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Matos A, Félix S, Coelho C, Conceição E, Machado BC, Gonçalves S. Psychometric Properties of the Dimensional Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children 2.0 among Portuguese Adolescents. Nutrients 2024; 16:2334. [PMID: 39064776 PMCID: PMC11280419 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The dimensional Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children 2.0 (dYFAS-C 2.0) was developed to provide a reliable psychometric measure for assessing food addiction in adolescents, in accordance with the updated addiction criteria proposed in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5). The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the dYFAS-C 2.0 among Portuguese adolescents and pre-adolescents and to explore the relationship between food addiction and other eating behaviors such as grazing and intuitive eating. The participants were 131 Portuguese adolescents and pre-adolescents (53.4% female and 46.6% male) aged between 10 and 15 years (Mage = 11.8) and with a BMI between 11.3 and 35.3 (MBMI z-score = 0.42). Confirmatory Factor Analysis demonstrated an adequate fit for the original one-factor model (χ2 (104) = 182; p < 0.001; CFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.97; NFI = 0.94; SRMR = 0.101; RMSEA = 0.074; 95% CI [0.056; 0.091]). Food addiction was positively correlated with higher grazing (r = 0.69, p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with lower reliance on hunger/satiety cues (r = -0.22, p = 0.015). No significant association was found between food addiction and BMI z-score, or between food addiction and age. The results support the use of dYFAS-C 2.0 as a valid and reliable measure for assessing food addiction in Portuguese adolescents and pre-adolescents. Furthermore, the findings highlight that food addiction may be part of a spectrum of disordered eating behaviors associated with control impairment. Future research with a larger sample size could further elucidate the associations between food addiction and other variables, such as psychological distress and multi-impulsive spectrum behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Matos
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.M.); (S.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Sílvia Félix
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.M.); (S.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Carol Coelho
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.M.); (S.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Eva Conceição
- Center for Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Bárbara César Machado
- Research Centre for Human Development (CEDH), Faculty of Education and Psychology, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Sónia Gonçalves
- Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.M.); (S.F.); (C.C.)
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Disentangling binge eating disorder and food addiction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:1963-1970. [PMID: 35041154 PMCID: PMC9287203 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The concept of "Food Addiction" has been based on criteria of Substance Use Disorder. Several studies suggested a relationship between food addiction and eating disorders, but little is known about its extent or role. We aim at exploring if food addiction is coincident with a specific eating disorder (binge eating disorder appears the closest) or it is a separate diagnostic entity that afflicts in comorbidity with eating disorders or other conditions like obesity or even in the general population. METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis analyzed observational studies with a comparative estimation on rates of subjects affected by binge eating disorder and food addiction. RESULTS Binge eating disorder shows higher comorbidity with food addiction compared to other eating disorders (OR = 1.33, 95% CI, 0.64-2.76; c2 = 4.42; p = 0.44;I2 = 0%), or each eating disorder [anorexia nervosa purging type (OR = 1.93, 95% CI, 0.20-18.92; p = 0.57) and restrictive type (OR = 8.75, 95% CI, 1.08-70.70; p = 0.04)], obese patients (OR = 5.72, 95% CI, 3.25-10.09; p = < 0.0001) and individuals from the general population (OR = 55.41, 95% CI, 8.16-376.10; c2 = 18.50; p < 0.0001; I2 = 0%)but has decreased prevalence when compared to bulimia nervosa (OR = 0.85, 95% CI, 0.33-2.22; c2 = 0.35; p = 0.74; I2 = 0%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the prevalence of food addiction in binge eating disorder is higher than in other eating disorders except in bulimia nervosa. Moreover, it is a separate diagnostic reality and can be detected in people without mental illness and in the general population. Food addiction might have a prognostic value, since in comorbidity, and should be addressed to boost treatment efficacy and patient's recovery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I: Evidence obtained systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
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Niroumand Sarvandani M, Asadi M, Khosravi F, Gearhardt AN, Razmhosseini M, Soleimani M, Mohseni F, Garmabi B, Rafaiee R. Validation and Psychological Properties of the Persian Version of DSM 5 Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (PYFAS 2.0) in Non-clinical Population. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2022; 14:175-184. [PMID: 36544977 PMCID: PMC9743828 DOI: 10.34172/ahj.2022.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The Yale Food Addiction Scale version 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) is used for the assessment of food addiction (FA). This research intended to evaluate the validity of the Persian translation of the questionnaire and to investigate the psychological properties and the association between FA and anthropometric indices. Methods In a sample of 473 nonclinical participants, FA, binge eating, and objectively measured anthropometric indices were assessed. Internal consistency, convergent, and validity of the PYFAS 2.0 were examined. Also, the factor structure (confirmatory factor analysis following the 11 diagnostic indicators in addition to the significant distress) and the construct of the scale were evaluated. Findings The frequencies of mild, moderate, and severe FA based on PYFAS 2.0 were 0.2%, 10%, and 5.5%, respectively. The findings supported a one-factor structure. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good construct validity (RMSEA=0.043, χ2=76.38, df=41, χ2 (CMIN)/df=1.862, GFI=0.975, AGFI=0.957, IFI=0.986, RFI=0.958, ECVI=0.319, TLI=0.978). For both the diagnostic and symptom count versions, the PYFAS 2.0 presented acceptable internal consistency (IC) (Kuder-Richardson 20=0.99 and McDonald omega=0.91). Conclusion The PYFAS 2.0 was a psychometrically sound instrument in an Iranian non-clinical population. This questionnaire can be used to study FA in Persian non-clinical populations. Future research should study the psychometric characteristics of this scale in high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoud Asadi
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Farideh Khosravi
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ashley N. Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | | | - Maryam Soleimani
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Mohseni
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Behzad Garmabi
- Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Raheleh Rafaiee
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran,Corresponding Author: Raheleh Rafaiee, Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Ravichandran S, Bhatt RR, Pandit B, Osadchiy V, Alaverdyan A, Vora P, Stains J, Naliboff B, Mayer EA, Gupta A. Alterations in reward network functional connectivity are associated with increased food addiction in obese individuals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3386. [PMID: 33564081 PMCID: PMC7873272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies in obesity have identified alterations in the connectivity within the reward network leading to decreased homeostatic control of ingestive behavior. However, the neural mechanisms underlying sex differences in the prevalence of food addiction in obesity is unknown. The aim of the study was to identify functional connectivity alterations associated with: (1) Food addiction, (2) Sex- differences in food addiction, (3) Ingestive behaviors. 150 participants (females: N = 103, males: N = 47; food addiction: N = 40, no food addiction: N = 110) with high BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 underwent functional resting state MRIs. Participants were administered the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), to determine diagnostic criteria for food addiction (YFAS Symptom Count ≥ 3 with clinically significant impairment or distress), and completed ingestive behavior questionnaires. Connectivity differences were analyzed using a general linear model in the CONN Toolbox and images were segmented using the Schaefer 400, Harvard-Oxford Subcortical, and Ascending Arousal Network atlases. Significant connectivities and clinical variables were correlated. Statistical significance was corrected for multiple comparisons at q < .05. (1) Individuals with food addiction had greater connectivity between brainstem regions and the orbital frontal gyrus compared to individuals with no food addiction. (2) Females with food addiction had greater connectivity in the salience and emotional regulation networks and lowered connectivity between the default mode network and central executive network compared to males with food addiction. (3) Increased connectivity between regions of the reward network was positively associated with scores on the General Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait, indicative of greater food cravings in individuals with food addiction. Individuals with food addiction showed greater connectivity between regions of the reward network suggesting dysregulation of the dopaminergic pathway. Additionally, greater connectivity in the locus coeruleus could indicate that the maladaptive food behaviors displayed by individuals with food addiction serve as a coping mechanism in response to pathological anxiety and stress. Sex differences in functional connectivity suggest that females with food addiction engage more in emotional overeating and less cognitive control and homeostatic processing compared to males. These mechanistic pathways may have clinical implications for understanding the sex-dependent variability in response to diet interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Ravichandran
- G. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, CHS 42-210 MC737818, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ravi R Bhatt
- G. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, CHS 42-210 MC737818, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, USA
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Bilal Pandit
- G. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, CHS 42-210 MC737818, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Vadim Osadchiy
- G. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, CHS 42-210 MC737818, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine At UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Anita Alaverdyan
- G. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, CHS 42-210 MC737818, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Priten Vora
- G. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, CHS 42-210 MC737818, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jean Stains
- G. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, CHS 42-210 MC737818, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine At UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Bruce Naliboff
- G. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, CHS 42-210 MC737818, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine At UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Los Angeles, USA
- UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Emeran A Mayer
- G. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, CHS 42-210 MC737818, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine At UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Los Angeles, USA
- UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, USA
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
| | - Arpana Gupta
- G. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Ingestive Behavior and Obesity Program, CHS 42-210 MC737818, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, USA.
- David Geffen School of Medicine At UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Los Angeles, USA.
- UCLA Microbiome Center, Los Angeles, USA.
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Novelle MG, Diéguez C. Food Addiction and Binge Eating: Lessons Learned from Animal Models. Nutrients 2018; 10:E71. [PMID: 29324652 PMCID: PMC5793299 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The feeding process is required for basic life, influenced by environment cues and tightly regulated according to demands of the internal milieu by regulatory brain circuits. Although eating behaviour cannot be considered "addictive" under normal circumstances, people can become "addicted" to this behaviour, similarly to how some people are addicted to drugs. The symptoms, cravings and causes of "eating addiction" are remarkably similar to those experienced by drug addicts, and both drug-seeking behaviour as eating addiction share the same neural pathways. However, while the drug addiction process has been highly characterised, eating addiction is a nascent field. In fact, there is still a great controversy over the concept of "food addiction". This review aims to summarize the most relevant animal models of "eating addictive behaviour", emphasising binge eating disorder, that could help us to understand the neurobiological mechanisms hidden under this behaviour, and to improve the psychotherapy and pharmacological treatment in patients suffering from these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta G Novelle
- Department of Physiology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15786 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15786 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Brewerton TD. Food addiction as a proxy for eating disorder and obesity severity, trauma history, PTSD symptoms, and comorbidity. Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22:241-247. [PMID: 28361213 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-016-0355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Food addiction (FA) is a newly defined yet still controversial condition that has important etiological, developmental, treatment, prevention, and social policy implications. In this review, the case is made that FA (or high scores on the Yale Food Addiction Scale) may be used as a proxy measure for a matrix of interrelated clinical features, including greater eating disorder severity, greater obesity severity, more severe trauma histories, greater symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), greater psychiatric comorbidity, as well as greater medical morbidity and mortality. METHODS A Medline search was undertaken using the following terms: food addiction cross-referenced with eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and binge eating), obesity, trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and comorbidity. RESULTS The thesis is that the identification and acknowledgment of the concept of FA, when integrated into an overall, trauma-focused and transdiagnostic treatment approach, are supported and can be useful in understanding clinically the "big picture." CONCLUSIONS Food addiction (FA) may be used as a proxy for (1) bulimic eating disorder severity, (2) complex trauma histories, (3) severity of PTSD and PTSD symptoms, (4) intensity of psychiatric comorbidity, (5) severity of obesity, as well as (6) their combination. Implications for developing treatment strategies are discussed. The case for a comprehensive management that requires careful attention to medical and psychiatric assessment and integrated care that incorporates trauma-focused treatment is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Brewerton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA. .,, 216 Scott Street, Mount Pleasant, SC, 29464, USA.
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Joyner MA, Gearhardt AN, White MA. Food craving as a mediator between addictive-like eating and problematic eating outcomes. Eat Behav 2015; 19:98-101. [PMID: 26262570 PMCID: PMC4644434 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing interest and debate about whether an addictive process contributes to problematic eating outcomes, such as obesity. Craving is a core component of addiction, but there has been little research on the relationship between addictive-like eating, craving, and eating-related concerns. In the current study, we examine the effect of both overall food craving and craving for different types of food on the relationship between addictive-like eating symptoms and elevated body mass index (BMI) and binge eating episodes. METHODS In a community sample (n=283), we conducted analyses to examine whether overall craving mediated the association between addictive-like eating and elevated BMI, as well as binge eating frequency. We also ran separate mediational models examining the indirect effect of cravings for sweets, fats, carbohydrates, and fast food fats on these same associations. RESULTS Overall food craving was a significant partial mediator in the relationships between addictive-like eating and both elevated BMI and binge eating episodes. Cravings for sweets and other carbohydrates significantly mediated the relationship between addictive-like eating and binge eating episodes, while cravings for fats significantly mediated the relationship between addictive-like eating and elevated BMI. CONCLUSIONS Craving appears to be an important component in the pathway between addictive-like eating and problematic eating outcomes. The current results highlight the importance of further evaluating the role of an addictive process in problematic eating behaviors and potentially targeting food cravings in intervention approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Joyner
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA.
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA
| | - Marney A White
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Brunault P, Ballon N, Gaillard P, Réveillère C, Courtois R. Validation of the French version of the yale food addiction scale: an examination of its factor structure, reliability, and construct validity in a nonclinical sample. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2014; 59:276-84. [PMID: 25007281 PMCID: PMC4079141 DOI: 10.1177/070674371405900507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The concept of food addiction has recently been proposed by applying the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, criteria for substance dependence to eating behaviour. Food addiction has received increased attention given that it may play a role in binge eating, eating disorders, and the recent increase in obesity prevalence. Currently, there is no psychometrically sound tool for assessing food addiction in French. Our study aimed to test the psychometric properties of a French version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) by establishing its factor structure and construct validity in a nonclinical population. METHOD A total of 553 participants were assessed for food addiction (French version of the YFAS) and binge eating behaviour (Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh and Binge Eating Scale). We tested the scale's factor structure (factor analysis for dichotomous data based on tetrachoric correlation coefficients), internal consistency, and construct validity with measures of binge eating. RESULTS Our results supported a 1-factor structure, which accounted for 54.1% of the variance. This tool had adequate reliability and high construct validity with measures of binge eating in this population, both in its diagnosis and symptom count version. A 2-factor structure explained an additional 9.1% of the variance, and could differentiate between patients with high, compared with low, levels of insight regarding addiction symptoms. CONCLUSIONS In our study, we validated a psychometrically sound French version of the YFAS, both in its symptom count and diagnostic version. Future studies should validate this tool in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Brunault
- Psychiatrist and Addictologist, CHRU de Tours, Equipe de Liaison et de Soins en Addictologie, Tours, France; Psychiatrist and Addictologist, CHRU de Tours, Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, Tours, France; Psychiatrist and Addictologist, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Département de Psychologie, EA 2114 Psychologie des Âges de la Vie, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Ballon
- Psychiatrist and Addictologist, CHRU de Tours, Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, Tours, France; Psychiatrist and Addictologist, CHRU de Tours, Équipe de Liaison et de Soins en Addictologie, Tours, France; Psychiatrist and Addictologist, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France; Psychiatrist and Addictologist, UMR INSERM U930 ERL, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Gaillard
- Professor of Psychiatry, CHRU de Tours, Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, Tours, France; Professor of Psychiatry, UMR INSERM U930 ERL, Tours, France; Professor of Psychiatry, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christian Réveillère
- Professor of Psychology, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Département de Psychologie, EA 2114 Psychologie des Âges de la Vie, Tours, France
| | - Robert Courtois
- Psychiatrist, CHRU de Tours, Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, Tours, France; Senior Lecturer in Psychology, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Département de Psychologie, EA 2114 Psychologie des Âges de la Vie, Tours, France
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10
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore how obese women with and without binge eating disorder (BED) experience overeating in relation to the DSM-5 symptoms of addiction. Findings from this study demonstrate that food addiction can occur in obese individuals with and without BED. It is important that health care professionals identify individuals who may require a specific treatment approach that incorporates techniques used in the treatment of addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Curtis
- a Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences , York University , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
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Entwistle PA, Webb RJ, Abayomi JC, Johnson B, Sparkes AC, Davies IG. Unconscious agendas in the etiology of refractory obesity and the role of hypnosis in their identification and resolution: a new paradigm for weight-management programs or a paradigm revisited? Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2014; 62:330-59. [PMID: 24837063 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2014.901085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypnosis has long been recognized as an effective tool for producing behavioral change in the eating disorders anorexia and bulimia. Despite many studies from the latter half of the last century suggesting that hypnosis might also be of value in managing obesity situations, the efficacy of hypnotherapy for weight reduction has received surprisingly little formal research attention since 2000. This review presents a brief history of early clinical studies using hypnosis for weight reduction and describes a hypnotherapeutic approach within which a combination of instructional/pedagogic and exploratory therapeutic sessions can work together synergistically to maximize the potential for sustained weight loss. Hypnotic modulation of appetite- and satiation-associated peptides and hormone levels may yield additional physiological benefits in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
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Avena NM, Murray S, Gold MS. Comparing the effects of food restriction and overeating on brain reward systems. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:1062-7. [PMID: 23535488 PMCID: PMC4013785 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Both caloric restriction and overeating have been shown to affect neural processes associated with reinforcement. Both preclinical and some clinical studies have provided evidence that food restriction may increase reward sensitivity, and while there are mixed findings regarding the effects of overeating on reward sensitivity, there is strong evidence linking this behavior with changes in reward-related brain regions. Evidence of these changes comes in part from findings that show that such eating patterns are associated with increased drug use. The data discussed here regarding the differential effects of various eating patterns on reward systems may be particularly relevant to the aging population, as this population has been shown to exhibit altered reward sensitivity and decreased caloric consumption. Moreover, members of this population appear to be increasingly affected by the current obesity epidemic. Food, like alcohol or drugs, can stimulate its own consumption and produce similar neurochemical changes in the brain. Age-related loss of appetite, decreased eating, and caloric restriction are hypothesized to be associated with changes in the prevalence of substance misuse, abuse, and dependence seen in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Avena
- University of Florida, Department of Psychiatry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Ochner CN, Barrios DM, Lee CD, Pi-Sunyer FX. Biological mechanisms that promote weight regain following weight loss in obese humans. Physiol Behav 2013; 120:106-13. [PMID: 23911805 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Weight loss dieting remains the treatment of choice for the vast majority of obese individuals, despite the limited long-term success of behavioral weight loss interventions. The reasons for the near universal unsustainability of behavioral weight loss in [formerly] obese individuals have not been fully elucidated, relegating researchers to making educated guesses about how to improve obesity treatment, as opposed to developing interventions targeting the causes of weight regain. This article discusses research on several factors that may contribute to weight regain following weight loss achieved through behavioral interventions, including adipose cellularity, endocrine function, energy metabolism, neural responsivity, and addiction-like neural mechanisms. All of these mechanisms are engaged prior to weight loss, suggesting that these so called "anti-starvation" mechanisms are activated via reductions in energy intake, rather than depletion of energy stores. Evidence suggests that these mechanisms are not necessarily part of a homeostatic feedback system designed to regulate body weight, or even anti-starvation mechanisms per se. Although they may have evolved to prevent starvation, they appear to be more accurately described as anti-weight loss mechanisms, engaged with caloric restriction irrespective of the adequacy of energy stores. It is hypothesized that these factors may combine to create a biological disposition that fosters the maintenance of an elevated body weight and works to restore the highest sustained body weight, thus precluding the long-term success of behavioral weight loss. It may be necessary to develop interventions that attenuate these biological mechanisms in order to achieve long-term weight reduction in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Ochner
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Zhang Y, Zhao H, Qiu S, Tian J, Wen X, Miller JL, von Deneen KM, Zhou Z, Gold MS, Liu Y. Altered functional brain networks in Prader-Willi syndrome. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:622-9. [PMID: 23335390 PMCID: PMC3776442 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic imprinting disorder characterized mainly by hyperphagia and early childhood obesity. Previous functional neuroimaging studies used visual stimuli to examine abnormal activities in the eating-related neural circuitry of patients with PWS. It was found that patients with PWS exhibited both excessive hunger and hyperphagia consistently, even in situations without any food stimulation. In the present study, we employed resting-state functional MRI techniques to investigate abnormal brain networks related to eating disorders in children with PWS. First, we applied amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation analysis to define the regions of interest that showed significant alterations in resting-state brain activity levels in patients compared with their sibling control group. We then applied a functional connectivity (FC) analysis to these regions of interest in order to characterize interactions among the brain regions. Our results demonstrated that patients with PWS showed decreased FC strength in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC)/inferior parietal lobe (IPL), MPFC/precuneus, IPL/precuneus and IPL/hippocampus in the default mode network; decreased FC strength in the pre-/postcentral gyri and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)/orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in the motor sensory network and prefrontal cortex network, respectively; and increased FC strength in the anterior cingulate cortex/insula, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)/OFC and DLPFC/VLPFC in the core network and prefrontal cortex network, respectively. These findings indicate that there are FC alterations among the brain regions implicated in eating as well as rewarding, even during the resting state, which may provide further evidence supporting the use of PWS as a model to study obesity and to provide information on potential neural targets for the medical treatment of overeating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Life Sciences Research Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Heng Zhao
- Life Sciences Research Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Siyou Qiu
- Life Sciences Research Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Life Sciences Research Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotong Wen
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Karen M. von Deneen
- Life Sciences Research Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zhenyu Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yijun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
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White MA, Grilo CM, O'Malley SS, Potenza MN. Clinical case discussion: binge eating disorder, obesity and tobacco smoking. J Addict Med 2012; 4:11-9. [PMID: 20436923 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0b013e3181ce38c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marney A White
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine
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Gearhardt AN, Bragg MA, Pearl RL, Schvey NA, Roberto CA, Brownell KD. Obesity and Public Policy. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2012; 8:405-30. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christina A. Roberto
- Department of Psychology,
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; , , , , ,
| | - Kelly D. Brownell
- Department of Psychology,
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; , , , , ,
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Zhang Y, Tian J, von Deneen KM, Liu Y, Gold MS. Process addictions in 2012: food, internet and gambling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/npy.12.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Blum K, Bailey J, Gonzalez AM, Oscar-Berman M, Liu Y, Giordano J, Braverman E, Gold M. Neuro-Genetics of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) as the Root Cause of "Addiction Transfer": A New Phenomenon Common after Bariatric Surgery. JOURNAL OF GENETIC SYNDROMES & GENE THERAPY 2011; 2012:S2-001. [PMID: 23483116 PMCID: PMC3593106 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7412.s2-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Now after many years of successful bariatric (weight-loss) surgeries directed at the obesity epidemic clinicians are reporting that some patients are replacing compulsive overeating with newly acquired compulsive disorders such as alcoholism, gambling, drugs, and other addictions like compulsive shopping and exercise. This review article explores evidence from psychiatric genetic animal and human studies that link compulsive overeating and other compulsive disorders to explain the phenomenon of addiction transfer. Possibly due to neurochemical similarities, overeating and obesity may act as protective factors reducing drug reward and addictive behaviors. In animal models of addiction withdrawal from sugar induces imbalances in the neurotransmitters, acetylcholine and dopamine, similar to opiate withdrawal. Many human neuroimaging studies have supported the concept of linking food craving to drug craving behavior. Previously our laboratory coined the term Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) for common genetic determinants in predicting addictive disorders and reported that the predictive value for future RDS behaviors in subjects carrying the DRD2 Taq A1 allele was 74%. While poly genes play a role in RDS, we have also inferred that disruptions in dopamine function may predispose certain individuals to addictive behaviors and obesity. It is now known that family history of alcoholism is a significant obesity risk factor. Therefore, we hypothesize here that RDS is the root cause of substituting food addiction for other dependencies and potentially explains this recently described Phenomenon (addiction transfer) common after bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, Mcknight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Holistic Medicine, G & G Holistic Addiction Treatment Center, North Miami Beach, Florida, USA
- Department of Clinical Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, New York, USA
| | - John Bailey
- Department of Psychiatry, Mcknight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Anthony M Gonzalez
- Department of General and Bariatric Surgery, South Miami Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Marlene Oscar-Berman
- Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yijun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Mcknight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - John Giordano
- Department of Holistic Medicine, G & G Holistic Addiction Treatment Center, North Miami Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Eric Braverman
- Department of Clinical Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, New York, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Mark Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Mcknight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Blum K, Chen ALC, Oscar-Berman M, Chen TJH, Lubar J, White N, Lubar J, Bowirrat A, Braverman E, Schoolfield J, Waite RL, Downs BW, Madigan M, Comings DE, Davis C, Kerner MM, Knopf J, Palomo T, Giordano JJ, Morse SA, Fornari F, Barh D, Femino J, Bailey JA. Generational association studies of dopaminergic genes in reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) subjects: selecting appropriate phenotypes for reward dependence behaviors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:4425-59. [PMID: 22408582 PMCID: PMC3290972 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8124425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Abnormal behaviors involving dopaminergic gene polymorphisms often reflect an insufficiency of usual feelings of satisfaction, or Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS). RDS results from a dysfunction in the "brain reward cascade," a complex interaction among neurotransmitters (primarily dopaminergic and opioidergic). Individuals with a family history of alcoholism or other addictions may be born with a deficiency in the ability to produce or use these neurotransmitters. Exposure to prolonged periods of stress and alcohol or other substances also can lead to a corruption of the brain reward cascade function. We evaluated the potential association of four variants of dopaminergic candidate genes in RDS (dopamine D1 receptor gene [DRD1]; dopamine D2 receptor gene [DRD2]; dopamine transporter gene [DAT1]; dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene [DBH]). METHODOLOGY We genotyped an experimental group of 55 subjects derived from up to five generations of two independent multiple-affected families compared to rigorously screened control subjects (e.g., N = 30 super controls for DRD2 gene polymorphisms). Data related to RDS behaviors were collected on these subjects plus 13 deceased family members. RESULTS Among the genotyped family members, the DRD2 Taq1 and the DAT1 10/10 alleles were significantly (at least p < 0.015) more often found in the RDS families vs. controls. The TaqA1 allele occurred in 100% of Family A individuals (N = 32) and 47.8% of Family B subjects (11 of 23). No significant differences were found between the experimental and control positive rates for the other variants. CONCLUSIONS Although our sample size was limited, and linkage analysis is necessary, the results support the putative role of dopaminergic polymorphisms in RDS behaviors. This study shows the importance of a nonspecific RDS phenotype and informs an understanding of how evaluating single subset behaviors of RDS may lead to spurious results. Utilization of a nonspecific "reward" phenotype may be a paradigm shift in future association and linkage studies involving dopaminergic polymorphisms and other neurotransmitter gene candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, W University Ave., Gainesville, FL 32601, USA;
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., P.O. Box 366, 570 Lederach Stattion Way, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (R.L.W.); (B.W.D.); (M.M.)
- Department of Integrative Medicine, PATH Medical Research Foundation, 304 Park Ave. South, New York, NY 10010, USA; (M.M.K.); (J.K.)
- Department of Holistic Medicine, G&G Holistic Addiction Treatment, Inc., 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
- Department of Research, National Institute for Holistic Addiction Studies, 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
- Dominion Diagnostics, Inc., 211 Circuit Road, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA;
- Center for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India;
| | - Amanda L. C. Chen
- Department of Engineering Management Advanced Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, No. 396, Sec. 1, Changrong Road, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
| | - Marlene Oscar-Berman
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Thomas J. H. Chen
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chang Jung Christian University, No. 396, Sec. 1, Changrong Road, Tainan 71101, Taiwan;
| | - Joel Lubar
- Emeritus, Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee, 719 Andy Holt Tower, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Nancy White
- Unique Mindcare, Inc., 1900 Saint James Place, Houston, TX 77056, USA;
| | - Judith Lubar
- Department of Neurofeedback, Southeastern Biofeedback and Neurobehavioral Clinic, 101 Westwood Road, Knoxville, TN 37919, USA;
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Neuroscience & Population Genetics, EMMS Nazareth Hospital, Nazareth, Israel;
| | - Eric Braverman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Department of Integrative Medicine, PATH Medical Research Foundation, 304 Park Ave. South, New York, NY 10010, USA; (M.M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - John Schoolfield
- Department of Academic Informatics Services, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Roger L. Waite
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., P.O. Box 366, 570 Lederach Stattion Way, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (R.L.W.); (B.W.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Bernard W. Downs
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., P.O. Box 366, 570 Lederach Stattion Way, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (R.L.W.); (B.W.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Margaret Madigan
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., P.O. Box 366, 570 Lederach Stattion Way, Lederach, PA 19450, USA; (R.L.W.); (B.W.D.); (M.M.)
| | - David E. Comings
- Department of Genomic Research, Carlsbad Science Foundation, Department of Medical Genetics, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Caroline Davis
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
| | - Mallory M. Kerner
- Department of Integrative Medicine, PATH Medical Research Foundation, 304 Park Ave. South, New York, NY 10010, USA; (M.M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jennifer Knopf
- Department of Integrative Medicine, PATH Medical Research Foundation, 304 Park Ave. South, New York, NY 10010, USA; (M.M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Tomas Palomo
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Servicio de Psiquiatria, Av. Cordoba SN, Madrid 28041, Spain;
| | - John J. Giordano
- Department of Holistic Medicine, G&G Holistic Addiction Treatment, Inc., 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
- Department of Research, National Institute for Holistic Addiction Studies, 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
| | - Siobhan A. Morse
- Department of Holistic Medicine, G&G Holistic Addiction Treatment, Inc., 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
- Department of Research, National Institute for Holistic Addiction Studies, 1590 Northeast 162nd Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33162, USA;
| | - Frank Fornari
- Dominion Diagnostics, Inc., 211 Circuit Road, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA;
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Center for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India;
| | - John Femino
- Meadows Edge Recovery Center, 580 10 Rod Road, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA;
| | - John A. Bailey
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, W University Ave., Gainesville, FL 32601, USA;
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Brewerton TD. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Disordered Eating: Food Addiction as Self-Medication. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2011; 20:1133-4. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2011.3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Brewerton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Gold MS. From bedside to bench and back again: a 30-year saga. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:157-61. [PMID: 21530563 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
My work (Mark S. Gold) began in the 70s looking for the mechanisms of drug reinforcement and withdrawal. Through observation and experience, drugs of abuse and the drive for food appeared to be quite related. As pioneered by Bart Hoebel, food can become an object of desire and act in most respects as a drug of abuse. The Gold lab is investigating working models for pathological attachment to eating and food addiction. New pharmacological treatments which interfere with food reinforcement may be the next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Avena NM. The study of food addiction using animal models of binge eating. Appetite 2010; 55:734-7. [PMID: 20849896 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes evidence of "food addiction" using animal models of binge eating. In our model of sucrose bingeing, behavioral components of addiction are demonstrated and related to neurochemical changes that also occur with addictive drugs. Evidence supports the hypothesis that rats can become dependent and "addicted" to sucrose. Results obtained when animals binge on other palatable foods, including a fat-rich food, are described and suggest that increased body weight can occur. However, the characterization of an addiction-like behavioral profile in animals with binge access to fat requires further exploration in order to dissociate the effect of increased body weight from the diet or schedule of feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Avena
- University of Florida, Department of Psychiatry, Gainesville, 32608, United States.
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Liu Y, von Deneen KM, Kobeissy FH, Gold MS. Food addiction and obesity: evidence from bench to bedside. J Psychoactive Drugs 2010; 42:133-45. [PMID: 20648909 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2010.10400686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become a major health problem and epidemic. However, much of the current debate has been fractious and etiologies of obesity have been attributed to eating behavior or fast food, personality issues, depression, addiction, or genetics. One of the interesting new hypotheses for epidemic obesity is food addiction, which is associated with both substance-related disorder and eating disorder. Accumulating evidences have shown that there are many shared neural and hormonal pathways as well as distinct differences that may help researchers find why certain individuals overeat and become obese. Functional neuroimaging studies have further revealed that good or great smelling, looking, tasting, and reinforcing food has characteristics similar to that of drugs of abuse. Many of the brain changes reported for hedonic eating and obesity are also seen in various forms of addictions. Most importantly, overeating and obesity may have an acquired drive like drug addiction with respect to motivation and incentive; craving, wanting, and liking occur after early and repeated exposures to stimuli. The acquired drive for great food and relative weakness of the satiety signal would cause an imbalance between the drive and hunger/reward centers in the brain and their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Liu
- Division of Global Tobacco, Alcohol, Obesity & Health Research, University of Florida, Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, PO Box 100256, Gainesville, FL 32610-0256, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent work on disorders related to food use, including food addiction, and to highlight the similarities and differences between food and drugs of abuse. RECENT FINDINGS Recent work on food use disorders has demonstrated that the same neurobiological pathways that are implicated in drug abuse also modulate food consumption, and that the body's regulation of food intake involves a complex set of peripheral and central signaling networks. Moreover, new research indicates that rats can become addicted to certain foods, that men and women may respond differently to external food cues, and that the intrauterine environment may significantly impact a child's subsequent risk of developing obesity, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia. SUMMARY First, work presented in this review strongly supports the notion that food addiction is a real phenomenon. Second, although food and drugs of abuse act on the same central networks, food consumption is also regulated by peripheral signaling systems, which adds to the complexity of understanding how the body regulates eating, and of treating pathological eating habits. Third, neurobiological research reviewed here indicates that traditional pharmacological and behavioral interventions for other substance-use disorders may prove useful in treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Blumenthal
- Harvard Medical School and Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Frascella J, Potenza MN, Brown LL, Childress AR. Shared brain vulnerabilities open the way for nonsubstance addictions: carving addiction at a new joint? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1187:294-315. [PMID: 20201859 PMCID: PMC3671907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For more than half a century, since the beginning of formal diagnostics, our psychiatric nosology has compartmentalized the compulsive pursuit of substance (e.g., alcohol, cocaine, heroin, nicotine) from nonsubstance (e.g., gambling, food, sex) rewards. Emerging brain, behavioral, and genetic findings challenge this diagnostic boundary, pointing to shared vulnerabilities underlying the pathological pursuit of substance and nonsubstance rewards. Working groups for the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-V), are thus considering whether the nosologic boundaries of addiction should be redrawn to include nonsubstance disorders, such as gambling. This review discusses how neurobiological data from problem gambling, obesity, and "normal" states of attachment (romantic infatuation, sexual attraction, maternal bonds) may help us in the task of carving addictions "at a new joint." Diagnostic recarving may have a positive effect on addiction research, stimulating discovery of "crossover" pharmacotherapies with benefit for both substance and nonsubstance addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Frascella
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience and Behavioral Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Blum K, Chen TJ, Downs BW, Bowirrat A, Waite RL, Braverman ER, Madigan M, Oscar-Berman M, DiNubile N, Gold M. Neurogenetics of dopaminergic receptor supersensitivity in activation of brain reward circuitry and relapse: proposing "deprivation-amplification relapse therapy" (DART). Postgrad Med 2009; 121:176-96. [PMID: 19940429 PMCID: PMC3656125 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2009.11.2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS It is well known that after prolonged abstinence, individuals who use their drug of choice experience a powerful euphoria that often precipitates relapse. While a biological explanation for this conundrum has remained elusive, we hypothesize that this clinically observed "supersensitivity" might be tied to genetic dopaminergic polymorphisms. Another therapeutic conundrum relates to the paradoxical finding that the dopaminergic agonist bromocriptine induces stronger activation of brain reward circuitry in individuals who carry the DRD2 A1 allele compared with DRD2 A2 allele carriers. Because carriers of the A1 allele relative to the A2 allele of the DRD2 gene have significantly lower D2 receptor density, a reduced sensitivity to dopamine agonist activity would be expected in the former. Thus, it is perplexing that with low D2 density there is an increase in reward sensitivity with the dopamine D2 agonist bromocriptine. Moreover, under chronic or long-term therapy with D2 agonists, such as bromocriptine, it has been shown in vitro that there is a proliferation of D2 receptors. One explanation for this relates to the demonstration that the A1 allele of the DRD2 gene is associated with increased striatal activity of L-amino acid decarboxylase, the final step in the biosynthesis of dopamine. This appears to be a protective mechanism against low receptor density and would favor the utilization of an amino acid neurotransmitter precursor like L-tyrosine for preferential synthesis of dopamine. This seems to lead to receptor proliferation to normal levels and results in significantly better treatment compliance only in A1 carriers. PROPOSAL AND CONCLUSION We propose that low D2 receptor density and polymorphisms of the D2 gene are associated with risk for relapse of substance abuse, including alcohol dependence, heroin craving, cocaine dependence, methamphetamine abuse, nicotine sensitization, and glucose craving. With this in mind, we suggest a putative physiological mechanism that may help to explain the enhanced sensitivity following intense acute dopaminergic D2 receptor activation: "denervation supersensitivity." Rats with unilateral depletions of neostriatal dopamine display increased sensitivity to dopamine agonists estimated to be 30 to 100 x in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rotational model. Given that mild striatal dopamine D2 receptor proliferation occurs (20%-40%), it is difficult to explain the extent of behavioral supersensitivity by a simple increase in receptor density. Thus, the administration of dopamine D2 agonists would target D2 sensitization and attenuate relapse, especially in D2 receptor A1 allele carriers. This hypothesized mechanism is supported by clinical trials utilizing amino acid neurotransmitter precursors, enkephalinase, and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme inhibition, which have resulted in attenuated relapse rates in reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) probands. If future translational research reveals that dopamine agonist therapy reduces relapse in RDS, it would support the proposed concept, which we term "deprivation-amplification relapse therapy" (DART). This term couples the mechanism for relapse, which is "deprivation-amplification," especially in DRD2 A1 allele carriers with natural D2 agonist therapy utilizing amino acid precursors and COMT and enkepalinase inhibition therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., San Diego, CA and Lederach, PA
| | - Thomas J.H. Chen
- Department of Health and Occupational Safety, Chang Jung Christian University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - B. William Downs
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., San Diego, CA and Lederach, PA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Clinical Neuroscience & Population Genetics, Ziv Government Medical Center, Israel
| | - Roger L. Waite
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., San Diego, CA and Lederach, PA
| | - Eric R. Braverman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Margaret Madigan
- Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., San Diego, CA and Lederach, PA
| | | | - Nicholas DiNubile
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mark Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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