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de Oliveira CH, Moreno LZ, Cardoso PHM, Silva APS, Gomes VTM, Barbosa MRF, Balian SC, Moreno AM. Characterization of Aeromonas Isolates from Ornamental Fish: Species, Virulence Genes, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility. Microorganisms 2024; 12:176. [PMID: 38258002 PMCID: PMC10819562 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize 300 Aeromonas spp. strains isolated from 123 ornamental fish of 32 different species presenting with septicemia, skin lesions, and/or eye lesions. Within the 300 strains, 53.0% were identified as A. veronii, 41.3% as A. hydrophila, and 5.7% as A. caviae. Among the six virulence genes investigated, the most frequent were act (90.3%) and aer (79.3%). More than 50% of A. hydrophila strains were positive for all the studied genes. A total of 30 virulence profiles were identified, with the five main profiles identified comprising 75% of strains. Only five strains were negative for all genes and were identified as A. caviae and A. veronii. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile was performed for 234 strains, with sulfonamides presenting more than 50% of the resistance rates. Susceptibility was observed mainly for cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol and piperacillin-tazobactam. Multidrug resistance was detected in 82.5% of the studied strains, including A. caviae with 100% multidrug resistance, and A. hydrophila with 90.9% multidrug resistance. The SE-AFLP analysis resulted in 66 genotypes of A. hydrophila, 118 genotypes of A. veronii, and 14 genotypes of A. caviae, demonstrating the greater heterogeneity of A. veronii and A. caviae. However, no direct correlation was observed between the genotypes and the strains' origins or virulence and resistance profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina H. de Oliveira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (C.H.d.O.); (L.Z.M.); (P.H.M.C.); (A.P.S.S.); (V.T.M.G.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Luisa Z. Moreno
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (C.H.d.O.); (L.Z.M.); (P.H.M.C.); (A.P.S.S.); (V.T.M.G.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Pedro H. M. Cardoso
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (C.H.d.O.); (L.Z.M.); (P.H.M.C.); (A.P.S.S.); (V.T.M.G.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Ana Paula S. Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (C.H.d.O.); (L.Z.M.); (P.H.M.C.); (A.P.S.S.); (V.T.M.G.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Vasco T. M. Gomes
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (C.H.d.O.); (L.Z.M.); (P.H.M.C.); (A.P.S.S.); (V.T.M.G.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Mikaela R. F. Barbosa
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Environmental Analysis, Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Júnior 345, São Paulo 05459-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Simone C. Balian
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (C.H.d.O.); (L.Z.M.); (P.H.M.C.); (A.P.S.S.); (V.T.M.G.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Andrea M. Moreno
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (C.H.d.O.); (L.Z.M.); (P.H.M.C.); (A.P.S.S.); (V.T.M.G.); (S.C.B.)
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Laltlanmawia C, Saha H, Ghosh L, Saha RK, Malla S. Identification and analysis of pathogenic bacteria causing outbreaks in Indian major carp aquaculture of Tripura. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2023; 35:263-279. [PMID: 37584068 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate bacterial disease outbreaks in Indian major carp from aquaculture systems in Tripura, India, and identify the bacterial species associated with those outbreaks. METHODS A 3-year surveillance was conducted in eight districts of Tripura, during which nine bacterial disease outbreaks were recorded. Fourteen bacterial strains isolated from diseased Indian major carp were selected and identified using phenotypic, molecular (16S ribosomal RNA gene), and phylogenetic analyses. In vitro pathogenicity studies were performed to assess the potential pathogenicity of the isolated bacteria. RESULT The selected isolated strains were preliminarily identified under the genera Aeromonas (9 isolates), Acinetobacter (1 isolate), Citrobacter (3 isolates), and Pseudomonas (1 isolate). Molecular and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the species of the isolated bacteria, including Aeromonas jandaei (strains COF_AHE09 and COF_AHE61), Aeromonas veronii (strains COF_AHE13, COF_AHE52, COF_AHE55, COF_AHE56, and COF_AHE62), Aeromonas hydrophila (strains COF_AHE51 and COF_AHE58), Acinetobacter pittii (strain COF_AHE14), Citrobacter freundii (strains COF_AHE20, COF_AHE57, and COF_AHE59), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain COF_AHE54). Behavioral and clinical signs observed in the diseased fish, such as lethargy, skin hemorrhaging, ulcers, fin and tail rot, exophthalmia, distended abdomen, scale loss, and skin discoloration, indicated the presence of bacterial septicemia. The in vitro pathogenicity studies highlighted the potential role of these bacteria in disease development, especially under environmental stress. CONCLUSION This study provides valuable insights into the diversity of bacterial species associated with bacterial disease outbreaks in Indian major carp from aquaculture systems in Tripura. It serves as the first comprehensive investigation of its kind, contributing to our understanding of bacterial infections in Indian major carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Laltlanmawia
- College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, West Tripura, India
| | - Himadri Saha
- College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, West Tripura, India
| | - Lija Ghosh
- College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, West Tripura, India
| | - Ratan Kumar Saha
- College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, West Tripura, India
| | - Supratim Malla
- College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, West Tripura, India
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Tang X, Oyetoran A, Jones T, Bray C. Aeromonas caviae-Associated Severe Bloody Diarrhea. Case Rep Gastrointest Med 2023; 2023:4966879. [PMID: 37849821 PMCID: PMC10578977 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4966879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas species are capable of inducing severe infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Gastroenteritis is the most common infection associated with Aeromonas species in humans. We report a rare case of Aeromonas caviae severe gastroenteritis and bloody diarrhea that led to the development of sepsis in a 45-year-old female with no history of immunocompromising conditions. This patient required extensive medical support which included blood transfusions and antibiotics. Fortunately, with appropriate diagnostic measures and targeted antibiotic therapy, her symptoms resolved. Aeromonas species are becoming increasingly frequent among the pathogens isolated from patients suffering from gastroenteritis. As such, it is becoming increasingly important for clinicians to consider this pathogen when working up their patients for diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Tang
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Graduate Medical Education, 6850 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
- HCA Florida North Florida Hospital, Internal Medicine Residency Program, 6500 W Newberry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32605, USA
| | - Anuoluwa Oyetoran
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Graduate Medical Education, 6850 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
- HCA Florida North Florida Hospital, Internal Medicine Residency Program, 6500 W Newberry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32605, USA
| | - Tyler Jones
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Graduate Medical Education, 6850 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
- HCA Florida North Florida Hospital, Internal Medicine Residency Program, 6500 W Newberry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32605, USA
| | - Christopher Bray
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Graduate Medical Education, 6850 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
- HCA Florida North Florida Hospital, Internal Medicine Residency Program, 6500 W Newberry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32605, USA
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Pradhan SK, Devi R, Khan MIR, Kamilya D, Gon Choudhury T, Parhi J. Isolation of Aeromonas salmonicida subspecies salmonicida from aquaculture environment in India: Polyphasic identification, virulence characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility. Microb Pathog 2023; 179:106100. [PMID: 37028687 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the polyphasic identification, characterization of virulence potential, and antibiotic susceptibility of Aeromonas salmonicida subspecies salmonicida COFCAU_AS, isolated from an aquaculture system in India. The physiological, biochemical, 16s rRNA gene sequencing and PAAS PCR test identified the strain as Aeromonas salmonicida. The MIY PCR tests established the subspecies as 'salmonicida'. The in vitro tests showed the isolated bacterium as haemolytic with casein, lipid, starch, and gelatin hydrolysis activity, indicating its pathogenic attributes. It also showed the ability to produce slime and biofilm, and additionally, it possessed an A-layer surface protein. In vivo pathogenicity test was performed to determine the LD50 dose of the bacterium in Labeo rohita fingerlings (14.42 ± 1.01 g), which was found to be 106.9 cells fish-1. The bacteria-challenged fingerlings showed skin lesions, erythema at the base of the fins, dropsy, and ulcer. Almost identical clinical signs and mortalities were observed when the same LD50 dose was injected into other Indian major carp species, L. catla and Cirrhinus mrigala. Out of the twelve virulent genes screened, the presence of nine genes viz., aerA, act, ast, alt, hlyA, vapA, exsA, fstA, and lip were detected, whereas ascV, ascC, and ela genes were absent. The A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida COFCAU_AS was resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin G, rifampicin, ampicillin, and vancomycin while highly sensitive to amoxiclav, nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline. In summary, we have isolated a virulent A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida from a tropical aquaculture pond which can cause significant mortality and morbidity in Indian major carp species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Kumar Pradhan
- Dept. of Aquatic Health & Environment, College of Fisheries, CAU, Lembucherra, Tripura, 799210, India
| | - Rajashree Devi
- Dept. of Aquatic Health & Environment, College of Fisheries, CAU, Lembucherra, Tripura, 799210, India
| | - Md Idrish Raja Khan
- Dept. of Aquatic Health & Environment, College of Fisheries, CAU, Lembucherra, Tripura, 799210, India; Late Shri Punaram Nishad College of Fisheries, DSVCKU, Kawardha, 491995, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Dibyendu Kamilya
- Dept. of Aquatic Health & Environment, College of Fisheries, CAU, Lembucherra, Tripura, 799210, India; Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Tanmoy Gon Choudhury
- Dept. of Aquatic Health & Environment, College of Fisheries, CAU, Lembucherra, Tripura, 799210, India.
| | - Janmejay Parhi
- Dept. of Fish Genetics & Reproduction, College of Fisheries, CAU, Lembucherra, Tripura, 799210, India
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Santajit S, Kong-ngoen T, Tunyong W, Pumirat P, Ampawong S, Sookrung N, Indrawattana N. Occurrence, antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and biofilm formation capacity of Vibrio spp. and Aeromonas spp. isolated from raw seafood marketed in Bangkok, Thailand. Vet World 2022; 15:1887-1895. [PMID: 36185513 PMCID: PMC9394122 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1887-1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Bacteria of the genera Vibrio and Aeromonas cause seafood-borne zoonoses, which may have a significant impact on food safety, economy, and public health worldwide. The presence of drug-resistant and biofilm-forming phenotypes in the food chain increases the risk for consumers. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics, virulence, biofilm production, and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens isolated from seafood markets in Bangkok, Thailand.
Materials and Methods: A total of 120 retail seafood samples were collected from 10 local markets in Bangkok and peripheral areas. All samples were cultured and the Vibrio and Aeromonas genera were isolated using selective agar and biochemical tests based on standard protocols (ISO 21872-1: 2017). The antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted using the disk diffusion method. The presence of hemolysis and protease production was also investigated. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine the presence of the hlyA gene. Furthermore, biofilm formation was characterized by microtiter plate assay and scanning electron microscopy.
Results: The bacterial identification test revealed that 35/57 (61.4%) belonged to the Vibrio genus and 22/57 (38.6%) to the Aeromonas genus. The Kirby–Bauer test demonstrated that 61.4% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 45.61% had a high multiple antibiotic resistance index (≥0.2). PCR analysis indicated that 75.44% of the bacteria harbored the hlyA gene. Among them, 63.16% exhibited the hemolysis phenotype and 8.77% showed protease activity. The biofilm formation assay demonstrated that approximately 56.14% of all the isolates had the potential to produce biofilms. The moderate biofilm production was the predominant phenotype.
Conclusion: The results of this study provide evidence of the multiple drug resistance phenotype and biofilm formation capacity of Vibrio and Aeromonas species contaminating raw seafood. Effective control measures and active surveillance of foodborne zoonoses are crucial for food safety and to decrease the occurrence of diseases associated with seafood consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirijan Santajit
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, 80160, Thailand; Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Tha Sala, 80160, Thailand
| | - Thida Kong-ngoen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Witawat Tunyong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornpan Pumirat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Biomedical Research Incubator Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Nitaya Indrawattana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Fernández-Bravo A, Figueras MJ. Immune Response of the Monocytic Cell Line THP-1 Against Six Aeromonas spp. Front Immunol 2022; 13:875689. [PMID: 35874671 PMCID: PMC9304557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.875689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas are autochthonous bacteria of aquatic environments that are considered to be emerging pathogens to humans, producing diarrhea, bacteremia, and wound infections. Genetic identification shows that 95.4% of the strains associated with clinical cases correspond to the species Aeromonas caviae (37.26%), Aeromonas dhakensis (23.49%), Aeromonas veronii (21.54%), and Aeromonas hydrophila (13.07%). However, few studies have investigated the human immune response against some Aeromonas spp. such as A. hydrophila, Aeromonas salmonicida, and A. veronii. The present study aimed to increase the knowledge about the innate human immune response against six Aeromonas species, using, for the first time, an in vitro infection model with the monocytic human cell line THP-1, and to evaluate the intracellular survival, the cell damage, and the expression of 11 immune-related genes (TLR4, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL20, JUN, RELA, BAX, TP53, CASP3, NLRP3, and IL-1β). Transcriptional analysis showed an upregulated expression of a variety of the monocytic immune-related genes, with a variable response depending upon the Aeromonas species. The species that produced the highest cell damage, independently of the strain origin, coincidentally induced a higher expression of immune-related genes and corresponded to the more prevalent clinical species A. dhakensis, A. veronii, and A. caviae. Additionally, monocytic cells showed an overexpression of the apoptotic and pyroptotic genes involved in cell death after A. dhakensis, A. caviae, and Aeromonas media infection. However, the apoptosis route seemed to be the only way of producing cell damage and death in the case of the species Aeromonas piscicola and Aeromonas jandaei, while A. veronii apparently only used the pyroptosis route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernández-Bravo
- Rovira i Virgili University, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Mycology and Environmental Microbiology Unit, Reus, Spain
- Pere Virgili Health Research Institute (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ana Fernández-Bravo,
| | - Maria José Figueras
- Rovira i Virgili University, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Mycology and Environmental Microbiology Unit, Reus, Spain
- Pere Virgili Health Research Institute (IISPV), Reus, Spain
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Mazumder A, Choudhury H, Dey A, Sarma D. Isolation and characterization of two virulent Aeromonads associated with haemorrhagic septicaemia and tail-rot disease in farmed climbing perch Anabas testudineus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5826. [PMID: 33712685 PMCID: PMC7971006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseased Anabas testudineus exhibiting signs of tail-rot and ulcerations on body were collected from a fish farm in Assam, India during the winter season (November 2018 to January 2019). Swabs from the infected body parts were streaked on sterilized nutrient agar. Two dominant bacterial colonies were obtained, which were then isolated and labelled as AM-31 and AM-05. Standard biochemical characterisation and 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequencing identified AM-31 isolate as Aeromonas hydrophila and AM-05 as Aeromonas jandaei. Symptoms similar to that of natural infection were observed on re-infecting both bacteria to disease-free A. testudineus, which confirmed their virulence. LC50 was determined at 1.3 × 104 (A. hydrophila) and 2.5 × 104 (A. jandaei) CFU per fish in intraperitoneal injection. Further, PCR amplification of specific genes responsible for virulence (aerolysin and enterotoxin) confirmed pathogenicity of both bacteria. Histopathology of kidney and liver in the experimentally-infected fishes revealed haemorrhage, tubular degeneration and vacuolation. Antibiotic profiles were also assessed for both bacteria. To the best of our knowledge, the present work is a first report on the mortality of farmed climbing perch naturally-infected by A. hydrophila as well as A. jandaei, with no records of pathogenicity of the latter in this fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mazumder
- Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India
| | | | - Abhinit Dey
- Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India
| | - Dandadhar Sarma
- Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India.
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Hossain S, Heo GJ. Ornamental fish: a potential source of pathogenic and multidrug-resistant motile Aeromonas spp. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:2-12. [PMID: 32805752 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. are ubiquitous bacteria that cause diseases in fish and other aquatic animals. They are the natural inhabitants of different aquatic environments, such as freshwater, brackishwater and marinewater. Extrinsic stressors, such as crowding, unhygienic handling, poor water quality, polluted feeding and inadequate nutrition, can predispose fish to Aeromonas infection. In ornamental fish, motile Aeromonas spp. are known as aetiological agents of motile aeromonad infections, which cause significant mortality in fish and economic loss in the ornamental fish industry. The existence of different virulence factors leads to the virulence potential of motile Aeromonas spp. There are several antimicrobials used to treat bacterial infections in ornamental fish. However, the extensive use of antimicrobials in the ornamental fish industry causes multidrug resistance. This article reviewed a multitude of virulence factors that are related to the ornamental fish-borne Aeromonas pathogenicity and the antimicrobial resistance determinants related to the multidrug resistance phenotypes of motile Aeromonas spp. in ornamental fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hossain
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - G-J Heo
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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Tekedar HC, Arick MA, Hsu CY, Thrash A, Blom J, Lawrence ML, Abdelhamed H. Identification of Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants in Aeromonas veronii Strain MS-17-88 Recovered From Channel Catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:348. [PMID: 32766165 PMCID: PMC7379393 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas veronii is a Gram-negative species ubiquitous in different aquatic environments and capable of causing a variety of diseases to a broad host range. Aeromonas species have the capability to carry and acquire antimicrobial resistance (AMR) elements, and currently multi-drug resistant (MDR) Aeromonas isolates are commonly found across the world. A. veronii strain MS-17-88 is a MDR strain isolated from catfish in the southeastern United States. The present study was undertaken to uncover the mechanism of resistance in MDR A. veronii strain MS-17-88 through the detection of genomic features. To achieve this, genomic DNA was extracted, sequenced, and assembled. The A. veronii strain MS-17-88 genome comprised 5,178,226-bp with 58.6% G+C, and it encoded several AMR elements, including imiS, ampS, mcr-7.1, mcr-3, catB2, catB7, catB1, floR, vat(F), tet(34), tet(35), tet(E), dfrA3, and tetR. The phylogeny and resistance profile of a large collection of A. veronii strains, including MS-17-88, were evaluated. Phylogenetic analysis showed a close relationship between MS-17-88 and strain Ae5 isolated from fish in China and ARB3 strain isolated from pond water in Japan, indicating a common ancestor of these strains. Analysis of phage elements revealed 58 intact, 63 incomplete, and 15 questionable phage elements among the 53 A. veronii genomes. The average phage element number is 2.56 per genome, and strain MS-17-88 is one of two strains having the maximum number of identified prophage elements (6 elements each). The profile of resistance against various antibiotics across the 53 A. veronii genomes revealed the presence of tet(34), mcr-7.1, mcr-3, and dfrA3 in all genomes (100%). By comparison, sul1 and sul2 were detected in 7.5% and 1.8% of A. veronii genomes. Nearly 77% of strains carried tet(E), and 7.5% of strains carried floR. This result suggested a low abundance and prevalence of sulfonamide and florfenicol resistance genes compared with tetracycline resistance among A. veronii strains. Overall, the present study provides insights into the resistance patterns among 53 A. veronii genomes, which can inform therapeutic options for fish affected by A. veronii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan C. Tekedar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Mark A. Arick
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Chuan-Yu Hsu
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Adam Thrash
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mark L. Lawrence
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Hossam Abdelhamed
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
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Chard AN, Levy K, Baker KK, Tsai K, Chang HH, Thongpaseuth V, Sistrunk JR, Freeman MC. Environmental and spatial determinants of enteric pathogen infection in rural Lao People's Democratic Republic: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008180. [PMID: 32267881 PMCID: PMC7170279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02342860).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N. Chard
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Karen Levy
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kelly K. Baker
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kevin Tsai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Howard H. Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Vonethalom Thongpaseuth
- Laboratory and Treatment Unit, Center for Malariology, Parasitology, and Entomology, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Jeticia R. Sistrunk
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Freeman
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Fernández-Bravo A, Figueras MJ. An Update on the Genus Aeromonas: Taxonomy, Epidemiology, and Pathogenicity. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8010129. [PMID: 31963469 PMCID: PMC7022790 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Aeromonas belongs to the Aeromonadaceae family and comprises a group of Gram-negative bacteria widely distributed in aquatic environments, with some species able to cause disease in humans, fish, and other aquatic animals. However, bacteria of this genus are isolated from many other habitats, environments, and food products. The taxonomy of this genus is complex when phenotypic identification methods are used because such methods might not correctly identify all the species. On the other hand, molecular methods have proven very reliable, such as using the sequences of concatenated housekeeping genes like gyrB and rpoD or comparing the genomes with the type strains using a genomic index, such as the average nucleotide identity (ANI) or in silico DNA–DNA hybridization (isDDH). So far, 36 species have been described in the genus Aeromonas of which at least 19 are considered emerging pathogens to humans, causing a broad spectrum of infections. Having said that, when classifying 1852 strains that have been reported in various recent clinical cases, 95.4% were identified as only four species: Aeromonas caviae (37.26%), Aeromonas dhakensis (23.49%), Aeromonas veronii (21.54%), and Aeromonas hydrophila (13.07%). Since aeromonads were first associated with human disease, gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and wound infections have dominated. The literature shows that the pathogenic potential of Aeromonas is considered multifactorial and the presence of several virulence factors allows these bacteria to adhere, invade, and destroy the host cells, overcoming the immune host response. Based on current information about the ecology, epidemiology, and pathogenicity of the genus Aeromonas, we should assume that the infections these bacteria produce will remain a great health problem in the future. The ubiquitous distribution of these bacteria and the increasing elderly population, to whom these bacteria are an opportunistic pathogen, will facilitate this problem. In addition, using data from outbreak studies, it has been recognized that in cases of diarrhea, the infective dose of Aeromonas is relatively low. These poorly known bacteria should therefore be considered similarly as enteropathogens like Salmonella and Campylobacter.
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Salehi MR, Shadvar S, Sadeghian M, Doomanlou M, Abdollahi A, Manshadi SAD, Sardari A, Rahdar HA, Feizabadi MM. Endocarditis with Aeromonas salmonicida. IDCases 2019; 18:e00625. [PMID: 31485414 PMCID: PMC6717131 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida (A. salmonicida) is a facultative Gram-negative bacillus, inhabiting in water. It is a common source of furunculosis and septicemia in fish. Report on the human infection with this organism is rare. A male farmer referred with weakness and intermittent fever. He had cardiac valves’ regurgitation due to fever with rheumatic heart disease. He had a history of swimming in well water. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed a mobile mass of 1.3 × 0.9 cm attached to the mitral valve chordae, suggestive of a vegetation. Aeromonas salmonicida was isolated from the blood. After cardiac surgery and taking ceftriaxone for 4 weeks, he was discharged in good general condition. Five previous case reports of human infection with this organism were found. The patient was the sixth human case, and the first endocarditis, reported with this organism. A. salmonicida is a rare agent for human infection. Contact with water is a risk factor for this type of infection. It seems that the use of modern diagnostic methods has been effective in identifying the microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Salehi
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Shadvar
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadeghian
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Doomanlou
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdollahi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Dehghan Manshadi
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Sardari
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ali Rahdar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Feizabadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Thoracic Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Structural and Serological Studies of the O6-Related Antigen of Aeromonas veronii bv. sobria Strain K557 Isolated from Cyprinus carpio on a Polish Fish Farm, which Contains L-perosamine (4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-L-mannose), a Unique Sugar Characteristic for Aeromonas Serogroup O6. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17070399. [PMID: 31284525 PMCID: PMC6669630 DOI: 10.3390/md17070399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amongst Aeromonas spp. strains that are pathogenic to fish in Polish aquacultures, serogroup O6 was one of the five most commonly identified immunotypes especially among carp isolates. Here, we report immunochemical studies of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) including the O-specific polysaccharide (O-antigen) of A. veronii bv. sobria strain K557, serogroup O6, isolated from a common carp during an outbreak of motile aeromonad septicemia (MAS) on a Polish fish farm. The O-polysaccharide was obtained by mild acid degradation of the LPS and studied by chemical analyses, mass spectrometry, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. It was revealed that the O-antigen was composed of two O-polysaccharides, both containing a unique sugar 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-l-mannose (N-acetyl-l-perosamine, l-Rhap4NAc). The following structures of the O-polysaccharides (O-PS 1 and O-PS 2) were established: O-PS 1: →2)-α-l-Rhap4NAc-(1→; O-PS 2: →2)-α-l-Rhap4NAc-(1→3)-α-l-Rhap4NAc-(1→3)-α-l-Rhap4NAc-(1→. Western blotting and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that the cross-reactivity between the LPS of A. veronii bv. sobria K557 and the A. hydrophila JCM 3968 O6 antiserum, and vice versa, is caused by the occurrence of common α-l-Rhap4NAc-(1→2)-α-l-Rhap4NAc and α-l-Rhap4NAc-(1→3)-α-l-Rhap4NAc disaccharides, whereas an additional →4)-α-d-GalpNAc-associated epitope defines the specificity of the O6 reference antiserum. Investigations of the serological and structural similarities and differences in the O-antigens provide knowledge of the immunospecificity of Aeromonas bacteria and are relevant in epidemiological studies and for the elucidation of the routes of transmission and relationships with pathogenicity.
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A Unique Sugar l-Perosamine (4-Amino-4,6-dideoxy-l-mannose) Is a Compound Building Two O-Chain Polysaccharides in the Lipopolysaccharide of Aeromonas hydrophila Strain JCM 3968, Serogroup O6. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17050254. [PMID: 31035397 PMCID: PMC6562859 DOI: 10.3390/md17050254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major glycolipid and virulence factor of Gram-negative bacteria, including Aeromonas spp. The O-specific polysaccharide (O-PS, O-chain, O-antigen), i.e., the surface-exposed part of LPS, which is a hetero- or homopolysaccharide, determines the serospecificity of bacterial strains. Here, chemical analyses, mass spectrometry, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy techniques were employed to study the O-PS of Aeromonas hydrophila strain JCM 3968, serogroup O6. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry revealed that the LPS of A. hydrophila JCM 3968 has a hexaacylated lipid A with conserved architecture of the backbone and a core oligosaccharide composed of Hep6Hex1HexN1HexNAc1Kdo1P1. To liberate the O-antigen, LPS was subjected to mild acid hydrolysis followed by gel-permeation-chromatography and revealed two O-polysaccharides that were found to contain a unique sugar 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-l-mannose (N-acetyl-l-perosamine, l-Rhap4NAc), which may further determine the specificity of the serogroup. The first O-polysaccharide (O-PS1) was built up of trisaccharide repeating units composed of one α-d-GalpNAc and two α-l-Rhap4NAc residues, whereas the other one, O-PS2, is an α1→2 linked homopolymer of l-Rhap4NAc. The following structures of the O-polysaccharides were established:
→3)-α-l-Rhap4NAc-(1→4)-α-d-GalpNAc-(1→3)-α-l-Rhap4NAc-(1→ →2)-α-l-Rhap4NAc-(1→
The present paper is the first work that reveals the occurrence of perosamine in the l-configuration as a component of bacterial O-chain polysaccharides.
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Ugarte-Torres A, Perry S, Franko A, Church DL. Multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila causing fatal bilateral necrotizing fasciitis in an immunocompromised patient: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2018; 12:326. [PMID: 30382899 PMCID: PMC6211551 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-018-1854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aeromonas hydrophila is a water-dwelling, gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium, associated with diarrheal illness and, less commonly, necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections, especially among immunocompromised patients. Necrotizing fasciitis is associated with a high mortality rate, especially when caused by Aeromonas spp. Our patient was infected with an extremely aggressive form of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas spp. that produced both an extended-spectrum β-lactamase and an AmpC enzyme. Aeromonads are being recognized as important emerging pathogens because of their inherent antibiotic resistance profiles compounded by other virulence factors. These difficult-to-treat organisms can have significant implications in both clinical and public health settings. CASE PRESENTATION A 37-year-old Caucasian male with immunosuppression due to aplastic anemia being treated with cyclosporine, presented to hospital with relapsed disease. While in hospital, he subsequently developed overwhelming sepsis secondary to bilateral lower extremity necrotizing fasciitis. The necrotizing fasciitis was caused by a multidrug-resistant strain of A. hydrophila. Despite broad-spectrum antibiotics and aggressive surgical debridement, he succumbed to this severe invasive infection. CONCLUSIONS Necrotizing fasciitis caused by Aeromonas spp. is a rare infection that may have a poor clinical outcome, particularly if the diagnosis is delayed and/or the organism is highly virulent and multidrug resistant. Enhanced education of clinicians and microbiologists is required to prevent unnecessary complications and improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ugarte-Torres
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, 9-3535 Research Rd NW, Calgary, AB, T2L 2K8, Canada
| | - Sarah Perry
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, 9-3535 Research Rd NW, Calgary, AB, T2L 2K8, Canada
| | - Angela Franko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Deirdre L Church
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, 9-3535 Research Rd NW, Calgary, AB, T2L 2K8, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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Immune-Related Functional Differential Gene Expression in Koi Carp ( Cyprinus carpio) after Challenge with Aeromonas sobria. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072107. [PMID: 30036965 PMCID: PMC6073842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to understand the molecular basis underlying the host immune response of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio), Illumina HiSeqTM 2000 is used to analyze the muscle and spleen transcriptome of koi carp infected with Aeromonas sobria (A. sobria). De novo assembly of paired-end reads yielded 69,480 unigenes, of which the total length, average length, N50, and GC content are 70,120,028 bp, 1037 bp, 1793 bp, and 45.77%, respectively. Annotation is performed by comparison against various databases, yielding 42,229 (non-redundant protein sequence (NR): 60.78%), 59,255 (non-redundant nucleotide (NT): 85.28%), 35,900 (Swiss-Prot: 51.67%), 11,772 (clusters of orthologous groups (COG): 16.94%), 33,057 (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG): 47.58%), 18,764 (Gene Ontology (GO): 27.01%), and 32,085 (Interpro: 46.18%) unigenes. Comparative analysis of the expression profiles between bacterial challenge fish and control fish identifies 7749 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the muscle and 7846 DEGs from the spleen. These DEGs are further categorized with KEGG. Enrichment analysis of the DEGs and unigenes reveals major immune-related functions, including up-regulation of genes related with Toll-like receptor signaling, complement and coagulation cascades, and antigen processing and presentation. The results from RNA-Seq data are also validated and confirmed the consistency of the expression levels of seven immune-related genes after 24 h post infection with qPCR. Microsatellites (11,534), including di-to hexa nucleotide repeat motifs, are also identified. Altogether, this work provides valuable insights into the underlying immune mechanisms elicited during bacterial infection in koi carp that may aid in the future development of disease control measures in protection against A. sobria.
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18
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Navarro A, Martínez-Murcia A. Phylogenetic analyses of the genusAeromonasbased on housekeeping gene sequencing and its influence on systematics. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:622-631. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Navarro
- Genetic Analysis Strategies S.L.; CEEI; Elche, Alicante Spain
| | - A. Martínez-Murcia
- Genetic Analysis Strategies S.L.; CEEI; Elche, Alicante Spain
- Area de Microbiología; EPSO; Universidad Miguel Hernández; Orihuela, Alicante Spain
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19
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Yehia HM, Al-Olayan EM, El-Khadragy MF, Metwally DM. In Vitro and In Vivo Control of Secondary Bacterial Infection Caused by Leishmania major. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E777. [PMID: 28703780 PMCID: PMC5551215 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections of cutaneous leishmaniasis cause skin ulcers on mice, resulting in increased tissue deterioration, and these infections can be controlled with liquid allicin. To isolate and identify the incidences of real secondary bacterial infections in mice, we performed the current study by injecting mice (n = 50) with Leishmania major. L. major infections were initiated by an intramuscular injection of 0.1 mL Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI 1640 media/mouse (107 promastigote/mL)). Scarring appeared 2-6 weeks after injection, and the bacteria were isolated from the skin ulcer tissues. Allicin (50 µL/mL) and ciprofloxacin (5 μg; Cip 5) were used for controlling L. major and bacteria. One hundred samples from skin ulcers of mice were examined, and 200 bacterial colonies were isolated. Forty-eight different genera and species were obtained and identified by Gram staining and physiological and biochemical characterization using identification kits. All samples were positive for secondary bacterial infections. Of the isolates, 79.16% were identified as Gram-negative bacteria, and 28.84% were identified as Gram-positive bacteria; only one yeast species was found. Interestingly, pure allicin liquid at a concentration 50 µL/mL exhibited antibacterial activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria, in addition to yeast, and was 71.43% effective. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of all genera and species were determined using 15 different antibiotics. Allicin (50 µL/mL) and Cip 5 were the most effective against L. major and 92.30% of isolated bacteria. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was the most resistant bacterium to the tested antibiotics with a survival rate of 73.33%, and it exhibited resistance to allicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M Yehia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Helwan University, Cairo 11221, Egypt.
| | - Ebtesam M Al-Olayan
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
- Chair Vaccines Research of Infectious Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Manal F El-Khadragy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
- Chair Vaccines Research of Infectious Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11790, Egypt.
| | - Dina M Metwally
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
- Chair Vaccines Research of Infectious Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 12878, Egypt.
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20
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Clinical significance and outcome of Aeromonas spp. infections among 204 adult patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:1393-1403. [PMID: 28258303 PMCID: PMC7102105 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-2945-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this investigation were to analyze the clinical patterns, risk groups, prognostic factors, and mortality of infections caused by Aeromonas spp. This was a retrospective study of adult patients with Aeromonas spp. isolates attended at the Hospital del Mar in Barcelona, Spain, between January 2006 and December 2012. Epidemiological data, antimicrobial susceptibility, clinical patterns, underlying illnesses, type of infection, admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), number of episodes, coinfection, antimicrobial therapy, and evolution were analyzed. A total of 221 clinical samples from 204 patients were positive for Aeromonas spp. The mean age of the patients was 67.6 years. The main clinical form of presentation was gastrointestinal (78.4%). Malignancy was the main risk group in 69 (33.8%) patients, and 48 (23.5%) were previously healthy. Twenty-one patients (10.3%) were admitted to the ICU. Infections were acquired in the hospital in 52.5% of the patients, and 28.9% were polymicrobial. The overall mortality (after 1 year of follow-up from the first positive culture) was 26.5%. Univariate analysis identified an association between increased mortality and the following variables: age ≥80 years, hospitalization, admission to the ICU, malignancy, extraintestinal infection, and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. In the multivariate analysis, age ≥80 years [odds ratio (OR), 4.37 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.68-11.35; p = 0.002]], admission to the ICU (OR, 6.59 [95% CI, 2.17-19.99; p = 0.001]), and malignancy (OR, 3.62 [95% CI, 1.32-9.90; p = 0.012]) were significantly associated with mortality. Aeromonas infections are mainly gastrointestinal. The 1-year follow-up mortality rate was high. Old age (age ≥80 years), admission to the ICU, and malignancy were identified as independent risk factors for mortality.
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Teunis P, Figueras MJ. Reassessment of the Enteropathogenicity of Mesophilic Aeromonas Species. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1395. [PMID: 27708621 PMCID: PMC5030306 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of Aeromonas diarrhea have been described all over the world. The genus Aeromonas includes ca. 30 species, of which 10 have been isolated in association with gastroenteritis. The dominating species that account for ca. 96% of the identified strains are Aeromonas caviae, A. veronii, A. dhakensis, and A. hydrophila. However, the role of Aeromonas as a true enteropathogen has been questioned on the basis of the lack of outbreaks, the non-fulfillment of Koch's postulates and the low numbers of acute illnesses in the only existing human challenge study. In the present study we reassess the enteropathogenicity of Aeromonas using dose response models for microbial infection and acute illness. The analysis uses the data from the human challenge study and additional data from selected outbreak investigations where the numbers exposed and the dose were reported, allowing their inclusion as "natural experiments". In the challenge study several cases of asymptomatic shedding were found (26.3%, 15/57), however, only 3.5% (2/57) of those challenged with Aeromonas developed acute enteric symptoms (i.e., diarrhea). The "natural experiments" showed a much higher risk of illness associated with exposure to Aeromonas, even at moderate to low doses. The median dose required for 1% illness risk, was ~1.4 × 104 times higher in the challenge study (1.24 × 104 cfu) compared to natural exposure events (0.9 cfu). The dose response assessment presented in this study shows that the combined challenge and outbreak data are consistent with high infectivity of Aeromonas, and a wide range of susceptibility to acute enteric illness. To illustrate the outcomes, we simulate the risk associated with concentrations of Aeromonas found in different water and food matrices, indicating the disease burden potentially associated with these bacteria. In conclusion this study showed that Aeromonas is highly infectious, and that human susceptibility to illness may be high, similar to undisputed enteropathogens like Campylobacter or Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Teunis
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, BilthovenNetherlands
- Center for Global Safe WASH, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GAUSA
| | - Maria J. Figueras
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciènces Médiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Pere Virgili Institute for Health Research, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, ReusSpain
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Alterations of the gut microbiome of largemouth bronze gudgeon (Coreius guichenoti) suffering from furunculosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30606. [PMID: 27465687 PMCID: PMC4964610 DOI: 10.1038/srep30606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing was applied to compare the intestinal microbiota in largemouth bronze gudgeon either healthy or affected by furunculosis. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Tenericutes, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were detected as the predominant bacterial phyla in the gut of both diseased and healthy fish. The abundance of Proteobacteria differed significantly between the two groups of fish, mainly due to the overwhelming prevalence of Aeromonas in the diseased fish (81% ± 17%), while the genus was unevenly spread among the apparently healthy fish (33% ± 33%). The bacterial diversity in the intestine of diseased fish was markedly lower than in healthy fish. Analysis revealed the significant dissimilarity between the gut microbiota of diseased and healthy fish. The bacterial profiles in the gut were further characterized with the 28 phylotypes that were shared by the two groups. In diseased fish, two shared OTUs (OTU0001 and OTU0013) were closely related to Aeromonas salmonicida, their total proportion exceeding 70% of the sequences in diseased fish, while averaging 5.2% ± 4.6% in the healthy fish. This result suggested the presence of healthy carriers of pathogenic A. salmonicida among the farmed fish, and the gut appeared as a probable infection source for furunculosis in largemouth bronze gudgeon.
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23
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Latif-Eugenín F, Beaz-Hidalgo R, Figueras M. Evaluation of different conditions and culture media for the recovery ofAeromonasspp. from water and shellfish samples. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:883-91. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Latif-Eugenín
- Unidad de Microbiología; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud; IISPV; Universidad Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
| | - R. Beaz-Hidalgo
- Unidad de Microbiología; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud; IISPV; Universidad Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
| | - M.J. Figueras
- Unidad de Microbiología; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud; IISPV; Universidad Rovira i Virgili; Reus Spain
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Dang Y, Xu X, Shen Y, Hu M, Zhang M, Li L, Lv L, Li J. Transcriptome Analysis of the Innate Immunity-Related Complement System in Spleen Tissue of Ctenopharyngodon idella Infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157413. [PMID: 27383749 PMCID: PMC4934786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is an important commercial farmed herbivorous fish species in China, but is susceptible to Aeromonas hydrophila infections. In the present study, we performed de novo RNA-Seq sequencing of spleen tissue from specimens of a disease-resistant family, which were given intra-peritoneal injections containing PBS with or without a dose of A. hydrophila. The fish were sampled from the control group at 0 h, and from the experimental group at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. 122.18 million clean reads were obtained from the normalized cDNA libraries; these were assembled into 425,260 contigs and then 191,795 transcripts. Of those, 52,668 transcripts were annotated with the NCBI Nr database, and 41,347 of the annotated transcripts were assigned into 90 functional groups. 20,569 unigenes were classified into six main categories, including 38 secondary KEGG pathways. 2,992 unigenes were used in the analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). 89 of the putative DEGs were related to the immune system and 41 of them were involved in the complement and coagulation cascades pathway. This study provides insights into the complement and complement-related pathways involved in innate immunity, through expression profile analysis of the genomic resources in C. idella. We conclude that complement and complement-related genes play important roles during defense against A. hydrophila infection. The immune response is activated at 4 h after the bacterial injections, indicating that the complement pathways are activated at the early stage of bacterial infection. The study has improved our understanding of the immune response mechanisms in C. idella to bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Dang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Yubang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Moyan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Lisen Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Liqun Lv
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201306, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Laviad S, Halpern M. Chironomids' Relationship with Aeromonas Species. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:736. [PMID: 27242751 PMCID: PMC4871854 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae), also known as non-biting midges, are one of the most abundant groups of insects in aquatic habitats. They undergo a complete metamorphosis of four life stages of which three are aquatic (egg, larva, and pupa), and the adult emerges into the air. Chironomids serve as a natural reservoir of Aeromonas and Vibrio cholerae species. Here, we review existing knowledge about the mutual relations between Aeromonas species and chironomids. Using 454-pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, we found that the prevalence of Aeromonas species in the insects’ egg masses and larvae was 1.6 and 3.3% of the insects’ endogenous microbiota, respectively. Aeromonas abundance per egg mass remained stable during a 6-month period of bacterial monitoring. Different Aeromonas species were isolated and some demonstrated the ability to degrade the insect’s egg masses and to prevent eggs hatching. Chitinase was identified as the enzyme responsible for the egg mass degradation. Different Aeromonas species isolated from chironomids demonstrated the potential to protect their host from toxic metals. Aeromonas is a causative agent of fish infections. Fish are frequently recorded as feeding on chironomids. Thus, fish might be infected with Aeromonas species via chironomid consumption. Aeromonas strains are also responsible for causing gastroenteritis and wound infections in humans. Different virulence genes were identified in Aeromonas species isolated from chironomids. Chironomids may infest drinking water reservoirs, hence be the source of pathogenic Aeromonas strains in drinking water. Chironomids and Aeromonas species have a complicated mutual relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Laviad
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa Haifa, Israel
| | - Malka Halpern
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of HaifaHaifa, Israel; Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of HaifaOranim, Tivon, Israel
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First record of the rare species Aeromonas schubertii from mussels: phenotypic and genetic reevaluation of the species and a review of the literature. Arch Microbiol 2016; 198:333-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Khor WC, Puah SM, Tan JAMA, Puthucheary SD, Chua KH. Phenotypic and Genetic Diversity of Aeromonas Species Isolated from Fresh Water Lakes in Malaysia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145933. [PMID: 26710336 PMCID: PMC4692508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacilli of the genus Aeromonas are primarily inhabitants of the aquatic environment. Humans acquire this organism from a wide range of food and water sources as well as during aquatic recreational activities. In the present study, the diversity and distribution of Aeromonas species from freshwater lakes in Malaysia was investigated using glycerophospholipid-cholesterol acyltransferase (GCAT) and RNA polymerase sigma-factor (rpoD) genes for speciation. A total of 122 possible Aeromonas strains were isolated and confirmed to genus level using the API20E system. The clonality of the isolates was investigated using ERIC-PCR and 20 duplicate isolates were excluded from the study. The specific GCAT-PCR identified all isolates as belonging to the genus Aeromonas, in agreement with the biochemical identification. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the rpoD gene sequence and all 102 isolates were identified as: A. veronii 43%, A. jandaei 37%, A. hydrophila 6%, A. caviae 4%, A. salmonicida 2%, A. media 2%, A. allosaccharophila 1%, A. dhakensis 1% and Aeromonas spp. 4%. Twelve virulence genes were present in the following proportions—exu 96%, ser 93%, aer 87%, fla 83%, enolase 70%, ela 62%, act 54%, aexT 33%, lip 16%, dam 16%, alt 8% and ast 4%, and at least 2 of these genes were present in all 102 strains. The ascV, aexU and hlyA genes were not detected among the isolates. A. hydrophila was the main species containing virulence genes alt and ast either present alone or in combination. It is possible that different mechanisms may be used by each genospecies to demonstrate virulence. In summary, with the use of GCAT and rpoD genes, unambiguous identification of Aeromonas species is possible and provides valuable data on the phylogenetic diversity of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ching Khor
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suat Moi Puah
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jin Ai Mary Anne Tan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - SD Puthucheary
- Department of Medical Education, Research and Evaluation, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kek Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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Dar GH, Dar SA, Kamili AN, Chishti MZ, Ahmad F. Detection and characterization of potentially pathogenic Aeromonas sobria isolated from fish Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Microb Pathog 2015; 91:136-40. [PMID: 26518124 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study focuses on the detection and characterization of potentially pathogenic Aeromonas sobria from fish silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Assessment of clinical, microbiological, pathological and biochemical characteristics of A. sobria were taken into account in order to understand the epidemiology, frequency and occurrence of this infection. Clinically the infected fish (H. molitrix) was observed for various types of symptoms. A total of 33 colonies of A. sobria strain were isolated from 20 cultured H. molitrix, collected from controlled fish pond. Microscopic examination revealed that the strains were rod-shaped, Gram negative bacteria. The revealed percent probability identification of A. sobria from the biochemical characterization in VITEK system was 93% with gram negative (GN) card. The histopathology of Gills caused by this bacterium, A. sobria indicate haemorrhagic gill epithelia and epithelial hyperplasia. Lamelar epithelial hypertrophy and hyperplasia with degenerative changes of the epithelium and hypertrophic epitheliocystis infected cells on gills of H. molitrix were observed during the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowhar H Dar
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India; Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India.
| | - Shoaib A Dar
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patialia 147002, India
| | - Azra N Kamili
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Mohammad Z Chishti
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Fayaz Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
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Halpern M, Senderovich Y. Chironomid microbiome. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 70:1-8. [PMID: 25421389 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chironomids are abundant insects in freshwater habitats. They undergo a complete metamorphosis of four life stages: eggs, larvae, and pupae in water, and a terrestrial adult stage. Chironomids are known to be pollution-tolerant, but little is known about their resistance mechanisms to toxic substances. Here we review current knowledge regarding the chironomid microbiome. Chironomids were found as natural reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae and Aeromonas spp. A stable bacterial community was found in the egg masses and the larvae when both culture-dependent and -independent methods were used. A large portion of the endogenous bacterial species was closely related to species known as toxicant degraders. Bioassays based on Koch's postulates demonstrated that the chironomid microbiome plays a role in protecting its host from toxic hexavalent chromium and lead. V. cholerae, a stable resident in chironomids, is present at low prevalence. It degrades the egg masses by secreting haemagglutinin/protease, prevents eggs from hatching, and exhibits host pathogen interactions with chironomids. However, the nutrients from the degraded egg masses may support the growth of the other microbiome members and consequently control V. cholerae numbers in the egg mass. V. cholerae, other chironomid endogenous bacteria, and their chironomid host exhibit complex mutualistic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malka Halpern
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Oranim, Tivon, Israel,
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Piotrowska M, Popowska M. Insight into the mobilome of Aeromonas strains. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:494. [PMID: 26074893 PMCID: PMC4444841 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mobilome is a pool of genes located within mobile genetic elements (MGE), such as plasmids, IS elements, transposons, genomic/pathogenicity islands, and integron-associated gene cassettes. These genes are often referred to as “flexible” and may encode virulence factors, toxic compounds as well as resistance to antibiotics. The phenomenon of MGE transfer between bacteria, known as horizontal gene transfer (HGT), is well documented. The genes present on MGE are subject to continuous processes of evolution and environmental changes, largely induced or significantly accelerated by man. For bacteria, the only chance of survival in an environment contaminated with toxic chemicals, heavy metals and antibiotics is the acquisition of genes providing the ability to survive in such conditions. The process of acquiring and spreading antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) is of particular significance, as it is important for the health of humans and animals. Therefore, it is important to thoroughly study the mobilome of Aeromonas spp. that is widely distributed in various environments, causing many diseases in fishes and humans. This review discusses the recently published information on MGE prevalent in Aeromonas spp. with special emphasis on plasmids belonging to different incompatibility groups, i.e., IncA/C, IncU, IncQ, IncF, IncI, and ColE-type. The vast majority of plasmids carry a number of different transposons (Tn3, Tn21, Tn1213, Tn1721, Tn4401), the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd class of integrons, IS elements (e.g., IS26, ISPa12, ISPa13, ISKpn8, ISKpn6) and encode determinants such as antibiotic and mercury resistance genes, as well as virulence factors. Although the actual role of Aeromonas spp. as a human pathogen remains controversial, species of this genus may pose a serious risk to human health. This is due to the considerable potential of their mobilome, particularly in terms of antibiotic resistance and the possibility of the horizontal transfer of resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Piotrowska
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Popowska
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland
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Beaz-Hidalgo R, Latif-Eugenín F, Hossain M, Berg K, Niemi R, Rapala J, Lyra C, Liles M, Figueras M. Aeromonas aquatica sp. nov., Aeromonas finlandiensis sp. nov. and Aeromonas lacus sp. nov. isolated from Finnish waters associated with cyanobacterial blooms. Syst Appl Microbiol 2015; 38:161-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tavares AB, Cereser ND, Timm CD. Ocorrência de Aeromonas spp. em alimentos de origem animal e sua importância em saúde pública. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000662013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. são bactérias Gram negativas, opor-tunistas, de natureza ubíqua, isoladas principalmente de amostras de água. Até o presente momento foram reconhecidas 31 espé-cies, sendo as de maior importância médica Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae e Aeromonas veronii. A patogenicidade do gênero é considerada multifatorial, sendo este produtor de diversos tipos de toxinas e com envolvimento de outros fatores capazes de facilitar a penetração e o estabelecimento do agente no hospedeiro, causando doença. O objetivo desta revisão é elucidar o papel dos alimentos de origem animal como fontes de contaminação de bactérias do gênero Aeromonas para o ser humano. Isolamentos de aeromonas de diversos produtos de origem animal têm sido relatados, como carne, leite e seus derivados, além de frutos do mar, e em ambientes de processamento, como abatedouros, frigorífcos e laticínios. Tem-se buscado determinar fontes de contaminação dos alimentos, e a água foi definida como o principal disseminador. Aeromonas já foi defnida como sendo a causadora de diversas enfermidades, desde afecções gastrointestinais até casos de meningite e morte. Considerando os alimentos de origem animal como importantes veículos de transmissão para o ser humano e o reconhecimento da água como fonte de disseminação do agente, torna-se imprescindível o tratamento adequado da água utilizada nos estabelecimentos processadores de alimentos para a segurança alimentar.
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Silva CM, Evangelista-Barreto NS, Vieira RHSDF, Mendonça KV, Sousa OVD. Population dynamics and antimicrobial susceptibility of Aeromonas spp. along a salinity gradient in an urban estuary in Northeastern Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 89:96-101. [PMID: 25455376 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to quantify population and identify culturable species of Aeromonas in sediment and surface water collected along a salinity gradient in an urban estuary in Northeastern Brazil. Thirty sediment samples and 30 water samples were collected from 3 sampling locations (A, B and C) between October 2007 and April 2008. The Aeromonas count was 10-7050CFU/mL (A), 25-38,500CFU/mL (B) and<10CFU/mL (C) for water samples, and ∼100-37,500CFU/g (A), 1200-43,500CFU/g (B) and<10CFU/g (C) for sediment samples. Five species (Aeromonas caviae, A. sobria, A. trota, A. salmonicida and A. allosaccharophila) were identified among 41 isolates. All strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol and ceftriaxone, whereas 33 (80, 4%) strains were resistant to at least 2 of the 9 antibiotics tested. Resistance to erythromycin was mostly plasmidial. In conclusion, due to pollution, the Cocó River is contaminated by pathogenic strains of Aeromonas spp. with a high incidence of antibacterial resistance, posing a serious risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Magalhães Silva
- Federal University of Ceara, Pos-Graduate Program of Engineering of Fish, Av. Mister Hull, s/n, Campus do Pici, Bloco 848, 60021-970 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Norma Suely Evangelista-Barreto
- Federal University of Reconcavo Baiano CCAAB - Center for Research on Fisheries and Aquaculture (NEPA), Campus Universitário, 44380-000 Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Kamila Vieira Mendonça
- Institute of Marine Science, Av. da Abolição, 3207, Meireles, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Oscarina Viana de Sousa
- Institute of Marine Science, Av. da Abolição, 3207, Meireles, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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De novo assembly of the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella transcriptome to identify miRNA targets associated with motile aeromonad septicemia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112722. [PMID: 25409340 PMCID: PMC4237362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background De novo transcriptome sequencing is a robust method of predicting miRNA target genes, especially for organisms without reference genomes. Differentially expressed miRNAs had been identified previously in kidney samples collected from susceptible and resistant grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) affected by Aeromonas hydrophila. Target identification for these differentially expressed miRNAs poses a major challenge in this non-model organism. Results Two cDNA libraries constructed from mRNAs of susceptible and resistant C. idella were sequenced by Illumina Hiseq 2000 technology. A total of more than 100 million reads were generated and de novo assembled into 199,593 transcripts which were further extensively annotated by comparing their sequences to different protein databases. Biochemical pathways were predicted from these transcript sequences. A BLASTx analysis against a non-redundant protein database revealed that 61,373 unigenes coded for 28,311 annotated proteins. Two cDNA libraries from susceptible and resistant samples showed that 721 unigenes were expressed at significantly different levels; 475 were significantly up-regulated and 246 were significantly down-regulated in the SG samples compared to the RG samples. The computational prediction of miRNA targets from these differentially expressed genes identified 188 unigenes as the targets of 5 conserved and 4 putative novel miRNA families. Conclusion This study demonstrates the feasibility of identifying miRNA targets by transcriptome analysis. The transcriptome assembly data represent a substantial increase in the genomic resources available for C. idella and will provide insights into the gene expression profile analysis and the miRNA function annotations in further studies.
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Chen PL, Wu CJ, Chen CS, Tsai PJ, Tang HJ, Ko WC. A comparative study of clinical Aeromonas dhakensis and Aeromonas hydrophila isolates in southern Taiwan: A. dhakensis is more predominant and virulent. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O428-34. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Functional genomic characterization of virulence factors from necrotizing fasciitis-causing strains of Aeromonas hydrophila. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:4162-83. [PMID: 24795370 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00486-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomes of 10 Aeromonas isolates identified and designated Aeromonas hydrophila WI, Riv3, and NF1 to NF4; A. dhakensis SSU; A. jandaei Riv2; and A. caviae NM22 and NM33 were sequenced and annotated. Isolates NF1 to NF4 were from a patient with necrotizing fasciitis (NF). Two environmental isolates (Riv2 and -3) were from the river water from which the NF patient acquired the infection. While isolates NF2 to NF4 were clonal, NF1 was genetically distinct. Outside the conserved core genomes of these 10 isolates, several unique genomic features were identified. The most virulent strains possessed one of the following four virulence factors or a combination of them: cytotoxic enterotoxin, exotoxin A, and type 3 and 6 secretion system effectors AexU and Hcp. In a septicemic-mouse model, SSU, NF1, and Riv2 were the most virulent, while NF2 was moderately virulent. These data correlated with high motility and biofilm formation by the former three isolates. Conversely, in a mouse model of intramuscular infection, NF2 was much more virulent than NF1. Isolates NF2, SSU, and Riv2 disseminated in high numbers from the muscular tissue to the visceral organs of mice, while NF1 reached the liver and spleen in relatively lower numbers on the basis of colony counting and tracking of bioluminescent strains in real time by in vivo imaging. Histopathologically, degeneration of myofibers with significant infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells due to the highly virulent strains was noted. Functional genomic analysis provided data that allowed us to correlate the highly infectious nature of Aeromonas pathotypes belonging to several different species with virulence signatures and their potential ability to cause NF.
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Effect of plasma processing and organosilane modifications of polyethylene on Aeromonas hydrophila biofilm formation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:232514. [PMID: 24605323 PMCID: PMC3925535 DOI: 10.1155/2014/232514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our research was to study how the modifications of polyethylene—a material commonly used in medicine and water industry—influence bacterial cell attachment and biofilm formation. The native surface was activated and modified using two-step process consisting in the activation of native surface with a H2O vapor plasma followed by its treatment with various organosilanes, namely, [3(tertbutylamine-2hydroxy) propyloxypropyl] diethoxymethylsilane, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctylmethyldimethoxysilane, dimethoxydimethylsilane, and isobutylmethyldimethoxysilane. The effect of polyethylene modification after chemical treatment was analyzed using surface tension measurement. The adhesive properties of Aeromonas hydrophila LOCK0968 were studied in water with a low concentration of organic compounds, using luminometric and microscopic methods, and the viability of the adhered bacterial cells was evaluated using the colony forming units method. After two-week incubation the chemically modified materials exhibited better antiadhesive and antibacterial characteristics in comparison to the native surface. Among the examined modifying agents, dimethoxydimethylsilane showed the best desired properties.
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Mendes-Marques CL, Hofer E, Leal NC. Development of duplex-PCR for identification of Aeromonas species. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 46:355-7. [PMID: 23681432 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-1344-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The number of reports of intestinal infections caused by Aeromonas spp. has increased significantly in recent years. In most clinical laboratories, identification of these bacteria is carried out by general phenotypic tests that sometimes do not accurately differentiate Aeromonas and Vibrio. METHODS A duplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed directed to 2 targets identifying Aeromonas spp. pathogenic to humans. RESULTS The duplex-PCR results were reproducible and specific for Aeromonas spp. pathogenic to humans. CONCLUSIONS This method will allow differentiation between Vibrio and Aeromonas spp. in patients with in cholera-like symptoms and can also be used in water quality monitoring.
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Aravena-Román M, Beaz-Hidalgo R, Inglis TJJ, Riley TV, Martínez-Murcia AJ, Chang BJ, Figueras MJ. Aeromonas australiensis sp. nov., isolated from irrigation water. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2013; 63:2270-2276. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.040162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacillus, designated strain 266T, was isolated from an irrigation water system in the south-west of Western Australia. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence confirmed that strain 266T belonged to the genus
Aeromonas
, with the nearest species being
Aeromonas fluvialis
(99.6 % similarity to the type strain, with 6 nucleotide differences) followed by
Aeromonas veronii
and
Aeromonas allosaccharophila
(both 99.5 %). Analysis of gyrB and rpoD sequences suggested that strain 266T formed a phylogenetic line independent of other species in the genus. This was confirmed using the concatenated sequences of six housekeeping genes (gyrB, rpoD, recA, dnaJ, gyrA and dnaX) that also indicated that
A. veronii
and
A. allosaccharophila
were the nearest relatives. DNA–DNA reassociation experiments and phenotypic analysis further supported the conclusion that strain 266T represents a novel species, for which the name Aeromonas australiensis sp. nov. is proposed, with type strain 266T ( = CECT 8023T = LMG 2670T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Aravena-Román
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Roxana Beaz-Hidalgo
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Department de Ciènces Mèdiques Básiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciènces de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Timothy J. J. Inglis
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Thomas V. Riley
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Antonio J. Martínez-Murcia
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiología, EPSO, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela 03312 (Alicante), Spain
| | - Barbara J. Chang
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Maria Jose Figueras
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Department de Ciènces Mèdiques Básiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciènces de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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Mendes-Marques CL, Nascimento LMD, Theophilo GND, Hofer E, Melo Neto OPD, Leal NC. Molecular characterization of Aeromonas spp. and Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated during a diarrhea outbreak. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2013; 54:299-304. [PMID: 23152310 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652012000600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to assess pathogenic potential and clonal relatedness of Aeromonas sp. and Vibrio cholerae isolates recovered during a diarrhea outbreak in Brazil. Clinical and environmental isolates were investigated for the presence of known pathogenic genes and clonal relatedness was assessed by intergenic spacer region (ISR) 16S-23S amplification. Four Aeromonas genes (lip, exu, gcat, flaA/B) were found at high overall frequency in both clinical and environmental isolates although the lip gene was specifically absent from selected species. A fifth gene, aerA, was rarely found in A. caviae, the most abundant species. The ISR profile revealed high heterogeneity among the Aeromonas isolates and no correlation with species identification. In contrast, in all the V. cholerae isolates the four genes investigated (ctxA, tcpA, zot and ace) were amplified and revealed homogeneous ISR and RAPD profiles. Although Aeromonas isolates were the major enteric pathogen recovered, their ISR profiles are not compatible with a unique cause for the diarrhea events, while the clonal relationship clearly implicates V. cholerae in those cases from which it was isolated. These results reinforce the need for a better definition of the role of aeromonads in diarrhea and whether they benefit from co-infection with V. cholerae.
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Morinaga Y, Yanagihara K, Eugenin FLL, Beaz-Hidalgo R, Kohno S, Figueras Salvat MJ. Identification error of Aeromonas aquariorum: A causative agent of septicemia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 76:106-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Reclassification of Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. dhakensis Huys et al. 2002 and Aeromonas aquariorum Martínez-Murcia et al. 2008 as Aeromonas dhakensis sp. nov. comb nov. and emendation of the species Aeromonas hydrophila. Syst Appl Microbiol 2013; 36:171-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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43
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Beaz-Hidalgo R, Figueras MJ. Aeromonas spp. whole genomes and virulence factors implicated in fish disease. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2013; 36:371-388. [PMID: 23305319 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that Aeromonas infections produce septicaemia, and ulcerative and haemorrhagic diseases in fish, causing significant mortality in both wild and farmed freshwater and marine fish species that damage the economics of the aquaculture sector. The descriptions of the complete genomes of Aeromonas species have allowed the identification of an important number of virulence genes that affect the pathogenic potential of these bacteria. This review will focus on the most relevant information derived from the available Aeromonas genomes in relation to virulence and on the diverse virulence factors that actively participate in host adherence, colonization and infection, including structural components, extracellular factors, secretion systems, iron acquisition and quorum sensing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Beaz-Hidalgo
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciènces Médiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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44
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Molecular Characterization and Virulence Genes of Aeromonas hydrophila Isolated from the Chinese Giant Salamander ( Andrias davidianus). ASIAN HERPETOL RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1245.2012.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Ottaviani D, Leoni F, Rocchegiani E, Santarelli S, Masini L, D’Annibale ML, Pianetti A, Carraturo A. A severe case of Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria travellers’ diarrhoea characterized by Vibrio parahaemolyticus co-isolation. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:161-164. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.044743-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Ottaviani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento Contaminazioni Batteriologiche dei Molluschi Bivalvi, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Leoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento Contaminazioni Batteriologiche dei Molluschi Bivalvi, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elena Rocchegiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento Contaminazioni Batteriologiche dei Molluschi Bivalvi, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sabrina Santarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento Contaminazioni Batteriologiche dei Molluschi Bivalvi, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Masini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento Contaminazioni Batteriologiche dei Molluschi Bivalvi, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia D’Annibale
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia, S. C. Microbiologia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, A. O. Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Pianetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Sezione di Scienze Tossicologiche, Igienistiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Antonio Carraturo
- Unità di Epidemiologia, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale di Latina, Latina, Italy
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Beaz-Hidalgo R, Shakèd T, Laviad S, Halpern M, Figueras MJ. Chironomid egg masses harbour the clinical speciesAeromonas taiwanensisandAeromonas sanarellii. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 337:48-54. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Beaz-Hidalgo
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut; Departament de Ciènces Médiques Bàsiques; Unitat de Microbiologia; IISPV; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus; Spain
| | - Tamar Shakèd
- Faculty of Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; University of Haifa; Oranim; Tivon; Israel
| | - Sivan Laviad
- Faculty of Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; University of Haifa; Oranim; Tivon; Israel
| | - Malka Halpern
- Faculty of Natural Sciences; Department of Biology; University of Haifa; Oranim; Tivon; Israel
| | - María J. Figueras
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut; Departament de Ciènces Médiques Bàsiques; Unitat de Microbiologia; IISPV; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus; Spain
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Fontes M, Martins C, Martínez-Murcia A, Saavedra M. Phylogenetic Diversity ofAeromonasfrom “Alheira,” a Traditional Portuguese Meat Product. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:713-8. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M.C. Fontes
- Center of Studies in Animal and Veterinary Science (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - C. Martins
- Center of Studies in Animal and Veterinary Science (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - A.J. Martínez-Murcia
- Departament of Plant Production and Microbiology, University of Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - M.J. Saavedra
- Center of Studies in Animal and Veterinary Science (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Hu M, Wang N, Pan ZH, Lu CP, Liu YJ. Identity and virulence properties of Aeromonas isolates from diseased fish, healthy controls and water environment in China. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012; 55:224-33. [PMID: 22725694 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2012.03281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Comparative pathogenomics of bacteria causing infectious diseases in fish. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2012; 2012:457264. [PMID: 22675651 PMCID: PMC3364575 DOI: 10.1155/2012/457264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fish living in the wild as well as reared in the aquaculture facilities are susceptible to infectious diseases caused by a phylogenetically diverse collection of bacterial pathogens. Control and treatment options using vaccines and drugs are either inadequate, inefficient, or impracticable. The classical approach in studying fish bacterial pathogens has been looking at individual or few virulence factors. Recently, genome sequencing of a number of bacterial fish pathogens has tremendously increased our understanding of the biology, host adaptation, and virulence factors of these important pathogens. This paper attempts to compile the scattered literature on genome sequence information of fish pathogenic bacteria published and available to date. The genome sequencing has uncovered several complex adaptive evolutionary strategies mediated by horizontal gene transfer, insertion sequence elements, mutations and prophage sequences operating in fish pathogens, and how their genomes evolved from generalist environmental strains to highly virulent obligatory pathogens. In addition, the comparative genomics has allowed the identification of unique pathogen-specific gene clusters. The paper focuses on the comparative analysis of the virulogenomes of important fish bacterial pathogens, and the genes involved in their evolutionary adaptation to different ecological niches. The paper also proposes some new directions on finding novel vaccine and chemotherapeutic targets in the genomes of bacterial pathogens of fish.
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Liu JY, Li AH. First case of Aeromonas schubertii infection in the freshwater cultured snakehead fish, Ophiocephalus argus (Cantor), in China. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2012; 35:335-342. [PMID: 22417292 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An epizootic in snakehead fish, Ophiocephalus argus, in earthen ponds in Xianning, Hubei Province, central China, from June to August 2009 was found to be caused by Aeromonas schubertii. The cumulative mortality within 40 days was 45%, and the diseased fish were 18 months old and 35-45 cm in length. Multiple, ivory-white, firm nodules, 0.5-1 mm in diameter, were scattered throughout the kidney. Blood clots, 3-5 mm in diameter, were found in the liver. This is a disease frequently found in cultured snakehead throughout China. Isolated bacteria were Gram negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile, short rod-shaped, with a length of 0.3-1.0 μm. Morphological and biochemical tests, as well as phylogenetic analysis derived from 16S rRNA, gyrB, rpoD and dnaJ gene sequencing all strongly indicated that these snakehead isolates are identical to A. schubertii. In addition, the isolates possessed two plasmids: 5.0 kb and 10.0 kb. Antibiotic sensitivity testing of the isolates was carried out by the standard Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Experimental infection assays were conducted, and pathogenicity (by intraperitoneal injection) was demonstrated in snakehead fingerlings and zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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