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Bramness JG, Skulberg KR, Skulberg A, Moe JS, Mørland J. The Self-Rated Effects of Alcohol Are Related to Presystemic Metabolism of Alcohol. Alcohol Alcohol 2023; 58:203-208. [PMID: 36715301 PMCID: PMC10008105 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS A high number of alcohol units required to feel a subjective effect of alcohol predicts future alcohol use disorders (AUDs). The subjective response to alcohol can be measured using the validated retrospective self-rated effects of alcohol (SRE) questionnaire. Few studies have investigated the specific relationship between SRE and blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in an experimental setting. METHODS Twenty healthy young adult male volunteers who had experience with binge drinking, but did not have AUD, filled out the SRE-questionnaire and were served with a fixed amount of alcohol per body weight. BACs were measured throughout a 12-hour period, reaching a maximum BAC of ~0.13%. Median split of SRE-scores was utilized to compare BACs among participants with relatively high effects (low SRE) and relatively low effects (high SRE) of alcohol. RESULTS Participants reporting a relatively low SRE-score had a statistically significant higher measured BAC at all time points until alcohol was eliminated. This was especially pronounced during the first 2 hours after alcohol (P = 0.015) without a significant difference in the alcohol elimination rate being detected. CONCLUSION The study indicates that a self-ated SRE-score is related to BACs after the ingestion of a standardized amount of alcohol per body weight. Reporting a higher number of alcohol units before feeling an effect was related to a lower BAC. As the differences in BAC between relatively high and low self-rated effects appeared rapidly after intake, this could be interpreted as an effect of presystemic metabolism of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen G Bramness
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo 0213, Norway.,National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal 2381, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Knut R Skulberg
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum 2406, Norway
| | | | - Jenny Skumsnes Moe
- National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal 2381, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Jørg Mørland
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo 0213, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
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Chhoa KH, Zakaria H, Abd Rahman FN. Problematic alcohol use and depression in secondary school students in Miri, Malaysia. Pediatr Int 2019; 61:284-292. [PMID: 30636372 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol consumption in the under-aged is one of the main concerns regarding Malaysian adolescents. There is no previous study on problematic alcohol use (PAU) in adolescents in Sarawak. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of PAU, its associated variables and its relationship with depression. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 327 secondary school students completed the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test and Children's Depression Inventory, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Binary and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between the different variables. RESULTS A total of 42.2% of adolescents had PAU. Urban adolescents had a higher prevalence compared with rural adolescents (OR, 1.612; 95% CI: 1.036-2.508 P = 0.034). Female adolescents (56.8%) and Bumiputera Sarawak adolescents (76.8%) comprised a large proportion of the respondents with PAU. Cultural norm (78.3%) and curiosity (68.1%) were the two main reasons for PAU. Only family history of alcohol use (OR, 2.273; 95% CI: 1.013-5.107; P = 0.047), ever consumed alcohol (OR, 57.585; 95% CI: 21.885-151.525; P < 0.001) and ever consumed beer (OR, 2.564; 95% CI: 1.032-6.372; P = 0.043) were significantly associated with PAU. The prevalence of depression was 21.4%. A significant relationship between PAU and depression was seen (OR, 2.557; 95% CI: 1.479-4.420; P = 0.001). CONCLUSION There is a high prevalence of PAU in adolescents in Miri, Malaysia. More effort is needed to implement policies for this vulnerable group, with collaboration between agencies to ensure their mental and physical wellbeing and prevent a negative impact later. Clinicians should be more vigilant in detecting depression in adolescents with PAU to enable early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Hong Chhoa
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Department, Limbang Hospital, Limbang, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Hazli Zakaria
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fairuz Nazri Abd Rahman
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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3
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Matsushita S, Higuchi S. Genetic differences in response to alcohol. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 125:617-27. [PMID: 25307600 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62619-6.00036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The level of response to alcohol, which reflects individual differences in sensitivity to the pharmacologic effects of alcohol, is considered to be an important endophenotype of alcohol use disorder (AUD). By comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twins, the heritability of the level of response to alcohol has been estimated to be 60%. Many genes have been implicated as potential contributors toward heavy drinking, alcohol-related problems, and AUD through a low level of response to alcohol, each with a small effect. Identified are genes for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, serotonin transporter, opioid receptor, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, but the most well-characterized genes that have a strong impact on the level of response to alcohol are those for alcohol-metabolizing enzymes. Although two genetic variations in alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases, which have been the most intensively studied, exist almost exclusively in Asian populations, studies on the effect of genetic variations in alcohol-metabolizing enzymes on the response to alcohol are gradually expanding in non-Asian populations. In this chapter, we focus on genetic studies in humans. After analyzing the overall influence of genetic factors on the response to alcohol, we explore individual genes that may influence the response to alcohol. Lastly, we review studies examining the effects of genetic variations in alcohol-metabolizing enzymes on the level of response to alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachio Matsushita
- National Hospital Organization, Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Susumu Higuchi
- National Hospital Organization, Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Kanagawa, Japan
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Xu Y, Guo WJ, Wang Q, Lanzi G, Luobu O, Ma XH, Wang YC, Zhen P, Deng W, Liu X, Zhuoma B, Liu XH, Li T, Hu X. Polymorphisms of genes in neurotransmitter systems were associated with alcohol use disorders in a Tibetan population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80206. [PMID: 24312204 PMCID: PMC3842251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of linkage and association in various ethnic populations have revealed many predisposing genes of multiple neurotransmitter systems for alcohol use disorders (AUD). However, evidence often is contradictory regarding the contribution of most candidate genes to the susceptibility of AUD. We, therefore, performed a case-control study to investigate the possible associations of genes selected from multiple neurotransmitter systems with AUD in a homogeneous Tibetan community population in China. AUD cases (N = 281) with an alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT) score ≥10, as well as healthy controls (N = 277) with an AUDIT score ≤5, were recruited. All participants were genotyped for 366 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 34 genes selected from those involved in neurotransmitter systems. Association analyses were performed using PLINK version 1.07 software. Allelic analyses before adjustment for multiple tests showed that 15 polymorphisms within seven genes were associated with AUD (p<0.05). After adjustment for the number of SNPs genotyped within each gene, only the association of a single marker (rs10044881) in HTR4 remained statistically significant. Haplotype analysis for two SNPs in HTR4 (rs17777298 and rs10044881) showed that the haplotype AG was significantly associated with the protective effect for AUD. In conclusion, the present study discovered that the HTR4 gene may play a marked role in the pathogenesis of AUD. In addition, this Tibetan population sample marginally replicated previous evidence regarding the associations of six genes in AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Biorepository, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wan-jun Guo
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gongga Lanzi
- Tibet University Medical College, Lasha, Tibet, China
| | - Ouzhu Luobu
- Tibet University Medical College, Lasha, Tibet, China
| | - Xiao-hong Ma
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying-cheng Wang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Puo Zhen
- Tibet University Medical College, Lasha, Tibet, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Basang Zhuoma
- Tibet University Medical College, Lasha, Tibet, China
| | - Xie-he Liu
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Li
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (TL); (XH)
| | - Xun Hu
- Biorepository, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (TL); (XH)
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5
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Abdin E, Subramaniam M, Vaingankar JA, Chong SA. The role of sociodemographic factors in the risk of transition from alcohol use to disorders and remission in singapore. Alcohol Alcohol 2013; 49:103-8. [PMID: 23904251 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agt126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the study was to define predictors of transition from alcohol use to disorders, and their remission, among adults residing in Singapore. METHODS The Singapore Mental Health Study was a cross-sectional survey conducted from December 2009 to December 2010. Information on alcohol use, regular use, DSM-IV criteria for abuse and dependence, and remission among 6616 respondents was obtained with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS The prevalence of lifetime alcohol use (drinking at least once in the lifetime) and regular use (ever drinking at least 12 drinks in a 12-month period) was 66.6 and 32%, respectively. Of the regular drinkers, 10.1% progressed into alcohol abuse; 6.9% of abusers turned to alcohol dependence and 16.6 and 7.1% of those with history of alcohol abuse and/or dependence subsequently reported remission defined as cessation of alcohol use and the absence of any symptoms for at least 2 years before interview. Transitions to regular use and to dependence were associated with younger age, Indian ethnicity and an early age of onset of drinking, and women had a higher risk than men of transition from abuse to dependence. Remissions were associated with older age, Malay ethnicity and late age of onset. CONCLUSION The rates of alcohol use and transition to disorders were lower than in other developing countries that have been studied. Sociodemographic predictors include younger age of onset of drinking, something that intervention programs and preventive strategies in Singapore should note.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edimansyah Abdin
- Corresponding author: Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore 539747.
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Zhang R, Miao Q, Wang C, Zhao R, Li W, Haile CN, Hao W, Zhang XY. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis in alcohol dependence. Addict Biol 2013; 18:392-403. [PMID: 23387924 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors influence the development of alcohol dependence (AD). Recent studies have shown that DNA methylation markers in peripheral blood may serve as risk markers for AD. Yet a genome-wide epigenomic approach investigating the role of DNA methylation in AD has yet to be performed. We conducted a population-based, case-control study of genome-wide DNA methylation to determine if alterations in gene-specific methylation were associated with AD in a Chinese population. Using the Illumina Infinium Human Methylation27 BeadChip, we assessed gene-specific methylation in over 27 000 CpG sites from DNA isolated from lymphocytes in 63 male AD in-patients and 65 male healthy controls. Using a multi-factorial statistical model, we observed differential methylation between cases and controls at multiple CpG sites with the majority of the methylated CpG sites being hypomethylated. Analyses with the online gene set analysis toolkit WebGestalt revealed that the genes of interest were enriched in multiple biological processes involved in AD development. Gene Ontology function annotation showed that stress, immune response and signal transduction were highly associated with AD. Further analysis by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes revealed associations with multiple pathways involved in metabolism through cytochrome P450, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and calcium signaling. Associations with canonical pathways previously shown to be involved in AD were also observed, such as dehydrogenases 1A (ADH1A), ADH7, aldehyde dehydrogenases 3B2 (ALDH3B2) and cytochrome P450 2A13. We present evidence that alterations in DNA methylation may be associated with AD, which is consistent with epigenetic theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Zhang
- The 2nd Hospital affiliated to Xinxiang Medical University; Xinxiang City; Henan Province; China
| | - Qin Miao
- The 2nd Hospital affiliated to Xinxiang Medical University; Xinxiang City; Henan Province; China
| | - Chuansheng Wang
- The 2nd Hospital affiliated to Xinxiang Medical University; Xinxiang City; Henan Province; China
| | - Rongrong Zhao
- The 2nd Hospital affiliated to Xinxiang Medical University; Xinxiang City; Henan Province; China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- The 2nd Hospital affiliated to Xinxiang Medical University; Xinxiang City; Henan Province; China
| | | | - Wei Hao
- The 2nd Hospital affiliated to Xinxiang Medical University; Xinxiang City; Henan Province; China
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Koritzky G, Yechiam E, Bukay I, Milman U. Obesity and risk taking. A male phenomenon. Appetite 2012; 59:289-97. [PMID: 22634199 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing tendency to regard overeating as an addiction, with obesity as its primary symptom. We propose that similar to other addictions, obesity is associated with excessive risk-taking in men, though not in women. To examine this suggestion we conducted two studies, one involving a sample of overweight and normal-weight students, and the other involving obese adults drawn from a dataset of health care clients, and a control sample of normal-weight adults. In both of these studies, we found that overweight and obese men took more risk in a laboratory task than normal-weight men, while overweight and obese women did not differ from normal-weight women in this respect. At the same time, obese women (but not overweight women) displayed higher impulsivity levels than normal-weight women. These findings shed light on the cognitive characteristics of obesity in men, and accent the importance of taking gender into account when developing research paradigms and treatment methods for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilly Koritzky
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2520, USA.
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8
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Guo WJ, Wang Q, Lanzi G, Luobu O, Ma XH, Wang YC, Zhen P, Wei G, Deng W, Zhuoma B, Shi XM, Liu XH, Wu YJ, Xu Y, Collier DA, Ball D, Hu X, Li T. Gender-specific interactions between alcohol metabolism genes and severity of quantitative alcohol-related-traits in a Tibetan population. Neurosci Lett 2011; 495:22-5. [PMID: 21402122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Association between genes influencing alcohol metabolism and alcohol use disorders (AUD) has been extensively studied, but the effect of interactions between these genes and AUD have rarely been tested. Our previous case-control study in a Tibetan population noted that the positive association between c2 allele of cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) gene and AUD might only exist in males who are homozygotes for 1 alleles of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) and alcohol dehydrogenase-1B (ADH1B) genes, but this interaction did not reach statistical significance. Using the same set of data, the present study was aimed at exploring interactions between these genes and quantitative alcohol-related-trait scores (QARTs), and whether these are influenced by gender. The sample included 383 AUD cases with the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) score ≥10 and 350 normal controls with the AUDIT score ≤5. QARTs were measured using three factors from AUDIT. Possible associations of QARTs with interactions among genotypes of ALDH2 1/ 2, ADH1B1/2 and CYP2E1 c1/c2 and sex were analyzed in AUD cases and normal controls separately. The subjects with 2 alleles of ALDH2 or/and ADH1B had significantly lower scores of alcohol intake among controls but had significantly higher scores of alcohol related problems among cases. The score of alcohol intake in male cases who are homozygous for ALDH2 1 and ADH1B 1 and with CYP2E1 c2 allele was significantly higher than that of other cases. These findings suggest that interactions between genes influencing alcohol metabolism are influenced by gender and might affect QARTs differently between the milder-/non-drinkers and AUD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Jun Guo
- Mental Health Centre Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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9
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Cao JX, Hu J, Ye XM, Xia Y, Haile CA, Kosten TR, Zhang XY. Association between the 5-HTR1B gene polymorphisms and alcohol dependence in a Han Chinese population. Brain Res 2010; 1376:1-9. [PMID: 21172311 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The human serotonin receptor 1B (HRT1B) plays an important role in regulating serotonin release. Previous research has suggested that the genetic variation of the HTR1B gene may confer susceptibility to alcoholism or some subtypes of alcohol dependence, but the evidence has been inconsistent. The aim of the present study is to examine whether polymorphic variants of the HTR1B gene are associated with alcohol dependence subtypes or drinking-related behaviors in Chinese Han population. Alcohol-dependent (AD) male patients (n=135) and controls (n=143) were genotyped for two polymorphisms: A161T in the promoter region and the synonymous variation G861C in the coding region of HTR1B. The results showed that the A161T polymorphism was associated with alcohol dependence (T vs. A allele: p=0.002; OR=2.18, 95% CI: 1.32-3.60). This association was strengthened in those with positive family history (OR=3.12, 95% CI: 1.71-5.70) and/or early onset (OR=4.53, 95% CI: 2.18-9.44) of alcohol dependence. The A161T variant was also significantly associated with age of onset of alcoholism (p=0.001). Furthermore, there was a significant difference of haplotypic frequencies between patients and controls (χ(2)=14.84, df=3, p=0.002), with one common haplotype AG of being significantly underrepresented among the patient group compared to the control group (34% vs. 47.7%, permutation p=0.0034; OR=0.56; 95% CI: 0.39-0.79). These findings confirm HTR1B as a susceptibility gene for alcohol dependence in the sample of Chinese Han population. The HTR1B A-161T polymorphism may be particularly valuable as a functional genetic marker for alcoholism and merits additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xia Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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10
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Roh S, Matsushita S, Hara S, Maesato H, Matsui T, Suzuki G, Miyakawa T, Ramchandani VA, Li TK, Higuchi S. Role of GABRA2 in moderating subjective responses to alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 35:400-7. [PMID: 21118274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human twin studies have shown that certain responses to alcohol, including subjective perceptions, are genetically influenced. Previous studies have provided evidence that a low level of response to alcohol predicts future alcohol use disorders in humans. Recent genetic studies suggest an association between alcohol dependence and genetic variation in the γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABA(A)) receptor α2 subunit gene (GABRA2). Based on a haplotypic association of alcohol dependence with GABRA2, we investigated whether GABRA2 alleles are associated with the subjective responses to clamped alcohol concentration. METHODS One hundred and ten healthy social drinkers (53 men) underwent the alcohol clamp. Fifteen minutes after the start of an intravenous infusion of alcohol, the breath alcohol concentration was clamped at a target of 50 ± 5 mg/dl for 165 minutes. Subjective physiologic responses to alcohol and stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol were measured repeatedly during the alcohol clamp. Because aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) has been shown to have a great impact on the subjective responses to alcohol, we divided subjects by ALDH2 genotype for further analyses. To examine the role of genetic variation in GABRA2, 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were informative in association studies were included as factors in the analysis. RESULTS Among these 7 SNPs, 3 SNPs (rs279869, rs279858, and rs279837) located in the middle of the GABRA2 gene showed significant associations with subjective effects of alcohol. Subjects with 1 or 2 copies of the more common allele showed greater subjective responses to alcohol than did individuals homozygous for the alcohol dependence-associated allele regardless of ALDH2 genotype. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm and extend the observation that the GABRA2 alleles affect the subjective responses to alcohol, and suggest that the genetic variations in GABRA2 might play a role in the risk of alcohol use disorders by moderating the subjective effects of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Roh
- Division of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kurihama Alcoholism Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
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van Beek JHDA, Willemsen G, de Moor MHM, Hottenga JJ, Boomsma DI. Associations between ADH gene variants and alcohol phenotypes in Dutch adults. Twin Res Hum Genet 2010; 13:30-42. [PMID: 20158305 DOI: 10.1375/twin.13.1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, Macgregor et al. (2009) demonstrated significant associations of ADH polymorphisms with reactions to alcohol and alcohol consumption measures in an Australian sample. The aim of the present study was to replicate these findings in a Dutch sample. Survey data on alcohol phenotypes came from 1,754 unrelated individuals registered with the Netherlands Twin Register. SNPs in the ADH gene cluster located on chromosome 4q (n = 491) were subdivided in seven gene sets: ADH5, ADH4, ADH6, ADH1A, ADH1B, ADH1C and ADH7. Within these sets associations of SNPs with alcohol consumption measures, age at onset variables, reactions to alcohol and problem drinking liability were examined. Of the original 38 SNPs studied by Macgregor et al. (2009), six SNPs were not available in our dataset, because one of them had a minor allele frequency < .01 (rs1229984) and five could not be imputed. The remaining SNP associations with alcohol phenotypes as identified by Macgregor et al. (2009) were not replicated in the Dutch sample, after correcting for multiple genotype and phenotype testing. Significant associations were found however, for reactions to alcohol with a SNP in ADH5 (rs6827292, p = .001) and a SNP just upstream of ADH5 (rs6819724, p = .0007) that is in strong LD with rs6827292. Furthermore, an association between age at onset of regular alcohol use and a SNP just upstream of ADH7 (rs2654849, p = .003) was observed. No significant associations were found for alcohol consumption and problem drinking liability. Although these findings do not replicate the earlier findings at the SNP level, the results confirm the role of the ADH gene cluster in alcohol phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny H D A van Beek
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Guo W, Wang Q, Lanzi G, Luobu O, Ma X, Wang Y, Zhen P, Ji Y, Wei G, Wang Z, Deng W, Zhuoma B, Shi X, Yan C, He C, Liu X, Wu Y, Luo H, Collier DA, Ball D, Li T, Hu X. Interaction among genes influencing ethanol metabolism and sex is association with alcohol use disorders in a Tibet population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:561-569. [PMID: 19655364 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Associations between alcohol use disorders and polymorphisms of genes influencing ethanol metabolism have been widely reported, but gene-gene and gene-sex interaction studies have rarely been examined. Using a set of samples collected during an epidemiological study of alcohol use disorders AUDs in a Tibetan population in China, we performed a case-control study to investigate the relationship between the functional polymorphisms of genes influencing ethanol metabolism and AUDs. The sample included 383 individuals with an AUDIT score >or=10 and 350 control subjects with the AUDIT score <or=5. All participants were genotyped for ALDH2*1/*2, ADH1B*1/*2, and CYP2E1*c1/c2*. Data were analyzed employing an integrated strategy using MDR, SPSS, and UNPHASED software. The MDR analysis showed that the four-factor model including ADH1B*1/*2, ALDH2*1/*2, and CYP2E1*c1/*c2 polymorphisms, and sex was the most accurate model associated with AUDs with the highest OR 3.299. It also revealed that CYP2E1 *c1/*c2 polymorphism interacted significantly with sex. Independent analysis confirmed that both ADH2*2 and ALDH2*2 allele were significantly associated with AUDs (OR: 0.441 for ADH2*2 and 0.137 for ALDH2*2). CYP2E1*c2 was positively associated with AUDs only in males homozygotic for ALDH2*1 and ADH1B*1 (OR: 2.585). Cumulative association analysis showed the number of protective alleles and genotypes were negatively associated with AUDs. In conclusion, ALDH2*2 and ADH1B*2 alleles were not only independently associated with AUDs but also demonstrated cumulative dosage effects. However the positive association between CYP2E1*c2 allele and AUDs might only exist in males homozygotic for ALDH2*1 and ADH1B*1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjun Guo
- Psychiatric Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Psychiatric Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Gongga Lanzi
- Medical School, University of Tibet, Lasha, Tibet, P.R. China
| | - Ouzhu Luobu
- Medical School, University of Tibet, Lasha, Tibet, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- Psychiatric Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yingcheng Wang
- Psychiatric Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Puo Zhen
- Medical School, University of Tibet, Lasha, Tibet, P.R. China
| | - Yulin Ji
- Department of Science and Technology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Geng Wei
- Department of Mental Health, People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lasha, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Psychiatric Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Department of Science and Technology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Wei Deng
- Psychiatric Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Basang Zhuoma
- Medical School, University of Tibet, Lasha, Tibet, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Shi
- Medical School, University of Tibet, Lasha, Tibet, P.R. China
| | - Chengyin Yan
- Psychiatric Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Chan He
- Psychiatric Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xiehe Liu
- Psychiatric Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yuejing Wu
- Psychiatric Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Hongrong Luo
- Psychiatric Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - David A Collier
- Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK.,SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | - David Ball
- SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | - Tao Li
- Psychiatric Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK.,SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | - Xun Hu
- Psychiatric Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK.,SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
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13
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Ward B, Snow P. Supporting parents to reduce the misuse of alcohol by young people. DRUGS-EDUCATION PREVENTION AND POLICY 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/09687630902806723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Campbell JM, Oei TP. A cognitive model for the intergenerational transference of alcohol use behavior. Addict Behav 2010; 35:73-83. [PMID: 19783372 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A family history of alcoholism has shown to be one of the greatest consistent risk factors in the intergenerational transference of alcohol problems. Whereas a large number of studies have attempted to identify the processes responsible for this interfamilial transfer, the mechanisms remain unclear. Family, twin and adoption studies, and environmental theories have resulted in a number of unanswered questions regarding the extent that these factors influence the transmission of alcohol behavior. Recently, cognitive theories have suggested that the observation of parental drinking habits contributes to the child's beliefs and expectations of alcohol's effects. A hypothesised cognitive model will be proposed suggesting that the mechanism for the transference of particular drinking styles from parent to offspring may be further explained by the transference of alcohol cognitions, in particular, alcohol expectancies and drinking refusal self-efficacy. This review focuses on research of bio/psycho/social factors that perpetuate alcohol misuse across generations, and will delineate the proposed cognitive mechanisms for the interfamilial transference of alcohol problems and discuss the implications of the proposed model.
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15
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Tan EC, Lim L, Leong JY, Lim JY, Lee A, Yang J, Tan CH, Winslow M. Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphisms in Chinese and Indian populations. Subst Use Misuse 2010; 45:1-14. [PMID: 20025435 DOI: 10.3109/10826080802490584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The association between two functional polymorphisms in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH2/ADH1B) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) genes and alcohol dependence was examined in 182 Chinese and Indian patients undergoing treatment for alcohol dependence and 184 screened control subjects from Singapore. All subjects were screened by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Patients were also administered the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ). Polymorphisms were genotyped by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction and selected genotypes confirmed by DNA sequencing or restriction fragment length polymorphism. Our results showed that frequencies of ADH1B*2 and ALDH2*2 were higher in controls compared to alcohol-dependent subjects for both Chinese and Indians. Frequencies of these two alleles were also higher in the 104 Chinese controls compared to the 80 Indian controls. None of the eight Chinese who were homozygous for both protective alleles was alcohol dependent. The higher frequencies of the protective alleles could explain the lower rate of alcohol dependence in Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ene-Choo Tan
- KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.
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16
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Le Merrer J, Becker JAJ, Befort K, Kieffer BL. Reward processing by the opioid system in the brain. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:1379-412. [PMID: 19789384 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The opioid system consists of three receptors, mu, delta, and kappa, which are activated by endogenous opioid peptides processed from three protein precursors, proopiomelanocortin, proenkephalin, and prodynorphin. Opioid receptors are recruited in response to natural rewarding stimuli and drugs of abuse, and both endogenous opioids and their receptors are modified as addiction develops. Mechanisms whereby aberrant activation and modifications of the opioid system contribute to drug craving and relapse remain to be clarified. This review summarizes our present knowledge on brain sites where the endogenous opioid system controls hedonic responses and is modified in response to drugs of abuse in the rodent brain. We review 1) the latest data on the anatomy of the opioid system, 2) the consequences of local intracerebral pharmacological manipulation of the opioid system on reinforced behaviors, 3) the consequences of gene knockout on reinforced behaviors and drug dependence, and 4) the consequences of chronic exposure to drugs of abuse on expression levels of opioid system genes. Future studies will establish key molecular actors of the system and neural sites where opioid peptides and receptors contribute to the onset of addictive disorders. Combined with data from human and nonhuman primate (not reviewed here), research in this extremely active field has implications both for our understanding of the biology of addiction and for therapeutic interventions to treat the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Le Merrer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Département Neurobiologie et Génétique, Illkirch, France
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17
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Lee S, Guo WJ, Tsang A, He YL, Huang YQ, Zhang MY, Liu ZR, Shen YC, Kessler RC. Associations of cohort and socio-demographic correlates with transitions from alcohol use to disorders and remission in metropolitan China. Addiction 2009; 104:1313-23. [PMID: 19438840 PMCID: PMC3659770 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine socio-demographic associations of transitions from alcohol use to disorders and of remission from disorders in metropolitan China. DESIGN AND SETTING Face-to-face interviewing by trained lay-interviewers on a multi-staged, clustered sample from the general population of Beijing and Shanghai, China. PARTICIPANTS A total of 5201 adults aged 18-70 years and with household registration. MEASUREMENTS World Mental Health version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview. FINDINGS Lifetime prevalence estimates for alcohol use, regular use (at least 12 drinks in a year), DSM-IV abuse and dependence with abuse were 65.4%, 39.5% (60.4% of ever-drinkers), 4.6% (11.6% of regular users) and 0.9% (20.4% of lifetime alcohol abusers), respectively. These estimates were higher among respondents from the recent cohort; 64.3% and 36.9% respondents with a history of lifetime abuse and dependence respectively had remitted. The number of socio-demographic associations for the onset of each transitional stage decreased from alcohol use to alcohol dependence. Onset of ever-use was more common in respondents who were male, 18-50 years of age, with middle education level and never married, but less common among the previously married and students. First onset of regular use among those with ever-use was more common in respondents who were male, less than 50 years of age and never married, but less common in students. Being male and less than 50 years of age was associated with more alcohol abusers among regular users. CONCLUSION This study was the first to reveal in a Chinese population that qualitatively different risk factors might operate during the different stages of progression from alcohol use to disorders. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying these differences in order to guide prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Wan-jun Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, PRC
| | - Adley Tsang
- Hong Kong Mood Disorders Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, PRC
| | | | | | | | - Zhao-rui Liu
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, PRC
| | - Yu-cun Shen
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, PRC
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18
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Treutlein J, Cichon S, Ridinger M, Wodarz N, Soyka M, Zill P, Maier W, Moessner R, Gaebel W, Dahmen N, Fehr C, Scherbaum N, Steffens M, Ludwig KU, Frank J, Wichmann HE, Schreiber S, Dragano N, Sommer WH, Leonardi-Essmann F, Lourdusamy A, Gebicke-Haerter P, Wienker TF, Sullivan PF, Nöthen MM, Kiefer F, Spanagel R, Mann K, Rietschel M. Genome-wide association study of alcohol dependence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:773-84. [PMID: 19581569 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Alcohol dependence is a serious and common public health problem. It is well established that genetic factors play a major role in the development of this disorder. Identification of genes that contribute to alcohol dependence will improve our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie this disorder. OBJECTIVE To identify susceptibility genes for alcohol dependence through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and a follow-up study in a population of German male inpatients with an early age at onset. DESIGN The GWAS tested 524,396 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). All SNPs with P < 10(-4) were subjected to the follow-up study. In addition, nominally significant SNPs from genes that had also shown expression changes in rat brains after long-term alcohol consumption were selected for the follow-up step. SETTING Five university hospitals in southern and central Germany. PARTICIPANTS The GWAS included 487 male inpatients with alcohol dependence as defined by the DSM-IV and an age at onset younger than 28 years and 1358 population-based control individuals. The follow-up study included 1024 male inpatients and 996 age-matched male controls. All the participants were of German descent. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Significant association findings in the GWAS and follow-up study with the same alleles. RESULTS The GWAS produced 121 SNPs with nominal P < 10(-4). These, together with 19 additional SNPs from homologues of rat genes showing differential expression, were genotyped in the follow-up sample. Fifteen SNPs showed significant association with the same allele as in the GWAS. In the combined analysis, 2 closely linked intergenic SNPs met genome-wide significance (rs7590720, P = 9.72 x 10(-9); rs1344694, P = 1.69 x 10(-8)). They are located on chromosome region 2q35, which has been implicated in linkage studies for alcohol phenotypes. Nine SNPs were located in genes, including the CDH13 and ADH1C genes, that have been reported to be associated with alcohol dependence. CONCLUSIONS This is the first GWAS and follow-up study to identify a genome-wide significant association in alcohol dependence. Further independent studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Treutlein
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
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Karpyak VM, Kim JH, Biernacka JM, Wieben ED, Mrazek DA, Black JL, Choi DS. Sequence variations of the human MPDZ gene and association with alcoholism in subjects with European ancestry. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33:712-21. [PMID: 19175764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mpdz gene variations are known contributors of acute alcohol withdrawal severity and seizures in mice. METHODS To investigate the relevance of these findings for human alcoholism, we resequenced 46 exons, exon-intron boundaries, and 2 kilobases in the 5' region of the human MPDZ gene in 61 subjects with a history of alcohol withdrawal seizures (AWS), 59 subjects with a history of alcohol withdrawal without AWS, and 64 Coriell samples from self-reported nonalcoholic subjects [all European American (EA) ancestry] and compared with the Mpdz sequences of 3 mouse strains with different propensity to AWS. To explore potential associations of the human MPDZ gene with alcoholism and AWS, single SNP and haplotype analyses were performed using 13 common variants. RESULTS Sixty-seven new, mostly rare variants were discovered in the human MPDZ gene. Sequence comparison revealed that the human gene does not have variations identical to those comprising Mpdz gene haplotype associated with AWS in mice. We also found no significant association between MPDZ haplotypes and AWS in humans. However, a global test of haplotype association revealed a significant difference in haplotype frequencies between alcohol-dependent subjects without AWS and Coriell controls (p = 0.015), suggesting a potential role of MPDZ in alcoholism and/or related phenotypes other than AWS. Haplotype-specific tests for the most common haplotypes (frequency > 0.05), revealed a specific high-risk haplotype (p = 0.006, maximum statistic p = 0.051), containing rs13297480G allele also found to be significantly more prevalent in alcoholics without AWS compared with nonalcoholic Coriell subjects (p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS Sequencing of MPDZ gene in individuals with EA ancestry revealed no variations in the sites identical to those associated with AWS in mice. Exploratory haplotype and single SNP association analyses suggest a possible association between the MPDZ gene and alcohol dependence but not AWS. Further functional genomic analysis of MPDZ variants and investigation of their association with a broader array of alcoholism-related phenotypes could reveal additional genetic markers of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Karpyak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Do the same genetic and environmental effects underlie the covariation of alcohol dependence, smoking, and aggressive behaviour? Biol Psychol 2008; 78:269-77. [PMID: 18456382 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated genetic and environmental effects on alcohol dependence, smoking, and aggressive behaviour, as well as sex differences in these effects and whether these effects were the same for the three phenotypes. There were 3141 male (mean age 26.2 [S.E.=0.1]) and 6026 female (mean age 26.1 [S.E.=0.1]) participants in this extended twin study. Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), number of cigarettes smoked, and two subscales of Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) were used to assess the phenotypes. All three were positively interrelated with males exhibiting higher levels on each phenotype. Multivariate model fitting identified genetic effects on all phenotypes for both men and women ranging between 69% (aggressive behaviour in women) and 78% (alcohol dependence in men). The effects were stronger in men for alcohol dependence and smoking. There were no qualitative genetic sex differences. Genetic correlations between all phenotypes were substantial.
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Desrivières S, Krause K, Dyer A, Frank J, Blomeyer D, Lathrop M, Mann K, Banaschewski T, Laucht M, Schumann G. Nucleotide sequence variation within the PI3K p85 alpha gene associates with alcohol risk drinking behaviour in adolescents. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1769. [PMID: 18335044 PMCID: PMC2262154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent signaling pathway is typically known to regulate cell growth and survival, emerging evidence suggest a role for this pathway in regulating the behavioural responses to addictive drugs. Methodology/Principal Findings To investigate whether PI3K contributes to patterns of risky alcohol drinking in human, we investigated genetic variations in PIK3R1, encoding the 85 kD regulatory subunit of PIK, in 145 family trios consisting of 15–16 year old adolescents and their parents. Screening for mutations in exons, exon-intron boundaries and regulatory sequences, we identified 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PIK3R1 gene region from exon 1 to the beginning of the 3′ untranslated region (UTR). These SNPs defined haplotypes for the respective PIK3R1 region. Four haplotype tagging (ht)SNPs (rs706713, rs2302975, rs171649 and rs1043526), discriminating all haplotypes with a frequency ≥4.5% were identified. These htSNPs were used to genotype adolescents from the “Mannheim Study of Risk Children” (MARC). Transmission disequilibrium tests in these adolescents and their parents demonstrated sex-specific association of two SNPs, rs2302975 and rs1043526, with patterns of risky alcohol consumption in male adolescents, including lifetime prevalence of drunkenness (p = 0.0019 and 0.0379, respectively) and elevated maximum amount of drinking (p = 0.0020 and 0.0494, respectively), as a measure for binge drinking pattern. Conclusions/Significance Our findings highlight a previously unknown relevance of PIK3R1 genotypes for alcohol use disorders and might help discriminate individuals at risk for alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvane Desrivières
- Section of Addiction Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Group “Addiction” and NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina Krause
- Section of Addiction Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Group “Addiction” and NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, United Kingdom
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anne Dyer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Josef Frank
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dorothea Blomeyer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Karl Mann
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Manfred Laucht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Section of Addiction Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Group “Addiction” and NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, United Kingdom
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
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Abstract
AIM To assess the progress and impact of genetic studies in the addictions arena and to present this information in a form accessible to the general readership of Addiction. METHODS Review of the evidence that genes are involved in addiction, approaches to their identification, current findings and the potential implications. RESULTS Family, twin and adoption studies provide strong evidence that addiction runs in families and that this is determined in part by genetic factors. Two main molecular genetic approaches, namely linkage and association, have been adopted to identify the specific genes involved. Both methods are fraught with problems. Linkage is limited by issues of sensitivity, and association by false positives. Perhaps the strongest finding in psychiatric genetics to date is the impressive effect that a single genetic variant, in the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene, has on drinking behaviour and reducing the risk of developing alcohol dependence. Other findings are currently less robust; however, the implications of elucidating the genetic underpinning of addiction will be profound. CONCLUSIONS Addiction genetics is a developing science that has yet to prove its worth in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ball
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK.
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Abstract
In recent years, advances in neuroscience led to the development of new medications to treat alcohol dependence and especially to prevent alcohol relapse after detoxification. Whereas the earliest medications against alcohol dependence were fortuitously discovered, recently developed drugs are increasingly based on alcohol's neurobiological mechanisms of action. This review discusses the most recent developments in alcohol pharmacotherapy and emphasizes the neurobiological basis of anti-alcohol medications. There are currently three approved drugs for the treatment of alcohol dependence with quite different mechanisms of action. Disulfiram is an inhibitor of the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase and acts as an alcohol-deterrent drug. Naltrexone, an opiate antagonist, reduces alcohol craving and relapse in heavy drinking, probably via a modulation of the mesolimbic dopamine activity. Finally, acamprosate helps maintaining alcohol abstinence, probably through a normalization of the chronic alcohol-induced hyperglutamatergic state. In addition to these approved medications, many other drugs have been suggested for preventing alcohol consumption on the basis of preclinical studies. Some of these drugs remain promising, whereas others have produced disappointing results in preliminary clinical studies. These new drugs in the field of alcohol pharmacotherapy are also discussed, together with their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Tambour
- Unité de Recherche en Psychologie Expérimentale et Neurosciences Cognitives (URPENC), Université de Liège, Boulevard du Rectorat 5/B32, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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