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Hwang DDJ, Lee SJ, Kim JH, Lee SM. The Role of Neuropeptides in Pathogenesis of Dry Dye. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4248. [PMID: 34575359 PMCID: PMC8471988 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are known as important mediators between the nervous and immune systems. Recently, the role of the corneal nerve in the pathogenesis of various ocular surface diseases, including dry eye disease, has been highlighted. Neuropeptides are thought to be important factors in the pathogenesis of dry eye disease, as suggested by the well-known role between the nervous and immune systems, and several recently published studies have elucidated the previously unknown pathogenic mechanisms involved in the role of the neuropeptides secreted from the corneal nerves in dry eye disease. Here, we reviewed the emerging concept of neurogenic inflammation as one of the pathogenic mechanisms of dry eye disease, the recent results of related studies, and the direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Duck-Jin Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, HanGil Eye Hospital, Incheon 21388, Korea;
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 21388, Korea
| | - Seok-Jae Lee
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.-J.L.); (J.-H.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hun Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.-J.L.); (J.-H.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Advanced Biomedical Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sang-Mok Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, HanGil Eye Hospital, Incheon 21388, Korea;
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 21388, Korea
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Mostafa GA, Meguid NA, Shehab AAS, Elsaeid A, Maher M. Plasma levels of nerve growth factor in Egyptian autistic children: Relation to hyperserotonemia and autoimmunity. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 358:577638. [PMID: 34214954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperserotonemia and brain-specific autoantibodies are detected in some autistic children. Nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulates the proliferation of B lymphocytes with production of antibodies and also increases mast cell serotonin release. This work was the first to investigate the relationship between plasma NGF and both hyperserotonemia and the frequency of serum anti-myelin basic protein (anti-MBP) auto-antibodies in 22 autistic children aged between 4 and 12 years and 22 healthy-matched controls. Levels of NGF, serotonin and anti-MBP were significantly higher in autistic children than healthy control children (P < 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between NGF and serotonin levels in autistic patients (P < 0.01). In contrast, there was a non-significant correlation between NGF and anti-MBP levels (P > 0.05). In conclusions, serum NGF levels were elevated and significantly correlated to hyperserotonemia found in many autistic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehan Ahmed Mostafa
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nagwa Abdel Meguid
- Research on Children with Special Needs Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer Al Sayed Shehab
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal Elsaeid
- Research on Children with Special Needs Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Maher
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Singh RB, Liu L, Yung A, Anchouche S, Mittal SK, Blanco T, Dohlman TH, Yin J, Dana R. Ocular redness - II: Progress in development of therapeutics for the management of conjunctival hyperemia. Ocul Surf 2021; 21:66-77. [PMID: 34000363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conjunctival hyperemia is one of the most common causes for visits to primary care physicians, optometrists, ophthalmologists, and emergency rooms. Despite its high incidence, the treatment options for patients with conjunctival hyperemia are restricted to over-the-counter drugs that provide symptomatic relief due to short duration of action, tachyphylaxis and rebound redness. As our understanding of the immunopathological pathways causing conjunctival hyperemia expands, newer therapeutic targets are being discovered. These insights have also contributed to the development of animal models for mimicking the pathogenic changes in microvasculature causing hyperemia. Furthermore, this progress has catalyzed the development of novel therapeutics that provide efficacious, long-term relief from conjunctival hyperemia with minimal adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Bir Singh
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation and Regeneration, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lingjia Liu
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation and Regeneration, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann Yung
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation and Regeneration, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sonia Anchouche
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation and Regeneration, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sharad K Mittal
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation and Regeneration, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomas Blanco
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation and Regeneration, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas H Dohlman
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation and Regeneration, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jia Yin
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation and Regeneration, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reza Dana
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation and Regeneration, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Neurotrophic factors and nerve growth factor in ocular allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 19:510-516. [PMID: 31145195 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW During allergic reaction, nervous and immune systems mutually interact through release of mediators, including neurotrophic factors and nerve growth factor (NGF). These mediators modulate allergic reaction through binding their receptors expressed by immune and structural cells and by stimulating neuropeptide release by nerves. The role of neuropeptides and NGF has been demonstrated in allergic asthma and rhinitis, and, to a lesser extent, in allergic conjunctivitis. The aim of this review are to elucidate the evidence of the role of NGF and neuropeptides in the pathogenesis of allergic conjunctivitis. RECENT FINDINGS NGF modulates allergic reaction by stimulating release of cytokines, inflammatory mediators and neuropeptides by immune and structural cells and nerve endings at the site of inflammation. Evidence showed that local and systemic NGF levels increase in patients with allergic conjunctivitis, including allergic rhinoconjuncivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis and atopic keratoconjunctivitis. We recently described an increase of conjunctival p75NTR expression in patients with allergic rhinoconjuncivitis, and an increase of tear levels of NGF after conjunctival provocation test with allergen. SUMMARY NGF modulates ocular allergic reaction. Increasing understanding of the role of neuropeptides in allergic conjunctivitis may pave the way to the development of novel therapeutic approaches and improvement of patients' management.
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Gao XW, Zhang XM, Liu HY, Wang SS, Dong HJ. Mechanism of interaction between ocular and nasal neurogenic inflammation in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Int Ophthalmol 2019; 39:2283-2294. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-018-01066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Harris DL, Yamaguchi T, Hamrah P. A Novel Murine Model of Radiation Keratopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:3889-3896. [PMID: 30073349 PMCID: PMC6071476 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Radiation therapy results in severe chronic keratopathy and dry eye disease. We developed a novel mouse model for radiation keratopathy to allow future mechanistic studies. Methods Six to 8-week-old BALB/c mice underwent sublethal irradiation to the head only from a Cesium-137 irradiator, 2 × 550 rad, 3-hours apart. Irradiated mice were clinically evaluated by corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) at 1, 2, and 3 months, after which corneas were excised and immunofluorescence histochemistry performed with anti-CD45, anti-MHC class II, and anti-β-tubulin antibodies. Results The survival rate after irradiation was 100%. Mice demonstrated significant CFS and hair loss around the eyes. Corneal nerve density decreased in the central and peripheral corneas (P < 0.01) at 2 and 3 months, respectively. CD45+ immune cell densities increased in the central and peripheral corneas (P < 0.005, P < 0.001) at 2 and 3 months, respectively. MHC class II, a sign of antigen presenting cell activation, significantly increased after irradiation in the central and peripheral corneas at 2 and 3 months (P = 0.02). A strong inverse correlation was noted between decreased corneal nerves and increase in CD45+ cells in the central cornea at 2 (P = 0.04, r = -0.89) and 3 months (P = 0.03, r = -0.91) after irradiation. Conclusions We present a model of radiation keratopathy and demonstrate significant nerve loss and increase in immune cell influx and activation within months. This model will enable future investigations to understand the effects of radiation therapy on the eye, and to study mechanisms of neuro-immune crosstalk in the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshea L. Harris
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Immune Disease Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Takefumi Yamaguchi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Immune Disease Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Immune Disease Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Cornea Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Cornea Service, New England Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Yang Y, Yin X, Yi J, Peng X. MiR-146a overexpression effectively improves experimental allergic conjunctivitis through regulating CD4 +CD25 -T cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:937-943. [PMID: 28810531 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the mechanism of miR-146a in the regulation of allergic conjunctivitis (AC) through CD4+CD25-T cells. METHODS BALB/c mice were sensitized with ragweed pollen (RW) and alum, and then challenged with RW. Eosinophil infiltration was determined using Giemsa assay. ELISA assay was performed to examine the level of antigen-specific IgE in the serum and cytokine levels in splenocytes. The expression of miR-146a was measured by qRT-PCR. Flow cytometric analysis was used to analyze the percentage of CD4+CD25-T cells and Tregs. RESULTS In this study, we found that miR-146a overexpression could effectively improve the symptoms of AC in mouse models. Moreover, in vitro experiments, the proliferation of splenocytes was controlled and the expression of IL-5 and IL-13 was also decreased after transfected with miR-146a mimic. In addition, the inhibitory effect of Tregs on Tcons was affected by the change of miR-146a content in Tcons and had a positive correlation effect. When the content of miR-146a in Tregs changed, the inhibition was not affected. In addition, when inhibited miR-146a, NF-κB signaling pathway was activated, and the expression of IL-5 and IL-13 in Tcons increased. While after added Bay (NF-κB blocker), the NF-κB activity was decreased, and the expression of IL-5 and IL-13 in Tcons also reduced. CONCLUSION MiR-146a decreased in Tcons was contributed to the development of AC through regulating the inhibitory effect of Tregs on Tcons and NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Yin
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglin Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Peng
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Pain associated with mechanical, chemical, and thermal heat stimulation of the ocular surface is mediated by trigeminal ganglion neurons, while cold thermoreceptors detect wetness and reflexly maintain basal tear production and blinking rate. These neurons project into two regions of the trigeminal brain stem nuclear complex: ViVc, activated by changes in the moisture of the ocular surface and VcC1, mediating sensory-discriminative aspects of ocular pain and reflex blinking. ViVc ocular neurons project to brain regions that control lacrimation and spontaneous blinking and to the sensory thalamus. Secretion of the main lacrimal gland is regulated dominantly by autonomic parasympathetic nerves, reflexly activated by eye surface sensory nerves. These also evoke goblet cell secretion through unidentified efferent fibers. Neural pathways involved in the regulation of meibomian gland secretion or mucin release have not been identified. In dry eye disease, reduced tear secretion leads to inflammation and peripheral nerve damage. Inflammation causes sensitization of polymodal and mechano-nociceptor nerve endings and an abnormal increase in cold thermoreceptor activity, altogether evoking dryness sensations and pain. Long-term inflammation and nerve injury alter gene expression of ion channels and receptors at terminals and cell bodies of trigeminal ganglion and brainstem neurons, changing their excitability, connectivity and impulse firing. Perpetuation of molecular, structural and functional disturbances in ocular sensory pathways ultimately leads to dysestesias and neuropathic pain referred to the eye surface. Pain can be assessed with a variety of questionaires while the status of corneal nerves is evaluated with esthesiometry and with in vivo confocal microscopy.
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The Intriguing Role of Neuropeptides at the Ocular Surface. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:2-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Yoo TK, Kim SW, Seo KY. Age-Related Cataract Is Associated with Elevated Serum Immunoglobulin E Levels in the South Korean Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166331. [PMID: 27861567 PMCID: PMC5115736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research has suggested that immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated events lead to several chronic diseases. We investigated the association between allergic conditions and age-related cataracts in the South Korean adult population. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed using data obtained from 1,170 participants aged 40 years or older who were enrolled in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between age-related cataracts and allergic conditions, including total serum IgE and allergen-specific serum IgE levels, after adjustment for potential confounders (age, sex, alcohol consumption, smoking, sun exposure, blood pressure, plasma glucose and cholesterol levels, as well as histories of asthma, atopic dermatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis). Results After adjusting for potential confounders, the odds ratio (OR) for age-related cataract was greater in participants with higher total serum IgE levels (OR = 1.37; P = 0.044). In particular, increased IgE levels were significantly associated with nuclear cataract (OR = 1.42; P = 0.032). However, allergen-specific serum IgE levels did not differ significantly between groups. In the trend analysis, no significant relationship was observed between serum IgE and any type of age-related cataract. Conclusion Increased total serum IgE level is independently associated with age-related cataracts after adjustment for confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Keun Yoo
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Woong Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
- * E-mail: (SWK); (KYS)
| | - Kyoung Yul Seo
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (SWK); (KYS)
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Frieri M, Kumar K, Boutin A. Role of mast cells in trauma and neuroinflammation in allergy immunology. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015; 115:172-7. [PMID: 26356588 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Frieri
- Division of Allergy Immunology, Department of Medicine, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, New York.
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Division of Adult Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, New York
| | - Anthony Boutin
- Division of Adult Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, New York
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Micera A, Balzamino BO, Zazzo AD, Biamonte F, Sica G, Bonini S. Toll-Like Receptors and Tissue Remodeling: The Pro/Cons Recent Findings. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:531-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Di Zazzo
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Campus Bio-Medico; Rome Italy
| | - Filippo Biamonte
- Institute of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - Gigliola Sica
- Institute of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Campus Bio-Medico; Rome Italy
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Gelardi M, Leo ME, Quaranta VN, Iannuzzi L, Tripodi S, Quaranta N, Canonica GW, Passalacqua G. Clinical characteristics associated with conjunctival inflammation in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2015; 3:387-91.e1. [PMID: 25634218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic rhinitis affects up to 30% of the general population worldwide and is increasing in prevalence. Among several comorbidities, conjunctivitis is probably the most common and occurs so frequently with allergic rhinitis that the term allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) has been coined. OBJECTIVES The cytological characteristics of conjunctival inflammation in patients with ARC were assessed and then correlated to clinical characteristics. METHODS Fifty-one patients with clinically diagnosed ARC (23 men; 32.4 ± 13.5 years old) underwent a detailed clinical history and standard diagnostic allergy workup as well as nasal and conjunctival scraping for cytological analysis. Patients were subdivided into 3 groups on the basis of cytological phenotype: (1) nasal and conjunctival inflammation, (2) nasal inflammation only, and (3) no mucosal inflammation. RESULTS Group 1 patients reported significantly higher eye itching scores (5.8 ± 2.9 on a 0-10 scale) than did patients in group 2 (3.8 ± 2.8; P = .06) or 3 (2.6 ± 2.9; P = .018) and were mostly men (81.8%). Male sex (odds ratio, 8.4; P = .005) and eye itching (odds ratio, 1.3; P = .019) significantly correlated with conjunctival inflammation. The odds of exhibiting conjunctival inflammation, at multivariate analysis, increased 13-fold for men and 1.5-fold for each point on the eye itching scale. A cutoff value of 3 or more for eye itching effectively identified patients with conjunctival inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that some clinical manifestations of ARC correlate well with conjunctival inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Gelardi
- Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Eleonora Leo
- Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Iannuzzi
- Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Quaranta
- Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Martino-IST-University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Passalacqua
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Martino-IST-University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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Mantelli F, Massaro-Giordano M, Macchi I, Lambiase A, Bonini S. The cellular mechanisms of dry eye: from pathogenesis to treatment. J Cell Physiol 2014; 228:2253-6. [PMID: 23696296 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye is a complex disease characterized by changes in the ocular surface epithelia related to reduced quality and/or quantity of tears, inflammatory reaction, and impairment of ocular surface sensitivity. It has recently been proposed that increased tear osmolarity represents a main trigger to the altered cellular mechanisms leading to epithelial damage in dry eye. However, dry eye pathogenesis is multifactorial, with cytotoxic inflammatory mediators, altered lacrimal gland secretion and nerve function, squamous metaplasia of the conjunctival epithelium and decrease of goblet cells density, all playing a role in a detrimental loop that perpetuates and worsens damage to the corneal and conjunctival epithelia. Current topical treatments for dry eye patients include the use of lubricants and anti-inflammatory drugs. However, lubricants only improve symptoms temporarily, and chronic use of topical steroids is associated to severe ocular side effects such as cataract and glaucoma. The deeper understanding of the cellular mechanisms that are altered in dry eye is opening novel perspectives for patients and physicians, who are seeking treatments capable not only of improving symptoms but also of restoring the homeostasis of the ocular surface. In this review, we will focus on novel anti-inflammatory agents and on nerve growth factor, a neurotrophin that is altered in dry eye and has been suggested as a main player in the neuroimmune cross-talk of the ocular surface as well as in the stimulation of corneal sensitivity, epithelial proliferation and differentiation, and stimulation of mucin production by goblet cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 2253-2256, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Successful treatment of allergic eye disease depends on understanding the pathophysiology of ocular allergy. Thus, in this review, recent experimental and clinical research that has provided significant information about the immunopathology of allergic eye disease will be discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Recently, role of various cells, cytokines and chemokines has been scrutinized in the immunopathogenesis of ocular allergy. In this respect, current research highlights contribution of special molecules and cells in the development and clinical features of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and T-cell-mediated eye allergies. SUMMARY Recent findings in molecular immunology of ocular allergy, which comprise complex inflammatory conditions of the conjunctiva, have enabled us to better understand the pathophysiology of these diseases and have aided in the potential development of new therapeutic agents.
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Callebaut I, Vandewalle E, Hox V, Bobic S, Jorissen M, Stalmans I, De Vries A, Scadding G, Hellings PW. Nasal corticosteroid treatment reduces substance P levels in tear fluid in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 109:141-6. [PMID: 22840257 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying conjunctival symptom reduction by nasal corticosteroids in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis are unknown. A naso-ocular reflex may be present. OBJECTIVE To study the effects of nasal fluticasone furoate (FF) on conjunctival symptoms and substance P and histamine levels in tear fluid after nasal grass pollen provocation (GPP). METHODS A double-blind placebo-controlled study was performed in 26 grass pollen-allergic patients. A selective GPP was performed during the grass pollen season after 2 weeks of FF or placebo treatment. Nasal and conjunctival symptoms were scored using a visual analog scale (VAS), and tear fluid was collected for measuring substance P and histamine using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Compared with placebo, FF reduced conjunctival symptom scores during the pollen season (-1.75 [-2.75, 0.20] vs 0.0 [0.0, 0.0]; P = .01) and after GPP at 15 minutes (0.05 [-0.42, 1.52] vs 2.05 [0.62, 3.62]; P < .001) and 1 hour (-0.45 [-1.75, 0.1] vs 0.05 [-0.97, 1.85]; P < .01). Treatment with FF decreased substance P levels in tear fluid (44.11 [32.81, 61.02] vs 65.26 [48.62, 79.73] pg/mg protein; P = .0098). Histamine levels in tear fluid showed a GPP-induced increase in the placebo group (7.26 [3.12, 9.69] vs 5.71 [2.05, 7.00] ng/mg protein; P = .02), but not in the FF group (6.77 [3.43, 13.00] vs 5.24 [3.18, 7.06] ng/mg protein; P = .08). CONCLUSION FF nasal spray reduced conjunctival symptoms in grass pollen-allergic patients in parallel with lower substance P levels in tear fluid. These data help in understanding the reduction of conjunctival symptoms by intranasal anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Callebaut
- Clinical Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Catholic University Leuven, Belgium
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Tamura T. Olopatadine ophthalmic solution suppresses substance P release in the conjunctivitis models. Asia Pac Allergy 2012; 2:115-21. [PMID: 22701861 PMCID: PMC3345324 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2012.2.2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Olopatadine hydrochloride ophthalmic solutions are treated for allergic conjunctival diseases that are a selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist and an inhibitor of the release of mediators including histamine from the human mast cells. Substance P (SP) levels are increased in tears of patients with allergic conjunctivitis. However, little is known about the regulation of SP release by anti-allergic ophthalmic solutions. Objective We investigated that the effect of olopatadine hydrochloride ophthalmic solutions (olopatadine 0.1% and olopatadine 0.2%) on rat conjunctivitis models compared with other anti-allergic ophthalmic solutions. Methods Conjunctivitis was induced by subconjunctival injection of histamine or intravenous injection of ovalbumin in rats passively sensitized with anti-ovalbumin anti-serum. The releases of SP were determined in the conjunctiva and tears using rat antigen-induced conjunctivitis models. Results Olopatadine 0.1% and 0.2% significantly inhibited the increased conjunctival dye leaked in the histamine- or antigen-induced hyperpermeability. The inhibitory effects by olopatadine were more potent than by other tested anti-allergic ophthalmic solutions. Moreover, olopatadine significantly inhibited the release of SP from the conjunctiva. Conclusion These results indicate that olopatadine ophthalmic solutions appear to exert additional SP release inhibition besides dual-action such as selective histamine H1 receptor antagonistic action and mast cell stabilization action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadafumi Tamura
- Marketing Department Sales & Marketing Division and Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Research Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo 100-8185, Japan
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Mostafa GA, Al-Ayadhi LY. The possible link between the elevated serum levels of neurokinin A and anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies in children with autism. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:180. [PMID: 22189180 PMCID: PMC3261830 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurogenic inflammation is orchestrated by a large number of neuropeptides. Tachykinins (substance P, neurokinin A and neurokinin B) are pro-inflammatory neuropeptides that may play an important role in some autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases. Autoimmunity may have a role in the pathogenesis of autism in some patients. We are the first to measure serum neurokinin A levels in autistic children. The relationship between serum levels of neurokinin A and anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies was also studied. METHODS Serum neurokinin A and anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies were measured in 70 autistic children in comparison to 48 healthy-matched children. RESULTS Autistic children had significantly higher serum neurokinin A levels than healthy controls (P < 0.001). Children with severe autism had significantly higher serum neurokinin A levels than patients with mild to moderate autism (P < 0.001). Increased serum levels of neurokinin A and anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies were found in 57.1% and 44.3%, respectively of autistic children. There was significant positive correlations between serum levels of neurokinin A and anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Serum neurokinin A levels were elevated in some autistic children and they were significantly correlated to the severity of autism and to serum levels of anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies. However, this is an initial report that warrants further research to determine the pathogenic role of neurokinin A and its possible link to autoimmunity in autism. The therapeutic role of tachykinin receptor antagonists, a potential new class of anti-inflammatory medications, should also be studied in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehan A Mostafa
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Shimura M, Yasuda K, Miyazawa A, Otani T, Nakazawa T. Pre-seasonal treatment with topical olopatadine suppresses the clinical symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2011; 151:697-702.e2. [PMID: 21257151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effectiveness of pre-seasonal treatment with topical olopatadine on the reduction of clinical symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC). DESIGN Prospective interventional case series. METHODS Eleven patients with SAC received topical olopatadine in one eye at least two weeks before the onset of allergy symptoms, and the other eye served as the control. After the onset of allergic conjunctivitis, both eyes were treated with topical olopatadine. Visual analogue scale (VAS), which evaluated the subjective symptoms of ocular allergy, and the tear levels of histamine and substance P were measured up to six weeks. RESULTS At the onset of allergy symptoms, the VAS score in the pretreatment eyes was statistically significantly lower than that in the control eyes. The VAS score in the control eyes decreased with time but did not decrease to the level seen in the pretreatment eyes until four weeks later. The tear level of substance P at the onset of allergy symptoms was significantly suppressed in the pretreatment eyes, while the level of histamine was not suppressed. Alteration of the VAS scores in the pretreatment eyes significantly correlated with the level of substance P, but not of histamine. CONCLUSIONS To suppress clinical symptoms in patients with SAC, pre-seasonal treatment with topical olopatadine is effective. The effectiveness of treatment correlates with the tear level of substance P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Shimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, NTT East Japan Tohoku Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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Li J, Ahmed M, Bergstrom J, Ackermann P, Stark A, Kreicbergs A. Occurrence of substance P in bone repair under different load comparison of straight and angulated fracture in rat tibia. J Orthop Res 2010; 28:1643-50. [PMID: 20540103 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) has been shown in vitro to stimulate both formation and resorption of bone. This seemingly contradictory observation could be explained by in vivo variations in skeletal loading and rate of bone turnover, features which may be explored during different phases of fracture healing. In 50 SD rats, the right tibia was fractured and fixed with an intramedullary pin in straight alignment and in anterior angulation resulting in a convex and concave side under different load. Fracture repair was assessed by radiography, histology, and semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry of SP nerve fiber occurrence at days 7, 21, 35, 56, and 84 post-fracture. During regeneration, days 7-35, abundant SP-nerve ingrowth was observed in the fracture callus reaching a side-symmetrical peak at day 21 in straight fractures. In angulated fractures, the SP peak was also observed at day 21 on the concave loaded side, but not until day 35 on the convex unloaded side. Each SP-peak coincided with cortical bridging. During remodeling, days 35-84, a side-symmetrical disappearance of SP-positive fibers was seen in straight fractures. The same pattern was seen on the concave loaded side of angulated fractures. However, on the convex unloaded side, where resorption now took place, SP-fibers remained until the end of the experiment. Our study suggests that neuronal SP during bone regeneration has a stimulatory role on bone formation, while during remodeling increased SP fiber density in unloaded areas may be related to bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Section of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Institution of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 10:511-4. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32833f1ba6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Callebaut I, Spielberg L, Hox V, Bobic S, Jorissen M, Stalmans I, Scadding G, Ceuppens JL, Hellings PW. Conjunctival effects of a selective nasal pollen provocation. Allergy 2010; 65:1173-81. [PMID: 20415718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several clinical and experimental observations suggest that allergen deposition in the nose may partially be responsible for the induction of conjunctival symptoms in allergic rhinitis. The aims of this study were to evaluate the induction of conjunctival symptoms by selective nasal allergen provocation and to assess the feasibility of the different tools for evaluation of conjunctival allergic inflammation. METHODS Grass pollen allergic subjects with rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms during the pollen season (n = 12) underwent a nasal sham and grass pollen provocation extra-seasonally. Nasal and conjunctival symptoms were scored using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) system at baseline, 15 min, 1 h and 24 h after provocation. In addition to Peak Nasal Inspiratory flow (PNIF) measurements, conjunctival inflammation and vascular congestion were evaluated and histamine and substance P levels in tear fluid were measured. RESULTS Selective nasal grass pollen provocation induced ocular pruritus, lacrimation and conjunctival vascular congestion. PNIF values correlated inversely with lacrimation (r = -0.71, P < 0.001) and ocular pruritus (r = -0.41, P < 0.05). Four out of 11 patients showed a conjunctival eosinophilic inflammation and levels of histamine (r = 0.73, P < 0.05) and substance P (r = 0.67, P = 0.05) in tear fluid correlated with conjunctival symptoms. CONCLUSION Selective nasal grass pollen provocation induced conjunctival inflammation, ocular pruritus and lacrimation, which correlated with histamine and substance P levels in tear fluid and inversely with the PNIF values. These data show a naso-ocular interaction in allergic rhinitis and offer objective tools for evaluation of conjunctival inflammation in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Adult
- Allergens/administration & dosage
- Allergens/adverse effects
- Allergens/immunology
- Conjunctivitis, Allergic/diagnosis
- Conjunctivitis, Allergic/etiology
- Conjunctivitis, Allergic/immunology
- Conjunctivitis, Allergic/physiopathology
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/etiology
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/physiopathology
- Nasal Provocation Tests
- Poaceae/immunology
- Pollen/adverse effects
- Pollen/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/diagnosis
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/etiology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/physiopathology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- I Callebaut
- University Hospitals Leuven, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven Belgium
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 10:87-92. [PMID: 20026987 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e3283355458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 9:482-8. [PMID: 19690478 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e3283312f84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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