 3, 7, and 14 after SCI. RESULTS After SCI, significant increases in mRNA and protein expression were observed for both HMGB1 and NF-κB (P< 0.01) compared with sham group. HMGB1 mRNA and protein expression levels were decreased after HBO intervention. The decreases were significant at days 7 and 14 (P< 0.05) post-HBO. In the SCI + HBO group, the significant decreases in NF-κB mRNA and protein expression levels were also observed at days 3, 7, and 14 (P< 0.05). After HBO intervention, a significant increase was seen in the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan score at days 7 and 14 (P< 0.05). CONCLUSION HBO intervention may reduce the secondary damage of SCI caused by inflammatory responses via downregulating the expression of HMGB1/NF-κB, and promoting the repair of neurological function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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21
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Abstract
Spinal cord injury results in significant mortality and morbidity, lifestyle changes, and difficult rehabilitation. Treatment of spinal cord injury is challenging because the spinal cord is both complex to treat acutely and difficult to regenerate. Nanomaterials can be used to provide effective treatments; their unique properties can facilitate drug delivery to the injury site, enact as neuroprotective agents, or provide platforms to stimulate regrowth of damaged tissues. We review recent uses of nanomaterials including nanowires, micelles, nanoparticles, liposomes, and carbon-based nanomaterials for neuroprotection in the acute phase. We also review the design and neural regenerative application of electrospun scaffolds, conduits, and self-assembling peptide scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Y. Tyler
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute and Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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22
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Lin W, Li M, Li Y, Sun X, Li X, Yang F, Huang Y, Wang X. Bone marrow stromal cells promote neurite outgrowth of spinal motor neurons by means of neurotrophic factors in vitro. Neurol Sci 2013; 35:449-57. [PMID: 23832111 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-013-1490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) into spinal cord injury models has shown significant neural function recovery; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully understood. In the present study we examined the effect of BMSCs on neurite outgrowth of spinal motor neuron using an in vitro co-culture system. The ventral horn of the spinal grey matter was harvested from neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats, cultured with BMSCs, and immunostained for neurofilament-200 (NF-200). Neurite outgrowth of spinal motor neurons was measured using Image J software. ELISA was used to quantify neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in culture media, and antibodies or exogenous neurotrophic factors were used to block or mimic the effect of BMSCs on neurite outgrowth, respectively. The results showed that neurite outgrowth significantly increased in spinal motor neurons after co-cultured with BMSCs, while the secretion level of BDNF, GDNF and NGF was dramatically elevated in co-culture. However, the neurite outgrowth-promoting effect of BMSCs was found to significantly reduced using antibodies to BDNF, GDNF and NGF. In addition, a fraction of BMSCs was found to exhibit NF-200 immunoreactivity. These results indicated that BMSCs could promote neurite outgrowth of motor neurons by means of neurotrophic factors. The findings of the present study provided new cues for the treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Lin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, JS, People's Republic of China
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Celik F, Göçmez C, Kamaşak K, Tufek A, Guzel A, Tokgoz O, Fırat U, Evliyaoğlu O. The comparison of neuroprotective effects of intrathecal dexmedetomidine and metilprednisolone in spinal cord injury. Int J Surg 2013; 11:414-8. [PMID: 23542594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is the investigation of the effects of intrathecally injected dexmedetomidine and methylprednisolone and their dominancy over one another in rats with generated Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). METHODS 40, female, adult Wistar Albino rats weighing 220-260 g were included in the study. The rats were fixed with Intrathecal catheter (IT) and divided into four groups. All subjects were applied T7-10 laminectomy after catheter. Group S (n:10) was injected with IT 10 μL isotonic saline; Group C (n:10) with IT 10 μL isotonic saline after SCI; Group D (n:10) with IT one doze 10 μL of dexmedetomidine after SCI; Group M (n:10) IT one dose 10 μL of methylprednisolone. The subjects were sacrificed 72 h after this operation. The damaged area was removed biochemically and histopathologically examined. RESULTS Antioxidant and inflammatory parameters searched for in all damages tissue were statistically different in all groups from group S. They were different in group M and group D than group C (p < 0.001). After the comparison of group D and group M, PON and IL6 values were higher in group D (p = 0.003, p = 0.035) while the other two biochemical parameters were similar in both groups (Table 1). After histopathologic trials, edemas, bleeding and necrosis were found less in group S while at the most in group C (p < 0.001). In group M and group D, however, they were higher than group S and lower than group C (p < 0.001). After the comparison of group D and group M, while there was no difference in terms of edema necrosis, the amount of bleeding was lower in group D (p < 0.001) (Table 2). CONCLUSIONS It has been discovered that intrathecal use of dexmedetomidine caused neuroprotective effects similar to methylprednisolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyzi Celik
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir 21280, Turkey.
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Cerqueira SR, Oliveira JM, Silva NA, Leite-Almeida H, Ribeiro-Samy S, Almeida A, Mano JF, Sousa N, Salgado AJ, Reis RL. Microglia response and in vivo therapeutic potential of methylprednisolone-loaded dendrimer nanoparticles in spinal cord injury. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:738-749. [PMID: 23161735 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The control and manipulation of cells that trigger secondary mechanisms following spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the first opportunities to minimize its highly detrimental outcomes. Herein, the ability of surface-engineered carboxymethylchitosan/polyamidoamine (CMCht/PAMAM) dendrimer nanoparticles to intracellularly deliver methylprednisolone (MP) to glial cells, allowing a controlled and sustained release of this corticosteroid in the injury site, is investigated. The negatively charged MP-loaded CMCht/PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles with sizes of 109 nm enable a MP sustained release, which is detected for a period of 14 days by HPLC. In vitro studies in glial primary cultures show that incubation with 200 μg mL(-1) nanoparticles do not affect the cells' viability or proliferation, while allowing the entire population to internalize the nanoparticles. At higher concentrations, microglial cell viability is proven to be affected in response to the MP amount released. Following lateral hemisection lesions in rats, nanoparticle uptake by the spinal tissue is observed 3 h after administration. Moreover, significant differences in the locomotor output between the controls and the MP-loaded nanoparticle-treated animals one month after the lesion are observed. Therefore, MP-loaded CMCht/PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles may prove to be useful in the reduction of the secondary injury following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana R Cerqueira
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra, S. Cláudio do Barco, 4806-909 Caldas das Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal.
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Sanaullah M, Hashim ASM, Sundus A, Bashir S, Rehman M. Delayed diagnosis of post-traumatic C7 vertebra anterior subluxation with an unusual neurological pattern: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2013; 7:33. [PMID: 23369603 PMCID: PMC3567952 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-7-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED INTRODUCTION Post-traumatic subluxations are potentially devastating injuries to the axial skeleton. Of utmost priority are an expedient and timely diagnosis and realignment because of its association with spinal cord and nerve root trauma, which lead to progressive deleterious neurological deficits. A good radiological study of the occipitocervical joint and first thoracic vertebra is key to a successful early diagnosis. However, cases might still fail to be diagnosed, leading to trouble. A case of post-traumatic subluxation at the C7 vertebral level with an unusual neurological pattern is presented here. CASE PRESENTATION A 35-year-old farmer from the Sindh province of Pakistan presented to our neurology department after a fall 2 months earlier and complained of lower limb pain and difficulty in walking. He had numbness in both of his lower limbs up to his umbilical region, with sparing of bladder function along with intact strength in the upper extremities bilaterally. CONCLUSIONS Our case highlights the unusual sparing of upper limbs and intact urinary continence with severe lower limb deficits in a 70% subluxation. Our case is unusual because highly detrimental effects such as quadriplegia are expected with such extreme subluxation, but our patient presented with only lower limb deficits. This case serves as a reminder to emergency medicine doctors, spine surgeons, and even radiologists (a) to evaluate spine injuries by using computed tomography in trauma patients to identify artifact around a suspected injury and (b) to be mindful of negative conventional radiographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sanaullah
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-e-Urdu Road, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan.
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Maixner DW, Weng HR. The Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta in Neuroinflammation and Pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 1:001. [PMID: 25309941 DOI: 10.13188/2327-204x.1000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a crucial mechanism related to many neurological diseases. Extensive studies in recent years have indicated that dysregulation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta (GSK3β) contributes to the development and progression of these disorders through regulating the neuroinflammation processes. Inhibitors of GSK3β have been shown to be beneficial in many neuroinflammatory disease models including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and AIDS dem entia complex. Glial activation and elevated pro-inflammation cytokines (signs of neuroinflammation) in the spinal cord have been widely recognized as a pivotal mechanism underlying the development and maintenance of many types of pathological pain. The role of GSK3β in the pathogenesis of pain has recently emerged. In this review, we will first review the GSK3β structure, regulation, and mechanisms by which GSK3βregulates inflammation. We will then describe neuroinflammationin general and in specific types of neurological diseases and the potential beneficial effects induced by inhibiting GSK3β. Finally, we will provide new evidence linking aberrant levels of GSK3β in the development of pathological pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Warren Maixner
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia, 30606, USA
| | - Han-Rong Weng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia, 30606, USA
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Gen-Long J, Zhi-Zhong L, Tan T, Yong-Qin P, Zhi-Gang Z. Efficacy of spinal pia mater incision and laminoplasty combined with internal fixation for old spinal cord injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 27:134-40. [PMID: 23062634 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-9294(14)60045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical efficacy of incising spinal pia mater to relieve pressure and unilateral open-door laminoplasty with internal screw fixation for treatment of the dated spinal cord injury. METHODS From March, 2009 to July, 2010, 16 cases with chronic cervical cord injury underwent spinal dura mater incision and unilateral open-door laminoplasty with internal screw fixation. Nerve functions of pre- and postoperation were evaluated by Frankel classification and the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scale.The improvement rate of JOA score at the indicated time was recorded. RESULTS Postoperative Frankel classification rating of 16 patients improved obviously.JOA scores at the 1st month, 3rd month, 6th month, and 12th month after surgery were 7.9 ± 2.3, 8.5 ± 1.6, 8.9 ± 2.1, and 12.4 ± 2.5, respectively, and significantly increased compared with that prior to surgery (5.5 ± 0.6). At the end of follow-up period, JOA score was significantly higher than that of pre-treatment (P<0.05). The recovery was relatively rapid during the first 3 months following the surgery, then entered a platform period. CONCLUSION It is effective for patients with dated spinal cord injury to undergo spinal decompression and laminoplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Gen-Long
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University,Guangzhou 510632, China
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Feasibility of patient recruitment into clinical trials of experimental treatments for acute spinal cord injury. J Clin Neurosci 2012; 19:1338-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The timing of established detrusor hyperreflexia in a rat model of neuropathic bladder. J Surg Res 2012; 178:346-51. [PMID: 22883436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proper timing of catheter insertion and the use of a suitable surgical method are essential parts of producing rat models to evaluate neuropathic bladder following spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Thirty-two female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into four groups. Group 1 underwent surgical laminectomy using the classic method. Group 2 underwent SCI 7 d following insertion of the catheter, and group 3 underwent sham operation. For bladder catheterization, a 4.5 Fr catheter was fixed into the bladder and tunneled beneath the skin to reach out at the nape of the neck. Group 4 underwent urodynamic study via bladder catheter prior to surgery and every 10 d following the operation to determine the exact time of establishing neuropathic bladder following spinal shock. The animals' survival rate and bladder wall's histopathologic changes were assessed 30 d following the operation. RESULTS Simultaneous suprapubic catheter placement raised the mortality rate in group 1 in comparison with group 2. Repeated urodynamic study in group 4 showed hypertonic behavior in the bladder 10 d after SCI, with significantly increased leak point pressure and bladder capacity; however, the end filling pressure and constant neuropathic bladder on cystometric indices are attained from 20 d after the operation. CONCLUSIONS Insertion of a bladder catheter 1 wk prior to SCI provides an applicable route for repeated cystometric studies in rats. The results demonstrate that sustained bladder overactivity is established in rats 20 d after SCI and animals are ready for further experiments on neuropathic bladder dysfunction following this period.
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Reier PJ, Lane MA, Hall ED, Teng YD, Howland DR. Translational spinal cord injury research: preclinical guidelines and challenges. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 109:411-33. [PMID: 23098728 PMCID: PMC4288927 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52137-8.00026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the neurobiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) have prompted increasing attention to opportunities for moving experimental strategies towards clinical applications. Preclinical studies are the centerpiece of the translational process. A major challenge is to establish strategies for achieving optimal translational progression while minimizing potential repetition of previous disappointments associated with clinical trials. This chapter reviews and expands upon views pertaining to preclinical design reported in recently published opinion surveys. Subsequent discussion addresses other preclinical considerations more specifically related to current and potentially imminent cellular and pharmacological approaches to acute/subacute and chronic SCI. Lastly, a retrospective and prospective analysis examines how guidelines currently under discussion relate to select examples of past, current, and future clinical translations. Although achieving definition of the "perfect" preclinical scenario is difficult to envision, this review identifies therapeutic robustness and independent replication of promising experimental findings as absolutely critical prerequisites for clinical translation. Unfortunately, neither has been fully embraced thus far. Accordingly, this review challenges the notion "everything works in animals and nothing in humans", since more rigor must first be incorporated into the bench-to-bedside translational process by all concerned, whether in academia, clinical medicine, or corporate circles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Reier
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Delayed granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment promotes functional recovery in rats with severe contusive spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012; 37:10-7. [PMID: 22024901 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e31823b0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN We used a severe contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) model and electrophysiologic, motor functional, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic examinations to analyze the neuroprotective effects of delayed granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment. OBJECTIVE To determine the neuroprotective effects of delayed G-CSF treatment using multimodality evaluations after severe contusive SCI in rats. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Despite some reports that G-CSF treatment in the acute stage of different central nervous system injury models was neuroprotective, it has not been determined whether delayed G-CSF treatment can promote neural recovery in severe contusive SCI. METHODS Rats with severe contusive SCI were divided into 2 groups: G-CSF group rats were given serial subcutaneous injections of G-CSF, and control group rats (controls) were given only saline injections on postcontusion days 9 to 13. Using the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scale and cortical somatosensory evoked potentials, we recorded functional evaluations weekly. The spinal cords were harvested for protein and immunohistochemical analysis, and for electron microscopy examination. RESULTS The preserved spinal cord area was larger in G-CSF group rats than in control group rats. Both sensory and motor functions improved after G-CSF treatment. Detachment and disruption of the myelin sheets in the myelinated axons were significantly decreased, and axons sprouted and regenerated. There were fewer microglia and macrophages in the G-CSF group than in the control group. The levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor were comparable between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION Delayed G-CSF treatment at the subacute stage of severe contusive SCI promoted spinal cord preservation and improved functional outcomes. The mechanism of G-CSF's protection may be related in part to attenuating the infiltration of microglia and macrophages.
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Transplantation of neurospheres derived from bone marrow stromal cells promotes neurological recovery in rats with spinal cord injury. Med Mol Morphol 2011; 44:131-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00795-010-0519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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López-Vales R, Ghasemlou N, Redensek A, Kerr BJ, Barbayianni E, Antonopoulou G, Baskakis C, Rathore KI, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Stephens D, Shimizu T, Dennis EA, Kokotos G, David S. Phospholipase A2 superfamily members play divergent roles after spinal cord injury. FASEB J 2011; 25:4240-52. [PMID: 21868473 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-183186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in permanent loss of motor functions. A significant aspect of the tissue damage and functional loss may be preventable as it occurs, secondary to the trauma. We show that the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) superfamily plays important roles in SCI. PLA(2) enzymes hydrolyze membrane glycerophospholipids to yield a free fatty acid and lysophospholipid. Some free fatty acids (arachidonic acid) give rise to eicosanoids that promote inflammation, while some lysophospholipids (lysophosphatidylcholine) cause demyelination. We show in a mouse model of SCI that two cytosolic forms [calcium-dependent PLA(2) group IVA (cPLA(2) GIVA) and calcium-independent PLA(2) group VIA (iPLA(2) GVIA)], and a secreted form [secreted PLA(2) group IIA (sPLA(2) GIIA)] are up-regulated. Using selective inhibitors and null mice, we show that these PLA(2)s play differing roles. cPLA(2) GIVA mediates protection, whereas sPLA(2) GIIA and, to a lesser extent, iPLA(2) GVIA are detrimental. Furthermore, completely blocking all three PLA(2)s worsens outcome, while the most beneficial effects are seen by partial inhibition of all three. The partial inhibitor enhances expression of cPLA(2) and mediates its beneficial effects via the prostaglandin EP1 receptor. These findings indicate that drugs that inhibit detrimental forms of PLA(2) (sPLA(2) and iPLA2) and up-regulate the protective form (cPLA2) may be useful for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubèn López-Vales
- Center for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Livingston Hall, 1650 Cedar Ave., Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) contributes to secondary damage after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2010; 30:13750-9. [PMID: 20943915 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2998-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response contributes importantly to secondary tissue damage and functional deficits after spinal cord injury (SCI). In this work, we identified mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2 or MK2), a downstream substrate of p38 MAPK, as a potential target using microarray analysis of contused spinal cord tissue taken at the peak of the inflammatory response. There was increased expression and phosphorylation of MK2 after SCI, with phospho-MK2 expressed in microglia/macrophages, neurons and astrocytes. We examined the role of MK2 in spinal cord contusion injury using MK2(-/-) mice. These results show that locomotor recovery was significantly improved in MK2(-/-) mice, compared with wild-type controls. MK2(-/-) mice showed reduced neuron and myelin loss, and increased sparing of serotonergic fibers in the ventral horn caudal to the injury site. We also found differential expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 in MK2(-/-) and wild-type mice after SCI. Significant reduction was also seen in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and protein nitrosylation in the injured spinal cord of MK2(-/-) mice. Our previous work has shown that macrophages lacking MK2 have an anti-inflammatory phenotype. We now show that there is no difference in the number of macrophages in the injured spinal cord between the two mouse strains and little if any difference in their phagocytic capacity, suggesting that macrophages lacking MK2 have a beneficial phenotype. These findings suggest that a lack of MK2 can reduce tissue damage after SCI and improve locomotor recovery. MK2 may therefore be a useful target to treat acute SCI.
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Beneficial effect of the traditional chinese drug shu-xue-tong on recovery of spinal cord injury in the rat. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2010; 2011. [PMID: 20953395 PMCID: PMC2952331 DOI: 10.1155/2011/862197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Shu-Xue-Tong (SXT) is a traditional Chinese drug widely used to ameliorate stagnation of blood flow, such as brain or myocardial infarction. Whether SXT may have therapeutic value for spinal cord injury (SCI), during which ischemia plays an important role in its pathology, remains to be elucidated. We hypothesized that SXT may promote SCI healing by improving spinal cord blood flow (SCBF), and a study was thus designed to explore this possibility. Twenty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. SCI was induced by compression, and SXT was administrated 24 h postinjury for 14 successive days. The effects of SXT were assessed by means of laser-Doppler flowmetry, motor functional analysis (open-field walking and footprint analysis), and histological analysis (hematoxylin-eosin and thionin staining and NeuN immunohistochemistry). SXT significantly promoted SCBF of the contused spinal cord and enhanced the recovery of motor function. Histological analysis indicated that the lesion size was reduced, the pathological changes were ameliorated, and more neurons were preserved. Based on these results we conclude that SXT can effectively improve SCI.
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Zhang S, Xia YY, Lim HC, Tang FR, Feng ZW. NCAM-mediated locomotor recovery from spinal cord contusion injury involves neuroprotection, axon regeneration, and synaptogenesis. Neurochem Int 2010; 56:919-29. [PMID: 20381564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The expression level of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), which plays a critical role in pathways involving development and plasticity of the nervous system, changes markedly after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the significance of NCAM-involved mechanisms in SCI remains elusive. The present study demonstrates that NCAM-deficient (ND) mice exhibited significantly poorer locomotor activity than wildtype (WT) littermates with the same injury intensity by the contusion model. To determine detailed contribution of NCAM, quantitative immunohistochemistry examination was performed on the injured spinal cord of 6mm along the rostrocaudal axis in the animals for up to 5 weeks after SCI. Overall level of NCAM decreased initially in the lesion site but increased around the center of the injury thereafter. At acute stage, more apoptotic cells were found in the gray and white matter in ND mice. Between the two animal groups, no obvious difference in expression levels of GFAP (astrocytosis marker) and MBP (remyelination marker) was detected. However, diverse expression trends of NF200 (axon marker), GAP-43 (synaptogenesis indicator) and phosphorylated ERK (active signal molecule) were observed in the area encompassing the lesion site, and remarkable differences were illustrated between WT mice and ND littermates. Detailed analysis indicates that NCAM-mediated pathways may be involved in the activation of ERK at acute stages and bi-phasic upregulation of GAP-43 expression at acute and sub-acute stages after SCI to promote cell survival, outgrowth of regenerated axons, synaptogenesis, and function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Zhang
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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Zhang N, Wimmer J, Qian SJ, Chen WS. Stem Cells: Current Approach and Future Prospects in Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 293:519-30. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Targeting a dominant negative rho kinase to neurons promotes axonal outgrowth and partial functional recovery after rat rubrospinal tract lesion. Mol Ther 2009; 17:2020-30. [PMID: 19623163 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many axonal growth inhibitors that contribute to the usual failure of axon regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) exert their effects via the RhoA-Rho kinase (ROCK) signal pathway. In this study, we investigated whether lentiviral vector (LV)-mediated neuron-specific expression of a dominant negative mutant of ROCK (DNROCK) could promote axon outgrowth in vitro and in vivo. Dissociated adult rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were seeded on solubilized myelin proteins and transduced with either LV/DNROCK or LV/green fluorescent protein (GFP). DNROCK-expressing neurons were shown to have a greater chance of generating neurites and a longer mean length of neurite than GFP-expressing neurons. In the in vivo studies, lentiviruses were injected into the adult rat red nucleus followed by unilateral rubrospinal tract (RST) transection at the fourth cervical level. Rats in the DNROCK group showed better functional recovery in the affected hindlimbs and forelimbs than those in the GFP group. Examination of the spinal cord sections revealed more rubrospinal axonal profiles growing to the spinal cord caudal to the lesion in the DNROCK group than in the GFP group. These results indicate that blocking the RhoA-ROCK signal pathway by expressing DNROCK can enhance regenerative axonal sprouting and lead to partial recovery of limb function.
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Lee JY, You JW, Sohn HM, Lee SJ, Kwon BK. The Neuroprotective Effect of Combination Therapy of Polyethylene Glycol and Magnesium Sulfate in Acute Spinal Cord Injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.4055/jkoa.2009.44.4.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae-Won You
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hong-Moon Sohn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Brian K Kwon
- Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopaedic Spine Program, Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the reliability of an observational movement assessment in infants and children with spinal cord injury (SCI) by evaluating interrater agreement of joint actions assessed in the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury using the Active Movement Scale testing technique and scoring criteria. METHODS A series of 5 consecutive children with SCI aged 12 months to 4 years were enrolled in this pilot study to evaluate interrater agreement of observational movement. RESULTS There was high agreement of examination scores for unimpaired muscles and completely paralyzed muscles in strength comparisons between the 2 examiners. There was much less agreement of examination scores of partially intact muscles. CONCLUSION Observational movement assessment may be one component of assessing motor function in infants and toddlers with SCI, but additional work must be done.
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Spinal cord injury reveals multilineage differentiation of ependymal cells. PLoS Biol 2008; 6:e182. [PMID: 18651793 PMCID: PMC2475541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury often results in permanent functional impairment. Neural stem cells present in the adult spinal cord can be expanded in vitro and improve recovery when transplanted to the injured spinal cord, demonstrating the presence of cells that can promote regeneration but that normally fail to do so efficiently. Using genetic fate mapping, we show that close to all in vitro neural stem cell potential in the adult spinal cord resides within the population of ependymal cells lining the central canal. These cells are recruited by spinal cord injury and produce not only scar-forming glial cells, but also, to a lesser degree, oligodendrocytes. Modulating the fate of ependymal progeny after spinal cord injury may offer an alternative to cell transplantation for cell replacement therapies in spinal cord injury.
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Ruff RL, McKerracher L, Selzer ME. Repair and Neurorehabilitation Strategies for Spinal Cord Injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1142:1-20. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1444.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Knafo S, Choi D. Clinical studies in spinal cord injury: moving towards successful trials. Br J Neurosurg 2008; 22:3-12. [PMID: 18224516 DOI: 10.1080/02688690701593595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a devastating condition for which there is still no cure. Many new therapies have emerged in the past few decades that have attempted to improve the outcome after injury, with varying levels of supporting experimental and clinical data. Most studies have been preliminary and have lacked control groups, but positive results can often be embraced by clinicians and patients who are faced without an alternative, despite the poor design and bias of many studies. This article is a review of clinical studies in spinal cord injury and discusses guidelines for future clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Knafo
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Mann C, Lee JH, Liu J, Stammers AM, Sohn HM, Tetzlaff W, Kwon BK. Delayed treatment of spinal cord injury with erythropoietin or darbepoetin—A lack of neuroprotective efficacy in a contusion model of cord injury. Exp Neurol 2008; 211:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 12/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This review summarizes several promising pharmacological approaches for the therapeutic management of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), which are either in early-phase clinical trials or nearing clinical translation. OBJECTIVE This review provides the reader with an understanding of the key pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to neurological deficits after SCI. Through discussion of the mechanism(s) of action of the selected therapeutic approaches potentially important targets to aid further drug discovery will be highlighted. METHODS Systematic literature review of the pre-clinical literature and clinical SCI trials related to neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and regenerative therapeutic approaches. RESULTS/CONCLUSION The next decade will witness an unprecedented number of clinical trials which will seek to translate key biomedical research discoveries. The promising drug-based therapeutic approaches include regenerative strategies to neutralize myelin-mediated neurite outgrowth inhibition, neuroprotective strategies to reduce apoptotic triggers, the targeting of cationic/glutamatergic toxicity, anti-inflammatory strategies and the use of approaches to stabilize disrupted cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl C Baptiste
- Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Toronto Western Research Institute and Krembil Neuroscience Centre, 12th Floor Room 407 McLaughlin Pavilion, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada
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Neuroprotective effects of ketorolac tromethamine after spinal cord injury in rats: an ultrastructural study. Adv Ther 2008; 25:152-8. [PMID: 18297253 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-008-0018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intrathecally administered ketorolac tromethamine on ultrastructural changes of the spinal cord in spinal cord-traumatised rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were used and divided into three groups for this study. The rats in Group S (n=6) were control animals and received 10 mul of saline. Groups K50 (n=6) and K400 (n=6) received intrathecally 50 mug and 400 mug of ketorolac tromethamine, respectively, immediately after trauma was induced. All rats underwent laminectomy and the spinal cord was traumatised using the clip-compression technique. Electron microscopic examination of the cord samples was carried out 3 days after spinal cord injury. RESULTS Ultrastructural findings showed severe injury with extensive axoplasmic and cytoplasmic oedema in Group S. Minor neural damage occurred in Group K50 and increased ultrastructural protection was observed in the Group K400. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that intrathecal administration of ketorolac tromethamine protects the spinal cord following injury in rats.
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Lee JH, Choi CB, Chung DJ, Kang EH, Chang HS, Hwang SH, Han H, Choe BY, Sur JH, Lee SY, Kim HY. Development of an improved canine model of percutaneous spinal cord compression injury by balloon catheter. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 167:310-6. [PMID: 17870181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We developed a minimally invasive canine model of spinal cord injury (SCI). A balloon catheter was inserted into the epidural space via the lumbosacral space, and inflated between L2 and L3 for 30 or 60 min under fluoroscopic guidance. Motor function after SCI was assessed using modified Tarlov scale. All seven dogs showed complete paraplegia after the procedure, neurological problems were evident and the modified Tarlov scores remained at zero after the SCI procedure; no improvement in clinical signs was observed. The dogs underwent 3T MR imaging at 3 days and 1 year after SCI. Histopathologic examinations were conducted at 2 weeks, 12 weeks and 1 year after SCI. In the present study, we described an animal model of minimally invasive spinal cord injury using a balloon catheter without laminectomy under fluoroscopic guidance. And, this percutaneous spinal cord compression injury model has many potential applications. The described percutaneous spinal cord compression injury model offers a new means of administering SCI and has many potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, #1 Hwayang-Dong, Kwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Lapchak PA, Araujo DM. Advances in hemorrhagic stroke therapy: conventional and novel approaches. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2007; 12:389-406. [PMID: 17874968 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.12.3.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Treatments for spontaneous intracerebral, thrombolytic-induced and intraventricular hemorrhages (IVH) are still at the preclinical or early clinical investigational stages. There has been some renewed interest in the use of surgical evacuation surgery or thrombolytics to remove hematomas, but these techniques can be used only for specific types of brain bleeding. The STICH (Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage) clinical trials should provide some insight into the potential for such techniques to counteract hematoma-induced damage and subsequently, morbidity and mortality. More recently, clinical trials (ATACH [Antihypertensive Treatment in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage] and INTERACT [Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Trial]) have begun testing whether or not regulating blood pressure affects the well-being of hemorrhage patients, but the findings thus far have not conclusively demonstrated a positive result. More promising trials, such as the early stage CHANT (Cerebral Hemorrhagic And NXY-059 Treatment) and the late stage FAST (Factor VIIa for Acute Hemorrhagic Stroke Treatment), have addressed whether or not manipulating oxidative stress and components of the blood coagulation cascade can achieve an improved prognosis following spontaneous hemorrhages. However, CHANT was halted prematurely because although it showed that the spin trap agent NXY-059 was safe, it also demonstrated that the drug was ineffective in treating acute ischemic stroke. In addition, the recombinant activated factor VII FAST trial recently concluded with only modestly positive results. Despite a beneficial effect on the primary end point of reducing hemorrhage volume, controlling the coagulation cascade with recombinant factor VIIa did not decrease the mortality rate. Consequently, Novo Nordisk has abandoned further development of the drug for the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhaging. Even though progress in hemorrhage therapy that successfully reduces the escalating morbidity and mortality rate associated with brain bleeding is slow, perseverance and applied translational drug development will eventually be productive. The urgent need for such therapy becomes more evident in light of concerns related to uncontrolled high blood pressure in the general population, increased use of blood thinners by the elderly (e.g., warfarin) and thrombolytics by acute ischemic stroke patients, respectively. The future of drug development for hemorrhage may require a multifaceted approach, such as combining drugs with diverse mechanisms of action. Because of the substantial benefit of factor VIIa in reducing hemorrhage volume, it should be considered as a prime drug candidate included in combination therapy as an off-label use if the FAST trial proves that the risk of thromboembolic events is not increased with drug administration. Other promising drugs that may be considered in combination include uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists (such as memantine), antioxidants, metalloprotease inhibitors, statins and erythropoietin analogs, all of which have been shown to reduce hemorrhage and behavioral deficits in one or more animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lapchak
- University of California San Diego, Department of Neuroscience, MTF 316, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA.
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Hamilton L, Franklin RJM, Jeffery ND. Development of a universal measure of quadrupedal forelimb-hindlimb coordination using digital motion capture and computerised analysis. BMC Neurosci 2007; 8:77. [PMID: 17877823 PMCID: PMC2063503 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-8-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical spinal cord injury in domestic dogs provides a model population in which to test the efficacy of putative therapeutic interventions for human spinal cord injury. To achieve this potential a robust method of functional analysis is required so that statistical comparison of numerical data derived from treated and control animals can be achieved. Results In this study we describe the use of digital motion capture equipment combined with mathematical analysis to derive a simple quantitative parameter – 'the mean diagonal coupling interval' – to describe coordination between forelimb and hindlimb movement. In normal dogs this parameter is independent of size, conformation, speed of walking or gait pattern. We show here that mean diagonal coupling interval is highly sensitive to alterations in forelimb-hindlimb coordination in dogs that have suffered spinal cord injury, and can be accurately quantified, but is unaffected by orthopaedic perturbations of gait. Conclusion Mean diagonal coupling interval is an easily derived, highly robust measurement that provides an ideal method to compare the functional effect of therapeutic interventions after spinal cord injury in quadrupeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Hamilton
- Brain Repair Centre and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Robin JM Franklin
- Brain Repair Centre and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Nick D Jeffery
- Brain Repair Centre and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
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