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Liang F, Fu X, Ding S, Li L. Use of a Network-Based Method to Identify Latent Genes Associated with Hearing Loss in Children. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:783500. [PMID: 34912812 PMCID: PMC8667072 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.783500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is a total or partial inability to hear. Approximately 5% of people worldwide experience this condition. Hearing capacity is closely related to language, social, and basic emotional development; hearing loss is particularly serious in children. The pathogenesis of childhood hearing loss remains poorly understood. Here, we sought to identify new genes potentially associated with two types of hearing loss in children: congenital deafness and otitis media. We used a network-based method incorporating a random walk with restart algorithm, as well as a protein-protein interaction framework, to identify genes potentially associated with either pathogenesis. A following screening procedure was performed and 18 and 87 genes were identified, which potentially involved in the development of congenital deafness or otitis media, respectively. These findings provide novel biomarkers for clinical screening of childhood deafness; they contribute to a genetic understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liang
- Anaesthesia Department, China-Japan Union Hospital, JiLin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Fu
- Anaesthesia Department, China-Japan Union Hospital, JiLin University, Changchun, China
| | - ShiJian Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Hong W, Khampang P, Kerschner AR, Mackinnon AC, Yan K, Simpson PM, Kerschner JE. Antibiotic modulation of mucins in otitis media; should this change our approach to watchful waiting? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 125:134-140. [PMID: 31302575 PMCID: PMC6742428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gel-forming mucins (GFMs) play important roles in otitis media (OM) pathogenesis. Increased mucin expression is activated by pathogens and proinflammatory cytokines. Bacterial biofilms influence inflammation and resolution of OM and may contribute to prolonged mucin production. The influence of specific pathogens on mucin expression and development of chronic OM with effusion (OME) remains an area of significant knowledge deficit. OBJECTIVES To assess the relationship between GFM expression, specific pathogens, middle ear mucosal (MEM) changes, biofilm formation, and antibiotic utilization. METHODS Mixed gender chinchillas were inoculated with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) strain 86028NP or Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) strain TIGR4 via transbulla injection. Antibiotic was administered on day 3-5 post inoculation. GFM expression was measured by quantitative PCR. Biofilm formation was identified and middle ear histologic changes were measured. RESULTS SP infection resulted in higher incidence of biofilm and ME effusion compared with NTHi infection. However, NTHi persisted in the ME longer than SP with no substantive bacterial clearance detected on day 10 compared with complete bacterial clearance on day 10 for 50-60% of the SP-infected chinchillas. Both infections increased MEM inflammatory cell infiltration and thickening. NTHi upregulated the Muc5AC, Muc5B and Muc19 expression on day 10 (p = 0.0004, 0.003, and 0.002 respectively). SP-induced GFM upregulations were trended toward significant. In both NTHi and SP infections, the degree of GFM upregulation had a direct relationship to increased MEM hypertrophy, inflammatory cell infiltration and biofilm formation. Antibiotic treatment reduced the incidence of ME effusion and biofilm, limited the MEM changes and reversed the GFM upregulation. In NTHi infection, the rate of returning to baseline level of GFMs in treated chinchillas was quicker than those without treatment. CONCLUSIONS In an animal model of OM, GFM genes are upregulated in conjunction with MEM hypertrophy and biofilm formation. This upregulation is less robust and more quickly ameliorated to a significant degree in the NTHi infection with appropriate antibiotic therapy. These findings contribute to the understanding of pathogen specific influences on mucin expression during OM pathogenesis and provide new data which may have implications in clinical approach for OM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhou Hong
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
| | - Pawjai Khampang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
| | - Abigail R Kerschner
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Ke Yan
- Quantitative Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
| | - Pippa M Simpson
- Quantitative Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joseph E Kerschner
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA; Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA.
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Kerschner JE, Khampang P, Hong W. Dexamethasone modulation of MUC5AC and MUC2 gene expression in a generalized model of middle ear inflammation. Laryngoscope 2016; 126:E248-54. [PMID: 26525635 PMCID: PMC4854820 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To examine the effect of dexamethasone on basal and proinflammatory cytokine-induced gel-forming mucin expression in human middle ear epithelial cell line (HMEEC-1). METHODS HMEEC-1 was exposed to proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) to identify optimal mucin induction. The HMEEC-1 was incubated with dexamethasone in the steady state and in the presence of proinflammatory cytokine stimulation. Expression of MUC2 and MUC5AC was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β, induced MUC2 and MUC5AC expression in HMEEC-1. Dexamethasone reduced steady state mRNA level of MUC5AC in a time-dependent (P < 0.05) and dose-dependent (P < 0.0001) manner. MUC2 was effectively suppressed at all time points tested (P < 0.05). Temporal difference between dexamethasone suppression of MUC2 and MUC5AC was demonstrated. Dexamethasone inhibits the proinflammatory cytokine-induced expression of both MUC2 and MUC5AC. CONCLUSION This work provides a conclusive picture of the ability of using glucocorticoids to downregulate mucin gene expression in human MEE using a generalizable model of inflammation that is applicable to multiple potential causes of MEE mucosal hypertrophy. This data adds to the promising potential of future interventions for patients with chronic otitis media. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A. Laryngoscope, 126:E248-E254, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Kerschner
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Pawjai Khampang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Wenzhou Hong
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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Kimura M, Moteki H, Ogihara M. Involvement of endogenous transforming growth factor-α in signal transduction pathway for interleukin-1β-induced hepatocyte proliferation. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 745:223-33. [PMID: 25445040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of interleukin (IL)-1β on DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes in order to elucidate the mechanisms of its action. Hepatocyte parenchymal cells maintained in a serum-free, defined medium synthesized DNA and proliferated in the presence of IL-1β (3-30 ng/ml), but not IL-1α (0.1-30 ng/ml) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Specific inhibitors of growth-related signal transducers, such as AG1478, LY294002, PD98059, and rapamycin, completely abolished IL-1β-stimulated hepatocyte DNA synthesis and proliferation. Western blot analysis showed that IL-1β significantly stimulated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation within 10 min. Addition of a monoclonal antibody against transforming growth factor (TGF)-α, but not a monoclonal antibody against insulin-like growth factor-I, to the culture dose-dependently inhibited IL-1β-induced hepatocyte mitogenesis. Culture medium TGF-α levels increased significantly within 3 min in response to IL-1β from baseline levels. Peak TGF-α levels (33 pg/ml) were reached at 10 min after IL-1β stimulation. These results indicate that the proliferative mechanism of action of IL-1β is mediated through an increase in autocrine secretion of TGF-α from primary cultured hepatocytes. Secreted TGF-α, in turn, acts as a complete mitogen to induce hepatocyte mitogenesis through the receptor tyrosine kinase/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/MAP kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Kimura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1. Keyakidai, Sakado City 350-0290, Japan
| | - Hajime Moteki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1. Keyakidai, Sakado City 350-0290, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ogihara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1. Keyakidai, Sakado City 350-0290, Japan.
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Kerschner JE, Hong W, Khampang P, Johnston N. Differential response of gel-forming mucins to pathogenic middle ear bacteria. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78:1368-73. [PMID: 24958163 PMCID: PMC4104932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the differential response of the secretory gel forming mucins (GFM) to the most common bacterial pathogens causing otitis media, Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP), nontypeable Haemophilus influenza (NTHi), and Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat), in a culture model of human middle ear epithelium (HMEEC). METHODS In vitro cultured HMEEC was exposed to 5 μg/ml of bacterial whole cell lysate (WCL). RNA was extracted to generate cDNA. The expression levels of each of the targeted mucin transcripts, MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC19, were detected by quantitative PCR. RESULTS The submerged HMEEC exposed to NTHi-86028NP WCL demonstrated a significant increase of MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC5B as compared to the control non-treated cells while MUC19 transcript level remained unchanged. WCL of additional major OM pathogens significantly increase the transcription of these three mucin genes as well. A combination of NTHi and SP further synergistically induced MUC2 and MUC5AC gene expression however, not all NTHi strains synergized with SP in the induction. Addition of Mcat WCL to the synergized combination of NTHi and SP did not participate in the synergistic response of mucins. CONCLUSION The specific pathogen combinations were important in determining the degree of synergistic effects to GFM expression. The current data are substantive in guiding future work to extend our understanding of OM pathogens and GFMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Kerschner
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226,Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Wenzhou Hong
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Pawjai Khampang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Nikki Johnston
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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Kerschner JE, Hong W, Taylor SR, Kerschner JA, Khampang P, Wrege KC, North PE. A novel model of spontaneous otitis media with effusion (OME) in the Oxgr1 knock-out mouse. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 77. [PMID: 23200873 PMCID: PMC3535456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A novel mouse model with a specific genetic mutation in a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) encoded by the Oxgr1 gene results in a predisposition to spontaneous otitis media with effusion. As a primary component of interest in OME, mucin expression was examined in this model to assess expression as compared to wild type animals and suitability as a murine model of OME. METHOD Mutant (Oxgr1(-/-)) and wild-type (Oxgr1(+/+)) mice between ages of 2 and 5 months were examined by otoscopy and auditory brainstem response (ABR). Histology changes in the middle ear were evaluated. Expression of mucin genes in the middle ear epithelium was determined using RT-PCR and quantitative PCR. RESULT Otoscopic exam showed signs of inflammation in 82% of mutant mice. Significant elevated ABR thresholds were detected in mutant mice indicating hearing loss. Histology analysis of the middle ears demonstrated the presence of inflammatory cells, changes in the mucosal epithelium, and middle ear fluid. RT PCR using universal primers for bacterial 18s rRNA suggested the absence of bacteria in the middle ear. The knockout mice demonstrated expression of Muc1, Muc2, Muc3, Muc4, Muc5AC, Muc5B, Muc9, Muc10, Muc13, Muc15, Muc16, Muc18, Muc19 and Muc20. There was a trend of increase in Muc5B and Muc19 expression in the middle ear of the knockout mice compared to that of wild-type. There was no significant change in the level of Muc2, and Muc5AC was expressed at a level below the detection limit of quantification. CONCLUSION Development of a murine model with genetic defect has several attractive features. The rate of OME in these animals is high at 82%. It is clear that this OME is related to histopathologic changes in the middle ear epithelium of these knock-out mice. Induction of mucus effusion is evident though the viation in dysregulation of GFM does exist in this non-challenge study condition. The underlying cause of these differences between individual animal requires further investigation. Given this, the Oxgr1(-/-) model is likely to be an ideal model to examine mucin regulation in MEE and potentially develop novel GPCR-specific targeted interventions to regulate these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Kerschner
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226,Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Wenzhou Hong
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Steven R. Taylor
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - John A. Kerschner
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Pawjai Khampang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Kay C. Wrege
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Paula E North
- Pediatric Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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Mucin production and mucous cell metaplasia in otitis media. Int J Otolaryngol 2012; 2012:745325. [PMID: 22685463 PMCID: PMC3364788 DOI: 10.1155/2012/745325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) with mucoid effusion, characterized by mucous cell metaplasia/hyperplasia in the middle ear cleft and thick fluid accumulation in the middle ear cavity, is a subtype of OM which frequently leads to chronic OM in young children. Multiple factors are involved in the developmental process of OM with mucoid effusion, especially disorders of mucin production resulting from middle ear bacterial infection and Eustachian tube dysfunction. In this review, we will focus on several aspects of this disorder by analyzing the cellular and molecular events such as mucin production and mucous cell differentiation in the middle ear mucosa with OM. In addition, infectious agents, mucin production triggers, and relevant signaling pathways will be discussed.
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Ubell ML, Kerschner JE, Wackym PA, Burrows A. MUC2 expression in human middle ear epithelium of patients with otitis media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 134:39-44. [PMID: 18209134 DOI: 10.1001/archoto.2007.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare levels of expression of mucin gene 2 (MUC2), a major secretory mucin, in the middle ear of patients with otitis media (OM) and control patients. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. PATIENTS Nineteen patients aged 6 months to 15 years undergoing routine ventilation tube insertion for recurrent OM or chronic OM with effusion and 8 controls with no history of OM undergoing cochlear implantation. INTERVENTIONS Biopsy of middle ear epithelium for RNA extraction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Expression of MUC2 by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Twenty-seven OM samples (17 recurrent and 10 with effusion) from 19 patients were analyzed and compared with 9 control samples from 8 patients. The mean MUC2 expression was 6.12 (95% confidence interval, 3.32-8.89) times that of the controls in the OM samples overall, 5.00 (95% confidence interval, 2.79-7.21) times that of controls in the recurrent OM samples, and 7.98 (95% confidence interval, 1.58-14.38) times that of controls in the OM with effusion samples. CONCLUSIONS Levels of MUC2 expression in human middle ear epithelium are significantly increased in patients with OM overall, patients with recurrent OM, and patients with OM with effusion compared with controls. Mucins are fundamentally important in the middle ear, controlling viscoelastic properties of secretions and providing mucosal protection and bacterial clearance. Demonstration of these differences between patient groups highlights the need for greater understanding of molecular responses in OM, which may provide novel interventions for this common problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Ubell
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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