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Caterfino A, Krishna S, Chen V. Novel and complementary treatment approaches in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Curr Opin Pediatr 2024:00008480-990000000-00196. [PMID: 38957089 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an updated review of novel and complementary treatment approaches for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. RECENT FINDINGS The evidence for complementary attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatments is often promising, but limited to small, unblinded studies. Recent evidence from larger, more rigorous studies reveals that most of these treatments have modest efficacy. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, saffron, broad spectrum micronutrients, and physical exercise have potential benefits that seem to outweigh known risks. However, neurofeedback, cognitive training, and trigeminal nerve stimulation need further research to determine whether specific sub-groups of children/adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder would benefit long-term with their associated tolerable risks. SUMMARY There is not sufficient evidence for complementary treatments to be recommended as substitutes for first-line pharmacological and psychosocial treatment options. Nonetheless, some adjuvant therapies to currently recommended attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatments can be safe. Physicians should be familiar with existing and emerging complementary treatments to help guide families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Caterfino
- Northwell, New Hyde Park
- Cohen Children's Medical Center, Queens, New York, USA
| | - Shruthi Krishna
- Northwell, New Hyde Park
- Cohen Children's Medical Center, Queens, New York, USA
| | - Victoria Chen
- Northwell, New Hyde Park
- Cohen Children's Medical Center, Queens, New York, USA
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García-Hermoso A, Ezzatvar Y, Izquierdo M, López-Gil JF. Can an active lifestyle reduce the risk of obesity in adulthood among adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms? An ambispective cohort study. Psychiatry Res 2024; 334:115770. [PMID: 38350293 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Various studies have associated Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with obesity, but the role of physical activity in this connection is uncertain. This study examined whether adopting an active lifestyle can mitigate the link between adolescent ADHD and the risk of adult obesity. Longitudinal data from the Add Health Study (Waves I, III, and V) were used. Participants self-reported ADHD symptoms (hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention, combined) during Wave III and self-assessed their recent moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. An "active lifestyle" required meeting activity criteria in both adolescence (Wave I) and adulthood (Wave III-V). Of 2609 participants, 1.42 % exhibited combined ADHD symptoms. A non-linear relationship was observed between inattentive/hyperactive scores and body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Individuals with ≥ 6 hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms had higher BMI (1.29 kg/m²) and WC (1.27 cm) at adulthood. Logistic regressions indicate that, compared to individuals without ADHD maintaining an active lifestyle, both inactive participants with and without ADHD show an elevated risk of obesity (odds ratio [OR]=1.56 to 2.63) and abdominal obesity in adulthood (OR = 1.51 to 2.50). Mediation analysis models further confirm these findings, suggesting that physical activity may explain this association. Though exact mechanisms warrant further exploration, adopting an active lifestyle offers promise for reducing obesity risk among individuals with ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García-Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), IdiSNA, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Yasmin Ezzatvar
- Department of Nursing, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), IdiSNA, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Alizadeh Pahlavani H. Possible role of exercise therapy on depression: Effector neurotransmitters as key players. Behav Brain Res 2024; 459:114791. [PMID: 38048912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
About 280 million people suffer from depression as the most common neurological disorder and the most common cause of death worldwide. Exercise with serotonin released in the brain by the 5-HT3-IGF-1 mechanism can lead to antidepressant effects. Swimming exercise has antidepressant effects by increasing the sensitivity of serotonin 5-HT2 receptors and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors, increasing 5-HT and 5HIAA levels, increasing TPH and serotonin, and decreasing inflammatory levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Anaerobic and aerobic exercises increase beta-endorphin, enkephalin, and dynorphin and have antidepressant effects. Exercise by increasing dopamine, D1R, and D2R leads to the expression of BDNF and activation of TrkB and has antidepressant behavior. Exercise leads to a significant increase in GABAAR (γ2 and α2 subunits) and reduces neurodegenerative disorders caused by GABA imbalance through anti-inflammatory pathways. By increasing glutamate and PGC1α and reducing glutamatergic neurotoxicity, exercise enhances neurogenesis and synaptogenesis and prevents neurodegeneration and the onset of depression. Irisin release during exercise shows an important role in depression by increasing dopamine, BDNF, NGF, and IGF-1 and decreasing inflammatory mediators such as IL-6 and IL-1β. In addition, exercise-induced orexin and NPY can increase hippocampal neurogenesis and relieve depression. After exercise, the tryptophan to large neutral amino acids (TRP/LNAA) ratio and the tryptophan to branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) ratio increase, which may have antidepressant effects. The expression of M5 receptor and nAChR α7 increases after exercise and significantly increases dopamine and acetylcholine and ameliorates depression. It appears that during exercise, muscarinic receptors can reduce depression through dopamine in the absence of acetylcholine. Therefore, exercise can be used to reduce depression by affecting neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, cytokines, and/or neurotrophins.
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Romero-Morales C, López-López D, Almazán-Polo J, Mogedano-Cruz S, Sosa-Reina MD, García-Pérez-de-Sevilla G, Martín-Pérez S, González-de-la-Flor Á. Prevalence, diagnosis and management of musculoskeletal disorders in elite athletes: A mini-review. Dis Mon 2024; 70:101629. [PMID: 37716840 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2023.101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal injuries in elite sports are ones of the most impact issue because their remarkable impact on performance caused by drastic absence of training and competition and a progressive deterioration in physical health, emotional and social athletes' dimensions. Also, the prevalence of epidemiologic research found an incidence of musculoskeletal disorders vary within sports and in elite athletes which is even higher as a consequence of higher demand physical performance. This way, the loss of physical performance due to an sport injury impacts not only the individual economic sphere of the professional but also that ofsports entities, reaching, according to some studies, a loss estimated in the range of 74.7 million pounds. Thus, the purpose of this article is to review and to provide an overview of the most common musculoskeletal injuries in elite sports precipitating factors, clinical presentation, evidence-based diagnostic evaluation, and treatment recommendations with a view to preventing medical conditions or musculoskeletal injuries that may alter performance and general health in the elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Romero-Morales
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel López-López
- Research, Health and Podiatry Group, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, Industrial Campus of Ferrol , Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain.
| | - Jaime Almazán-Polo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Mogedano-Cruz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Sosa-Reina
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sebastián Martín-Pérez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Canarias, La Orotava, Santa Cruz de Tenerife 38300, Spain
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Tyler J, Podaras M, Richardson B, Roeder N, Hammond N, Hamilton J, Blum K, Gold M, Baron DA, Thanos PK. High intensity interval training exercise increases dopamine D2 levels and modulates brain dopamine signaling. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1257629. [PMID: 38192549 PMCID: PMC10773799 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1257629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research has outlined the health benefits of exercise including its therapeutic potential for substance use disorders (SUD). These data have already been utilized and it is now common to find exercise as part of SUD treatment and relapse prevention programs. However, we need to better understand different exercise regimens and determine which would be the most beneficial for SUDs. Recently, high intensity interval training (HIIT) has gained attention in comparison with aerobic and resistance exercise. Little is known regarding the neurobiological mechanisms of HIIT, including its effects on dopamine signaling and receptor levels in the brain. The present study examined the effects of chronic HIIT exercise on dopamine signaling as measured by dopamine type 1-like receptor (D1R)-like, dopamine type 2-like receptor (D2R)-like, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) quantification in the brains of male and female rats as measured by [3H] SCH 23390 and [3H] spiperone autoradiography, and TH-immunoreactive optical density values. Methods Rats were separated in two groups: sedentary and HIIT exercise. Exercise was on a treadmill for 30 min daily (10 3 min cycles) for six weeks with progressive speed increased up to 0.8 mph (21.5 m/min). Results Results showed for D2R-like binding, a significant effect across the ventral caudate putamen (V CPU) between sexes, such that mean D2R-like binding was 14% greater for males than females. In the nucleus accumbens shell (Nac Shell), the HIIT Exercise rats showed 16% greater D2R-like binding as compared to the sedentary rats. No significant effects of HIIT exercise were found across groups for brain D1R-like binding levels or TH expression. Conclusion These results suggest that HIIT exercise can modulate dopamine signaling by way of increased D2R. These findings support the premise that HIIT exercise plays an important role in dopamine signaling and, may provide a potential mechanism for how HIIT exercise can impact the brain and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tyler
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Madeline Podaras
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Brittany Richardson
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nicole Roeder
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nikki Hammond
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - John Hamilton
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Center for Sports, Exercsie and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Mark Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David A. Baron
- Center for Sports, Exercsie and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Ko Y, Cho YH, Kim GW, Hong CH, Son SJ, Roh HW, Moon J, Han S. Relationships of walking activity with depressed mood and suicidal ideation among the middle-aged Korean population: a nationwide cross-sectional study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1202068. [PMID: 37743985 PMCID: PMC10512318 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1202068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The suicide rate of middle-aged adults has increased rapidly, which is a significant public health concern. A depressed mood and suicidal ideation are significant risk factors for suicide, and non-pharmacological interventions such as exercise therapy have been suggested as potential treatments. Walking is a feasible and accessible form of exercise therapy for middle-aged adults. Methods We conducted a study based on the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2018) data of 6,886 general middle-aged adults in South Korea to investigate the relationships of walking exercise with depressed mood and suicidal ideation. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for confounding variables. Sampling weights were applied to obtain estimates for the general Korean population. Results Participants who walked ≥5 days per week had a significantly lower odds ratio (OR) for depressed mood [OR = 0.625, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.424-0.921, p = 0.018] and suicidal ideation (OR = 0.252, 95% CI: 0.125-0.507, p < 0.001) compared to those who never walked, regardless of the duration of exercise. The same results were obtained for males after stratifying the data by sex and suicidal ideation was associated with walking in females. Conclusion Regular walking exercise was associated with diminished mental health problems in middle-aged adults. Light walks may serve as a useful starting point for patients with serious mental health issues, such as suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Ko
- Department of Psychiatry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hyuk Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Woon Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyung Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Son
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woong Roh
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Moon
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Trial Center, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsoo Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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Feng ZT, Mao ZX, Liu FB, Ou XW. Time course efficiency of MICE and HIIE on inhibitory control and HRV in adolescents with obesity and different cardiorespiratory fitness. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1242190. [PMID: 37663339 PMCID: PMC10470641 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1242190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescent obesity is associated with impaired inhibitory control. Acute exercise can improve executive function. However, due to the influence of exercise intensity, cognitive test timing, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CF) level, the most effective exercise program remains controversial. Methods The current study investigated the time-course effects of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on inhibitory control (Stroop) and task-related heart rate variability (HRV) in adolescents with different CF. A mixed experimental design of 2 CF levels (high CF, HCF; low CF, LCF) × 3 exercise methods (MICE, HIIE, CON) × 3 test timing (pre, post-0, post-20) was adopted. Heart rate variability (HRV) and Stroop task tests were conducted before exercise (pre), immediately after exercise (post-0), and 20 min after exercise (post-20). Results Individuals with HCF exhibited a positive decrease in Stroop response time immediately and 20 min after MICE and HIIE, compared to pretest response times (RT). Conversely, individuals with LCF showed a slight increase in Stroop task (RT) only immediately after HIIE. All individuals had a slight increase in ACC after MICE and HIIE compared to before exercise. In addition, compared with the control group, the time-domain index (the square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals, RMSSD) of HRV was significantly decreased, the frequency-domain index (the absolute power of the Low-Frequency band/the absolute power of the High-Frequency band ratio, LF/HF) was significantly increased after MICE and HIIE, and the effect of HIIE on RMSSD and LF/HF was significantly greater than that of MICE. Conclusion The current study found that the acute effects of MICE and HIIE on inhibitory control in obese adolescents were influenced by the interaction of cognitive test timing and cardiorespiratory fitness. Individuals with high cardiorespiratory fitness performed better on the Stroop task than individuals with low cardiorespiratory fitness. The inhibitory control of HIIE in high-cardiorespiratory obese adolescents produced positive effects similar to those in MICE but more lasting, suggesting that HIIE is more beneficial for high-cardiorespiratory obese adolescents. MICE promoted inhibitory control in obese adolescents with low cardiorespiratory fitness, but HIIE impaired inhibitory control in obese adolescents with low cardiorespiratory fitness immediately after exercise, suggesting that low cardiopulmonary fitness obese adolescents may be suitable for MICE rather than HIIE exercise intervention. The shift from balanced HRV to sympathetic dominance after acute exercise reflects increased arousal levels and may be one of the underlying mechanisms by which acute exercise brings benefits to executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Tao Feng
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Rizhao, China
| | - Zhi-Xiong Mao
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Bo Liu
- School of Physical Education, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Ou
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Rizhao, China
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Song Y, Fan B, Wang C, Yu H. Meta-analysis of the effects of physical activity on executive function in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289732. [PMID: 37590250 PMCID: PMC10434964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive function is a core deficit in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study systematically reviewed the evidence for the effects of physical activity (PA) interventions on executive function in children and adolescents with ADHD and explored the moderating effects of key variables of PA on executive function. METHODS Relevant literature in four electronic databases, Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase, were systematically searched. Revman 5.4 was used for data analysis, and combined effect sizes, heterogeneity tests, subgroup analyses, and sensitivity analyses were calculated. Egger's test in Stata 15.0 was used for publication bias testing. RESULTS A total of 24 articles with 914 participants were included. Meta-analysis showed that PA interventions improved inhibitory control (SMD = -0.50, 95%CI [-0.71, -0.29], P < 0.00001), working memory (SMD = -0.50, 95%CI [-0.83, -0.16], P = 0.004) and cognitive flexibility in children and adolescents with ADHD (SMD = -0.45, 95%CI [-0.81, -0.09], P = 0.01). Subgroup analysis revealed a moderating effect of intervention intensity, motor skill type, sessions of PA, and weekly exercise volume on executive function. CONCLUSION PA interventions had positive effects on improvements in core executive functions in children and adolescents with ADHD and were influenced by intervention intensity, type of motor skill, sessions of PA, and amount of exercise. This has practical implications for the formulation of PA interventions programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Song
- Department of Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Biyao Fan
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunshun Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Yu
- Department of Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Skalidou S, Anestis A, Bakolas N, Tsoulfa G, Papadimitriou K. Swimming Activity Alleviates the Symptoms of Attention: Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) a Case Report. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1999. [PMID: 37510440 PMCID: PMC10379488 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11141999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Sport and physical activity have been shown to play a major role in the development of cognition, memory, selective attention, and motor reaction time, especially among adolescents with ADHD. In this context, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a swimming exercise program on the symptoms of ADHD in an adult with a diagnosis since childhood. The training intervention was performed for eight weeks, and the results demonstrated that the swimming-learning program significantly alleviated the symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity, as measured by the psychometric indices used in the study. Further studies are needed to establish and understand the association between physical activities and improved mental performance in adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smaragda Skalidou
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social-Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Anestis
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social-Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Division of Technology and Sciences, The American College of Thessaloniki, 55535 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Georgia Tsoulfa
- Division of Technology and Sciences, The American College of Thessaloniki, 55535 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Papadimitriou
- Faculty of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of East London, Metropolitan College of Thessaloniki, 54624 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Jadhakhan F, Evans D, Falla D. Early interventions for post-traumatic stress following musculoskeletal trauma: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e065590. [PMID: 36153010 PMCID: PMC9511568 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) can be triggered following exposure to a traumatic event, such as violence, disasters, serious accidents and injury. Little is known about which interventions provide the greatest benefit for PTSS. This systematic review aims to estimate the effects of early interventions on PTSS following musculoskeletal trauma. METHODS/ANALYSIS Development of this review protocol was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols checklist. This review will include randomised controlled trials and non-randomised controlled studies evaluating the effect of early (within 3 months of a traumatic event) non-pharmacological and non-surgical interventions on PTSS in adults (aged ≥18 years). MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL, Zetoc, PROSPERO, Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar, as well as key journals/grey literature, will be searched from inception to 31 July 2022. Only articles published in English will be considered. Two independent reviewers will search, screen studies, extract data and assess risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool V.2 (RoB 2) and the Risk Of Bias in Non-randomised Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I), respectively. Mean difference or standardised mean difference (SMD) will be extracted with accompanying 95% CIs and p values where these are reported. Group effect size will be extracted and reported. Symptoms of PTSS will be ascertained using SMDs (continuous) and diagnosis of PTSS using risk ratio (dichotomous). If possible, study results will be pooled into a meta-analysis. A narrative synthesis of the results will be presented if heterogeneity is high. The overall quality of evidence and risk of bias will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation, RoB 2 and ROBINS-I guidelines, respectively. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval is not required for this systematic review since data from published studies will be used. This review is expected to provide a better understanding of the effect of early intervention for PTSS following musculoskeletal trauma. Findings of this review will be disseminated in peer-reviewed publications and through national and international conferences. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022333905.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferozkhan Jadhakhan
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - David Evans
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Deborah Falla
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Weight-Loss Parameters and Quality of Life in Obese Aged Women Using WATERinMOTION. HEALTH SCOPE 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jhealthscope.109478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: There are controversial studies on weight loss, cardiometabolic markers, and quality of life (QOL) in obese aged women participating in water sports. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effects of the WATERinMOTION exercise program accompanied with no diet on the inactive obese aged women’s weight, cardiometabolic markers, and QOL. Methods: Sixty-four inactive obese aged women were recruited to participate in this cross-sectional study at the Ukrainian Sports Center, Kyiv, 2019. They were randomly assigned into two Case (n = 32, with the WATERinMOTION aquatics exercise program) and control (n = 32, held in a sitting position simultaneously) groups using the convenient sampling method. The two programs were run twice a week (55 minutes each time) and lasted for one month. Moreover, anthropometric indices (weight, height, waist circumference), cardiometabolic markers (blood lipid markers and glycaemia), QOL (SF-36 questionnaire), and dietary monitoring were assessed before and after the intervention. Results: The groups did not differ significantly regarding each of the analyzed variables prior to the intervention. Comparing pre-and post-intervention results revealed significant weight loss (-1.3, P = 0.004) and average BMI (-0.4, P = 0.002) in the case group. Moreover, a significant variation was revealed only in terms of weight after the intervention (P = 0.001). Regarding QOL, improvements in health status, vitality, and social aspects were significant in the case group after the intervention. Conclusions: The present study suggests that the WATERinMOTION program accompanied with no diet has a positive effect on weight loss, waist circumference, and metabolic profiles in obese aged women. However, the improvement in the QOL should not be neglected.
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Dirk KL, Belfry GR, Heath M. Exercise and Executive Function during Follicular and Luteal Menstrual Cycle Phases. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:919-927. [PMID: 31652244 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A single bout of aerobic or resistance exercise improves executive function. We sought to determine whether menstrual cycle variations in ovarian hormone concentrations differentially influence the expression and/or magnitude of a postexercise executive benefit. METHODS Eumenorrheic female participants completed 20-min single bouts of aerobic exercise (via cycle ergometer) at a moderate intensity (i.e., 80% of estimated lactate threshold) during the early follicular and midluteal phases of their menstrual cycle. Pre- and postexercise executive function was examined via antisaccades-an executive task requiring a saccade mirror-symmetrical to a visual stimulus. Antisaccades are an ideal tool for examining postexercise executive changes because the task is mediated via the same frontoparietal networks as modified following single-bout and chronic exercise. RESULTS Antisaccade reaction times decreased from the pre- to postexercise assessments by an average of 22 ms (P = 0.003), and this benefit was independent of changes in directional errors or end point accuracy (P's > 0.26). In other words, participants did not decrease their postexercise reaction times at the cost of increased planning times or execution errors. Most notably, the postexercise antisaccade benefit did not vary in magnitude across follicular or luteal phases (P = 0.33) and a two one-sided test statistic (i.e., equivalence testing) provided support for the null hypothesis (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS A postexercise executive benefit is independent of hormonal variations in the menstrual cycle. Further, our results evince that the phase of a female participant's menstrual cycle should not be a limiting factor in determining their inclusion in exercise neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Laine Dirk
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, CANADA
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Technological advancement has led to the development of novel treatment approaches for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This review aims to review recent studies which employ the use of technology to treat ADHD, with particular focus on studies published during a 1-year period from February 2019 to February 2020. RECENT FINDINGS Most recent studies involved children aged 12 years and below. Interventions included cognitive training through games, neurofeedback and a combination of several approaches. More novel approaches included trigeminal nerve stimulation and brain-computer interface, and studies had utilized technology such as X-box Kinect and eye tracker. There was a shift towards delivering intervention at home and in school, enabled by technology. The study outcomes were variable and mainly included executive functioning measures and clinical ratings. These interventions were generally safe with few reported adverse events. SUMMARY Technology has enabled interventions to be delivered outside of the clinic setting and presented an opportunity for increased access to care and early intervention. Better quality studies are needed to inform on the efficacy of these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Guan Lim
- Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Shukla D, Al-Shamil Z, Belfry G, Heath M. A single bout of moderate intensity exercise improves cognitive flexibility: evidence from task-switching. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:2333-2346. [PMID: 32743687 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05885-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Executive function entails the core components of response inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility. An accumulating literature has shown that a single bout of exercise improves the response inhibition and working memory components of executive function; however, limited work has examined a putative exercise-related improvement to cognitive flexibility. To address this limitation, Experiment 1 entailed a 20-min session of moderate intensity aerobic exercise (via cycle ergometer), and pre- and post-exercise cognitive flexibility was examined via a task-switching paradigm involving alternating pro- and antisaccades (AABB: A = prosaccade, B = antisaccade). In Experiment 2, participants sat on the cycle ergometer without exercising (i.e., rest break) and the same AABB paradigm was examined pre- and post-break. We used an AABB pro- and antisaccade paradigm because previous work has shown that a prosaccade preceded by an antisaccade exhibits a reliable-and large magnitude-increase in reaction time, whereas the converse switch does not (i.e., the unidirectional prosaccade switch-cost). Experiment 1 showed a unidirectional prosaccade switch-cost pre-exercise (p = .012)-but not post-exercise (p = .30), and a two one-sided t test indicated that the latter comparison was within an equivalence boundary (p < .01). In contrast, Experiment 2 revealed a unidirectional prosaccade switch-cost at pre- and post-break assessments (ps < .01). Accordingly, our results indicate that a single bout of exercise improves cognitive flexibility and provides convergent evidence that exercise improves global components of executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Shukla
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Zain Al-Shamil
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Glen Belfry
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Heath
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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15
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Mehren A, Reichert M, Coghill D, Müller HHO, Braun N, Philipsen A. Physical exercise in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - evidence and implications for the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2020; 7:1. [PMID: 31921425 PMCID: PMC6945516 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-019-0115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of literature indicates a potential role for physical exercise in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Suggested effects include the reduction of ADHD core symptoms as well as improvements in executive functions. In the current review, we provide a short overview on the neurophysiological mechanisms assumed to underlie the beneficial effects of exercise. Further, we review the current evidence from experimental studies regarding both acute exercise and long-term interventions in ADHD. While the positive effects observed after acute aerobic exercise are promising, very few well-designed long-term intervention studies have been conducted yet. Moreover, although exercise effects have not yet been studied in borderline personality disorder (BPD), in the end of this paper we derive hypotheses why exercise could also be beneficial for this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Mehren
- 1Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology Lab, European Medical School, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Markus Reichert
- 2Department of Applied Psychology, Mental mHealth Lab, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,3Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - David Coghill
- 4Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Helge H O Müller
- 5Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Niclas Braun
- 5Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- 5Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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16
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Effects of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Response Inhibition in Adult Patients with ADHD. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19884. [PMID: 31882652 PMCID: PMC6934617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on executive functions, which are a core deficit in ADHD. The aim of the present fMRI study was to investigate acute effects of aerobic exercise on inhibitory control and related brain activation in adult patients with ADHD. 23 patients and 23 matched healthy controls performed on a Go/No-go task in an MRI scanner, following both, an exercise condition involving 30 min of cycling at moderate intensity, and a control condition. ADHD patients compared to healthy controls showed increased brain activation during successful inhibition in the exercise compared to the control condition in parietal, temporal, and occipital regions. Exercise did not improve behavioral performance in either group, but in ADHD patients, exercise-related increases in brain activation and behavioral task performance (i.e., correct inhibition rate) negatively correlated with correct inhibition rate in the control condition. Thus, patients with worse inhibition performance showed stronger exercise-related enhancements, indicating that the lack of improvements on the behavioral level for the whole patient group could be due to ceiling effects. Our findings might be an important step in understanding the neural basis of exercise effects and could, in the long term, help in developing alternative treatment approaches for ADHD.
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17
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Mehren A, Diaz Luque C, Brandes M, Lam AP, Thiel CM, Philipsen A, Özyurt J. Intensity-Dependent Effects of Acute Exercise on Executive Function. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:8608317. [PMID: 31281346 PMCID: PMC6589258 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8608317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies suggest beneficial effects of aerobic exercise at moderate intensity on cognition, while the effects of high-intensity exercise are less clear. This study investigated the acute effects of exercise at moderate and high intensities on executive functions in healthy adults, including functional MRI to examine the underlying neural mechanisms. Furthermore, the association between exercise effects and cardiorespiratory fitness was examined. 64 participants performed in two executive function tasks (flanker and Go/No-go tasks), while functional MR images were collected, following two conditions: in the exercise condition, they cycled on an ergometer at either moderate or high intensity (each n = 32); in the control condition, they watched a movie. Differences in behavioral performance and brain activation between the two conditions were compared between groups. Further, correlations between cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise effects on neural and behavioral correlates of executive performance were calculated. Moderate exercise compared to high-intensity exercise was associated with a tendency towards improved behavioral performance (sensitivity index d') in the Go/No-go task and increased brain activation during hit trials in areas related to executive function, attention, and motor processes (insula, superior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and supplementary motor area). Exercise at high intensity was associated with decreased brain activation in those areas and no changes in behavioral performance. Exercise had no effect on brain activation in the flanker task, but an explorative analysis revealed that reaction times improved after high-intensity exercise. Higher cardiorespiratory fitness was correlated with increased brain activation after moderate exercise and decreased brain activation after high-intensity exercise. These data show that exercise at moderate vs. high intensity has different effects on executive task performance and related brain activation changes as measured by fMRI and that cardiorespiratory fitness might be a moderating factor of acute exercise effects. Thus, our results may contribute to further clarify the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Mehren
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Hospital Karl-Jaspers-Klinik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Cecilia Diaz Luque
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Mirko Brandes
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS GmbH, Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Unit Applied Health Intervention Research, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alexandra P. Lam
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane M. Thiel
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all”, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jale Özyurt
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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18
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Mehren A, Özyurt J, Lam AP, Brandes M, Müller HHO, Thiel CM, Philipsen A. Acute Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Executive Function and Attention in Adult Patients With ADHD. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:132. [PMID: 30971959 PMCID: PMC6443849 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise can improve cognitive functions in healthy individuals and in various clinical groups, which might be particularly relevant for patients with ADHD. This study investigated the effects of a single bout of aerobic exercise on attention and executive functions in adult patients with ADHD, including functional MRI to examine the underlying neural mechanisms. On two different days, 23 adult patients with ADHD and 23 matched healthy controls performed in a flanker task, while functional MR images were collected, following 30 min of continuous stationary cycling with moderate intensity as well as after a control condition (watching a movie). Behavioral performance and brain activation were tested for differences between groups and conditions and for interactions to investigate whether exercise improves executive function to a greater extent in patients compared to healthy controls. Exercise significantly improved reaction times in congruent and incongruent trials of the flanker task in patients with ADHD but not in healthy controls. We found no changes in brain activation between the two conditions for either group. However, a subgroup analysis of ADHD patients with a higher degree of cardiorespiratory fitness revealed decreased activation in premotor areas during congruent trials and in premotor and medial frontal cortex during incongruent trials in the exercise compared to the control condition. Our results indicate exercise-induced improvements in attention and processing speed in patients with ADHD, demonstrating that adult patients with ADHD may benefit from an acute bout of exercise. These findings could be of high relevance for developing alternative treatment approaches for ADHD. In addition, results of the current study contribute to elucidate the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on cognition and to better understand the role of cardiorespiratory fitness on these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Mehren
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Karl-Jaspers-Klinik, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, European Medical School, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jale Özyurt
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, European Medical School, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra P Lam
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mirko Brandes
- Unit Applied Health Intervention Research, Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany
| | - Helge H O Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane M Thiel
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, European Medical School, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all," University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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19
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A post-exercise facilitation of executive function is independent of aerobically supported metabolic costs. Neuropsychologia 2018; 120:65-74. [PMID: 30321613 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A single-bout of aerobic or resistance training facilitates executive function and is a benefit thought to be specific to exercise durations greater than 20 min. We sought to determine whether an executive benefit is observed for a session as brief as 10-min, and whether distinct and participant-specific exercise intensities - and associated metabolic costs - influence the magnitude of the benefit. Participants completed exercise sessions - via cycle ergometer - at moderate (80% of lactate threshold [LT]), heavy (15% of the difference between LT and VO2 peak) and very-heavy (50% of the difference between LT and VO2 peak) intensities determined via an incremental ramp test to volitional exhaustion. Pre- and post-exercise executive function was examined via antisaccades - an executive task requiring a saccade mirror-symmetrical to a visual stimulus. Antisaccades are an ideal tool for examining post-exercise executive changes due to the resolution of eye-tracking and because the task is mediated via the same frontoparietal networks as modified following single-bout and chronic exercise. A non-executive prosaccade task (i.e., saccade to veridical target location) was also completed to determine if the putative post-exercise benefit was specific to executive function. Results showed a 20 ms reduction in pre- to post-exercise antisaccade RTs (p < .02) and was independent of exercise intensity, whereas no such change was observed for prosaccades (p = .14). Furthermore, the antisaccade benefit occurred without concomitant changes in directional errors or endpoint accuracy; that is, participants did not decrease their post-exercise RTs at the cost of increased planning and execution errors (ps > 0.34). Accordingly, we propose that an exercise duration as brief as 10-min provides a reliable benefit to executive function and is an effect observed across the continuum of moderate to very-heavy intensities.
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20
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Paillard T. Training Based on Electrical Stimulation Superimposed Onto Voluntary Contraction Would be Relevant Only as Part of Submaximal Contractions in Healthy Subjects. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1428. [PMID: 30369886 PMCID: PMC6194177 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Paillard
- Laboratoire Mouvement, Equilibre, Performance et Santé (UPRES EA 4445), University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour, Pau, France
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21
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Wollseiffen P, Vogt T, Strüder HK, Schneider S. Distraction versus Intensity: The Importance of Exercise Classes for Cognitive Performance in School. Med Princ Pract 2017; 27:61-65. [PMID: 29237165 PMCID: PMC5968290 DOI: 10.1159/000486281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the influence of a class of aerobic exercise and an art class on brain cortical activity and possible effects on cognitive performance. SUBJECT AND METHODS Electroencephalography was used to record the electrocortical activity of 16 schoolchildren (8-10 years old) before and after an aerobic exercise class and an art class. Performance in a standardized test of educational attainment (VERA-3) was assessed following both classes. RESULTS A significant decrease in cortical activity was detected in all 4 lobes after exercise but not after art classes (p < 0.05). No changes in cognitive performance were observed after exercise and art classes. CONCLUSION In this study, cortical activity was reduced after an exercise class but no effect on cognitive performance was observed. Hence, the neurophysiological effect of exercise should be further evaluated regarding different kinds of cognitive performance: creativity, knowledge acquisition as well as the outlasting effects of exercise on academic achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Wollseiffen
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Vogt
- Institute of Professional Sport Education and Sport Qualifications, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko K. Strüder
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Schneider
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of Sunshine Coast Maroochydore, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
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22
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Wollseiffen P, Ghadiri A, Scholz A, Strüder HK, Herpers R, Peters T, Schneider S. Short Bouts of Intensive Exercise During the Workday Have a Positive Effect on Neuro-cognitive Performance. Stress Health 2016; 32:514-523. [PMID: 26449710 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Beside its positive impact on physical health, exercise is indicated to positively affect cognitive performance based on a relocation of cortical activity. This study examined the influence of different types of breaks on cognitive performance and related cortical activity in office-based employees. Breaks were filled with exercise, resting or a usual break and a control condition where employees continued working without any break. Cognitive performance was assessed using the d2-R test and two commercially available cognitive tasks. Brain cortical activity was recorded using electroencephalography before and after breaks. Individual's mood was analysed using a profile of mood state. Results indicate a positive effect of a 3-min boxing intervention on cognitive performance, mirrored by a decrease in prefrontal cortex activity. Although perceived psychological state was increased after the usual break, this is reflected in neither cortical activity nor cognitive performance. With respect to the fact that also bike activity resulted an increase in prefrontal alpha-2 activity, a positive effect of exercise on neuro-cognitive performance can be stated. Health and economic benefits may result from brief physical activity breaks and help to maintain workplace performance and job satisfaction. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Wollseiffen
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Argang Ghadiri
- Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - André Scholz
- Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Heiko K Strüder
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rainer Herpers
- Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Theo Peters
- Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schneider
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
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23
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Bergouignan A, Legget KT, De Jong N, Kealey E, Nikolovski J, Groppel JL, Jordan C, O'Day R, Hill JO, Bessesen DH. Effect of frequent interruptions of prolonged sitting on self-perceived levels of energy, mood, food cravings and cognitive function. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2016; 13:113. [PMID: 27809874 PMCID: PMC5094084 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-016-0437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While physical activity has been shown to improve cognitive performance and well-being, office workers are essentially sedentary. We compared the effects of physical activity performed as (i) one bout in the morning or (ii) as microbouts spread out across the day to (iii) a day spent sitting, on mood and energy levels and cognitive function. Methods In a randomized crossover trial, 30 sedentary adults completed each of three conditions: 6 h of uninterrupted sitting (SIT), SIT plus 30 min of moderate-intensity treadmill walking in the morning (ONE), and SIT plus six hourly 5-min microbouts of moderate-intensity treadmill walking (MICRO). Self-perceived energy, mood, and appetite were assessed with visual analog scales. Vigor and fatigue were assessed with the Profile of Mood State questionnaire. Cognitive function was measured using a flanker task and the Comprehensive Trail Making Test. Intervention effects were tested using linear mixed models. Results Both ONE and MICRO increased self-perceived energy and vigor compared to SIT (p < 0.05 for all). MICRO, but not ONE, improved mood, decreased levels of fatigue and reduced food cravings at the end of the day compared to SIT (p < 0.05 for all). Cognitive function was not significantly affected by condition. Conclusions In addition to the beneficial impact of physical activity on levels of energy and vigor, spreading out physical activity throughout the day improved mood, decreased feelings of fatigue and affected appetite. Introducing short bouts of activity during the workday of sedentary office workers is a promising approach to improve overall well-being at work without negatively impacting cognitive performance. Trial registration NCT02717377, registered 22 March 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Bergouignan
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue Mail Stop: 8106, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Universite de Strasbourg, IPHC, Strasbourg, France. .,CNRS; UMR7178, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Kristina T Legget
- Department of Psychiatry, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nathan De Jong
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kealey
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Jack L Groppel
- Johnson & Johnson Human Performance Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Chris Jordan
- Johnson & Johnson Human Performance Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Raphaela O'Day
- Johnson & Johnson Health and Wellness Solutions, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - James O Hill
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue Mail Stop: 8106, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue Mail Stop: 8106, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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24
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Ludyga S, Gerber M, Brand S, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Pühse U. Acute effects of moderate aerobic exercise on specific aspects of executive function in different age and fitness groups: A meta-analysis. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1611-1626. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Sport Science Section; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Sport Science Section; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Serge Brand
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Sport Science Section; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
- Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders; Basel Switzerland
| | - Edith Holsboer-Trachsler
- Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders; Basel Switzerland
| | - Uwe Pühse
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Sport Science Section; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
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25
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Merege Filho CAA, Alves CRR, Sepúlveda CA, Costa ADS, Lancha Junior AH, Gualano B. Influência do exercício físico na cognição: uma atualização sobre mecanismos fisiológicos. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-86922014200301930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Embora um crescente corpo de literatura corrobore o papel benéfico do exercício sobre a cognição, não há consenso sobre os mecanismos que norteiam as adaptações cerebrais agudas e crônicas ao exercício. A presente revisão narrativa tem como objetivo apresentar e discutir os mecanismos pelos quais o exercício afeta o desempenho cognitivo. Agudamente, especula-se que os efeitos do exercício sobre a resposta cognitiva sejam mediados por aumentos no fluxo sanguíneo cerebral e, por conseguinte, no aporte de nutrientes, ou por um aumento na atividade de neurotransmissores. Cronicamente, especula-se que o exercício possa promover adaptações em estruturas cerebrais e plasticidade sináptica que culminariam com melhoras cognitivas. Tais hipóteses são discutidas à luz das evidências científicas disponíveis, tanto em modelos animais quanto em humanos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bruno Gualano
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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Lima CB, Soares GDSF, Vitor SM, Andrade-da-Costa BLDS, Castellano B, Guedes RCA. Spreading depression features and Iba1 immunoreactivity in the cerebral cortex of developing rats submitted to treadmill exercise after treatment with monosodium glutamate. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 33:98-105. [PMID: 24374255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise and excessive consumption of monosodium glutamate (MSG) can affect the morphological and electrophysiological organization of the brain during development. However, the interaction of both factors remains unclear. We analyzed the effect of this interaction on the excitability-related phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression (CSD) and the microglial reaction expressed as Iba1-immunolabeled cells in the rat motor cortex. MSG (2g/kg or 4g/kg) was administered every other day during the first 14 postnatal days. Treadmill exercise started at 21-23 days of life and lasted 3 weeks, 5 days/week, for 30min/day. At 45-60 days, CSD was recorded for 4h at two cortical points and the CSD parameters (velocity, amplitude, and duration of the negative potential change) calculated. Confirming previous observations, exercised rats presented with lower CSD velocities (3.29±0.18mm/min) than the sedentary group (3.80±0.18mm/min; P<0.05). MSG increased CSD velocities in the exercised rats compared to saline-treated and exercised animals in a dose-dependent manner (3.49±0.19, 4.05±0.18, and 3.27±0.26 for 2g/kg MSG, 4g/kg MSG, and saline, respectively; P<0.05). The amplitude (ranging from 14.3±5.9 to 18.7±6.2mV) and duration (46.7±11.1 to 60.5±11.6s) of the negative slow potential shift of the CSD were similar in all groups. Both exercise and MSG treatment increased Iba1 immunolabeling. The results confirm that physical exercise decelerates CSD propagation. However, it does not impede the CSD-accelerating action of MSG. These effects were accompanied by a cortical microglia reaction. Therefore, the data suggest that treadmill exercise early in life can influence the development of cortical electrical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássia Borges Lima
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670901 Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Suênia Marcele Vitor
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670901 Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Bernardo Castellano
- Unit of Medical Histology, Institute of Neuroscience and Dept Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
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Verburgh L, Königs M, Scherder EJA, Oosterlaan J. Physical exercise and executive functions in preadolescent children, adolescents and young adults: a meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2013; 48:973-9. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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SCHNEIDER STEFAN, ASKEW CHRISTOPHERD, ABEL THOMAS, MIERAU ANDREAS, STRÜDER HEIKOK. Brain and Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:600-7. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181b76ac8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schneider S, Vogt T, Frysch J, Guardiera P, Strüder HK. School sport—A neurophysiological approach. Neurosci Lett 2009; 467:131-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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D'anci KE, Vibhakar A, Kanter JH, Mahoney CR, Taylor HA. Voluntary dehydration and cognitive performance in trained college athletes. Percept Mot Skills 2009; 109:251-69. [PMID: 19831106 DOI: 10.2466/pms.109.1.251-269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive and mood decrements resulting from mild dehydration and glucose consumption were studied. Men and women (total N = 54; M age = 19.8 yr., SD = 1.2) were recruited from college athletic teams. Euhydration or dehydration was achieved by athletes completing team practices with or without water replacement. Dehydration was associated with higher thirst and negative mood ratings as well as better Digit Span performance. Participants showed better Vigilance Attention with euhydration. Hydration status and athlete's sex interacted with performance on Choice Reaction Time and Vigilance Attention. In a second study, half of the athletes received glucose prior to cognitive testing. Results for negative mood and thirst ratings were similar, but for cognitive performance the results were mixed. Effects of glucose on cognition were independent of dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E D'anci
- Tufts University Department of Psychology, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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Schneider S, Brümmer V, Abel T, Askew CD, Strüder HK. Changes in brain cortical activity measured by EEG are related to individual exercise preferences. Physiol Behav 2009; 98:447-52. [PMID: 19643120 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kashihara K, Maruyama T, Murota M, Nakahara Y. Positive Effects of Acute and Moderate Physical Exercise on Cognitive Function. J Physiol Anthropol 2009; 28:155-64. [DOI: 10.2114/jpa2.28.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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