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Characteristics of and Trends in HIV Diagnoses in the Deep South Region of the United States, 2012-2017. AIDS Behav 2019; 23:224-232. [PMID: 31473847 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-019-02659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
HIV prevention goals in the United States include reducing new HIV infections among people in the South Census region (commonly referred as the South). Using data reported to the National HIV Surveillance System, we examined trends in HIV diagnoses in the South, including the Deep South and Other South, during 2012-2017. Although diagnosis rates declined in all regions during the time period, declines were greater in all other regions compared to the Deep South, with the exception of the West region. Moreover, the South continues to have a diagnosis rate 50% higher (65% higher in the Deep South) than that of any other region. Diagnoses in the Deep South increased among some groups, including men who have sex with men, persons aged 25-34 years and Hispanics/Latinos. These findings highlight the need to further strengthen interventions in the South, particularly among communities of color and young adults.
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Hasin DS, Grant BF. The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) Waves 1 and 2: review and summary of findings. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015; 50:1609-40. [PMID: 26210739 PMCID: PMC4618096 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-015-1088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The NESARC, a "third-generation" psychiatric epidemiologic survey that integrated detailed measures of alcohol and drug use and problems has been the data source for over >850 publications. A comprehensive review of NESARC findings and their implications is lacking. METHOD NESARC was a survey of 43,093 participants that covered alcohol, drug and psychiatric disorders, risk factors, and consequences. Wave 1 of the NESARC was conducted in 2001-2002. Three years later, Wave 2 follow-up re-interviews were conducted with 34,653 of the original participants. Scopus and Pubmed were used to search for NESARC papers, which were sorted into topic areas and summarized. RESULT The most common disorders were alcohol and posttraumatic stress disorders, and major depression. Females had more internalizing disorders and males had more externalizing disorders, although the preponderance of males with alcohol disorders (the "gender gap") was less pronounced than it was in previous decades. A race/ethnic "paradox" (lower risk among disadvantaged minorities than whites) remains unexplained. Younger participants had higher risk for substance and personality disorders, but not unipolar depressive or anxiety disorders. Psychiatric comorbidity was extensive and often formed latent trans-diagnostic domains. Since 1991-1992, risk for marijuana and prescription drug disorders increased, while smoking decreased, although smoking decreases were less pronounced among those with comorbidity. A nexus of comorbidity, social support, and stress predicted transitions in diagnostic status between Waves 1 and 2. Childhood maltreatment predicted psychopathology. Alcohol and drug use disorders were seldom treated; attitudinal barriers (little perceived need, perceived alcoholism stigma, pessimism about efficacy) were more important in predicting non-treatment than financial barriers. CONCLUSIONS Understanding comorbidity and the effects of early stressors will require research incorporating biologic components, e.g., genetic variants and brain imaging. The lack of treatment for alcohol and drug disorders, predicted by attitudinal rather than financial variables, suggests an urgent need for public and professional education to reduce the stigma associated with these disorders and increase knowledge of treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S Hasin
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Bridget F Grant
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biometry, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5635 Fishers Lane, Room 3077, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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Gray SC, Massaro T, Chen I, Edholm CJ, Grotheer R, Zheng Y, Chang HH. A county-level analysis of persons living with HIV in the southern United States. AIDS Care 2015; 28:266-72. [PMID: 26332197 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2015.1080793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study uses county-level surveillance data to systematically analyze geographic variation and clustering of persons living with diagnosed HIV (PLWH) in the southern United States in 2011. Clusters corresponding to large metropolitan areas - including Miami, Atlanta, and Baltimore - had HIV prevalence rates higher (p < .001) than the regional rate. Regression analysis within the counties included in these clusters determined that race was a significant indicator for PLWH. These results provide a general picture of the distribution of PLWH in the southern United States at the county level and provide insights for identifying local geographic areas with a high number of PLWH, as well as subpopulations that may have an increased risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C Gray
- a Division of HIV/AIDS and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Tyler Massaro
- b Department of Mathematics , The University of Tennessee , Knoxville , TN , USA
| | - Isabel Chen
- c Department of Mathematics , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Christina J Edholm
- d Department of Mathematics , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , NE , USA
| | - Rachel Grotheer
- e Department of Mathematical Sciences , Clemson University , Clemson , SC , USA
| | - Yiqiang Zheng
- f Department of Mathematics , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA.,g Department of Statistics , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA
| | - Howard H Chang
- h Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics , Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Sales JM, Smearman E, Brown JL, Brody GH, Philibert RA, Rose E, DiClemente RJ. Associations Between a Dopamine D4 Receptor Gene, Alcohol Use, and Sexual Behaviors among Female Adolescent African Americans. JOURNAL OF HIV/AIDS & SOCIAL SERVICES 2015; 14:136-153. [PMID: 27087792 PMCID: PMC4831568 DOI: 10.1080/15381501.2014.920759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent African-American females are disproportionately impacted by HIV, thus there is a clear need to understand factors associated with increased HIV-risk behaviors among this vulnerable population. We sought to explore the association between a dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4), a genetic marker associated with natural variations in rewarding behaviors, and self-reported alcohol-use and sexual risk-behaviors, while controlling for other known correlates of risk-taking such as impulsivity, sensation seeking, and peer norms among a group of high-risk African American female adolescents to evaluate whether this biological factor enhances our understanding of patterns of risk in this vulnerable group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Sales
- Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education
- Emory University Center for AIDS Research, Social & Behavioral Sciences Core
- Center for Contextual Genetics and Prevention Science, University of Georgia
| | - Erica Smearman
- Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education
- Emory University School of Medicine, Medical Scientist Training Program
| | - Jennifer L. Brown
- Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education
- Emory University Center for AIDS Research, Social & Behavioral Sciences Core
| | - Gene H. Brody
- Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education
- Emory University Center for AIDS Research, Social & Behavioral Sciences Core
- Center for Contextual Genetics and Prevention Science, University of Georgia
| | - Robert A. Philibert
- Center for Contextual Genetics and Prevention Science, University of Georgia
- University of Iowa, Department of Psychiatry
| | - Eve Rose
- Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education
| | - Ralph J. DiClemente
- Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education
- Emory University Center for AIDS Research, Social & Behavioral Sciences Core
- Center for Contextual Genetics and Prevention Science, University of Georgia
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Magidson JF, Blashill AJ, Wall MM, Balan IC, Wang S, Lejuez CW, Blanco C. Relationship between psychiatric disorders and sexually transmitted diseases in a nationally representative sample. J Psychosom Res 2014; 76:322-8. [PMID: 24630184 PMCID: PMC4000753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a significant public health concern. Numerous internalizing and externalizing psychiatric disorders have been found to be related to STD risk. However, to date, no studies have examined several psychiatric disorders simultaneously to account for STD risk. Given that psychiatric disorders often co-occur and can be explained by a limited number of latent dimensions of psychopathology, it is important to examine whether the relationship between STDs and psychiatric disorders is best explained by broad dimensions of psychopathology. METHODS The current study examined the associations between a range of Axis I and II psychiatric disorders at baseline and rates of STDs at a three-year follow-up in a large, nationally representative sample of adults in the United States (n=34,434). A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to fit three factors, two internalizing and one externalizing. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to assess the relationships between and among the factors and STD status and to test for mediation. RESULTS In bivariate analyses, most Axis I and Axis II disorders were associated with STD diagnosis at Wave 2, whereas the results of the structural model showed that only the externalizing factor was significantly associated with STD diagnosis at Wave 2. Further, the externalizing factor mediated the relationship between one of the internalizing factors and STD diagnosis. CONCLUSION Findings suggest the unique contribution of externalizing psychopathology to STD risk and the importance of examining latent dimensions of disorders when understanding this relationship between psychiatric disorders and STDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F. Magidson
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School
,University of Maryland, College Park
| | | | - Melanie M. Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University
,Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
| | - Ivan C. Balan
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University
| | | | - Carlos Blanco
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University
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Prevalence and predictors of drug use among adolescents with HIV infection acquired perinatally or later in life. AIDS Behav 2013; 17:976-86. [PMID: 21842420 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-011-9950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined the prevalence and predictors of drug use among a diverse group of adolescents living with HIV infection acquired perinatally or through sexual risk behaviors ("behaviorally acquired"). Adolescents ages 13-21 (n = 166) who were receiving care at one of five pediatric/adolescent HIV clinics in three US cities (Baltimore MD, Washington DC, and New York NY) and were enrolled in a behavioral intervention were interviewed at baseline regarding lifetime drug use experiences and depression symptoms. A majority of study participants reported using alcohol (57.2%) and marijuana (51.2%); 48.8% reported tobacco/cigarette use. The mean age of onset of use for each type of drug was 14 years or younger. A larger proportion of participants with behaviorally acquired HIV than adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV reported lifetime use of alcohol (76.1 vs. 44.4%), marijuana (73.1 vs. 36.4%), tobacco (70.2 vs. 34.3%), and club drugs (22.4 vs. 3%) (all p < 0.001).
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Sales JM, Brown JL, Vissman AT, DiClemente RJ. The association between alcohol use and sexual risk behaviors among African American women across three developmental periods: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 5:117-28. [PMID: 22455508 DOI: 10.2174/1874473711205020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African American women experience increased rates of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV. The use of alcohol may increase sexual risk behaviors among this population. PURPOSE This paper provides a review and critique of the literature examining the association between alcohol use and sexual risk behaviors among African American females including a: (a) synthesis of research findings from adolescent, college-aged/early adulthood, and adult samples; (b) methodological critique of the literature; and (c) guidance for future research. METHODS We reviewed 32 studies examining the association between alcohol use and sexual risk behaviors among African American females across developmental periods. RESULTS Similar to previous association studies, results suggest that increased use of alcohol is associated with increased sexual risk practices among African American females. Further, even non-abuse levels of drinking among African American females, at all ages, were related to increased sexual risk-taking. CONCLUSIONS Future studies should seek to recruit samples that more fully reflect the diversity of African American women's experiences across the lifespan. Given the association between alcohol use and/or abuse and the prevalence of STI/HIV-associated risk behaviors and adverse biological outcomes (i.e., STIs, including HIV) among African American females across the lifespan, there is a clear need to develop and evaluate prevention research efforts tailored for this subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Sales
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Seth P, Wingood GM, DiClemente RJ, Robinson LS. Alcohol use as a marker for risky sexual behaviors and biologically confirmed sexually transmitted infections among young adult African-American women. Womens Health Issues 2011; 21:130-5. [PMID: 21276736 PMCID: PMC4232951 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous research has primarily focused on the relationship between illicit drug use and HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk behavior among African-American women. Very few studies have solely reviewed the role of alcohol use on risky sexual behavior. The present study examined the relationship between alcohol use at non-abuse levels and risky sexual behaviors and STIs among young adult African-American women. METHODS Eight hundred forty-eight African American women, ages 18 to 29, participated at baseline, with 669 and 673 women at 6 and 12 months follow-up, respectively. Participants completed an Audio Computer Assisted Survey Interview assessing sociodemographics, alcohol use, and risky sexual behaviors. Subsequently, participants provided two vaginal swab specimens for STIs. RESULTS Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted for cross-sectional analyses, with illicit drug use as a covariate. Women who consumed alcohol were more likely to have multiple partners and risky partners. Binary generalized estimating equation models assessed the impact of alcohol use at baseline on risky sexual behavior and STIs over a 12-month period. Illicit drug use, intervention group, and baseline outcome measures were entered as covariates. Alcohol consumption predicted positive results for chlamydia, positive results for any STI, and never using a condom with a casual partner over a 12-month follow-up period. DISCUSSION Frequency of alcohol use at non-abuse levels was correlated with and predicted risky sexual behaviors and STIs. Prevention programs for African-American women should incorporate education regarding the link between alcohol and HIV/STI risk behaviors and the potential negative health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Seth
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
- Emory Center for AIDS Research, Social and Behavioral Sciences Core
| | - Gina M. Wingood
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
- Emory Center for AIDS Research, Social and Behavioral Sciences Core
- 1518 Clifton Road NE, Room 556, Atlanta, GA 30322; Telephone: (404) 727-0241; Fax: (404) 727-1369
| | - Ralph J. DiClemente
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
- Emory Center for AIDS Research, Social and Behavioral Sciences Core
- 1518 Clifton Road NE, Room 554, Atlanta, GA 30322; Telephone: (404) 727-0237; Fax: (404) 727-1369
| | - LaShun S. Robinson
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
- 1520 Clifton Road NE, Room 274, Atlanta, GA 30322; Telephone: (404) 712-9189; Fax: (404) 712-9738
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Beydoun HA, Dail J, Tamim H, Ugwu B, Beydoun MA. Gender and age disparities in the prevalence of Chlamydia infection among sexually active adults in the United States. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2010; 19:2183-90. [PMID: 20950136 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2010.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) causes a costly and potentially recurrent bacterial infection that accounts for a considerable proportion of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States. Disparities by gender and age group in CT prevalence have been reported previously. The current study evaluates demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral risk and protective factors that may account for gender/age disparities in CT infections among sexually active young adults in the United States. METHODS Secondary analyses were performing using the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. RESULTS A total sample of 5611 adults, 20-39 years of age, who participated in the 1999-2006 NHANES, reported lifetime sexual experience, and had valid laboratory-based CT status, was analyzed. CT prevalence did not differ significantly by gender and was estimated to be 1.6%. It was slightly higher for people <25 years vs. those ≥25 years of age; age disparities were reduced after controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral characteristics. Among those <25 years, non-Hispanic blacks had a higher odds of CT infection compared with other groups. Among those ≥25 years of age, not having had unprotected sex in the past month reduced the odds for CT infection, whereas non-Hispanic black race and never married status increased the odds for CT infection. CONCLUSIONS Among sexually active adults, no gender disparities were observed in CT prevalence. Age group disparities were partly explained by personal characteristics associated with risk of STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind A Beydoun
- Graduate Program in Public Health, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23501-1980, USA.
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Socio-demographic and behavioral correlates of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 infections and co-infections among adults in the USA. Int J Infect Dis 2010; 14 Suppl 3:e154-60. [PMID: 20418142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2 may co-exist and interact, some epidemiologic features including geographical distribution, secular trends, route of transmission, and established risk factors may distinguish these HSV sub-types. With recent data indicating a link between genital herpes and either strain, a re-evaluation of risk factors for HSV-1/HSV-2 infection and co-infection is needed. METHODS We used the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Study (NHANES) data and logistic regression modeling to identify socio-demographic and behavioral risk factors that can independently predict HSV-1/HSV-2 infection and co-infection. RESULTS Approximately 48% were positive for HSV-1 alone, 7% were positive for HSV-2 alone and 12% were co-infected with HSV-1 and HSV-2. History of genital herpes was found in individuals infected with either or both HSV sub-types. Whereas age, sex, race, and level of education independently predicted all three outcomes, lifetime sexual activity as well as use of tobacco products and recreational drugs mainly correlated with HSV-2 infection and HSV-1/HSV-2 co-infection. Lifetime use of alcohol was not consistently associated with HSV-1/HSV-2 infection and co-infection. CONCLUSIONS Sexual activity played an important role for HSV-2 and was potentially important for HSV-1, with implications for healthcare practice and vaccine development.
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Aral SO, O'Leary A, Baker C. Sexually transmitted infections and HIV in the southern United States: an overview. Sex Transm Dis 2006; 33:S1-5. [PMID: 16794550 DOI: 10.1097/01.olq.0000223249.04456.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi O Aral
- Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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