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Hussain SA, Aziz TA, Mahwi TO, Ahmed ZA. Gingko biloba extract improves the lipid profile, inflammatory markers, leptin level and the antioxidant status of T2DM patients poorly responding to metformin: A double- blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e19516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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2
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Ibrahim MA, Ramadan HH, Mohammed RN. Evidence that Ginkgo Biloba could use in the influenza and coronavirus COVID-19 infections. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:131-143. [PMID: 33594843 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic invades the world. Public health evaluates the incidence of infections and death, which should be reduced and need desperately quarantines for infected individuals. This article review refers to the roles of Ginkgo Biloba to reduce the risk of infection in the respiratory tract, the details on the epidemiology of corona COVID-19 and influenza, and it highlights how the Ginko Biloba could have been used as a novel treatment.Ginkgo Biloba can reduce the risk of infection by several mechanisms; these mechanisms involve Ginkgo Biloba contains quercetin and other constituents, which have anti-inflammatory and immune modulator effects by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines concentrations. Cytokines cause inflammation which have been induced the injuries in lung lining.Some observational studies confirmed that Ginkgo Biloba reduced the risk of asthma, sepsis and another respiratory disease as well as it reduced the risk of cigarette smoking on respiratory symptoms. While other evidences suggested the characters of Ginkgo Biloba as an antivirus agent through several mechanisms. Ginkgolic acid (GA) can inhibit the fusion and synthesis of viral proteins, thus, it inhibit the Herpes Simplex Virus type1 (HSV-1), genome replication in Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and the infections of the Zika Virus (ZIKV). Also, it inhibits the wide spectrum of fusion by inhibiting the three types of proteins that have been induced fusion as (Influenza A Virus [IAV], Epstein Barr Virus [EBV], HIV and Ebola Virus [EBOV]).The secondary mechanism of GA targeting inhibition of the DNA and protein synthesis in virus, greatly have been related to its strong effects, even afterward the beginning of the infection, therefore, it potentially treats the acute viral contaminations like (Measles and Coronavirus COVID-19). Additionally, it has been used topically as an effective agent on vigorous lesions including (varicella-zoster virus [VZV], HSV-1 and HSV-2). Ginkgo Biloba may be useful for treating the infected people with coronavirus COVID-19 through its beneficial effect. To assess those recommendations should be conducted with random control trials and extensive population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal A Ibrahim
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Pharmacy College, University of Basra, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Hanan H Ramadan
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Pharmacy College, University of Basra, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Rasha N Mohammed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Pharmacy College, University of Basra, Basrah, Iraq
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Haines DD, Tosaki A. Heme Degradation in Pathophysiology of and Countermeasures to Inflammation-Associated Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249698. [PMID: 33353225 PMCID: PMC7766613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The class of tetrapyrrol "coordination complexes" called hemes are prosthetic group components of metalloproteins including hemoglobin, which provide functionality to these physiologically essential macromolecules by reversibly binding diatomic gasses, notably O2, which complexes to ferrous (reduced/Fe(II)) iron within the heme porphyrin ring of hemoglobin in a pH- and PCO2-dependent manner-thus allowing their transport and delivery to anatomic sites of their function. Here, pathologies associated with aberrant heme degradation are explored in the context of their underlying mechanisms and emerging medical countermeasures developed using heme oxygenase (HO), its major degradative enzyme and bioactive metabolites produced by HO activity. Tissue deposits of heme accumulate as a result of the removal of senescent or damaged erythrocytes from circulation by splenic macrophages, which destroy the cells and internal proteins, including hemoglobin, leaving free heme to accumulate, posing a significant toxicogenic challenge. In humans, HO uses NADPH as a reducing agent, along with molecular oxygen, to degrade heme into carbon monoxide (CO), free ferrous iron (FeII), which is sequestered by ferritin protein, and biliverdin, subsequently metabolized to bilirubin, a potent inhibitor of oxidative stress-mediated tissue damage. CO acts as a cellular messenger and augments vasodilation. Nevertheless, disease- or trauma-associated oxidative stressors sufficiently intense to overwhelm HO may trigger or exacerbate a wide range of diseases, including cardiovascular and neurologic syndromes. Here, strategies are described for counteracting the effects of aberrant heme degradation, with a particular focus on "bioflavonoids" as HO inducers, shown to cause amelioration of severe inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald David Haines
- Advanced Biotherapeutics, London W2 1EB, UK;
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Arpad Tosaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +36-52-255586
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Zhang H, Dalisson B, Tran S, Barralet J. Preservation of Blood Vessels with an Oxygen Generating Composite. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701338. [PMID: 30277005 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Damage caused by oxygen deficiency (hypoxia) is one of the major factors limiting tissue and organ preservation time. Cooling tissues slows down metabolic rate of cells thereby prolonging tissue and organ survival sufficiently to allow transport and transplantation within a few hours. Although metabolism is slowed, cells and some enzymes continue to consume oxygen that can render cold stored tissues hypoxic. Here, an oxygen-generating composite (OGC) with sustained oxygen release is reported for ex vivo blood vessel preservation. Aorta segments are cultured under hypothermia for 25 days in vascular preservation media. The presence of OGC increases cell viability from 9 ± 6% to 96 ± 3% and retains 65 ± 8% of original KCl stimulated contractile force after 25 days compared with 25 ± 4% in controls. Culture for 7 days in nitrogen demonstrates proof-of-concept for normothermic blood vessel preservation, OGC increases the cell viability from 45 ± 15% to 78 ± 2%, and KCl stimulates contractile force from 49 ± 7% to 95 ± 8%, respectively. Oxygen release materials then may have a role in augmenting current preservation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaifa Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry; McGill University; Montreal QC H3A 1G1 Canada
| | | | - Simon Tran
- Faculty of Dentistry; McGill University; Montreal QC H3A 1G1 Canada
| | - Jake Barralet
- Faculty of Dentistry; McGill University; Montreal QC H3A 1G1 Canada
- Division of Orthopaedics; Department of Surgery; Faculty of Medicine; McGill University; Montreal QC H3A 1G1 Canada
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Lyu M, Cui Y, Zhao T, Ning Z, Ren J, Jin X, Fan G, Zhu Y. Tnfrsf12a-Mediated Atherosclerosis Signaling and Inflammatory Response as a Common Protection Mechanism of Shuxuening Injection Against Both Myocardial and Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injuries. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:312. [PMID: 29681850 PMCID: PMC5897438 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shuxuening injection (SXNI) is a widely prescribed herbal medicine of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB) for cerebral and cardiovascular diseases in China. However, its curative effects on ischemic stroke and heart diseases and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Taking an integrated approach of RNA-seq and network pharmacology analysis, we compared transcriptome profiles of brain and heart ischemia reperfusion injury in C57BL/6J mice to identify common and differential target genes by SXNI. Models for myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI) by ligating left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) for 30 min ischemia and 24 h reperfusion and cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI) by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 90 min ischemia and 24 h reperfusion were employed to identify the common mechanisms of SXNI on both cerebral and myocardial ischemia reperfusion. In the CIRI model, ischemic infarct volume was markedly decreased after pre-treatment with SXNI at 0.5, 2.5, and 12.5 mL/kg. In the MIRI model, pre-treatment with SXNI at 2.5 and 12.5 mL/kg improved cardiac function and coronary blood flow and decreased myocardial infarction area. Besides, SXNI at 2.5 mL/kg also markedly reduced the levels of LDH, AST, CK-MB, and CK in serum. RNA-seq analysis identified 329 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in brain and 94 DEGs in heart after SXNI treatment in CIRI or MIRI models, respectively. Core analysis by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) revealed that atherosclerosis signaling and inflammatory response were top-ranked in the target profiles for both CIRI and MIRI after pre-treatment with SXNI. Specifically, Tnfrsf12a was recognized as an important common target, and was regulated by SXNI in CIRI and MIRI. In conclusion, our study showed that SXNI effectively protects brain and heart from I/R injuries via a common Tnfrsf12a-mediated pathway involving atherosclerosis signaling and inflammatory response. It provides a novel knowledge of active ingredients of Ginkgo biloba on cardio-cerebral vascular diseases in future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lyu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tiechan Zhao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaochen Ning
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xingpiao Jin
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guanwei Fan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory is more effective than anti-oxidant therapy in counteracting oxidative/nitrosative stress and heart disease in T. cruzi-infected mice. Parasitology 2017; 144:904-916. [PMID: 28134069 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016002675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We compared the relevance of ibuprofen, vitamins C and E to control oxidative/nitrosative stress and heart disease in mice infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. Swiss mice were randomized into five groups: control, uninfected; infected without treatment; and infected treated with vitamins C, E or ibuprofen. Animals were inoculated with 2000 trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi. After 20 days, infected mice presented reduced vitamin C and E tissue levels, high cytokines (interferon gamma, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin 10 and chemokine ligand 2), prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α ) and nitric oxide (NO) cardiac production, intense myocarditis and reactive tissue damage, which was directly correlated with the intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate and the degree of pathological cardiac remodelling. Vitamins C and E supplementation were irrelevant to counteract reactive tissue damage and myocarditis in infected animals. Conversely, ibuprofen reduced tissue levels of cytokines, PGF2α and NO, as well as lipid and protein oxidation, antioxidant enzyme activity and the cardiac damage, without interfering with heart parasitism. Our results do not support the applicability of vitamin C and E supplementation in the management of acute Chagas cardiomyopathy. By controlling the inflammatory infiltrate, anti-inflammatory-based therapy proved to be a more rational strategy than a direct antioxidant therapy in attenuating oxidative/nitrosative stress and cardiac damage.
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Mao X, Wang T, Liu Y, Irwin MG, Ou JS, Liao XL, Gao X, Xu Y, Ng KFJ, Vanhoutte PM, Xia Z. N-acetylcysteine and allopurinol confer synergy in attenuating myocardial ischemia injury via restoring HIF-1α/HO-1 signaling in diabetic rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68949. [PMID: 23874823 PMCID: PMC3715528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether or not the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and allopurinol (ALP) confer synergistic cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury by stabilizing hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) signaling in diabetic myocardium. METHODS Control or diabetic [streptozotocin (STZ)-induced] Sprague Dawley rats received vehicle or NAC, ALP or their combination for four weeks starting one week after STZ injection. The animals were then subjected to thirty minutes of coronary artery occlusion followed by two hours reperfusion in the absence or presence of the selective HO-1 inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin-IX (SnPP-IX) or the HIF-1α inhibitor 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2). Cardiomyocytes exposed to high glucose were subjected to hypoxia/re-oxygenation in the presence or absence of HIF-1α and HO-1 achieved by gene knock-down with related siRNAs. RESULTS Myocardial and plasma levels of 15-F2t-isoprostane, an index of oxidative stress, were significantly increased in diabetic rats while cardiac HO-1 protein and activity were reduced; this was accompanied with reduced cardiac protein levels of HIF-1α, and increased post-ischemic myocardial infarct size and cellular injury. NAC and ALP given alone and in particular their combination normalized cardiac levels of HO-1 and HIF-1α protein expression and prevented the increase in 15-F2t-isoprostane, resulting in significantly attenuated post-ischemic myocardial infarction. NAC and ALP also attenuated high glucose-induced post-hypoxic cardiomyocyte death in vitro. However, all the above protective effects of NAC and ALP were cancelled either by inhibition of HO-1 or HIF-1α with SnPP-IX and 2ME2 in vivo or by HO-1 or HIF-1α gene knock-down in vitro. CONCLUSION NAC and ALP confer synergistic cardioprotection in diabetes via restoration of cardiac HIF-1α and HO-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Mao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael G. Irwin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing-song Ou
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-long Liao
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kwok F. J. Ng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Paul M. Vanhoutte
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail:
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8
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Influence of ethanol extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves on the isolated rat heart work and mitochondria functions. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 59:450-7. [PMID: 22240914 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318249171d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we attempted to elucidate whether the effects of ethanol extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves (GBE) observed previously on isolated rat heart mitochondria may be realized in situ (in case of isolated heart perfused under normal conditions and under ischemia-reperfusion). We found that GBE at low concentrations (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 μL/mL) does not affect the heart rate and parameters of electrocardiogram (ECG) but produces a small increase in the coronary flow. Higher concentration of GBE (0.2 and 0.3 μL/mL) diminished the heart rate, decreased the coronary flow, and tended to enhance the parameters of ECG. The contractility of isolated rat heart and mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced form fluorescence decreased in a GBE concentration-dependent manner. Mitochondria isolated from hearts pre-perfused with GBE (0.05 μL/mL) for 20 minutes before nonflow global ischemia-reperfusion (45 min/15 min) showed higher respiratory rates with pyruvate + malate in state 2 and state 3, higher respiratory control index, and diminished H₂O₂ generation compared with untreated group. Higher GBE concentration, 0.4 μL/mL, had no effect on H2O2 generation and did not prevent the ischemia-reperfusion-induced decrease of pyruvate + malate oxidation in state 3 but even enhanced it. However, in the case of nonischemic perfusions, this GBE concentration had no significant effect on these parameters of respiratory functions of isolated heart mitochondria.
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Ching-Hsiang L, Chiao-Wen H, Nan-Fu C, Wen-Sheng L, Ya-Fen H, Wen-Tung W. In vivo effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on interleukin-6 cytokine levels in patients with neurological disorders. Indian J Pharmacol 2012; 44:118-21. [PMID: 22345884 PMCID: PMC3271515 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.91881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB) on the serum levels of cytokines in patients suffering from chronic, age-related neurological disorders (NDs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients received 9.6 mg of EGB twice daily for 8 weeks. Serum levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) before and after treatment. RESULTS The serum level of IL-6 was significantly higher in ND patients as compared to the healthy controls. After these patients underwent 4 and 8 weeks of EGB treatment, their IL-6 levels were shown a statistically significant (P<0.05) decline to near normal values. No significant changes were observed in serum levels of IL-1β and TNF-α after EGB treatment. We also observed an inverse relationship between ND and serum cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS EGB may exert its beneficial effects in patients suffering from NDs through down-regulation and suppression of IL-6 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ching-Hsiang
- Department of Professional Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Neurosurgery Division, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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10
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Shoeb M, Ramana KV. Anti-inflammatory effects of benfotiamine are mediated through the regulation of the arachidonic acid pathway in macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:182-90. [PMID: 22067901 PMCID: PMC3249497 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Benfotiamine, a lipid-soluble analogue of vitamin B1, is a potent antioxidant that is used as a food supplement for the treatment of diabetic complications. Our recent study (U.C. Yadav et al., Free Radic. Biol. Med. 48:1423-1434, 2010) indicates a novel role for benfotiamine in the prevention of bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytotoxicity and inflammatory response in murine macrophages. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how benfotiamine mediates anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory role of benfotiamine in regulating arachidonic acid (AA) pathway-generated inflammatory lipid mediators in RAW264.7 macrophages. Benfotiamine prevented the LPS-induced activation of cPLA2 and release of AA metabolites such as leukotrienes, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane 2 (TXB2), and prostacyclin (PGI2) in macrophages. Further, LPS-induced expression of AA-metabolizing enzymes such as COX-2, LOX-5, TXB synthase, and PGI2 synthase was significantly blocked by benfotiamine. Furthermore, benfotiamine prevented the LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and expression of transcription factors NF-κB and Egr-1. Benfotiamine also prevented the LPS-induced oxidative stress and protein-HNE adduct formation. Most importantly, compared to specific COX-2 and LOX-5 inhibitors, benfotiamine significantly prevented LPS-induced macrophage death and monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Thus, our studies indicate that the dual regulation of the COX and LOX pathways in AA metabolism could be a novel mechanism by which benfotiamine exhibits its potential anti-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kota V Ramana
- Correspondence: Kota V Ramana, PhD, , Telephone (409)-772-2202, Fax: 409-772-9679 and mailing address: #6.614D BSB, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas -77555, USA
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The change of the spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in mitochondrial passway and the effect of the Ginkgo biloba extract's preconditioning intervention. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 31:415-20. [PMID: 21153434 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to explore whether the apoptosis in ischemia-reperfusion injury could be affected by Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) and the free radical scavenger GBE could suppress this affection. Rabbits were randomly divided into sham group, ischemia group, ischemia-reperfusion group (1, 6, 24, 48 h), the drug group (1, 6, 24, 48 h). Measure the rate of apoptosis by flow cytometry, the caspase 9 and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in the cytoplasm and serum by ELISA. Compared with the sham group and ischemia group, the reperfusion group increased the rate of apoptosis, the caspase 9 and AIF in serum have a peak at 24 h after reperfusion, in the cytoplasm the peak at 6 h.GBE inhibit performance has the systemic and local aspects. The apoptosis of nerve cells after spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion has the relationship with the mitochondrial caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways and both the local and systemic role. GBE inhibits nerve cell apoptosis by these ways.
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12
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Improvement of Contractile Function in Isolated Cardiomyocytes From Ischemia-Reperfusion Rats by Ginkgolide B Pretreatment. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009; 54:3-9. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181a91410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Hsu CL, Wu YL, Tang GJ, Lee TS, Kou YR. Ginkgo biloba extract confers protection from cigarette smoke extract-induced apoptosis in human lung endothelial cells: Role of heme oxygenase-1. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2009; 22:286-96. [PMID: 19254777 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which is associated with increased oxidative stress and numbers of apoptotic endothelial cells in the lungs. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) is a therapeutic agent for disorders such as vascular insufficiency and Alzheimer's disease. Although EGb is known to possess antioxidant functions, its ability to alleviate cigarette smoke-induced pathophysiological consequences has not been elucidated. We investigated the cytoprotective effects and therapeutic mechanisms of EGb against oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs). Challenge with CSE (160 microg/ml) caused a reduction in cell viability, an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species and an acceleration of caspase-dependent apoptosis in HPAECs, all of which were alleviated by pretreatment with EGb (100 microg/ml). N-acetylcysteine (an antioxidant) also reduced both the CSE-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis, indicating that the former response triggered the latter. Additionally, EGb produced activation of ERK, JNK and p38 [three major mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)], an increase in the nuclear level of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, a stress-responsive protein with antioxidant function). Pretreatment with inhibitors of MAPKs abolished both EGb-induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation and HO-1 upregulation. Small interfering RNAs targeting HO-1 prevented EGb-induced HO-1 upregulation and also abolished the antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and cytoprotective effects of EGb in HPAECs insulted with CSE. We conclude that EGb confers protection from oxidative stress-related apoptosis induced by CSE in HPAECs and its therapeutic effects depend on transcriptional upregulation of HO-1 by EGb via the MAPKs/Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Ling Hsu
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Shih-Pai, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Akgül T, Karagüzel E, Sürer H, Yağmurdur H, Ayyildiz A, Ustün H, Germiyanoğlu C. Ginkgo biloba (EGB 761) affects apoptosis and nitric-oxide synthases in testicular torsion: an experimental study. Int Urol Nephrol 2008; 41:531-6. [PMID: 19115075 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-008-9511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the effect of ginkgo biloba on germ cell apoptosis and also on expressions of endothelial (eNOS) and inducible (iNOS) nitric oxide synthases after testicular torsion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned into four groups. Torsion/detorsion (T/D) was performed on the rats in group 1, group 2 received ginkgo biloba for a month before T/D, group 3 received only gingko biloba for a month, and group 4 was the sham group. Left testicular torsion was created in group 1 and group 2, and the testes were untwisted and replaced in the scrotum for reperfusion. No procedure was applied to group 3, and after 1 month, testes were removed in all groups. RESULTS Mean apoptotic cell, eNOS, and iNOS were increased in group 1. Group 2 showed significantly decreased apoptotic cells, eNOS, and iNOS in testes compared to group 1 (P < 0.05). The rats in group 3 had significantly decreased apoptotic cell, eNOS, and iNOS values, like the sham group (P < 0.05), and this group provided basal values. CONCLUSIONS Ginkgo biloba, as a free radical scavenger, seems to have a protective role against apoptosis in testicular ischemia reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgay Akgül
- Department of Second Urology Clinic, Ministry of Health Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
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Mozaffarieh M, Grieshaber M, Orgül S, Flammer J. The Potential Value of Natural Antioxidative Treatment in Glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 2008; 53:479-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Céspedes CL, El-Hafidi M, Pavon N, Alarcon J. Antioxidant and cardioprotective activities of phenolic extracts from fruits of Chilean blackberry Aristotelia chilensis (Elaeocarpaceae), Maqui. Food Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Boveris AD, Galleano M, Puntarulo S. In vivo supplementation with Ginkgo biloba protects membranes against lipid peroxidation. Phytother Res 2007; 21:735-40. [PMID: 17450504 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The effect of Ginkgo biloba (Gb) supplementation in vivo was studied on lipid peroxidation of microsomal membranes. Administration of up to 100 mg/kg/day Gb to rats did not significantly affect either the activity of microsomal enzymes, the rate of generation of superoxide anion or the iron reduction rate by rat liver microsomes. Lipid peroxidation, assessed by the generation of lipid radicals measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy using POBN as the spin trap, was reduced by 39.7% and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) generation by 30% after Gb supplementation (100 mg/kg/day) for 10 days. Moreover, membranes from Gb treated animals showed a significant lower content of lipid radicals and TBARS after exposure to oxidative stress both in vitro (t-butyl hydroperoxide) and in vivo (acute iron overload). The data presented here showed that Gb extracts were able to limit lipid peroxidation and scavenge lipid radicals in vivo and actively protect membranes from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro D Boveris
- Physical Chemistry-PRALIB, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Zhou YH, Yu JP. Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on the antioxidation in rats with TNBS-induced colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2007; 15:1701-1705. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v15.i15.1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effect and antioxidation mechanism of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB) in rats with ulcerative colitis induced by 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS).
METHODS: Rat model of ulcerative colitis was induced by 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (150 mg/kg) with ethanol. The experimental animals were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal group, model group, 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA, 100 mg/kg) group, EGB (200 mg/kg) group. The macroscopic and histological damages were evaluated. The contents of malondiadehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathion peroxide (GSH-Px) were measured by biochemical methods. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the colon tissues was detected by immunchistochemistry.
RESULTS: The expression of iNOS (19.60% ± 3.17% vs 81.36% ± 1.71%), the tissue contents of NO (9.20 ± 0.81 μmol/g vs 14.77 ± 1.34 μmol/g, P < 0.01) and MDA (3.96 ± 0.35 μmol/g vs 6.06 ± 0.39 μmol/g, P < 0.01) in EGB group were obviously lower than those in model group, but the activities of SOD and GSH-Px of colon tissues in EGB group were significantly higher (SOD: 32.52 ± 1.82 kU/g vs 21.90 ± 2.22 kU/g; GSH-Px: 49.91 ± 2.59 kU/g vs 41.26 ± 2.90 kU/g; P < 0.01). EGB also notably reduced the macroscopic and histological scores of colon tissues (2.10 ± 0.57 vs 3.10 ± 0.57; 3.50 ± 0.85 vs 4.7 ± 0.82; both P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: EGB can alleviate the inflammatory reactions in colitis through inhibiting oxygen free radical reaction, exerting antioxidation effects and decreasing the production of NO.
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Zhou YH, Yu JP, Liu YF, Teng XJ, Ming M, Lv P, An P, Liu SQ, Yu HG. Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on inflammatory mediators (SOD, MDA, TNF-alpha, NF-kappaBp65, IL-6) in TNBS-induced colitis in rats. Mediators Inflamm 2007; 2006:92642. [PMID: 17392580 PMCID: PMC1657076 DOI: 10.1155/mi/2006/92642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators play a criticial role in ulcerative colitis immune and inflammatory processes. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on inflammatory mediators (SOD, MDA, TNF-α, NF-κBp65, IL-6) in TNBS-induced colitis in rats. Colitis in rats was induced by colonic administration with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS, 150 mg/kg). EGB in doses of (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) was administered for 4 weeks to protect colitis. The results showed that EGB could significantly ameliorate macroscopic and histological damage, evidently elevate the activities of SOD and reduce the contents of MDA, inhibit the protein and mRNA expressions of TNF-α, NF-κBp65, and IL-6 in the colon tissues of experimental colitis in a dose-dependent manner compared with the model group. We concluded that the probable mechanisms of EGB ameliorated inflammatory injury in TNBS-induced colitis in rats by its modulation of inflammatory mediators and antioxidation
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
- *Yan-Hong Zhou:
| | - Jie-Ping Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yi-Fei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Xianning University, Hubei Province, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Teng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Mei Ming
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Peng Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ping An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Shi-Quan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Hong-Gang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
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He SX, Luo JY, Wang YP, Wang YL, Fu H, Xu JL, Zhao G, Liu EQ. Effects of extract from Ginkgo biloba on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:3924-8. [PMID: 16804984 PMCID: PMC4087947 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i24.3924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effects of extract from Ginkgo biloba (EGb) containing 22% flavonoid and 5% terpenoid on chronic liver injury and liver fibrosis of rats induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).
METHODS: All rats were randomly divided into control group, CCl4-treated group, colchicine-treated group and EGb-protected group. Chronic liver injury was induced in experimental groups by subcutaneous injection of CCl4 and fed with chows premixed with 79.5% corn powder, 20% lard and 0.5% cholesterol (v/v). EGb-protected group was treated with EGb (0.5 g/kg body weight per day) for 7 wk. At the end of wk 8, all the rats were killed. Liver function, liver fibrosis, oxidative stress and expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), a-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and type I collagens in liver were determined. In addition, pathology changes of liver tissue were observed under light microscope.
RESULTS: The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and albumin (Alb) in EGb-protected group were notably improved as compared with the CCL4-treated group (P < 0.01). The contents of serum hyaluronic acid (HA), type III procollagen (PCIII), type IV collagen (CIV) and the expression of hepatic tissue TGF-β1, α-SMA and type I collagen in EGb-protected group were significantly lower than those in CCL4-treated groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The degrees of liver fibrosis in EGb-protected groups were lower than those in CCL4-treated groups (6.58 ± 1.25 vs 9.52 ± 2.06, P < 0.05). Compared to the CCL4-treated group, the levels of plasma glutathoine peroxidase (Se-GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were strikingly improved also in EGb-protected group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: EGb resists oxidative stress and thereby reduces chronic liver injury and liver fibrosis in rats with liver injury induced by CCl4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Xiang He
- Department of Gastroenterolgy, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medical, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Kim J, Li Q, Fang CX, Ren J. Paradoxical effects of ginkgolide B on cardiomyocyte contractile function in normal and high-glucose environments. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:536-42. [PMID: 16626507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Ginkgo biloba extract is a natural product used widely for cerebral and cardiovascular diseases. It is mainly composed of terpene lactones (ginkgolide A and B) and flavone glycosides (eg quercetin and kaempferol). To better understand the cardiac electromechanical action of Ginkgo biloba extract in normal and diabetic states, this study was designed to examine the effect of ginkgolide B on cardiomyocyte contractile function under normal and high-glucose environments. METHODS Isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes were cultured for 6 h in a serum-free medium containing either normal (NG; 5.5 mmol/L) or high (HG; 25.5 mmol/L) glucose with or without ginkgolide B (0.5-2.0 microg/mL). Mechanical properties were evaluated using the IonOptix MyoCam system. Contractile properties analyzed included peak shortening (PS), maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening (+/-dl/dt), time-to-PS (TPS) and time-to-90% relengthening (TR90). Levels of essential Ca(2+) regulatory proteins sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA2a), phospholamban (PLB) and Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) were assessed by Western blotting. RESULTS Ginkgolide B nullified HG-induced prolongation in TR90. However, ginkgolide B depressed PS, +/-dl/dt and shortened TPS in NG and HG cells. Ginkgolide B also prolonged TR90 in NG cells. Western blot analysis revealed that HG upregulated SERCA2a and downregulated PLB expression without affecting that of NCX. Ginkgolide B disrupted the NG-HG response pattern in SERCA2a and NCX without affecting that of PLB. CONCLUSION Ginkgolide B affects cardiomyocyte contractile function under NG or HG environments in a paradoxical manner, which may be attributed to uneven action on Ca(2+) regulatory proteins under NG and HG conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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