1
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Bormann D, Knoflach M, Poreba E, Riedl CJ, Testa G, Orset C, Levilly A, Cottereau A, Jauk P, Hametner S, Stranzl N, Golabi B, Copic D, Klas K, Direder M, Kühtreiber H, Salek M, Zur Nedden S, Baier-Bitterlich G, Kiechl S, Haider C, Endmayr V, Höftberger R, Ankersmit HJ, Mildner M. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals glial cell type-specific responses to ischemic stroke in male rodents. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6232. [PMID: 39043661 PMCID: PMC11266704 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroglia critically shape the brain´s response to ischemic stroke. However, their phenotypic heterogeneity impedes a holistic understanding of the cellular composition of the early ischemic lesion. Here we present a single cell resolution transcriptomics dataset of the brain´s acute response to infarction. Oligodendrocyte lineage cells and astrocytes range among the most transcriptionally perturbed populations and exhibit infarction- and subtype-specific molecular signatures. Specifically, we find infarction restricted proliferating oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), mature oligodendrocytes and reactive astrocytes, exhibiting transcriptional commonalities in response to ischemic injury. OPCs and reactive astrocytes are involved in a shared immuno-glial cross talk with stroke-specific myeloid cells. Within the perilesional zone, osteopontin positive myeloid cells accumulate in close proximity to CD44+ proliferating OPCs and reactive astrocytes. In vitro, osteopontin increases the migratory capacity of OPCs. Collectively, our study highlights molecular cross talk events which might govern the cellular composition of acutely infarcted brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bormann
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, 1200, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Knoflach
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- VASCage, Centre on Clinical Stroke Research, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Emilia Poreba
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian J Riedl
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giulia Testa
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cyrille Orset
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, ESR3P, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
- Department of Clinical Research, Caen-Normandie University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Anthony Levilly
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, ESR3P, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
- Department of Clinical Research, Caen-Normandie University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Andréa Cottereau
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, ESR3P, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
- Department of Clinical Research, Caen-Normandie University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Philipp Jauk
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Hametner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine Stranzl
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bahar Golabi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dragan Copic
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, 1200, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Klas
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, 1200, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Direder
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, 1200, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Kühtreiber
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, 1200, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Salek
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, 1200, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephanie Zur Nedden
- Institute of Neurobiochemistry, CCB-Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabriele Baier-Bitterlich
- Institute of Neurobiochemistry, CCB-Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Kiechl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- VASCage, Centre on Clinical Stroke Research, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Carmen Haider
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Endmayr
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hendrik J Ankersmit
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Aposcience AG, 1200, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Bormann D, Knoflach M, Poreba E, Riedl CJ, Testa G, Orset C, Levilly A, Cottereau A, Jauk P, Hametner S, Golabi B, Copic D, Klas K, Direder M, Kühtreiber H, Salek M, zur Nedden S, Baier-Bitterlich G, Kiechl S, Haider C, Endmayr V, Höftberger R, Ankersmit HJ, Mildner M. Single nucleus RNA sequencing reveals glial cell type-specific responses to ischemic stroke. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.26.573302. [PMID: 38234821 PMCID: PMC10793395 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.26.573302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Reactive neuroglia critically shape the braińs response to ischemic stroke. However, their phenotypic heterogeneity impedes a holistic understanding of the cellular composition and microenvironment of the early ischemic lesion. Here we generated a single cell resolution transcriptomics dataset of the injured brain during the acute recovery from permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. This approach unveiled infarction and subtype specific molecular signatures in oligodendrocyte lineage cells and astrocytes, which ranged among the most transcriptionally perturbed cell types in our dataset. Specifically, we characterized and compared infarction restricted proliferating oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), mature oligodendrocytes and heterogeneous reactive astrocyte populations. Our analyses unveiled unexpected commonalities in the transcriptional response of oligodendrocyte lineage cells and astrocytes to ischemic injury. Moreover, OPCs and reactive astrocytes were involved in a shared immuno-glial cross talk with stroke specific myeloid cells. In situ, osteopontin positive myeloid cells accumulated in close proximity to proliferating OPCs and reactive astrocytes, which expressed the osteopontin receptor CD44, within the perilesional zone specifically. In vitro, osteopontin increased the migratory capacity of OPCs. Collectively, our study highlights molecular cross talk events which might govern the cellular composition and microenvironment of infarcted brain tissue in the early stages of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bormann
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Knoflach
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- VASCage, Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Emilia Poreba
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian J. Riedl
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giulia Testa
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cyrille Orset
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, ESR3P, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
- Department of Clinical Research, Caen-Normandie University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Anthony Levilly
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, ESR3P, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
- Department of Clinical Research, Caen-Normandie University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Andreá Cottereau
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, ESR3P, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
- Department of Clinical Research, Caen-Normandie University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Philipp Jauk
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Hametner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bahar Golabi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dragan Copic
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Klas
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Direder
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Kühtreiber
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Salek
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephanie zur Nedden
- Institute of Neurobiochemistry, CCB-Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabriele Baier-Bitterlich
- Institute of Neurobiochemistry, CCB-Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Kiechl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- VASCage, Research Centre on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Carmen Haider
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Endmayr
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hendrik J. Ankersmit
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Aposcience AG, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Zhang YN, Wu Q, Zhang NN, Chen HS. Ischemic Preconditioning Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Interfering With Glycocalyx. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:929-940. [PMID: 36168082 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01081-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) could protect the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. This preclinical study aimed to investigate whether glycocalyx could be involved in the neuroprotective effect of IPC on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and the possible mechanism in rat middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model. Neurological deficit scores, infarct volume, and brain edema were measured to assess the neuroprotection of IPC. Several serum biomarkers related to glycocalyx damage, such as hyaluronic acid (HA), heparan sulfate (HS), and syndecan-1 (SYND1), were evaluated, and their changes were normalized to the ratio of postoperative/preoperative concentration. Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate the content and cellular location of HA-related metabolic enzymes. This study found that (1) IPC improved brain infarction and edema, neurological impairment, and BBB disruption in IRI rats; (2) IPC significantly up-regulated HA ratio and down-regulated HS ratio, but did not affect SYND1 ratio compared with the IRI group. Moreover, the increased HA ratio was negatively related to brain edema and neurological deficit score. (3) IPC affected HA metabolism by up-regulating hyaluronate synthase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-2, and down-regulating hyaluronidase-1 in brain tissue. Together, this is the first report that the neuroprotective effect of IPC on IRI may be mediated through interfering with glycocalyx in the MCAO/R model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Na Zhang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wen Hua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110013, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wen Hua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Nan-Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wen Hua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hui-Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wen Hua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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4
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Cho KHT, Hounsell N, McClendon E, Riddle A, Basappa, Dhillon SK, Bennet L, Back S, Sherman LS, Gunn AJ, Dean JM. Postischemic Infusion of Apigenin Reduces Seizure Burden in Preterm Fetal Sheep. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16926. [PMID: 38069249 PMCID: PMC10706648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Seizures are common in preterm newborns and are associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. Current anticonvulsants have poor efficacy, and many have been associated with upregulation of apoptosis in the developing brain. Apigenin, a natural bioactive flavonoid, is a potent inhibitor of hyaluronidase and reduces seizures in adult animal models. However, its impact on perinatal seizures is unclear. In the present study, we examined the effect of apigenin and S3, a synthetic, selective hyaluronidase inhibitor, on seizures after cerebral ischemia in preterm fetal sheep at 0.7 gestation (98-99 days, term ~147 days). Fetuses received sham ischemia (n = 9) or ischemia induced by bilateral carotid occlusion for 25 min. Immediately after ischemia, fetuses received either a continuous infusion of vehicle (0.036% dimethyl sulfoxide, n = 8) or apigenin (50 µM, n = 6). In a pilot study, we also tested infusion of S3 (2 µM, n = 3). Fetuses were monitored continuously for 72 h after ischemia. Infusion of apigenin or S3 were both associated with reduced numbers of animals with seizures, total seizure time, and mean seizure burden. S3 was also associated with a reduction in the total number of seizures over the 72 h recovery period. In animals that developed seizures, apigenin was associated with earlier cessation of seizures. However, apigenin or S3 treatment did not alter recovery of electroencephalographic power or spectral edge frequency. These data support that targeting brain hyaluronidase activity with apigenin or S3 may be an effective strategy to reduce perinatal seizures following ischemia. Further studies are required to determine their effects on neurohistological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta H. T. Cho
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (K.H.T.C.); (N.H.); (S.K.D.); (L.B.); (A.J.G.)
| | - Natalya Hounsell
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (K.H.T.C.); (N.H.); (S.K.D.); (L.B.); (A.J.G.)
| | - Evelyn McClendon
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (E.M.); (A.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Art Riddle
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (E.M.); (A.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Basappa
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Studies in Organic Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570006, India;
| | - Simerdeep K. Dhillon
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (K.H.T.C.); (N.H.); (S.K.D.); (L.B.); (A.J.G.)
| | - Laura Bennet
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (K.H.T.C.); (N.H.); (S.K.D.); (L.B.); (A.J.G.)
| | - Stephen Back
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (E.M.); (A.R.); (S.B.)
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Larry S. Sherman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA;
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Alistair J. Gunn
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (K.H.T.C.); (N.H.); (S.K.D.); (L.B.); (A.J.G.)
| | - Justin M. Dean
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (K.H.T.C.); (N.H.); (S.K.D.); (L.B.); (A.J.G.)
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Cen J, Zhang R, Zhao T, Zhang X, Zhang C, Cui J, Zhao K, Duan S, Guo Y. A Water-Soluble Quercetin Conjugate with Triple Targeting Exerts Neuron-Protective Effect on Cerebral Ischemia by Mitophagy Activation. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200817. [PMID: 36071574 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The existing treatments for ischemic stroke cannot meet the clinical needs so far. Quercetin (QT) is an effective apoptosis inhibitor and antioxidant flavonoid, but its water solubility is poor and has no targeting. In this study, QT is modified with hyaluronic acid (HA) to form a water-soluble conjugate HA-QT, which can specifically bind to CD44 receptors and response to hyaluronidase. Next, a novel delivery system SS31-HA-QT is prepared by further modification with SS31, a polypeptide capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and indiscriminately targeting mitochondria. Meanwhile, IR780, a near-infrared dye, is conjugated onto HA-QT and SS31-HA-QT to form diagnosis tools to trace HA-QT and SS31-HA-QT. In vitro and in vivo results shows that SS31 can four-fold increase the drug penetration into BBB without any toxicity. The highly expressed CD44 and hyaluronidase in ischemic area ensured the targeted delivery of QT to the ischemic region. Importantly, the mitochondrial targeting of damaged neurons is also achieved by SS31. Further studies confirmed that SS31-HA-QT exerted neuron-protection by activating mitophagy, and its mechanism involved Akt/mTOR related TFEB and HIF-1α activation. Hence, SS31-HA-QT shall be a promising neuroprotective drug due to its high water-solubility, superior triple-targeted neuroprotective ability, low toxicity, and high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cen
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.,Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Runfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Tingkui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jie Cui
- Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Keqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Shaofeng Duan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.,Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Efficacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yuqi Guo
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.,Engineering Research Center for Gynecological Oncology Nanomedicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
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6
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Siddiqui N, Oshima K, Hippensteel JA. Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans in Central Nervous System Injury. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C46-C55. [PMID: 35613357 PMCID: PMC9273265 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00053.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The brain and spinal cord constitute the central nervous system (CNS), which when injured, can be exceedingly devastating. The mechanistic roles of proteoglycans (PGs) and their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains in such injuries have been extensively studied. CNS injury immediately alters endothelial and extracellular matrix (ECM) PGs and GAGs. Subsequently, these alterations contribute to acute injury, post-injury fibrosis, and post-injury repair. These effects are central to the pathophysiology of CNS injury. This review focuses on the importance of PGs and GAGs in multiple forms of injury including traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and stroke. We highlight the causes and consequences of degradation of the PG and GAG-enriched endothelial glycocalyx in early injury and discuss the pleiotropic roles of PGs in neuroinflammation. We subsequently evaluate the dualistic effects of PGs on recovery: both PG/GAG-mediated inhibition and facilitation of repair. We then report promising therapeutic strategies that may prove effective for repair of CNS injury including PG receptor inhibition, delivery of endogenous, pro-repair PGs and GAGs, and direct degradation of pathologic GAGs. Last, we discuss importance of two PG- and GAG-containing ECM structures (synapses and perineuronal nets) in CNS injury and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Siddiqui
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Kaori Oshima
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Joseph A Hippensteel
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
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7
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Brain Immune Interactions-Novel Emerging Options to Treat Acute Ischemic Brain Injury. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092429. [PMID: 34572077 PMCID: PMC8472028 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is still among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite intensive advancements in medical sciences, the clinical options to treat ischemic stroke are limited to thrombectomy and thrombolysis using tissue plasminogen activator within a narrow time window after stroke. Current state of the art knowledge reveals the critical role of local and systemic inflammation after stroke that can be triggered by interactions taking place at the brain and immune system interface. Here, we discuss different cellular and molecular mechanisms through which brain–immune interactions can take place. Moreover, we discuss the evidence how the brain influence immune system through the release of brain derived antigens, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), cytokines, chemokines, upregulated adhesion molecules, through infiltration, activation and polarization of immune cells in the CNS. Furthermore, the emerging concept of stemness-induced cellular immunity in the context of neurodevelopment and brain disease, focusing on ischemic implications, is discussed. Finally, we discuss current evidence on brain–immune system interaction through the autonomic nervous system after ischemic stroke. All of these mechanisms represent potential pharmacological targets and promising future research directions for clinically relevant discoveries.
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8
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Diao S, Xiao M, Chen C. The role of hyaluronan in myelination and remyelination after white matter injury. Brain Res 2021; 1766:147522. [PMID: 34010609 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is one of the major components of the neural extracellular matrix (ECM) and provides structural support in physiological conditions. Altered hyaluronan regulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of white matter injury (WMI), such as perinatal WMI, multiple sclerosis (MS), traumatic brain injury (TBI). Early research reported diverse central nervous system (CNS) insults led to accumulated high-molecular-weight (HMW) hyaluronan in hypomyelinating/demyelinating lesions. Furthermore, recent findings have shown an elevated production of hyaluronan fragments in WMI, possibly resulting from HMW hyaluronan degradation. Subsequent in vitro studies identified bioactive hyaluronan fragments with a specific molecular weight (around 2x105 Da) regulating oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) maturation and myelination/remyelination in WMI. However, it is unclear about the effective hyaluronidases in generating bioactive hyaluronan fragments. Several hyaluronidases are proposed recently. Although PH20 is shown to block OPCs maturation by generating bioactive hyaluronan fragments in vitro, it seems unlikely to play a primary role in WMI with negligible expression levels in vivo. The role of other hyaluronidases on OPCs maturation and myelination/remyelination is still unknown. Other than hyaluronidases, CD44 and Toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2) are also implicated in HMW hyaluronan degradation in WMI. Moreover, recent studies elucidated bioactive hyaluronan fragments interact with TLR4, initiating signaling cascades to mediate myelin basic protein (MBP) transcription. Identifying key factors in hyaluronan actions may provide novel therapeutic targets to promote OPCs maturation and myelination/remyelination in WMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Diao
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China; Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, China
| | - Mili Xiao
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China; Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China; Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, China.
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Katarzyna Greda A, Nowicka D. Hyaluronidase inhibition accelerates functional recovery from stroke in the mouse brain. J Neurochem 2021; 157:781-801. [PMID: 33345310 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are presumed to limit plasticity in adult animals. Ischaemic stroke results in the massive breakdown of PNNs resulting in rejuvenating states of neuronal plasticity, but the mechanisms of this phenomenon are largely unknown. As hyaluronic acid (HA) is the structural backbone of PNNs, we hypothesized that these changes are a consequence of the altered expression of HA metabolism enzymes. Additionally, we investigated whether early hyaluronidase inhibition interferes with post-stroke PNN reduction and behavioural recovery. We investigated the mRNA/protein expression of these enzymes in the perilesional, remote and contralateral cortical regions in mice at different time points after photothrombosis, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence. A skilled reaching test was employed to test hyaluronidase inhibitor L-ascorbic acid 6-hexadecanoate influence on post-stroke recovery. We found the simultaneous up-regulation of mRNA of HA synthesizing and degrading enzymes in the perilesional area early after stroke, suggesting an acceleration of HA turnover in ischaemic animals. Immunostaining revealed differential cellular localization of enzymes, with hyaluronidase 1 in astrocytes and hyaluronan synthase 2 in astrocytes and neurons, and post-stroke up-regulation of both of them in astrocytes. β-glucuronidase was observed in neurons but post-stroke up-regulation occurred in microglia. Inhibition of hyaluronidase activity early after stroke resulted in improved performance in skilled reaching test, without affecting the numbers of PNNs. These results suggest that after stroke, a substantial reorganization of polysaccharide content occurs, and interfering with this process at early time has a beneficial effect on recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Katarzyna Greda
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Laboratory of Epileptogenesis, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Nowicka
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Laboratory of Epileptogenesis, Warsaw, Poland
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Connexin Hemichannel Mimetic Peptide Attenuates Cortical Interneuron Loss and Perineuronal Net Disruption Following Cerebral Ischemia in Near-Term Fetal Sheep. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186475. [PMID: 32899855 PMCID: PMC7554896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia is associated with disruption of cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons and their surrounding perineuronal nets, which may contribute to persisting neurological deficits. Blockade of connexin43 hemichannels using a mimetic peptide can alleviate seizures and injury after hypoxia-ischemia. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that connexin43 hemichannel blockade improves the integrity of cortical interneurons and perineuronal nets. Term-equivalent fetal sheep received 30 min of bilateral carotid artery occlusion, recovery for 90 min, followed by a 25-h intracerebroventricular infusion of vehicle or a mimetic peptide that blocks connexin hemichannels or by a sham ischemia + vehicle infusion. Brain tissues were stained for interneuronal markers or perineuronal nets. Cerebral ischemia was associated with loss of cortical interneurons and perineuronal nets. The mimetic peptide infusion reduced loss of glutamic acid decarboxylase-, calretinin-, and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons and perineuronal nets. The interneuron and perineuronal net densities were negatively correlated with total seizure burden after ischemia. These data suggest that the opening of connexin43 hemichannels after perinatal hypoxia-ischemia causes loss of cortical interneurons and perineuronal nets and that this exacerbates seizures. Connexin43 hemichannel blockade may be an effective strategy to attenuate seizures and may improve long-term neurological outcomes after perinatal hypoxia-ischemia.
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12
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Ding HY, Xie YN, Dong Q, Kimata K, Nishida Y, Ishiguro N, Zhuo LS. Roles of hyaluronan in cardiovascular and nervous system disorders. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2019; 20:428-436. [PMID: 31090268 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a widely occurring extracellular matrix molecule, which is not only a supporting structural component, but also an active regulator of cellular functions. The chemophysical and biological properties of hyaluronan are greatly affected by its molecular size and several hyaluronan-binding proteins, making hyaluronan a fascinating molecule with great functional diversity. This review summarizes our current understanding of the roles of hyaluronan in cardiovascular and nervous system disorders, such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke, with the aim to provide a foundation for future research and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Ding
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ya-Nan Xie
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Koji Kimata
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishida
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Li-Sheng Zhuo
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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Al-Ahmad AJ, Patel R, Palecek SP, Shusta EV. Hyaluronan impairs the barrier integrity of brain microvascular endothelial cells through a CD44-dependent pathway. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1759-1775. [PMID: 29589805 PMCID: PMC6727144 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18767748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) constitutes the most abundant extracellular matrix component during brain development, only to become a minor component rapidly after birth and in adulthood to remain in specified regions. HA signaling has been associated with several neurological disorders, yet the impact of HA signaling at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) function remains undocumented. In this study, we investigated the impact of HA on BBB properties using human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) -derived and primary human and rat BMECs. The impact of HA signaling on developmental and mature BMECs was assessed by measuring changes in TEER, permeability, BMECs markers (GLUT1, tight junction proteins, P-gp) expression and localization, CD44 expression and hyaluronan levels. In general, HA treatment decreased barrier function and reduced P-gp activity with effects being more prominent upon treatment with oligomeric forms of HA (oHA). Such effects were exacerbated when applied during BMEC differentiation phase (considered as developmental BBB). We noted a hyaluronidase activity as well as an increase in CD44 expression during prolonged oxygen-glucose deprivation stress. Inhibition of HA signaling by antibody blockade of CD44 abrogated the detrimental effects of HA treatment. These results suggest the importance of HA signaling through CD44 on BBB properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J Al-Ahmad
- 1 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Ronak Patel
- 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Sean P Palecek
- 1 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eric V Shusta
- 1 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Loss of interneurons and disruption of perineuronal nets in the cerebral cortex following hypoxia-ischaemia in near-term fetal sheep. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17686. [PMID: 30523273 PMCID: PMC6283845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischaemia (HI) in term infants is a common cause of brain injury and neurodevelopmental impairment. Development of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic circuitry in the cerebral cortex is a critical event in perinatal brain development. Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialised extracellular matrix structures that surround GABAergic interneurons, and are important for their function. Herein, we hypothesised that HI would reduce survival of cortical interneurons and disrupt PNNs in a near-term fetal sheep model of global cerebral ischaemia. Fetal sheep (0.85 gestation) received sham occlusion (n = 5) or 30 min of reversible cerebral ischaemia (HI group; n = 5), and were recovered for 7 days. Expression of interneurons (glutamate decarboxylase [GAD]+; parvalbumin [PV]+) and PNNs (Wisteria floribunda agglutinin, WFA) was assessed in the parasagittal cortex by immunohistochemistry. HI was associated with marked loss of both GAD+ and PV+ cortical interneurons (all layers of the parasagittal cortex and layer 6) and PNNs (layer 6). The expression and integrity of PNNs was also reduced on surviving GAD+ interneurons. There was a trend towards a linear correlation of the proportion of GAD+ neurons that were WFA+ with seizure burden (r2 = 0.76, p = 0.0534). Overall, these data indicate that HI may cause deficits in the cortical GABAergic system involving loss of interneurons and disruption of PNNs, which may contribute to the range of adverse neurological outcomes following perinatal brain injury.
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Qian J, Zhao X, Wang W, Zhang S, Hong Z, Chen X, Zhao Z, Hao C, Wang C, Lu S, Zhao B, Wang Y. Transcriptomic Study Reveals Recovery of Impaired Astrocytes Contribute to Neuroprotective Effects of Danhong Injection Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Injury. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:250. [PMID: 29632486 PMCID: PMC5879446 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Danhong Injection (DHI) is widely used in clinics for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in China. However, the mode of action of DHI for neuroprotection remains unclear. In the present study, we deemed to investigate the effects of DHI on a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) with an emphasis on its regulated gene profile obtained from microarray assays. Firstly, we showed that a 14-day DHI treatment effectively ameliorated severity of neurological deficits, reduced size of ischemic damage, improved status of oxidation stress, as well as systemic inflammation for IRI rats, along with which was a pronounced reduced cell infiltration in the area of periaqueductal gray matter. Secondly, bioinformatic analyses for the 429 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) regulated by DHI treatment pointed out ECM–receptor interaction, neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction, and endocytosis as the top three biological processes, while Toll-like recptor 4 (TLR4) as the most relavant singaling molecule. Lastly, we provided evidences showing that DHI might directly protect primary astrocytes from oxygen and glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/Re) injury, the effects of which was associated with LAMC2 and ADRB3, two DEGs related to the top three biological processes according to transcriptomic analysis. In conlusion, we reported that DHI might work through maintaining the integrity for brain–blood barrier and to regulate TLR4-related signaling pathway to diminish the inflammation, therefore, effectively improved the outcomes of IRI. Our findings suggested that the attenuated astrocytic dysfunction could be a novel mechanism contributing to the neuroprotective effects of DHI against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qian
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhao
- College of Preclinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Shujing Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuping Hong
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- College of Preclinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuanyou Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunhua Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Shandong Danhong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Heze, China
| | - Shihai Lu
- Shandong Danhong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Heze, China
| | - Buchang Zhao
- Shandong Danhong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Heze, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Perkins KL, Arranz AM, Yamaguchi Y, Hrabetova S. Brain extracellular space, hyaluronan, and the prevention of epileptic seizures. Rev Neurosci 2017; 28:869-892. [PMID: 28779572 PMCID: PMC5705429 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mutant mice deficient in hyaluronan (HA) have an epileptic phenotype. HA is one of the major constituents of the brain extracellular matrix. HA has a remarkable hydration capacity, and a lack of HA causes reduced extracellular space (ECS) volume in the brain. Reducing ECS volume can initiate or exacerbate epileptiform activity in many in vitro models of epilepsy. There is both in vitro and in vivo evidence of a positive feedback loop between reduced ECS volume and synchronous neuronal activity. Reduced ECS volume promotes epileptiform activity primarily via enhanced ephaptic interactions and increased extracellular potassium concentration; however, the epileptiform activity in many models, including the brain slices from HA synthase-3 knockout mice, may still require glutamate-mediated synaptic activity. In brain slice epilepsy models, hyperosmotic solution can effectively shrink cells and thus increase ECS volume and block epileptiform activity. However, in vivo, the intravenous administration of hyperosmotic solution shrinks both brain cells and brain ECS volume. Instead, manipulations that increase the synthesis of high-molecular-weight HA or decrease its breakdown may be used in the future to increase brain ECS volume and prevent seizures in patients with epilepsy. The prevention of epileptogenesis is also a future target of HA manipulation. Head trauma, ischemic stroke, and other brain insults that initiate epileptogenesis are known to be associated with an early decrease in high-molecular-weight HA, and preventing that decrease in HA may prevent the epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Perkins
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Amaia M. Arranz
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and KU Leuven Department for Neurosciences, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders (LIND) and Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yu Yamaguchi
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Sabina Hrabetova
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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Marella M, Ouyang J, Zombeck J, Zhao C, Huang L, Connor RJ, Phan KB, Jorge MC, Printz MA, Paladini RD, Gelb AB, Huang Z, Frost GI, Sugarman BJ, Steinman L, Wei G, Shepard HM, Maneval DC, Lapinskas PJ. PH20 is not expressed in murine CNS and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:191-211. [PMID: 28275653 PMCID: PMC5338182 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Expression of Spam1/PH20 and its modulation of high/low molecular weight hyaluronan substrate have been proposed to play an important role in murine oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) maturation in vitro and in normal and demyelinated central nervous system (CNS). We reexamined this using highly purified PH20. Methods Steady‐state expression of mRNA in OPCs was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction; the role of PH20 in bovine testicular hyaluronidase (BTH) inhibition of OPC differentiation was explored by comparing BTH to a purified recombinant human PH20 (rHuPH20). Contaminants in commercial BTH were identified and their impact on OPC differentiation characterized. Spam1/PH20 expression in normal and demyelinated mouse CNS tissue was investigated using deep RNA sequencing and immunohistological methods with two antibodies directed against recombinant murine PH20. Results BTH, but not rHuPH20, inhibited OPC differentiation in vitro. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was identified as a significant contaminant in BTH, and bFGF immunodepletion reversed the inhibitory effects of BTH on OPC differentiation. Spam1 mRNA was undetected in OPCs in vitro and in vivo; PH20 immunolabeling was undetected in normal and demyelinated CNS. Interpretation We were unable to detect Spam1/PH20 expression in OPCs or in normal or demyelinated CNS using the most sensitive methods currently available. Further, “BTH” effects on OPC differentiation are not due to PH20, but may be attributable to contaminating bFGF. Our data suggest that caution be exercised when using some commercially available hyaluronidases, and reports of Spam1/PH20 morphogenic activity in the CNS may be due to contaminants in reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joe Ouyang
- Halozyme Therapeutics, Inc. San Diego California
| | | | - Chunmei Zhao
- Halozyme Therapeutics, Inc. San Diego California
| | - Lei Huang
- Halozyme Therapeutics, Inc. San Diego California
| | | | - Kim B Phan
- Halozyme Therapeutics, Inc. San Diego California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lawrence Steinman
- University School of Medicine Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine Stanford University Stanford California
| | - Ge Wei
- Halozyme Therapeutics, Inc. San Diego California
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Abstract
Danger molecules are the first signals released from dying tissue after stroke. These danger signals bind to receptors on immune cells that will result in their activation and the release of inflammatory and neurotoxic mediators, resulting in amplification of the immune response and subsequent enlargement of the damaged brain volume. The release of danger signals is a central event that leads to a multitude of signals and cascades in the affected and neighbouring tissue, therefore providing a potential target for therapy.
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Hyaluronan Synthesis, Catabolism, and Signaling in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Cell Biol 2015; 2015:368584. [PMID: 26448752 PMCID: PMC4581574 DOI: 10.1155/2015/368584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA), a component of the extracellular matrix, has been implicated in regulating neural differentiation, survival, proliferation, migration, and cell signaling in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). HA is found throughout the CNS as a constituent of proteoglycans, especially within perineuronal nets that have been implicated in regulating neuronal activity. HA is also found in the white matter where it is diffusely distributed around astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Insults to the CNS lead to long-term elevation of HA within damaged tissues, which is linked at least in part to increased transcription of HA synthases. HA accumulation is often accompanied by elevated expression of at least some transmembrane HA receptors including CD44. Hyaluronidases that digest high molecular weight HA into smaller fragments are also elevated following CNS insults and can generate HA digestion products that have unique biological activities. A number of studies, for example, suggest that both the removal of high molecular weight HA and the accumulation of hyaluronidase-generated HA digestion products can impact CNS injuries through mechanisms that include the regulation of progenitor cell differentiation and proliferation. These studies, reviewed here, suggest that targeting HA synthesis, catabolism, and signaling are all potential strategies to promote CNS repair.
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Smith PD, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Foscarin S, Kwok JCF, Fawcett JW. "GAG-ing with the neuron": The role of glycosaminoglycan patterning in the central nervous system. Exp Neurol 2015; 274:100-14. [PMID: 26277685 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are a diverse family of proteins that consist of one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, covalently linked to a core protein. PGs are major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and play critical roles in development, normal function and damage-response of the central nervous system (CNS). GAGs are classified based on their disaccharide subunits, into the following major groups: chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparan sulfate (HS), heparin (HEP), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate (KS) and hyaluronic acid (HA). All except HA are modified by sulfation, giving GAG chains specific charged structures and binding properties. While significant neuroscience research has focused on the role of one PG family member, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), there is ample evidence in support of a role for the other PGs in regulating CNS function in normal and pathological conditions. This review discusses the role of all the identified PG family members (CS, HS, HEP, DS, KS and HA) in normal CNS function and in the context of pathology. Understanding the pleiotropic roles of these molecules in the CNS may open the door to novel therapeutic strategies for a number of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D Smith
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Vivien J Coulson-Thomas
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simona Foscarin
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica C F Kwok
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - James W Fawcett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK.
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Famakin BM. The Immune Response to Acute Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Associated Post-stroke Immunodepression: A Focused Review. Aging Dis 2014; 5:307-26. [PMID: 25276490 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0500307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is currently well established that the immune system is activated in response to transient or focal cerebral ischemia. This acute immune activation occurs in response to damage, and injury, to components of the neurovascular unit and is mediated by the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response. The initial immune activation is rapid, occurs via the innate immune response and leads to inflammation. The inflammatory mediators produced during the innate immune response in turn lead to recruitment of inflammatory cells and the production of more inflammatory mediators that result in activation of the adaptive immune response. Under ideal conditions, this inflammation gives way to tissue repair and attempts at regeneration. However, for reasons that are just being understood, immunosuppression occurs following acute stroke leading to post-stroke immunodepression. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding innate and adaptive immune activation in response to focal cerebral ischemia as well as the immunodepression that can occur following stroke. A better understanding of the intricate and complex events that take place following immune response activation, to acute cerebral ischemia, is imperative for the development of effective novel immunomodulatory therapies for the treatment of acute stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolanle M Famakin
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, Stroke Branch, Branch, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Xing G, Ren M, Verma A. Divergent Temporal Expression of Hyaluronan Metabolizing Enzymes and Receptors with Craniotomy vs. Controlled-Cortical Impact Injury in Rat Brain: A Pilot Study. Front Neurol 2014; 5:173. [PMID: 25309501 PMCID: PMC4161003 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers many secondary changes in tissue biology, which ultimately determine the extent of injury and clinical outcome. Hyaluronan [hyaluronic acid (HA)] is a protective cementing gel present in the intercellular spaces whose degradation has been reported as a causative factor in tissue damage. Yet little is known about the expression and activities of genes involved in HA catabolism after TBI. Young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to three groups: naïve control, craniotomy, and controlled-cortical impact-induced TBI (CCI-TBI). Four animals per group were sacrificed at 4 h, 1, 3, and 7 days post-CCI. The mRNA expression of hyaluronan synthases (HAS1-3), hyaluronidases (enzymes for HA degradation, HYAL 1–4, and PH20), and CD44 and RHAMM (membrane receptors for HA signaling and removal) were determined using real-time PCR. Compared to the naïve controls, expression of HAS1 and HAS2 mRNA, but not HAS3 mRNA increased significantly following craniotomy alone and following CCI with differential kinetics. Expression of HAS2 mRNA increased significantly in the ipsilateral brain at 1 and 3 days post-CCI. HYAL1 mRNA expression also increased significantly in the craniotomy group and in the contralateral CCI at 1 and 3 days post-CCI. CD44 mRNA expression increased significantly in the ipsilateral CCI at 4 h, 1, 3, and 7 days post-CCI (up to 25-fold increase). These data suggest a dynamic regulation and role for HA metabolism in secondary responses to TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xing
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Ming Ren
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Ajay Verma
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
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Egea J, Parada E, Gómez-Rangel V, Buendia I, Negredo P, Montell E, Ruhí R, Vergés J, Roda J, García A, López M. Small synthetic hyaluronan disaccharides afford neuroprotection in brain ischemia-related models. Neuroscience 2014; 265:313-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pedersen DS, Tran TP, Smidt K, Bibby BM, Rungby J, Larsen A. Metallic gold beads in hyaluronic acid: a novel form of gold-based immunosuppression? Investigations of the immunosuppressive effects of metallic gold on cultured J774 macrophages and on neuronal gene expression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Biometals 2013; 26:369-85. [PMID: 23653168 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by recurring attacks of neuroinflammation leading to neuronal death. Immune-suppressing gold salts are used for treating connective tissue diseases; however, side effects occur from systemic spread of gold ions. This is limited by exploiting macrophage-induced liberation of gold ions (dissolucytosis) from gold surfaces. Injecting gold beads in hyaluronic acid (HA) as a vehicle into the cavities of the brain can delay clinical signs of disease progression in the MS model, experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). This study investigates the anti-inflammatory properties of metallic gold/HA on the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (Tnf-α), Interleukin (Il)-1β, Il-6, Il-10, Colony-stimulating factor (Csf)-v2, Metallothionein (Mt)-1/2, Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) and B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 in cultured J774 macrophages and in rodents with early stages of EAE. Cells grew for 5 days on gold/HA or HA, then receiving 1,000 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as inflammatory challenge. In the EAE experiment, 12 Lewis rats received gold injections and control groups included 11 untreated and 12 HA-treated EAE rats and five healthy animals. The experiment terminated day 9 when the first ten animals showed signs of EAE, only one of which were gold-treated (1p = 0.0367). Gene expression in the macrophages showed a statistically significant decrease in Il-6, Il-1β and Il-10-response to LPS; interestingly HA induced a statistically significant increase of Il-10. In the EAE model gene expression of inflammatory cytokines increased markedly. Compared to EAE controls levels of Tnf-α, Il-1β, Il-10, Il-6, IL-2, Ifn-γ, Il-17, transforming growth factor (Tgf)-β, superoxide dismutase (Sod)-2, Mt-2 and fibroblast growth factor (Fgf)-2 were lower in the gold-treated group. HA-treated animals expressed similar or intermediate levels. Omnibus testing for reduced inflammatory response following gold-treatment was not significant, but tendencies towards a decrease in the Sod-2, Fgf-2, Il-1β response and a higher Bdnf and IL-23 gene expression were seen. In conclusion, our findings support that bio-liberation of gold from metallic gold surfaces have anti-inflammatory properties similar to classic gold compounds, warranting further studies into the pharmacological potential of this novel gold-treatment and the possible synergistic effects of hyaluronic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Sonne Pedersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, Building 1240, 3rd Floor, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Lindwall C, Olsson M, Osman AM, Kuhn HG, Curtis MA. Selective expression of hyaluronan and receptor for hyaluronan mediated motility (Rhamm) in the adult mouse subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream and in ischemic cortex. Brain Res 2013; 1503:62-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Moshayedi P, Carmichael ST. Hyaluronan, neural stem cells and tissue reconstruction after acute ischemic stroke. BIOMATTER 2013; 3:23863. [PMID: 23507922 PMCID: PMC3732322 DOI: 10.4161/biom.23863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Focal stroke is a disabling disease with lifelong sensory, motor and cognitive impairments. Given the paucity of effective clinical treatments, basic scientists are developing novel options for protection of the affected brain and regeneration of lost tissue. Tissue bioengineering and stem/progenitor cell treatments have both been individually pursued for stroke neural repair therapies, with some benefit in tissue recovery. Emerging directions in stroke neural repair approaches combine these two therapies to use biopolymers with stem/progenitor transplants to promote greater cell survival in the transplant and directed delivery of bioactive molecules to the transplanted cells and the adjacent injured tissue. In this review the background literature on a combined use of neural stem/progenitor cells encapsulated in hyaluronan gels is discussed and the way this therapeutic approach can affect the important processes involved in brain tissue reconstruction, such as angiogenesis, axon regeneration, neural differentiation and inflammation is clarified. The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan can optimize those processes and be employed in a successful neural tissue engineering approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Moshayedi
- Department of Neurology; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - S Thomas Carmichael
- Department of Neurology; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Los Angeles, CA USA
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Pedersen DS, Fredericia PM, Pedersen MO, Stoltenberg M, Penkowa M, Danscher G, Rungby J, Larsen A. Metallic gold slows disease progression, reduces cell death and induces astrogliosis while simultaneously increasing stem cell responses in an EAE rat model of multiple sclerosis. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 138:787-802. [PMID: 22820857 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0996-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the Western world affecting younger, otherwise healthy individuals. Today no curative treatment exists. Patients suffer from recurring attacks caused by demyelination and underlying neuroinflammation, ultimately leading to loss of neurons. Recent research shows that bio-liberation of gold ions from metallic gold implants can ameliorate inflammation, reduce apoptosis and promote proliferation of neuronal stem cells (NSCs) in a mouse model of focal brain injury. Based on these findings, the present study investigates whether metallic gold implants affect the clinical signs of disease progression and the pathological findings in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a rodent model of MS. Gold particles 20-45 μm suspended in hyaluronic acid were bilaterally injected into the lateral ventricles (LV) of young Lewis rats prior to EAE induction. Comparing gold-treated animals to untreated and vehicle-treated ones, a statistically significant slowing of disease progression in terms of reduced weight loss was seen. Despite massive inflammatory infiltration, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining revealed reduced apoptotic cell death in disease foci in the brain stem of gold-treated animals, alongside an up-regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive reactive astrocytes near the LV and in the brain stem. Cell counting of frizzled-9 and nestin-stained cells showed statistically significant up-regulation of NSCs migrating from the subventricular zone. Additionally, the neuroprotective proteins Metallothionein-1 and -2 were up-regulated in the corpus callosum. In conclusion, this study is the first to show that the presence of small gold implants affect disease progression in a rat model of MS, increasing the neurogenic response and reducing the loss of cells in disease foci. Gold implants might thus improve clinical outcome for MS patients and further research into the long-term effects of such localized gold treatment is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Sonne Pedersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, Building 1240, 3rd Floor, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Font MA, Arboix A, Krupinski J. Angiogenesis, neurogenesis and neuroplasticity in ischemic stroke. Curr Cardiol Rev 2011; 6:238-44. [PMID: 21804783 PMCID: PMC2994116 DOI: 10.2174/157340310791658802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Revised: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Only very little is know about the neurovascular niche after cardioembolic stroke. Three processes implicated in neurorepair: angiogenesis, neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, would be naturally produced in adult brains, but also could be stimulated through endogen neurorepair phenomena. Angiogenesis stimulation generates new vessels with the aim to increase collateral circulation. Neurogenesis is controlled by intrinsic genetic mechanisms and growth factors but also ambiental factors are important. The leading process of the migrating neural progenitor cells (NPCs) is closely associated with blood vessels, suggesting that this interaction provides directional guidance to the NPCs. These findings suggest that blood vessels play an important role as a scaffold for NPCs migration toward the damaged brain region. DNA microarray technology and blood genomic profiling in human stroke provided tools to investigate the expression of thousands of genes. Critical comparison of gene expression profiles after stroke in humans with those in animal models should lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of brain ischaemia. Probably the most important part of early recovery after stroke is limited capacity of penumbra/infarct neurones to recover. It became more clear in the last years, that penumbra is not just passively dying over time but it is also actively recovering. This initial plasticity in majority contributes towards later neurogenesis, angiogenesis and final recovery. Penumbra is a principal target in acute phase of stroke. Thus, the origin of newly formed vessels and the pathogenic role of neovascularization and neurogenesis are important unresolved issues in our understanding of the mechanisms after stroke. Biomaterials for promoting brain protection, repair and regeneration are new hot target. Recently developed biomaterials can enable and increase the target delivery of drugs or therapeutic proteins to the brain, allow cell or tissue transplants to be effectively delivered to the brain and help to rebuild damaged circuits. These new approaches are gaining clear importance because nanotechnology allows better control over material-cell interactions that induce specific developmental processes and cellular responses including differentiation, migration and outgrowth.
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Dean JM, Riddle A, Maire J, Hansen KD, Preston M, Barnes AP, Sherman LS, Back SA. An organotypic slice culture model of chronic white matter injury with maturation arrest of oligodendrocyte progenitors. Mol Neurodegener 2011; 6:46. [PMID: 21729326 PMCID: PMC3163199 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-6-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CNS myelination disturbances commonly occur in chronic white matter lesions in neurodevelopmental and adult neurological disorders. Recent studies support that myelination failure can involve a disrupted cellular repair mechanism where oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitor cells (OPCs) proliferate in lesions with diffuse astrogliosis, but fail to fully differentiate to mature myelinating OLs. There are no in vitro models that reproduce these features of myelination failure. RESULTS Forebrain coronal slices from postnatal day (P) 0.5/1 rat pups were cultured for 1, 5, or 9 days in vitro (DIV). Slices rapidly exhibited diffuse astrogliosis and accumulation of the extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA), an inhibitor of OPC differentiation and re-myelination. At 1 DIV ~1.5% of Olig2+ OLs displayed caspase-3 activation, which increased to ~11.5% by 9 DIV. At 1 DIV the density of PDGFRα+ and PDGFRα+/Ki67+ OPCs were significantly elevated compared to 0 DIV (P < 0.01). Despite this proliferative response, at 9 DIV ~60% of white matter OLs were late progenitors (preOLs), compared to ~7% in the postnatal day 10 rat (P < 0.0001), consistent with preOL maturation arrest. Addition of HA to slices significantly decreased the density of MBP+ OLs at 9 DIV compared to controls (217 ± 16 vs. 328 ± 17 cells/mm2, respectively; P = 0.0003), supporting an inhibitory role of HA in OL lineage progression in chronic lesions. CONCLUSIONS Diffuse white matter astrogliosis and early OPC proliferation with impaired OL maturation were reproduced in this model of myelination failure. This system may be used to define mechanisms of OPC maturation arrest and myelination failure related to astrogliosis and HA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Dean
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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Jiang D, Liang J, Noble PW. Hyaluronan as an immune regulator in human diseases. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:221-64. [PMID: 21248167 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00052.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 744] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation and turnover of extracellular matrix components are the hallmarks of tissue injury. Fragmented hyaluronan stimulates the expression of inflammatory genes by a variety of immune cells at the injury site. Hyaluronan binds to a number of cell surface proteins on various cell types. Hyaluronan fragments signal through both Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR2 as well as CD44 to stimulate inflammatory genes in inflammatory cells. Hyaluronan is also present on the cell surface of epithelial cells and provides protection against tissue damage from the environment by interacting with TLR2 and TLR4. Hyaluronan and hyaluronan-binding proteins regulate inflammation, tissue injury, and repair through regulating inflammatory cell recruitment, release of inflammatory cytokines, and cell migration. This review focuses on the role of hyaluronan as an immune regulator in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianhua Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Yilmaz G, Vital S, Yilmaz CE, Stokes KY, Alexander JS, Granger DN. Selectin-mediated recruitment of bone marrow stromal cells in the postischemic cerebral microvasculature. Stroke 2011; 42:806-11. [PMID: 21257828 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.597088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The therapeutic potential of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) has been demonstrated in different models of stroke. Although it is well established that BMSCs selectively migrate to the site of brain injury, the mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. This study addresses the hypothesis that selectins mediate the recruitment of BMSCs into the postischemic cerebral microvasculature. METHODS Focal ischemic stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. Cell recruitment was monitored using either fluorescent- or radiolabeled BMSCs detected by intravital microscopy or tissue radioactivity. Mice were treated with either a blocking antibody against P- or E-selectin or with the nonselective selectin antagonist, fucoidin. The role of CD44 in cell recruitment was evaluated using BMSCs from CD44 knockout mice. RESULTS Middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion was associated with a significantly increased adhesion of BMSCs in cerebral venules compared with sham mice. Immunoneutralization of either E- or P-selectin blocked the middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion-induced recruitment of adherent BMSCs. An attenuated recruitment response in the postischemic hemisphere was also noted after fucoidin treatment or administration of CD44-deficient BMSCs. CONCLUSIONS Cerebral vascular endothelium assume a proadhesive phenotype after ischemic stroke that favors the recruitment of BMSCs, which use both P- and E-selectin to home into the infarct site. CD44 may serve as the critical ligand for selectin-mediated BMSC recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Yilmaz
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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Da Silva L, Simpson PT, Smart CE, Cocciardi S, Waddell N, Lane A, Morrison BJ, Vargas AC, Healey S, Beesley J, Pakkiri P, Parry S, Kurniawan N, Reid L, Keith P, Faria P, Pereira E, Skalova A, Bilous M, Balleine RL, Do H, Dobrovic A, Fox S, Franco M, Reynolds B, Khanna KK, Cummings M, Chenevix-Trench G, Lakhani SR. HER3 and downstream pathways are involved in colonization of brain metastases from breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2010; 12:R46. [PMID: 20604919 PMCID: PMC2949633 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metastases to the brain from breast cancer have a high mortality, and basal-like breast cancers have a propensity for brain metastases. However, the mechanisms that allow cells to colonize the brain are unclear. METHODS We used morphology, immunohistochemistry, gene expression and somatic mutation profiling to analyze 39 matched pairs of primary breast cancers and brain metastases, 22 unmatched brain metastases of breast cancer, 11 non-breast brain metastases and 6 autopsy cases of patients with breast cancer metastases to multiple sites, including the brain. RESULTS Most brain metastases were triple negative and basal-like. The brain metastases over-expressed one or more members of the HER family and in particular HER3 was significantly over-expressed relative to matched primary tumors. Brain metastases from breast and other primary sites, and metastases to multiple organs in the autopsied cases, also contained somatic mutations in EGFR, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS or PIK3CA. This paralleled the frequent activation of AKT and MAPK pathways. In particular, activation of the MAPK pathway was increased in the brain metastases compared to the primary tumors. CONCLUSIONS Deregulated HER family receptors, particularly HER3, and their downstream pathways are implicated in colonization of brain metastasis. The need for HER family receptors to dimerize for activation suggests that tumors may be susceptible to combinations of anti-HER family inhibitors, and may even be effective in the absence of HER2 amplification (that is, in triple negative/basal cancers). However, the presence of activating mutations in PIK3CA, HRAS, KRAS and NRAS suggests the necessity for also specifically targeting downstream molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Da Silva
- Molecular & Cellular Pathology, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, & School of Medicine, Building 918/B71, RBWH complex, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
- Cancer Genetics and Molecular Pathology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM, 754 Rua Napoleão de Barros, São Paulo, 04024-000, Brazil
| | - Peter T Simpson
- Molecular & Cellular Pathology, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, & School of Medicine, Building 918/B71, RBWH complex, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
- Cancer Genetics and Molecular Pathology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Chanel E Smart
- Molecular & Cellular Pathology, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, & School of Medicine, Building 918/B71, RBWH complex, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
- Cancer Genetics and Molecular Pathology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Sibylle Cocciardi
- Cancer Genetics and Molecular Pathology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Nic Waddell
- Cancer Genetics and Molecular Pathology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Annette Lane
- Molecular & Cellular Pathology, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, & School of Medicine, Building 918/B71, RBWH complex, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
| | - Brian J Morrison
- Cancer Genetics and Molecular Pathology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
- Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Brisbane, 4011, Australia
| | - Ana Cristina Vargas
- Molecular & Cellular Pathology, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, & School of Medicine, Building 918/B71, RBWH complex, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
| | - Sue Healey
- Cancer Genetics and Molecular Pathology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Jonathan Beesley
- Cancer Genetics and Molecular Pathology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Pria Pakkiri
- Molecular & Cellular Pathology, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, & School of Medicine, Building 918/B71, RBWH complex, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
| | - Suzanne Parry
- Molecular & Cellular Pathology, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, & School of Medicine, Building 918/B71, RBWH complex, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
- Cancer Genetics and Molecular Pathology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Nyoman Kurniawan
- Centre for Magnetic Resonance, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Lynne Reid
- Molecular & Cellular Pathology, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, & School of Medicine, Building 918/B71, RBWH complex, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
- Cancer Genetics and Molecular Pathology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Patricia Keith
- Molecular & Cellular Pathology, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, & School of Medicine, Building 918/B71, RBWH complex, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
- Cancer Genetics and Molecular Pathology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Paulo Faria
- Lembaga Eijkman, Eijkman Institute, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, 23 Praça Cruz Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro, 20230-130, Brazil
| | - Emilio Pereira
- Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório Salomão & Zoppi, 48 Rua Correia Dias, São Paulo, 04104-000, Brazil
| | - Alena Skalova
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty of Charles University in Plzen, Husova 3, 306 05, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Bilous
- Sydney West Area Health Service, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, University of Sydney, Darcy Road, Sydney, 2145, Australia
| | - Rosemary L Balleine
- Translational Oncology, Sydney West Area Health Service, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Darcy Road, Sydney, 2145, Australia
| | - Hongdo Do
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Pl, East Melbourne, 3002, Australia
| | - Alexander Dobrovic
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Pl, East Melbourne, 3002, Australia
| | - Stephen Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Pl, East Melbourne, 3002, Australia
| | - Marcello Franco
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM, 754 Rua Napoleão de Barros, São Paulo, 04024-000, Brazil
| | - Brent Reynolds
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
- Current address - University of Florida, McKnight Brain Institute,100 S. Newell Drive, Gainesville, 32611, USA
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- Signal Transduction, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Margaret Cummings
- Molecular & Cellular Pathology, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, & School of Medicine, Building 918/B71, RBWH complex, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
- Signal Transduction, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Cancer Genetics and Molecular Pathology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Sunil R Lakhani
- Molecular & Cellular Pathology, The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, & School of Medicine, Building 918/B71, RBWH complex, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
- Cancer Genetics and Molecular Pathology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
- Pathology Queensland: The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Herston Road, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
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Gaffney J, Matou-Nasri S, Grau-Olivares M, Slevin M. Therapeutic applications of hyaluronan. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 6:437-43. [PMID: 20174672 DOI: 10.1039/b910552m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA), a multifunctional, high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan, is a component of the majority of extracellular matrices. HA is synthesised in a unique manner by a family of hyaluronan synthases, degraded by hyaluronidases and exerts a biological effect by binding to families of cellular receptors, the hyaladhedrins. Receptor binding activates signal pathways in endothelial cells leading to proliferation, migration and differentiation collectively termed angiogenesis. HA and associated enzymes are implicated in the aetiology of cardiovascular disease and cancer and manipulation of HA expression offers a therapeutic target. HA microspheres have been developed as drug delivery agents to deliver HA to sites of disease and also in diagnosis. In this review we discuss some of the recent therapeutic applications of hyaluronan in tissue repair, as a drug delivery system and the synthesis, application and delivery of hyaluronan nanoparticles to target drugs to sites of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gaffney
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St., Manchester, UK M1 5GD.
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Abstract
Many neurons and their synapses are enwrapped in a brain-specific form of the extracellular matrix (ECM), the so-called perineuronal net (PNN). It forms late in the postnatal development around the time when synaptic contacts are stabilized. It is made of glycoproteins and proteoglycans of glial as well as neuronal origin. The major organizing polysaccharide of brain extracellular space is the polymeric carbohydrate hyaluronic acid (HA). It forms the backbone of a meshwork consisting of CNS proteoglycans such as the lectican family of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPG). This family comprises four abundant components of brain ECM: aggrecan and versican as broadly expressed CSPGs and neurocan and brevican as nervous-system-specific family members. In this review, we intend to focus on the specific role of the HA-based ECM in synapse development and function.
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Concentration and distribution of hyaluronic acid in mouse uterus throughout the estrous cycle. Fertil Steril 2009; 92:785-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Toll-like receptor-4 mediates neuronal apoptosis induced by amyloid beta-peptide and the membrane lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal. Exp Neurol 2008; 213:114-21. [PMID: 18586243 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system senses the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms and tissue injury through Toll-like receptors (TLR), a mechanism thought to be limited to immune cells. We recently found that neurons express several TLRs, and that the levels of TLR2 and TLR4 are increased in neurons in response to energy deprivation. Here we report that TLR4 expression increases in neurons when exposed to amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta1-42) or the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). Neuronal apoptosis triggered by Abeta and HNE was mediated by jun N-terminal kinase (JNK); neurons from TLR4 mutant mice exhibited reduced JNK and caspase-3 activation and were protected against apoptosis induced by Abeta and HNE. Levels of TLR4 were decreased in inferior parietal cortex tissue specimens from end-stage AD patients compared to aged-matched control subjects, possibly as the result of loss of neurons expressing TLR4. Our findings suggest that TLR4 signaling increases the vulnerability of neurons to Abeta and oxidative stress in AD, and identify TLR4 as a potential therapeutic target for AD.
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Krupinski J, Ethirajan P, Font MA, Turu MM, Gaffney J, Kumar P, Slevin M. Changes in Hyaluronan Metabolism and RHAMM Receptor Expression Accompany Formation of Complicated Carotid Lesions and May be Pro-Angiogenic Mediators of Intimal Neovessel Growth. Biomark Insights 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/117727190700200022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that changes in expression of the glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan (HA) were associated with erosion in areas of post-mortem coronary artery liable to rupture. Angiogenesis is an important feature of ulcerating haemorrhagic plaques prone to rupture. HA is a glycosaminoglycan known to possess potent angiogenic properties on metabolism to oligosaccharides of HA (o-HA) in the presence of hyaluronidase (HYAL) enzymes. In this study we have examined HA receptor and HYAL enzyme expression in a series of carotid artery specimens used as vascular transplants and exhibiting various stages of atherosclerotic lesions as determined by anatomo-pathology. Our results demonstrated dramatically increased expression of HYAL-1 in regions of inflammation associated with complicated plaques. Receptor for HA-mediated motility (RHAMM), which is known to be important in transducing angiogenic signals in vascular endothelium, was strongly expressed on intimal blood vessels from complicated lesions but almost absent from other regions including adventitial vessels. Metabolism of HA, together with up-regulation of RHAMM in complicated plaque lesions might be partly responsible for over-production of leaky neovessels and predisposition to plaque rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Krupinski
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (HUB), and IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, CSIC/ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Priya Ethirajan
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K
| | - M. Angels Font
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (HUB), and IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Miguel Turu
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (HUB), and IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, CSIC/ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Gaffney
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K
| | - Pat Kumar
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K
| | - Mark Slevin
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K
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Slevin M, Krupinski J, Gaffney J, Matou S, West D, Delisser H, Savani RC, Kumar S. Hyaluronan-mediated angiogenesis in vascular disease: uncovering RHAMM and CD44 receptor signaling pathways. Matrix Biol 2006; 26:58-68. [PMID: 17055233 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2006.08.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The correct formation of new blood vessels from existing vasculature (angiogenesis) is essential for embryogenesis and the effective repair of damaged or wounded tissues. However, excessive and detrimental vascularization also occurs in neoplasia, promoting tumour growth and metastasis, as well as in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and atherosclerosis. Greater understanding of the mechanisms controlling the angiogenic process will allow optimization of wound healing, and provide mechanisms to inhibit vascularization in tumours and other diseases. Evidence supports a cascade of events in which the perturbation of one of the steps is sufficient to significantly inhibit neovascularization. The extracellular macromolecules, notably glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), are important mediators of angiogenesis. Hyaluronan (HA), a large, non-sulphated GAG, was first discovered in the vitreous of the eye [.], and is ubiquitously expressed in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of tissues. Native high molecular weight HA (n-HA) is anti-angiogenic, whereas HA degradation products (o-HA; 3-10 disaccharides) stimulate endothelial cell (EC) proliferation, migration and tube formation following activation of specific HA receptors in particular, CD44 and Receptor for HA-Mediated Motility (RHAMM, CD168). The involvement of HA in the regulation of angiogenesis makes it an attractive therapeutic target. We review the role of o-HA in modulation of angiogenesis during tissue injury, and vascular disease, focusing on receptor-mediated signal transduction pathways that have been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Slevin
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
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