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Wu L, Zhang D, Wu Y, Liu J, Jiang J, Zhou C. Sodium Leak Channel in Glutamatergic Neurons of the Lateral Parabrachial Nucleus Helps to Maintain Respiratory Frequency Under Sevoflurane Anesthesia. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:1127-1140. [PMID: 38767833 PMCID: PMC11306470 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBL) is implicated in the regulation of respiratory activity. Sodium leak channel (NALCN) mutations disrupt the respiratory rhythm and influence anesthetic sensitivity in both rodents and humans. Here, we investigated whether the NALCN in PBL glutamatergic neurons maintains respiratory function under general anesthesia. Our results showed that chemogenetic activation of PBL glutamatergic neurons increased the respiratory frequency (RF) in mice; whereas chemogenetic inhibition suppressed RF. NALCN knockdown in PBL glutamatergic neurons but not GABAergic neurons significantly reduced RF under physiological conditions and caused more respiratory suppression under sevoflurane anesthesia. NALCN knockdown in PBL glutamatergic neurons did not further exacerbate the respiratory suppression induced by propofol or morphine. Under sevoflurane anesthesia, painful stimuli rapidly increased the RF, which was not affected by NALCN knockdown in PBL glutamatergic neurons. This study suggested that the NALCN is a key ion channel in PBL glutamatergic neurons that maintains respiratory frequency under volatile anesthetic sevoflurane but not intravenous anesthetic propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Donghang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yujie Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jingyao Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Jia L, Yin J, Liu T, Qi W, Du T, Li Q, Ma K, Si J, Yin J, Li Y. Activation of Ventral Tegmental Area Dopaminergic Neurons Projecting to the Parabrachial Nucleus Promotes Emergence from Propofol Anesthesia in Male Rats. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:2060-2074. [PMID: 38814359 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Since the clinical introduction of general anesthesia, its underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) and parabrachial nucleus (PBN) play pivotal roles in the mechanisms underlying general anesthesia. However, whether dopaminergic (DA) projections from the VTA to the PBN play a role in mediating the effects of general anesthesia is unclear. We microinjected 6-hydroxydopamine into the PBN to damage tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH+) neurons and found a prolonged recovery time from propofol anesthesia. We used calcium fiber photometry recording to explore the activity of TH + neurons in the PBN. Then, we used chemogenetic and optogenetic approaches either activate the VTADA-PBN pathway, shortening the propofol anesthesia emergence time, or inhibit this pathway, prolonging the emergence time. These data indicate the crucial involvement of TH + neurons in the PBN in regulating emergence from propofol anesthesia, while the activation of the VTADA-PBN pathway facilitates the emergence of propofol anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jieting Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Tielong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Wenqiang Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Tongyu Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Quntao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Ketao Ma
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Junqiang Si
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jiangwen Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
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3
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Zhang D, Wei Y. Distinct Neural Mechanisms Between Anesthesia Induction and Emergence: A Narrative Review. Anesth Analg 2024:00000539-990000000-00840. [PMID: 38861419 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000007114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Anesthesia induction and emergence are critical periods for perioperative safety in the clinic. Traditionally, the emergence from general anesthesia has been recognized as a simple inverse process of induction resulting from the elimination of general anesthetics from the central nervous system. However, accumulated evidence has indicated that anesthesia induction and emergence are not mirror-image processes because of the occurrence of hysteresis/neural inertia in both animals and humans. An increasing number of studies have highlighted the critical role of orexinergic neurons and their involved circuits in the selective regulation of emergence but not the induction of general anesthesia. Moreover, additional brain regions have also been implicated in distinct neural mechanisms for anesthesia induction and emergence, which extends the concept that anesthetic induction and emergence are not antiparallel processes. Here, we reviewed the current literature and summarized the evidence regarding the differential mechanism of neural modulation in anesthesia induction and emergence, which will facilitate the understanding of the underlying neural mechanism for emergence from general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghang Zhang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Yiyong Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College), Shenzhen, China
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Mashour GA. Anesthesia and the neurobiology of consciousness. Neuron 2024; 112:1553-1567. [PMID: 38579714 PMCID: PMC11098701 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
In the 19th century, the discovery of general anesthesia revolutionized medical care. In the 21st century, anesthetics have become indispensable tools to study consciousness. Here, I review key aspects of the relationship between anesthesia and the neurobiology of consciousness, including interfaces of sleep and anesthetic mechanisms, anesthesia and primary sensory processing, the effects of anesthetics on large-scale functional brain networks, and mechanisms of arousal from anesthesia. I discuss the implications of the data derived from the anesthetized state for the science of consciousness and then conclude with outstanding questions, reflections, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Mashour
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Pharmacology, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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5
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Song XJ, Hu JJ. Neurobiological basis of emergence from anesthesia. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:355-366. [PMID: 38490858 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The suppression of consciousness by anesthetics and the emergence of the brain from anesthesia are complex and elusive processes. Anesthetics may exert their inhibitory effects by binding to specific protein targets or through membrane-mediated targets, disrupting neural activity and the integrity and function of neural circuits responsible for signal transmission and conscious perception/subjective experience. Emergence from anesthesia was generally thought to depend on the elimination of the anesthetic from the body. Recently, studies have suggested that emergence from anesthesia is a dynamic and active process that can be partially controlled and is independent of the specific molecular targets of anesthetics. This article summarizes the fundamentals of anesthetics' actions in the brain and the mechanisms of emergence from anesthesia that have been recently revealed in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jun Song
- Department of Medical Neuroscience and SUSTech Center for Pain Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jiang-Jian Hu
- Department of Medical Neuroscience and SUSTech Center for Pain Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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Gao H, Wang J, Zhang R, Luo T. Recent advances in neural mechanism of general anesthesia induced unconsciousness: insights from optogenetics and chemogenetics. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1360864. [PMID: 38655183 PMCID: PMC11035785 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1360864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
For over 170 years, general anesthesia has played a crucial role in clinical practice, yet a comprehensive understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying the induction of unconsciousness by general anesthetics remains elusive. Ongoing research into these mechanisms primarily centers around the brain nuclei and neural circuits associated with sleep-wake. In this context, two sophisticated methodologies, optogenetics and chemogenetics, have emerged as vital tools for recording and modulating the activity of specific neuronal populations or circuits within distinct brain regions. Recent advancements have successfully employed these techniques to investigate the impact of general anesthesia on various brain nuclei and neural pathways. This paper provides an in-depth examination of the use of optogenetic and chemogenetic methodologies in studying the effects of general anesthesia on specific brain nuclei and pathways. Additionally, it discusses in depth the advantages and limitations of these two methodologies, as well as the issues that must be considered for scientific research applications. By shedding light on these facets, this paper serves as a valuable reference for furthering the accurate exploration of the neural mechanisms underlying general anesthesia. It aids researchers and clinicians in effectively evaluating the applicability of these techniques in advancing scientific research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- School of Anesthesiology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Anesthesiology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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McKinstry-Wu AR, Kelz MB. One node among many: sevoflurane-induced hypnosis and the challenge of an integrative network-level view of anaesthetic action. Br J Anaesth 2024; 132:220-223. [PMID: 38000931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Building on their known ability to influence sleep and arousal, Li and colleagues show that modulating the activity of glutamatergic pedunculopontine tegmental neurones also alters sevoflurane-induced hypnosis. This finding adds support for the shared sleep-anaesthesia circuit hypothesis. However, the expanding recognition of many neuronal clusters capable of modulating anaesthetic hypnosis raises the question of how disparate and anatomically distant sites ultimately interact to coordinate global changes in the state of the brain. Understanding how these individual sites work in concert to disrupt cognition and behaviour is the next challenge for anaesthetic mechanisms research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R McKinstry-Wu
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience of Unconsciousness and Reanimation Research Alliance, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Max B Kelz
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience of Unconsciousness and Reanimation Research Alliance, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Mahoney Institute of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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8
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Li J, Hu R, Tan W, Li J, Huang W, Wang Z. Activation of glutamatergic neurones in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus promotes cortical activation and behavioural emergence from sevoflurane-induced unconsciousness in mice. Br J Anaesth 2024; 132:320-333. [PMID: 37953203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural mechanisms underlying sevoflurane-induced loss of consciousness and recovery of consciousness after anaesthesia remain unknown. We investigated whether glutamatergic pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) neurones are involved in the regulation of states of consciousness under sevoflurane anaesthesia. METHODS In vivo fibre photometry combined with electroencephalography (EEG)/electromyography recording was used to record changes in the activity of glutamatergic PPT neurones under sevoflurane anaesthesia. Chemogenetic and cortical EEG recordings were used to explore their roles in the induction of and emergence from sevoflurane anaesthesia. Optogenetic methods combined with EEG recordings were used to explore the roles of glutamatergic PPT neurones and of the PPT-ventral tegmental area pathway in maintenance of anaesthesia. RESULTS The population activity of glutamatergic PPT neurones was reduced before sevoflurane-induced loss of righting reflex and gradually recovered after return of righting reflex. Chemogenetic inhibition of glutamatergic PPT neurones accelerated induction of anaesthesia (hM4Di-CNO vs mCherry-CNO, 76 [17] vs 121 [27] s, P<0.0001) and delayed emergence from sevoflurane anaesthesia (278 [98] vs 145 [53] s, P<0.0001) but increased sevoflurane sensitivity. Optogenetic stimulation of glutamatergic PPT neurons or of the PPT-ventral tegmental area pathway promoted cortical activation and behavioural emergence during steady-state sevoflurane anaesthesia, reduced the depth of anaesthesia, and caused cortical arousal during sevoflurane-induced EEG burst suppression. CONCLUSIONS Glutamatergic PPT neurones regulate induction and emergence of sevoflurane anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wulin Tan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqi Huang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhongxing Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Xia JM, Fan BQ, Yi XW, Ni WW, Zhou Y, Chen DD, Yi WJ, Feng LL, Xia Y, Li SS, Qu WM, Han Y, Huang ZL, Li WX. Medial Septal Glutamatergic Neurons Modulate States of Consciousness during Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Mice. Anesthesiology 2024; 140:102-115. [PMID: 37812765 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple neural structures involved in maintaining wakefulness have been found to promote arousal from general anesthesia. The medial septum is a critical region that modulates arousal behavior. This study hypothesized that glutamatergic neurons in the medial septum play a crucial role in regulating states of consciousness during sevoflurane general anesthesia. METHODS Adult male mice were used in this study. The effects of sevoflurane anesthesia on neuronal activity were determined by fiber photometry. Lesions and chemogenetic manipulations were used to study the effects of the altered activity of medial septal glutamatergic neurons on anesthesia induction, emergence, and sensitivity to sevoflurane. Optogenetic stimulation was used to observe the role of acute activation of medial septal glutamatergic neurons on cortical activity and behavioral changes during sevoflurane-induced continuous steady state of general anesthesia and burst suppression state. RESULTS The authors found that medial septal glutamatergic neuronal activity decreased during sevoflurane anesthesia induction and recovered in the early period of emergence. Chemogenetic activation of medial septal glutamatergic neurons prolonged the induction time (mean ± SD, hM3Dq-clozapine N-oxide vs. hM3Dq-saline, 297.5 ± 60.1 s vs. 229.4 ± 29.9 s, P < 0.001, n = 11) and decreased the emergence time (53.2 ± 11.8 s vs. 77.5 ± 33.5 s, P = 0.025, n = 11). Lesions or chemogenetic inhibition of these neurons produced the opposite effects. During steady state of general anesthesia and deep anesthesia-induced burst suppression state, acute optogenetic activation of medial septal glutamatergic neurons induced cortical activation and behavioral emergence. CONCLUSIONS The study findings reveal that activation of medial septal glutamatergic neurons has arousal-promoting effects during sevoflurane anesthesia in male mice. The activation of these neurons prolongs the induction and accelerates the emergence of anesthesia. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ming Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Qian Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiu-Wen Yi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Wen Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jing Yi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Li Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Xian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Lu K, Wang Z, Bai N, Zhao Z, Zhao X, He Y. Selective optogenetic modulation of the PBN terminals in the lateral hypothalamic area and basal forebrain regulates emergence from isoflurane anesthesia in mice. BMC Anesthesiol 2023; 23:328. [PMID: 37784027 PMCID: PMC10544560 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-023-02294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
While the mechanism of general anesthesia has been extensively studied, the underlying neural circuitry has yet to be fully understood. The parabrachial nucleus (PBN) plays a crucial role in modulating wakefulness and promoting arousal from general anesthesia. However, the specific role of PBN projections in the process of general anesthesia remains unclear. In this study, we bilaterally injected AAV-associated viruses encoding excitatory or inhibitory optogenetic probes into the PBN and implanted optical fibers in the LH or BF area. After four weeks, we optogenetically activated or inhibited the PBN-LH and PBN-BF pathways under 1.5 vol% isoflurane. We calculated the time it took for anesthesia induction and emergence, simultaneously monitoring changes in the burst-suppression ratio using electroencephalogram recording. Our findings indicate that optogenetic activation of the PBN-LH and PBN-BF projections plays a significant role in promoting both cortical and behavioral emergence from isoflurane inhalation, without significantly affecting the induction time. Conversely, photoinhibition of these pathways prolonged the recovery time, with no notable difference observed during the induction phase.In summary, our results demonstrate that the PBN-LH and PBN-BF pathways are crucial for promoting arousal from isoflurane general anesthesia, but do not have a pronounced impact on the induction phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shannxi, China
| | - Zhenhuan Wang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ziyu Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinrong Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yun He
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shannxi, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shannxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Yanta District, 309 Yanta W Rd, Xi'An, 710063, Shaanxi, China.
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Bao W, Ding J, Jiang S, Yao Z, Qu W, Li W, Huang Z, Han Y. Selective Activation of NAc D1R-VP/LH Circuits Promotes Reanimation From Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Mice. Anesth Analg 2023; 137:87-97. [PMID: 36944111 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence has uncovered a vital role of nucleus accumbens (NAc) neurons that express the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) and its upstream neural circuit in general anesthesia (GA) regulation. However, the underlying downstream neural basis of the modulation of GA emergence by NAc D1R neurons remains unknown. In the present study, we explored the downstream neural mechanism of NAc D1R neurons in the modulation of emergence from sevoflurane GA. METHODS We traced the axonal projections of NAc D1R neurons using a cell type-specific anterograde tracing method and immunohistochemical techniques in D1R-Cre mice. Optogenetic stimulations combined with electroencephalogram/electromyogram recordings and behavioral tests were used to determine the effects of optogenetic activation of the axonal terminals of NAc D1R neurons on sevoflurane emergence during sevoflurane-induced continuous, steady-state general anesthesia (CSSGA) or burst-suppression oscillations. RESULTS Labeled efferent fibers of NAc D1R neurons were highly distributed in the ventral pallidum (VP), lateral hypothalamus (LH), and substantia nigra pars compacta. Optogenetic activation of the NAc D1R -VP circuit during CSSGA with sevoflurane induced cortical activation (mean ± standard deviation [SD]; delta power: prestimulation versus during stimulation, 48.7% ± 5.7% vs 35.1% ± 3.3%, P < .0001; beta power: 7.1% ± 2.7% vs 14.2% ± 3.3%, P = .0264) and behavioral emergence, and restored the righting reflex in 66.7% of ChR2 mice. Optogenetic stimulation of the NAc D1R -LH circuit also produced cortical activation (delta power: prestimulation versus during stimulation, 45.0% ± 6.5% vs 36.1% ± 4.6%, P = .0016) and behavioral emergence, and restored the righting reflex in 100% of the ChR2 mice during CSSGA with sevoflurane. Under a sevoflurane-induced burst-suppression state, NAc D1R -VP/LH circuit activation produced evidence of cortical activation (burst-suppression ratio [BSR]: NAc D1R -VP circuit, prestimulation versus during stimulation, 42.4% ± 4.0% vs 26.3% ± 6.0%, P = .0120; prestimulation versus poststimulation, 42.4% ± 4.0% vs 5.9% ± 5.6%, P = .0002; BSR: NAc D1R -LH circuit, prestimulation versus during stimulation, 33.3% ± 13.4% vs 5.1% ± 4.9%, P = .0177; prestimulation vs poststimulation, 33.3% ± 13.4% vs 3.2% ± 4.0%, P = .0105) and behavioral emergence. CONCLUSIONS Both NAc D1R -VP and NAc D1R -LH circuits are sufficient to promote reanimation from sevoflurane GA by simultaneously inducing cortical and behavioral emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Bao
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahui Ding
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weimin Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxian Li
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhili Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Han
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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12
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McKinstry-Wu AR, Wasilczuk AZ, Dailey WP, Eckenhoff RG, Kelz MB. In Vivo Photoadduction of Anesthetic Ligands in Mouse Brain Markedly Extends Sedation and Hypnosis. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2338-2348. [PMID: 36849414 PMCID: PMC10072292 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1884-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoaffinity ligands are best known as tools used to identify the specific binding sites of drugs to their molecular targets. However, photoaffinity ligands have the potential to further define critical neuroanatomic targets of drug action. In the brains of WT male mice, we demonstrate the feasibility of using photoaffinity ligands in vivo to prolong anesthesia via targeted yet spatially restricted photoadduction of azi-m-propofol (aziPm), a photoreactive analog of the general anesthetic propofol. Systemic administration of aziPm with bilateral near-ultraviolet photoadduction in the rostral pons, at the border of the parabrachial nucleus and locus coeruleus, produced a 20-fold increase in the duration of sedative and hypnotic effects compared with control mice without UV illumination. Photoadduction that missed the parabrachial-coerulean complex also failed to extend the sedative or hypnotic actions of aziPm and was indistinguishable from nonadducted controls. Paralleling the prolonged behavioral and EEG consequences of on target in vivo photoadduction, we conducted electrophysiologic recordings in rostral pontine brain slices. Using neurons within the locus coeruleus to further highlight the cellular consequences of irreversible aziPm binding, we demonstrate transient slowing of spontaneous action potentials with a brief bath application of aziPm that becomes irreversible on photoadduction. Together, these findings suggest that photochemistry-based strategies are a viable new approach for probing CNS physiology and pathophysiology.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Photoaffinity ligands are drugs capable of light-induced irreversible binding, which have unexploited potential to identify the neuroanatomic sites of drug action. We systemically administer a centrally acting anesthetic photoaffinity ligand in mice, conduct localized photoillumination within the brain to covalently adduct the drug at its in vivo sites of action, and successfully enrich irreversible drug binding within a restricted 250 µm radius. When photoadduction encompassed the pontine parabrachial-coerulean complex, anesthetic sedation and hypnosis was prolonged 20-fold, thus illustrating the power of in vivo photochemistry to help unravel neuronal mechanisms of drug action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R McKinstry-Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104
- Neuroscience of Unconsciousness and Reanimation Research Alliance, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104
| | - Andrzej Z Wasilczuk
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104
- Neuroscience of Unconsciousness and Reanimation Research Alliance, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104
| | - William P Dailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Roderic G Eckenhoff
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104
| | - Max B Kelz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104
- Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104
- Neuroscience of Unconsciousness and Reanimation Research Alliance, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104
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13
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Yin J, Qin J, Lin Z, Li A, Liu D, Jiang Y, Zhao Q, Chen L, Liu C. Glutamatergic neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus regulate isoflurane anesthesia in mice. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22762. [PMID: 36719765 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200974rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The glutamatergic-mediated excitatory system in the brain is vital for the regulation of sleep-wake and general anesthesia. Specifically, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH), which contains mainly glutamatergic neurons, has been shown to play a critical role in sleep-wake. Here, we sought to explore whether the PVH glutamatergic neurons have an important effect on the process of general anesthesia. We used c-fos staining and in vivo calcium signal recording to observe the activity changes of the PVH glutamatergic neurons during isoflurane anesthesia and found that both c-fos expression in the PVH and the calcium activity of PVH glutamatergic neurons decreased in isoflurane anesthesia and significantly increased during the recovery process. Chemogenetic activation of PVH glutamatergic neurons prolonged induction time and shortened emergence time from anesthesia by decreasing the depth of anesthesia. Using chemogenetic inhibition of PVH glutamatergic neurons under isoflurane anesthesia, we found that inhibition of PVH glutamatergic neurons facilitated the induction process and delayed the emergence accompanied by deepening the depth of anesthesia. Together, these results identify a crucial role for PVH glutamatergic neurons in modulating isoflurane anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyin Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital (Hunan Institute of Reproductive Medicine), Changsha, China
| | - Jie Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhaojing Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Aiyuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital (Hunan Institute of Reproductive Medicine), Changsha, China
| | - Damin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital (Hunan Institute of Reproductive Medicine), Changsha, China
| | - Yurong Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital (Hunan Institute of Reproductive Medicine), Changsha, China
| | - Qiuni Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital (Hunan Institute of Reproductive Medicine), Changsha, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital (Hunan Institute of Reproductive Medicine), Changsha, China
| | - Chengxi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
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14
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Wang YL, Wang L, Xu W, He M, Dong H, Shi HY, Chen YQ, Huang ZL. Paraventricular thalamus controls consciousness transitions during propofol anaesthesia in mice. Br J Anaesth 2023; 130:698-708. [PMID: 36828739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuronal mechanisms underlying propofol-induced modulation of consciousness are poorly understood. Neuroimaging studies suggest a potential role for non-specific thalamic nuclei in propofol-induced loss of consciousness. We investigated the contribution of the paraventricular thalamus (PVT), a midline thalamic nucleus that has been implicated in arousal control and general anaesthesia with inhaled anaesthetics, to loss and recovery of consciousness during propofol anaesthesia. METHODS Polysomnographic recordings and righting reflex test were used to determine the transitions of loss and recovery of righting reflex, used as a measure of consciousness in mice, during propofol anaesthesia in mice under conditions mimicking clinical propofol administration. PVT neuronal activities were monitored using fibre photometry and regulated using optogenetic and chemogenetic methods. RESULTS Population activities of PVT glutamatergic neurones began to decrease before propofol-induced loss of consciousness and rapidly increased to a peak at the onset of recovery of consciousness. Chemogenetic inhibition of PVT calretinin-expressing (PVTCR) neurones shortened onset (from 176 [35] to 127 [26] s; P=0.001) and prolonged return (from 1568 [611] to 3126 [1616] s; P=0.002) of righting reflex. Conversely, chemogenetic activation of PVTCR neurones exerted opposite effects. Furthermore, optogenetic silencing of PVTCR neurones accelerated transitions to loss of consciousness (from 205 [35] to 158 [44] s; P=0.027) and slowed transitions to recovery of consciousness (from 230 [78] to 370 [99] s; P=0.041). During a steady period of unconsciousness maintained with continuous propofol infusion, brief optical activation of PVTCR neurones restored cortical activity and arousal with a latency of about 5 s. CONCLUSIONS The paraventricular thalamus contributes to the control of consciousness transitions in propofol anaesthesia in mice. This provides a potential neuroanatomical target for controlling consciousness to reduce anaesthetic dose requirements and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China; Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan-Ying Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Quan Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China.
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Liu PC, Yao W, Chen XY, Su WK, Zheng ZH, Yan XB, Deng YL, Shi KG, Liu X, Gao YW, Lin TT, Zhu YX, Lin YX, Zhu ZH, Cai P, Zhang LC, Chen L. Parabrachial nucleus astrocytes regulate wakefulness and isoflurane anesthesia in mice. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:991238. [PMID: 36712675 PMCID: PMC9880442 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.991238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The parabrachial nucleus (PBN) is an important structure regulating the sleep-wake behavior and general anesthesia. Astrocytes in the central nervous system modulate neuronal activity and consequential behavior. However, the specific role of the parabrachial nucleus astrocytes in regulating the sleep-wake behavior and general anesthesia remains unclear. Methods: We used chemogenetic approach to activate or inhibit the activity of PBN astrocytes by injecting AAV-GFAabc1d-hM3Dq-eGFP or AAV-GFAabc1d-hM4Di-eGFP into the PBN. We investigated the effects of intraperitoneal injection of CNO or vehicle on the amount of wakefulness, NREM sleep and REM sleep in sleep-wake behavior, and on the time of loss of righting reflex, time of recovery of righting reflex, sensitivity to isoflurane, electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectrum and burst suppression ratio (BSR) in isoflurane anesthesia. Results: The activation of PBN astrocytes increased wakefulness amount for 4 h, while the inhibition of PBN astrocytes decreased total amount of wakefulness during the 3-hour post-injection period. Chemogenetic activation of PBN astrocytes decreased isoflurane sensitivity and shortened the emergence time from isoflurane-induced general anesthesia. Cortical EEG recordings revealed that PBN astrocyte activation decreased the EEG delta power and BSR during isoflurane anesthesia. Chemogenetic Inhibition of PBN astrocytes increased the EEG delta power and BSR during isoflurane anesthesia. Conclusion: PBN astrocytes are a key neural substrate regulating wakefulness and emergence from isoflurane anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xing-Yu Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wei-Kun Su
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ze-Hong Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiong-Bin Yan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ya-Ling Deng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Kai-Ge Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yu-Wei Gao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Tian-Tian Lin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yun-Xi Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ying-Xuan Lin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ping Cai
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China,*Correspondence: Li Chen, ; Liang-Cheng Zhang, ; Ping Cai,
| | - Liang-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China,*Correspondence: Li Chen, ; Liang-Cheng Zhang, ; Ping Cai,
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China,*Correspondence: Li Chen, ; Liang-Cheng Zhang, ; Ping Cai,
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16
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Luo M, Fei X, Liu X, Jin Z, Wang Y, Xu M. Divergent Neural Activity in the VLPO During Anesthesia and Sleep. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2203395. [PMID: 36461756 PMCID: PMC9839870 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The invention of general anesthesia (GA) represents a significant advance in modern clinical practices. However, the exact mechanisms of GA are not entirely understood. Because of the multitude of similarities between GA and sleep, one intriguing hypothesis is that anesthesia may engage the sleep-wake regulation circuits. Here, using fiber photometry and micro-endoscopic imaging of Ca2+ signals at both population and single-cell levels, it investigates how various anesthetics modulate the neural activity in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (vLPO), a brain region essential for the initiation of sleep. It is found that different anesthetics primarily induced suppression of neural activity and tended to recruit a similar group of vLPO neurons; however, each anesthetic caused comparable modulations of both wake-active and sleep-active neurons. These results demonstrate that anesthesia creates a different state of neural activity in the vLPO than during natural sleep, suggesting that anesthesia may not engage the same vLPO circuits for sleep generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiang Luo
- Department of AnesthesiologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Xiang Fei
- Institute of NeuroscienceState Key Laboratory of NeuroscienceCenter for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- Institute of NeuroscienceState Key Laboratory of NeuroscienceCenter for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Zikang Jin
- Institute of NeuroscienceState Key Laboratory of NeuroscienceCenter for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of AnesthesiologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of NeuroscienceState Key Laboratory of NeuroscienceCenter for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain‐Inspired Intelligence TechnologyShanghai201210China
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17
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Zhou L, Ran Q, Yi R, Tang H, Zhang Y, Yu T. Glutamatergic Neurons of Piriform Cortex Delay Induction of Inhalational General Anesthesia. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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18
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Wang Y, Song Y, Tong L, Wang L, Cao J, Qin G, Liu X, Mi W, Wang E, Guo Y. GABAergic neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus regulate states of consciousness in sevoflurane anesthesia. iScience 2022; 26:105913. [PMID: 36686391 PMCID: PMC9852568 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system in the regulation of anesthetic consciousness is heterogeneous, and the medial hypothalamus (MH), consisting of ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), plays an important role in sleep and circadian rhythm. However, the role of MH GABAergic neurons (MHGABA) in anesthesia remains unclear. In this study, we used righting reflex, electroencephalogram (EEG), and arousal behavioral score to evaluate the sevoflurane anesthesia. Activation of MHGABA or DMHGABA neurons prolonged the anesthesia induction time, shortened the anesthesia emergence time, and induced EEG arousal and body movement during anesthesia; meanwhile, VMHGABA neurons activated only induced EEG changes during 1.5% sevoflurane anesthesia. Furthermore, inhibition of DMHGABA neurons significantly deepened sevoflurane anesthesia. Therefore, DMHGABA neurons exert a strong emergence-promoting effect on induction, maintenance, and arousal during sevoflurane general anesthesia, which helps to reveal the mechanism of anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yanping Song
- Department of Anesthesia, 922 Hospital of PLA, Hengyang, Hunan 421002, China
| | - Li Tong
- Anesthesia and Operation Centre, the First Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jiangbei Cao
- Anesthesia and Operation Centre, the First Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Gang Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xingyang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Weidong Mi
- Anesthesia and Operation Centre, the First Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - E. Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China,Corresponding author
| | - Yongxin Guo
- Anesthesia and Operation Centre, the First Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China,Corresponding author
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Lyu J, Cai H, Chen Y, Chen G. Brain areas modulation in consciousness during sevoflurane anesthesia. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:1031613. [PMID: 36619239 PMCID: PMC9811387 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.1031613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sevoflurane is presently one of the most used inhaled anesthetics worldwide. However, the mechanisms through which sevoflurane acts and the areas of the brain associated with changes in consciousness during anesthesia remain important and complex research questions. Sevoflurane is generally regarded as a volatile anesthetic that blindly targets neuronal (and sometimes astrocyte) GABAA receptors. This review focuses on the brain areas of sevoflurane action and their relation to changes in consciousness during anesthesia. We cover 20 years of history, from the bench to the bedside, and include perspectives on functional magnetic resonance, electroencephalogram, and pharmacological experiments. We review the interactions and neurotransmitters involved in brain circuits during sevoflurane anesthesia, improving the effectiveness and accuracy of sevoflurane's future application and shedding light on the mechanisms behind human consciousness.
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20
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Peng Y, Yuan C, Zhang Y. The role of the basal forebrain in general anesthesia. IBRAIN 2022; 9:102-110. [PMID: 37786520 PMCID: PMC10529324 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The basal forebrain is a group of nerve nuclei on the ventral side of the ventral ganglion, composed of γ-aminobutyric acid neurons, glutamatergic neurons, cholinergic neurons, and orexigenic neurons. Previous studies have focused on the involvement of the basal forebrain in regulating reward, learning, movement, sleep-awakening, and other neurobiological behaviors, but its role in the regulation of general anesthesia has not been systematically elucidated. Therefore, the different neuronal subtypes in the basal forebrain and projection pathways in general anesthesia will be discussed in this paper. In this paper, we aim to determine and elaborate on the role of the basal forebrain in general anesthesia and the development of theoretical research and provide a new theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Ting Peng
- Department of AnethesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- School of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Cheng‐Dong Yuan
- Department of AnethesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- School of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of AnethesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ ProtectionZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- School of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
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21
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Zhai X, Yuan Y, Xu L, Jun J, Li Y, Yan Y, Zhang L. Cerebrospinal fluid contacting nucleus and its 5-HT: A new insight into the regulation mechanism of general intravenous anesthesia. Brain Res 2022; 1798:148168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Mashour GA, Pal D, Brown EN. Prefrontal cortex as a key node in arousal circuitry. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:722-732. [PMID: 35995629 PMCID: PMC9492635 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the mechanism of consciousness is a matter of active debate. Most theoretical and empirical investigations have focused on whether the PFC is critical for the content of consciousness (i.e., the qualitative aspects of conscious experience). However, there is emerging evidence that, in addition to its well-established roles in cognition, the PFC is a key regulator of the level of consciousness (i.e., the global state of arousal). In this opinion article we review recent data supporting the hypothesis that the medial PFC is a critical node in arousal-promoting networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Mashour
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Dinesh Pal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emery N Brown
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Jiang S, Chen L, Huang ZL, Chen CR. Role of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in sleep–wake regulation. BRAIN SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.26599/bsa.2022.9050017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) acts as a cohesive functional unit that regulates neuroendocrine and autonomic function, complex behavior, and negative emotions after stress. However, how the PVH integrates arousal with these biological functions has only recently been explored. Clinical reports, combined with neurotoxic lesioning, immunochemistry, neuronal activity recordings, and the polysomnographic analyses of genetically modified animals, have revealed that the PVH is important for the control of wakefulness. Here, we review emerging anatomical and neural mechanisms for sleep–wake regulation in the PVH to support its essential role in the promotion and maintenance of wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Chang-Rui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China
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Hypoxia-triggered O-GlcNAcylation in the brain drives the glutamate-glutamine cycle and reduces sensitivity to sevoflurane in mice. Br J Anaesth 2022; 129:703-715. [PMID: 36031420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypersensitivity to general anaesthetics predicts adverse postoperative outcomes in patients. Hypoxia exerts extensive pathophysiological effects on the brain; however, whether hypoxia influences sevoflurane sensitivity and its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. METHODS Mice were acclimated to hypoxia (oxygen 10% for 8 h day-1) for 28 days and anaesthetised with sevoflurane; the effective concentrations for 50% of the animals (EC50) showing loss of righting reflex (LORR) and loss of tail-pinch withdrawal response (LTWR) were determined. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography, O-glycoproteomics, seahorse analysis, carbon-13 tracing, site-specific mutagenesis, and electrophysiological techniques were performed to explore the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the hypoxia-acclimated mice required higher concentrations of sevoflurane to present LORR and LTWR (EC50LORR: 1.61 [0.03]% vs 1.46 [0.04]%, P<0.01; EC50LTWR: 2.46 [0.14]% vs 2.22 [0.06]%, P<0.01). Hypoxia-induced reduction in sevoflurane sensitivity was correlated with elevation of protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification in brain, especially in the thalamus, and could be abolished by 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine, a glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase inhibitor, and mimicked by thiamet-G, a selective O-GlcNAcase inhibitor. Mechanistically, O-GlcNAcylation drives de novo synthesis of glutamine from glucose in astrocytes and promotes the glutamate-glutamine cycle, partially via glycolytic flux and activation of glutamine synthetase. CONCLUSIONS Intermittent hypoxia exposure decreased mouse sensitivity to sevoflurane anaesthesia through enhanced O-GlcNAc-dependent modulation of the glutamate-glutamine cycle in the brain.
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Zhang K, Pan J, Yu Y. Regulation of Neural Circuitry under General Anesthesia: New Methods and Findings. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070898. [PMID: 35883456 PMCID: PMC9312763 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia has been widely utilized since the 1840s, but its underlying neural circuits remain to be completely understood. Since both general anesthesia and sleep are reversible losses of consciousness, studies on the neural-circuit mechanisms affected by general anesthesia have mainly focused on the neural nuclei or the pathways known to regulate sleep. Three advanced technologies commonly used in neuroscience, in vivo calcium imaging, chemogenetics, and optogenetics, are used to record and modulate the activity of specific neurons or neural circuits in the brain areas of interest. Recently, they have successfully been used to study the neural nuclei and pathways of general anesthesia. This article reviews these three techniques and their applications in the brain nuclei or pathways affected by general anesthesia, to serve as a reference for further and more accurate exploration of other neural circuits under general anesthesia and to contribute to other research fields in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (K.Z.); (J.P.)
- Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jiacheng Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (K.Z.); (J.P.)
- Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (K.Z.); (J.P.)
- Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin 300052, China
- Correspondence:
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Huang C, Chu JMT, Liu Y, Kwong VSW, Chang RCC, Wong GTC. Sevoflurane Induces Neurotoxicity in the Animal Model with Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology via Modulating Glutamate Transporter and Neuronal Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116250. [PMID: 35682930 PMCID: PMC9181124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorders are frequently observed in postoperative patients and previous reports have shown that pre-existing mild cognitive impairment with accumulated neuropathology may be a risk factor. Sevoflurane is a general anesthetic agent which is commonly used in clinical practice. However, the effects of sevoflurane in postoperative subjects are still controversial, as both neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects were reported. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of sevoflurane in 3 × Tg mice, a specific animal model with pre-existing Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology. 3 × Tg mice and wild-type mice were exposed to 2 h of sevoflurane respectively. Cognitive function, glutamate transporter expression, MAPK kinase pathways, and neuronal apoptosis were accessed on day 7 post-exposure. Our findings indicate that sevoflurane-induced cognitive deterioration in 3 × Tg mice, which was accompanied with the modulation of glutamate transporter, MAPK signaling, and neuronal apoptosis in the cortical and hippocampal regions. Meanwhile, no significant impact was observed in wild-type mice. Our results demonstrated that prolonged inhaled sevoflurane results in the exacerbation of neuronal and cognitive dysfunction which depends on the neuropathology background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Huang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (C.H.); (J.M.T.C.); (Y.L.); (V.S.W.K.)
| | - John Man Tak Chu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (C.H.); (J.M.T.C.); (Y.L.); (V.S.W.K.)
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (C.H.); (J.M.T.C.); (Y.L.); (V.S.W.K.)
| | - Vivian Suk Wai Kwong
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (C.H.); (J.M.T.C.); (Y.L.); (V.S.W.K.)
| | - Raymond Chuen Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Correspondence: (R.C.C.C.); (G.T.C.W.)
| | - Gordon Tin Chun Wong
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (C.H.); (J.M.T.C.); (Y.L.); (V.S.W.K.)
- Correspondence: (R.C.C.C.); (G.T.C.W.)
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Affiliation(s)
- George A. Mashour
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Center for Consciousness Science, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Heshmati M, Bruchas MR. Historical and Modern Evidence for the Role of Reward Circuitry in Emergence. Anesthesiology 2022; 136:997-1014. [PMID: 35362070 PMCID: PMC9467375 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a role for brain reward circuitry in modulating arousal along with emergence from anesthesia. Emergence remains an important frontier for investigation, since no drug exists in clinical practice to initiate rapid and smooth emergence. This review discusses clinical and preclinical evidence indicating a role for two brain regions classically considered integral components of the mesolimbic brain reward circuitry, the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens, in emergence from propofol and volatile anesthesia. Then there is a description of modern systems neuroscience approaches to neural circuit investigations that will help span the large gap between preclinical and clinical investigation with the shared aim of developing therapies to promote rapid emergence without agitation or delirium. This article proposes that neuroscientists include models of whole-brain network activity in future studies to inform the translational value of preclinical investigations and foster productive dialogues with clinician anesthesiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Heshmati
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, and Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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29
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A neural circuit from the paraventricular thalamus to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis for the regulation of states of consciousness during sevoflurane anesthesia in mice. Anesthesiology 2022; 136:709-731. [PMID: 35263424 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural circuitry underlying sevoflurane-induced modulation of consciousness is poorly understood. We hypothesized that the paraventricular thalamus-bed nucleus of the stria terminalis pathway plays an important role in regulating states of consciousness during sevoflurane anesthesia. METHODS Rabies-virus-based transsynaptic tracing techniques were employed to reveal the neural pathway from the paraventricular thalamus to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. We investigated the role of this pathway in sevoflurane anesthesia induction, maintenance and emergence using chemogenetic and optogenetic methods combined with cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. Both male and female mice were used in our study. RESULTS Both GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis receive paraventricular thalamus glutamatergic projections. Chemogenetic inhibition of paraventricular thalamus glutamatergic neurons prolonged the sevoflurane anesthesia emergence time (mean ± SD, hM4D-CNO vs. mCherry-CNO, 281 ± 88 vs. 172 ± 48 s, p < 0.001, n = 24) and decreased the induction time (101 ± 32 vs. 136 ± 34 s, p = 0.002, n = 24) as well as the EC50 for the loss or recovery of the righting reflex under sevoflurane anesthesia (mean [95% confidence interval]; MACLORR, 1.16 [1.12 to 1.20] vs. 1.49 [1.46 to 1.53] vol%, p < 0.001, n = 20; MACRORR, 0.95 [0.86 to 1.03] vs. 1.34 [1.29 to 1.40] vol%, p < 0.001, n = 20). Similar results were observed during suppression of the paraventricular thalamus- bed nucleus stria terminalis pathway. Optogenetic activation of this pathway produced the opposite effects. Additionally, transient stimulation of this pathway efficiently induced behavioral arousal during continuous steady-state general anesthesia with sevoflurane and reduced the depth of anesthesia during sevoflurane-induced burst suppression. CONCLUSIONS In mice, axonal projections from the paraventricular thalamic neurons to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis contribute to regulating states of consciousness during sevoflurane anesthesia.
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Grady FS, Boes AD, Geerling JC. A Century Searching for the Neurons Necessary for Wakefulness. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:930514. [PMID: 35928009 PMCID: PMC9344068 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.930514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wakefulness is necessary for consciousness, and impaired wakefulness is a symptom of many diseases. The neural circuits that maintain wakefulness remain incompletely understood, as do the mechanisms of impaired consciousness in many patients. In contrast to the influential concept of a diffuse "reticular activating system," the past century of neuroscience research has identified a focal region of the upper brainstem that, when damaged, causes coma. This region contains diverse neuronal populations with different axonal projections, neurotransmitters, and genetic identities. Activating some of these populations promotes wakefulness, but it remains unclear which specific neurons are necessary for sustaining consciousness. In parallel, pharmacological evidence has indicated a role for special neurotransmitters, including hypocretin/orexin, histamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, adenosine and acetylcholine. However, genetically targeted experiments have indicated that none of these neurotransmitters or the neurons producing them are individually necessary for maintaining wakefulness. In this review, we emphasize the need to determine the specific subset of brainstem neurons necessary for maintaining arousal. Accomplishing this will enable more precise mapping of wakefulness circuitry, which will be useful in developing therapies for patients with coma and other disorders of arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fillan S Grady
- Geerling Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Aaron D Boes
- Boes Laboratory, Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Geerling Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Voss L, Sleigh JW. Anesthesia Mechanisms: A Patchwork Quilt rather than a Wet Blanket? Anesthesiology 2021; 135:568-569. [PMID: 34468700 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Logan Voss
- From the Department of Anaesthesiology, Waikato Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jamie W Sleigh
- From the Department of Anaesthesiology, Waikato Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Yang YF, Dong H, Shen Y, Li L, Lazarus M, Qu WM, Huang ZL. Mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons are essential for modafinil-induced arousal. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4808-4825. [PMID: 34399438 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Modafinil is a potent wake-promoting agent that is prescribed to treat narcolepsy and has a low incidence of abuse. Although previous studies have shown that modafinil-induced arousal depends on the dopaminergic receptors and transporters, the specific dopaminergic population underlying this mechanism remained unclear. Here, we investigated the role of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in modafinil-promoted arousal. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A dopamine indicator (dLight1.1) was employed to detect dopamine changes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and dorsal striatum (dStr). We specifically lesioned mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons via diphtheria toxin (DTA) in the dopamine transporter (DAT)-Cre mice. Then, the sleep-wake states were recorded to evaluate the effect of modafinil on arousal. Finally, the extent of DTA-induced lesions was determined by immunohistochemistry. KEY RESULTS Modafinil promptly increased dopamine levels in the NAc and dStr in a dose- dependent manner. Lesioning of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) or ventral tegmental area (VTA) had no significant effects on physiological sleep-wake cycles. Modafinil at 90 mg kg-1 increased continuous wakefulness for 355.3 min in control mice, however, these effects were slightly decreased by 6.7% in the SNc-lesioned mice, and were prominently diminished by 32.8% in VTA-lesioned mice. Furthermore, the modafinil-induced arousal was completely blocked in the SNc-VTA-lesioned mice, whereas lesions of the dorsal raphe nucleus did not alter it. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, our findings indicate that mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons are essential for modafinil-induced arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fei Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Neurology and National Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Huang Z, Tarnal V, Vlisides PE, Janke EL, McKinney AM, Picton P, Mashour GA, Hudetz AG. Asymmetric neural dynamics characterize loss and recovery of consciousness. Neuroimage 2021; 236:118042. [PMID: 33848623 PMCID: PMC8310457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anesthetics are known to disrupt neural interactions in cortical and subcortical brain circuits. While the effect of anesthetic drugs on consciousness is reversible, the neural mechanism mediating induction and recovery may be different. Insight into these distinct mechanisms can be gained from a systematic comparison of neural dynamics during slow induction of and emergence from anesthesia. To this end, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data obtained in healthy volunteers before, during, and after the administration of propofol at incrementally adjusted target concentrations. We analyzed functional connectivity of corticocortical and subcorticocortical networks and the temporal autocorrelation of fMRI signal as an index of neural processing timescales. We found that en route to unconsciousness, temporal autocorrelation across the entire brain gradually increased, whereas functional connectivity gradually decreased. In contrast, regaining consciousness was associated with an abrupt restoration of cortical but not subcortical temporal autocorrelation and an abrupt boost of subcorticocortical functional connectivity. Pharmacokinetic effects could not account for the difference in neural dynamics between induction and emergence. We conclude that the induction and recovery phases of anesthesia follow asymmetric neural dynamics. A rapid increase in the speed of cortical neural processing and subcorticocortical neural interactions may be a mechanism that reboots consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Vijay Tarnal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Phillip E Vlisides
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ellen L Janke
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Amy M McKinney
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Paul Picton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - George A Mashour
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anthony G Hudetz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Excitation of Putative Glutamatergic Neurons in the Rat Parabrachial Nucleus Region Reduces Delta Power during Dexmedetomidine but not Ketamine Anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2021; 135:633-648. [PMID: 34270686 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parabrachial nucleus excitation reduces cortical delta oscillation (0.5 to 4 Hz) power and recovery time associated with anesthetics that enhance γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor action. The effects of parabrachial nucleus excitation on anesthetics with other molecular targets, such as dexmedetomidine and ketamine, remain unknown. The hypothesis was that parabrachial nucleus excitation would cause arousal during dexmedetomidine and ketamine anesthesia. METHODS Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs were used to excite calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2α-positive neurons in the parabrachial nucleus region of adult male rats without anesthesia (nine rats), with dexmedetomidine (low dose: 0.3 µg · kg-1 · min-1 for 45 min, eight rats; high dose: 4.5 µg · kg-1 · min-1 for 10 min, seven rats), or with ketamine (low dose: 2 mg · kg-1 · min-1 for 30 min, seven rats; high dose: 4 mg · kg-1 · min-1 for 15 min, eight rats). For control experiments (same rats and treatments), the Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs were not excited. The electroencephalogram and anesthesia recovery times were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS Parabrachial nucleus excitation reduced delta power in the prefrontal electroencephalogram with low-dose dexmedetomidine for the 150-min analyzed period, excepting two brief periods (peak median bootstrapped difference [clozapine-N-oxide - saline] during dexmedetomidine infusion = -6.06 [99% CI = -12.36 to -1.48] dB, P = 0.007). However, parabrachial nucleus excitation was less effective at reducing delta power with high-dose dexmedetomidine and low- and high-dose ketamine (peak median bootstrapped differences during high-dose [dexmedetomidine, ketamine] infusions = [-1.93, -0.87] dB, 99% CI = [-4.16 to -0.56, -1.62 to -0.18] dB, P = [0.006, 0.019]; low-dose ketamine had no statistically significant decreases during the infusion). Recovery time differences with parabrachial nucleus excitation were not statistically significant for dexmedetomidine (median difference for [low, high] dose = [1.63, 11.01] min, 95% CI = [-20.06 to 14.14, -20.84 to 23.67] min, P = [0.945, 0.297]) nor low-dose ketamine (median difference = 12.82 [95% CI: -3.20 to 39.58] min, P = 0.109) but were significantly longer for high-dose ketamine (median difference = 11.38 [95% CI: 1.81 to 24.67] min, P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the effectiveness of parabrachial nucleus excitation to change the neurophysiologic and behavioral effects of anesthesia depends on the anesthetic's molecular target. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE
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Huels ER, Groenhout T, Fields CW, Liu T, Mashour GA, Pal D. Inactivation of Prefrontal Cortex Delays Emergence From Sevoflurane Anesthesia. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:690717. [PMID: 34305541 PMCID: PMC8299111 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.690717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies aimed at investigating brain regions involved in arousal state control have been traditionally limited to subcortical structures. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that inactivation of prefrontal cortex, but not two subregions within parietal cortex—somatosensory barrel field and medial/lateral parietal association cortex—would suppress arousal, as measured by an increase in anesthetic sensitivity. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were surgically prepared for recording electroencephalogram and bilateral infusion into prefrontal cortex (N = 13), somatosensory barrel field (N = 10), or medial/lateral parietal association cortex (N = 9). After at least 10 days of post-surgical recovery, 156 μM tetrodotoxin or saline was microinjected into one of the cortical sites. Ninety minutes after injection, rats were anesthetized with 2.5% sevoflurane and the time to loss of righting reflex, a surrogate for loss of consciousness, was measured. Sevoflurane was stopped after 45 min and the time to return of righting reflex, a surrogate for return of consciousness, was measured. Tetrodotoxin-mediated inactivation of all three cortical sites decreased (p < 0.05) the time to loss of righting reflex. By contrast, only inactivation of prefrontal cortex, but not somatosensory barrel field or medial/lateral parietal association cortex, increased (p < 0.001) the time to return of righting reflex. Burst suppression ratio was not altered following inactivation of any of the cortical sites, suggesting that there was no global effect due to pharmacologic lesion. These findings demonstrate that prefrontal cortex plays a causal role in emergence from anesthesia and behavioral arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Huels
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Trent Groenhout
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Christopher W Fields
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Tiecheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - George A Mashour
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Dinesh Pal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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36
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Liu Y, Chen B, Cai Y, Han Y, Xia Y, Li N, Fan B, Yuan T, Jiang J, Gao PO, Yu W, Jiao Y, Li W. Activation of anterior thalamic reticular nucleus GABAergic neurons promotes arousal from propofol anesthesia in mice. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:883-892. [PMID: 33929026 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Propofol is widely used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia, which causes a rapid loss of consciousness. However, the mechanisms underlying the hypnosis effect of propofol are still not fully understood. The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) is crucial for regulating wakefulness, sleep rhythm generation, and sleep stability, while the role of TRN in the process of propofol-induced anesthesia is still unknown. Here, we investigated the function of the anterior TRN in propofol general anesthesia. Our results demonstrated that the neural activity of anterior TRN is suppressed during propofol anesthesia, whereas it is robustly activated from anesthesia by recording the calcium signals using fiber photometry technology. The results showed that the activation of anterior TRN neurons by chemogenetic and optogenetic methods shortens the emergency time without changing the induction time. Conversely, chemogenetic or optogenetic inhibition of the TRN neurons leads to a delay in the recovery time. Our study showed that anterior TRN is crucial for behavioral arousal without affecting the induction time of propofol anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yirong Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yuan Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Nanqi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bingqian Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tianjie Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Junli Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - P o Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yingfu Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wenxian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
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37
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Li YD, Luo YJ, Xu W, Ge J, Cherasse Y, Wang YQ, Lazarus M, Qu WM, Huang ZL. Ventral pallidal GABAergic neurons control wakefulness associated with motivation through the ventral tegmental pathway. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:2912-2928. [PMID: 33057171 PMCID: PMC8505244 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00906-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ventral pallidum (VP) regulates motivation, drug addiction, and several behaviors that rely on heightened arousal. However, the role and underlying neural circuits of the VP in the control of wakefulness remain poorly understood. In the present study, we sought to elucidate the specific role of VP GABAergic neurons in controlling sleep-wake behaviors in mice. Fiber photometry revealed that the population activity of VP GABAergic neurons was increased during physiological transitions from non-rapid eye movement (non-REM, NREM) sleep to either wakefulness or REM sleep. Moreover, chemogenetic and optogenetic manipulations were leveraged to investigate a potential causal role of VP GABAergic neurons in initiating and/or maintaining arousal. In vivo optogenetic stimulation of VP GABAergic neurons innervating the ventral tegmental area (VTA) strongly promoted arousal via disinhibition of VTA dopaminergic neurons. Functional in vitro mapping revealed that VP GABAergic neurons, in principle, inhibited VTA GABAergic neurons but also inhibited VTA dopaminergic neurons. In addition, optogenetic stimulation of terminals of VP GABAergic neurons revealed that they promoted arousal by innervating the lateral hypothalamus, but not the mediodorsal thalamus or lateral habenula. The increased wakefulness chemogenetically evoked by VP GABAergic neuronal activation was completely abolished by pretreatment with dopaminergic D1 and D2/D3 receptor antagonists. Furthermore, activation of VP GABAergic neurons increased exploration time in both the open-field and light-dark box tests but did not modulate depression-like behaviors or food intake. Finally, chemogenetic inhibition of VP GABAergic neurons decreased arousal. Taken together, our findings indicate that VP GABAergic neurons are essential for arousal related to motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Dong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan-Jia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yoan Cherasse
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yi-Qun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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38
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Yang B, Ao Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Tang F, Xu H. Activation of Dopamine Signals in the Olfactory Tubercle Facilitates Emergence from Isoflurane Anesthesia in Mice. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1487-1501. [PMID: 33710536 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Activation of dopamine (DA) neurons is essential for the transition from sleep to wakefulness and maintenance of awakening, and sufficient to accelerate the emergence from general anesthesia in animals. Dopamine receptors (DR) are involve in arousal mediation. In the present study, we showed that the olfactory tubercle (OT) was active during emergence from isoflurane anesthesia, local injection of dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) agonist chloro-APB (1 mg/mL) and D2 receptor (D2R) agonist quinpirole (1 mg/mL) into OT enhanced behavioural and cortical arousal from isoflurane anesthesia, while D1R antagonist SCH-23390 (1 mg/mL) and D2R antagonist raclopride (2.5 mg/mL) prolonged recovery time. Optogenetic activation of DAergic terminals in OT also promoted behavioural and cortical arousal from isoflurane anesthesia. However, neither D1R/D2R agonists nor D1R/D2R antagonists microinjection had influences on the induction of isoflurane anesthesia. Optogenetic stimulation on DAergic terminals in OT also had no impact on the anesthesia induction. Our results indicated that DA signals in OT accelerated emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. Furthermore, the induction of general anesthesia, different from the emergence process, was not mediated by the OT DAergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Ao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haibo Xu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
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39
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Wang L, Zhang W, Wu Y, Gao Y, Sun N, Ding H, Ren J, Yu L, Wang L, Yang F, Xi W, Yan M. Cholinergic-Induced Specific Oscillations in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Reverse Propofol Anesthesia. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:664410. [PMID: 34121993 PMCID: PMC8187623 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.664410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia is a drug-induced reversible state comprised of altered states of consciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and immobility. The medial frontal cortex (mPFC) has been discovered to modulate the level of consciousness through cholinergic and glutamatergic pathways. The optogenetic tools combined with in vivo electrophysiological recording were used to study the neural oscillatory modulation mechanisms in mPFC underlying the loss of consciousness (LOC) and emergence. We found that optogenetic activation of both cholinergic and glutamatergic neurons in the basal forebrain (BF) reversed the hypnotic effect of propofol and accelerated the emergence from propofol-induced unconsciousness. The cholinergic light-activation during propofol anesthesia increased the power in the β (12–20 Hz) and low γ (20–30 Hz) bands. Conversely, glutamatergic activation increased the power at less specific broad (1–150 Hz) bands. The cholinergic-induced alteration to specific power bands after LOC had opposite effects to that of propofol. These results suggested that the cholinergic system might act on more specific cortical neural circuits related to propofol anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieju Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yibo Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Na Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinxuan Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lina Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fen Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wang Xi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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40
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Moody OA, Zhang ER, Vincent KF, Kato R, Melonakos ED, Nehs CJ, Solt K. The Neural Circuits Underlying General Anesthesia and Sleep. Anesth Analg 2021; 132:1254-1264. [PMID: 33857967 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
General anesthesia is characterized by loss of consciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and immobility. Important molecular targets of general anesthetics have been identified, but the neural circuits underlying the discrete end points of general anesthesia remain incompletely understood. General anesthesia and natural sleep share the common feature of reversible unconsciousness, and recent developments in neuroscience have enabled elegant studies that investigate the brain nuclei and neural circuits underlying this important end point. A common approach to measure cortical activity across the brain is electroencephalogram (EEG), which can reflect local neuronal activity as well as connectivity among brain regions. The EEG oscillations observed during general anesthesia depend greatly on the anesthetic agent as well as dosing, and only some resemble those observed during sleep. For example, the EEG oscillations during dexmedetomidine sedation are similar to those of stage 2 nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, but high doses of propofol and ether anesthetics produce burst suppression, a pattern that is never observed during natural sleep. Sleep is primarily driven by withdrawal of subcortical excitation to the cortex, but anesthetics can directly act at both subcortical and cortical targets. While some anesthetics appear to activate specific sleep-active regions to induce unconsciousness, not all sleep-active regions play a significant role in anesthesia. Anesthetics also inhibit cortical neurons, and it is likely that each class of anesthetic drugs produces a distinct combination of subcortical and cortical effects that lead to unconsciousness. Conversely, arousal circuits that promote wakefulness are involved in anesthetic emergence and activating them can induce emergence and accelerate recovery of consciousness. Modern neuroscience techniques that enable the manipulation of specific neural circuits have led to new insights into the neural circuitry underlying general anesthesia and sleep. In the coming years, we will continue to better understand the mechanisms that generate these distinct states of reversible unconsciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia A Moody
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edlyn R Zhang
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathleen F Vincent
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Risako Kato
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eric D Melonakos
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christa J Nehs
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ken Solt
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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41
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Ao Y, Yang B, Zhang C, Wu B, Zhang X, Xing D, Xu H. Locus Coeruleus to Paraventricular Thalamus Projections Facilitate Emergence From Isoflurane Anesthesia in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:643172. [PMID: 33986675 PMCID: PMC8111010 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.643172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Locus coeruleus (LC) sends widespread outputs to many brain regions to modulate diverse functions, including sleep/wake states, attention, and the general anesthetic state. The paraventricular thalamus (PVT) is a critical thalamic area for arousal and receives dense tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH) inputs from the LC. Although anesthesia and sleep may share a common pathway, it is important to understand the processes underlying emergence from anesthesia. In this study, we hypothesize that LC TH neurons and the TH:LC-PVT circuit may be involved in regulating emergence from anesthesia. Only male mice are used in this study. Here, using c-Fos as a marker of neural activity, we identify LC TH expressing neurons are active during anesthesia emergence. Remarkably, chemogenetic activation of LC TH neurons shortens emergence time from anesthesia and promotes cortical arousal. Moreover, enhanced c-Fos expression is observed in the PVT after LC TH neurons activation. Optogenetic activation of the TH:LC-PVT projections accelerates emergence from anesthesia, whereas, chemogenetic inhibition of the TH:LC-PVT circuit prolongs time to wakefulness. Furthermore, optogenetic activation of the TH:LC-PVT projections produces electrophysiological evidence of arousal. Together, these results demonstrate that activation of the TH:LC-PVT projections is helpful in facilitating the transition from isoflurane anesthesia to an arousal state, which may provide a new strategy in shortening the emergence time after general anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Ao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Caiju Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuefen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Xing
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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42
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Xu Q, Wang DR, Dong H, Chen L, Lu J, Lazarus M, Cherasse Y, Chen GH, Qu WM, Huang ZL. Medial Parabrachial Nucleus Is Essential in Controlling Wakefulness in Rats. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:645877. [PMID: 33841086 PMCID: PMC8027131 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.645877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the parabrachial nucleus (PB) in the brainstem induced wakefulness in rats, suggesting which is an important nucleus that controls arousal. However, the sub-regions of PB in regulating sleep-wake cycle is still unclear. Here, we employ chemogenetics and optogenetics strategies and find that activation of the medial part of PB (MPB), but not the lateral part, induces continuous wakefulness for 10 h without sleep rebound in neither sleep amount nor the power spectra. Optogenetic activation of glutamatergic MPB neurons in sleeping rats immediately wake rats mediated by the basal forebrain (BF) and lateral hypothalamus (LH), but not the ventral medial thalamus. Most importantly, chemogenetic inhibition of PB neurons decreases wakefulness for 10 h. Conclusively, these findings indicate that the glutamatergic MPB neurons are essential in controlling wakefulness, and that MPB-BF and MPB-LH pathways are the major neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dian-Ru Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoan Cherasse
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Gui-Hai Chen
- Department of Sleep Disorders and Neurology, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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43
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Nucleus accumbens neurons expressing dopamine D1 receptors modulate states of consciousness in sevoflurane anesthesia. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1893-1902.e5. [PMID: 33705720 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although general anesthesia (GA) enables patients to undergo surgery without consciousness, the precise neural mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have yet to be identified. In addition to many studies over the past two decades implicating the thalamus, cortex, brainstem, and conventional sleep-wake circuits in GA-induced loss of consciousness (LOC), some recent studies have begun to highlight the importance of other brain areas as well. Here, we found that population activities of neurons expressing dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a critical interface between the basal ganglia and limbic system, began to decrease before sevoflurane-induced LOC and gradually returned after recovery of consciousness (ROC). Chemogenetic activation of NAcD1R neurons delayed induction of and accelerated emergence from sevoflurane GA, whereas chemogenetic inhibition of NAcD1R neurons exerted opposite effects. Moreover, transient activation of NAcD1R neurons induced significant cortical activation and behavioral emergence during continuous steady-state GA with sevoflurane or deep anesthesia state with constant and stable burst-suppression oscillations. Taken together, our findings uncover that NAcD1R neurons modulated states of consciousness associated with sevoflurane GA and may represent an area for targeting GA-induced changes in consciousness and ameliorating related adverse effects.
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44
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Wu J, Liu D, Li J, Sun J, Huang Y, Zhang S, Gao S, Mei W. Central Neural Circuits Orchestrating Thermogenesis, Sleep-Wakefulness States and General Anesthesia States. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:223-253. [PMID: 33632102 PMCID: PMC9199556 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210225152728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Great progress has been made in specifically identifying the central neural circuits (CNCs) of the core body temperature (Tcore), sleep-wakefulness states (SWs), and general anesthesia states (GAs), mainly utilizing optogenetic or chemogenetic manipulations. We summarize the neuronal populations and neural pathways of these three CNCs, which gives evidence for the orchestration within these three CNCs, and the integrative regulation of these three CNCs by different environmental light signals. We also outline some transient receptor potential (TRP) channels that function in the CNCs-Tcore and are modulated by some general anesthetics, which makes TRP channels possible targets for addressing the general-anesthetics-induced-hypothermia (GAIH). We suggest this review will provide new orientations for further consummating these CNCs and elucidating the central mechanisms of GAIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Daiqiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Jiayan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Jia Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Yujie Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Shaojie Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Wei Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Ave 1095, Wuhan 430030. China
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45
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Calderon DP, Schiff ND. Objective and graded calibration of recovery of consciousness in experimental models. Curr Opin Neurol 2021; 34:142-149. [PMID: 33278146 PMCID: PMC7866679 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Experimental preclinical models of recovery of consciousness (ROC) and anesthesia emergence are crucial for understanding the neuronal circuits restoring arousal during coma emergence. Such models can also potentially help to better understand how events during coma emergence facilitate or hinder recovery from brain injury. Here we provide an overview of current methods used to assess ROC/level of arousal in animal models. This exposes the need for objective approaches to calibrate arousal levels. We outline how correlation of measured behaviors and their reestablishment at multiple stages with cellular, local and broader neuronal networks, gives a fuller understanding of ROC. RECENT FINDINGS Animals emerging from diverse coma-like states share a dynamic process of cortical and behavioral recovery that reveals distinct states consistently sequenced from low-to-high arousal level and trackable in nonhuman primates and rodents. Neuronal activity modulation of layer V-pyramidal neurons and neuronal aggregates within the brainstem and thalamic nuclei play critical roles at specific stages to promote restoration of a conscious state. SUMMARY A comprehensive, graded calibration of cortical, physiological, and behavioral changes in animal models is undoubtedly needed to establish an integrative framework. This approach reveals the contribution of local and systemic neuronal circuits to the underlying mechanisms for recovering consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas D Schiff
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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46
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Ao Y, Yang B, Zhang C, Li S, Xu H. Application of quinpirole in the paraventricular thalamus facilitates emergence from isoflurane anesthesia in mice. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01903. [PMID: 33128305 PMCID: PMC7821568 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Dopamine is well-known to contribute to emergence from anesthesia. Previous studies have demonstrated that the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) in the midline nuclei is crucial for wakefulness. Moreover, the PVT receives dopaminergic projections from the brainstem. Therefore, we hypothesize that the dopaminergic signaling in the PVT plays a role in emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. METHODS We used c-Fos immunohistochemistry to reveal the activity of PVT neurons in three groups: The first group (iso+ EM- ) underwent the anesthesia protocol and was sacrificed before emergence. The second group (iso+ EM+ ) underwent passive emergence from the same anesthesia protocol. The last group (oxy+ ) received oxygen. D2-like agonist quinpirole (2 or 4 mM) or D2-like antagonist raclopride (2 or 5 mM) was microinjected into the PVT, and their effects on emergence and induction time were analyzed. Surface cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were used to explore the effects of quinpirole injection into the PVT on cortical excitability during isoflurane anesthesia. The activity of PVT neurons after quinpirole injection was assessed by c-Fos immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The number of c-Fos-positive nuclei for the iso+ EM+ group was significantly higher than the oxy+ and iso+ EM- groups. Application of quinpirole (4 mM) into the PVT shortened emergence time compared with the saline group (p < .01). In contrast, administration of raclopride (2 mM) delayed emergence time (p < .05). Neither quinpirole nor raclopride exerted an effect on induction time. EEG analyses showed that quinpirole (4 mM) decreased the burst suppression ratio during isoflurane anesthesia (p < .01). The number of c-Fos-positive nuclei for the quinpirole (4 mM) group was significantly higher than saline group (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the activity of PVT neurons is enhanced after emergence from anesthesia, and the dopaminergic signaling in the PVT may facilitate emergence from isoflurane anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Ao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Caiju Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sirui Li
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Xu W, Wang L, Yuan XS, Wang TX, Li WX, Qu WM, Hong ZY, Huang ZL. Sevoflurane depresses neurons in the medial parabrachial nucleus by potentiating postsynaptic GABA A receptors and background potassium channels. Neuropharmacology 2020; 181:108249. [PMID: 32931816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite persistent clinical use for over 170 years, the neuronal mechanisms by which general anesthetics produce hypnosis remain unclear. Previous studies suggest that anesthetics exert hypnotic effects by acting on endogenous arousal circuits. Recently, it has been shown that the medial parabrachial nucleus (MPB) is a novel wake-promoting component in the dorsolateral pons. However, it is not known whether and how the MPB contributes to anesthetic-induced hypnosis. Here, we investigated the action of sevoflurane, a widely used volatile anesthetic agent that best represents the drug class of halogenated ethers, on MPB neurons in mice. Using in vivo fiber photometry, we found that the population activities of MPB neurons were inhibited during sevoflurane-induced loss of consciousness. Using in vitro whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, we revealed that sevoflurane suppressed the firing rate of MPB neurons in concentration-dependent and reversible manners. At a concentration equal to MAC of hypnosis, sevoflurane potentiated synaptic GABAA receptors (GABAA-Rs), and the inhibitory effect of sevoflurane on the firing rate of MPB neurons was completely abolished by picrotoxin, which is a selective GABAA-R antagonist. At a concentration equivalent to MAC of immobility, sevoflurane directly hyperpolarized MPB neurons and induced a significant decrease in membrane input resistance by increasing a basal potassium conductance. Moreover, pharmacological blockade of GABAA-Rs in the MPB prolongs induction and shortens emergence under sevoflurane inhalation at MAC of hypnosis. These results indicate that sevoflurane inhibits MPB neurons through postsynaptic GABAA-Rs and background potassium channels, which contributes to sevoflurane-induced hypnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Shan Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Xiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Xian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zong-Yuan Hong
- Laboratory of Quantitative Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Melonakos ED, Moody OA, Nikolaeva K, Kato R, Nehs CJ, Solt K. Manipulating Neural Circuits in Anesthesia Research. Anesthesiology 2020; 133:19-30. [PMID: 32349073 PMCID: PMC8351362 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The neural circuits underlying the distinct endpoints that define general anesthesia remain incompletely understood. It is becoming increasingly evident, however, that distinct pathways in the brain that mediate arousal and pain are involved in various endpoints of general anesthesia. To critically evaluate this growing body of literature, familiarity with modern tools and techniques used to study neural circuits is essential. This Readers' Toolbox article describes four such techniques: (1) electrical stimulation, (2) local pharmacology, (3) optogenetics, and (4) chemogenetics. Each technique is explained, including the advantages, disadvantages, and other issues that must be considered when interpreting experimental results. Examples are provided of studies that probe mechanisms of anesthesia using each technique. This information will aid researchers and clinicians alike in interpreting the literature and in evaluating the utility of these techniques in their own research programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Melonakos
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Olivia A. Moody
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ksenia Nikolaeva
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Risako Kato
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christa J. Nehs
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ken Solt
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Grady F, Peltekian L, Iverson G, Geerling JC. Direct Parabrachial-Cortical Connectivity. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4811-4833. [PMID: 32383444 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The parabrachial nucleus (PB) in the upper brain stem tegmentum includes several neuronal subpopulations with a wide variety of connections and functions. A subpopulation of PB neurons projects axons directly to the cerebral cortex, and limbic areas of the cerebral cortex send a return projection directly to the PB. We used retrograde and Cre-dependent anterograde tracing to identify genetic markers and characterize this PB-cortical interconnectivity in mice. Cortical projections originate from glutamatergic PB neurons that contain Lmx1b (81%), estrogen receptor alpha (26%), and Satb2 (20%), plus mRNA for the neuropeptides cholecystokinin (Cck, 48%) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (Calca, 13%), with minimal contribution from FoxP2+ PB neurons (2%). Axons from the PB produce an extensive terminal field in an unmyelinated region of the insular cortex, extending caudally into the entorhinal cortex, and arcing rostrally through the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, with a secondary terminal field in the medial prefrontal cortex. In return, layer 5 neurons in the insular cortex and other prefrontal areas, along with a dense cluster of cells dorsal to the claustrum, send a descending projection to subregions of the PB that contain cortically projecting neurons. This information forms the neuroanatomical basis for testing PB-cortical interconnectivity in arousal and interoception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fillan Grady
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Lila Peltekian
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Gabrielle Iverson
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
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50
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Orexin activated emergence from isoflurane anaesthesia involves excitation of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurones in rats. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123:497-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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